The sequence shown here is derived from an EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ whole genome shotgun (WGS) entry which is preliminary data.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Decapping metalloenzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the cap structure on mRNAs. Removes the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'-phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP. Necessary for the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation. Has higher activity towards mRNAs that lack a poly(A) tail. Has no activity towards a cap structure lacking an RNA moiety. The presence of a N(6)-methyladenosine methylation at the second transcribed position of mRNAs (N(6),2'-O-dimethyladenosine cap; m6A(m)) provides resistance to DCP2-mediated decapping. Blocks autophagy in nutrient-rich conditions by repressing the expression of ATG-related genes through degradation of their transcripts.
Found in a mRNA decay complex with LSM1, LSM3, LSM4, EXOSC2, EXOSC4, EXOSC10, PARN, XRN1, CNOT6, UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3B. Forms a complex with DCP1A, EDC3, DDX6 and EDC4/HEDLS, within this complex directly interacts with EDC4/HEDLS. Interacts with DPC1B, UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3B. Associates with polysomes. Interacts (via N-terminus and C-terminus) with TRIM21 (via N-terminus and C-terminus). Interacts with LIMD1, WTIP and AJUBA. Interacts with DDX17 in an RNA-dependent manner. Interacts with ZC3HAV1. Interacts with APOBEC3G in an RNA-dependent manner. Interacts with ZFP36L1 (via N-terminus). Interacts with NBDY.
Mn(2+) ion is required for highest activity. Can also utilize magnesium ions.
Belongs to the intermediate filament family.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Binds DNA as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with JUN or ATF2/CREBP1.
Binds to the cAMP response element and activates transcription.
Belongs to the ankyrin SOCS box (ASB) family.
Binds APS. Identified in a complex with ELOB and ELOC. Interacts with CUL5 and RNF7 (By similarity).
Probable substrate-recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin-Cullin-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
The SOCS box domain mediates the interaction with the Elongin BC complex, an adapter module in different E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes.
Shows particularly broad specificity; although bonds involving phenylalanine and leucine are preferred, many others are also cleaved to some extent.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Isomerization of 3-trans,5-cis-dienoyl-CoA to 2-trans,4-trans-dienoyl-CoA.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(0) seems to have nine subunits: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8 (or A6L). Component of an ATP synthase complex composed of ATP5PB, ATP5MC1, ATP5F1E, ATP5PD, ATP5ME, ATP5PF, ATP5MF, MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, ATP5F1A, ATP5F1B, ATP5F1D, ATP5F1C, ATP5PO, ATP5MG, ATP5MK and ATP5MJ (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Functions in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that results in activation of transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family (By similarity). Functions as upstream regulator of FGF10 expression. Plays an important role in embryonic lung development. May contribute to embryonic brain development by regulating the proliferation of dopaminergic precursors and neurons (By similarity).
Palmitoleoylation is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors. Depalmitoleoylation leads to Wnt signaling pathway inhibition.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. STrpC subfamily. TRPC1 sub-subfamily.
Thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. Probably is operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system activated by receptor tyrosine kinases or G-protein coupled receptors. Seems to be also activated by intracellular calcium store depletion.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKC subfamily.
Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays essential roles in the regulation of multiple cellular processes linked to cytoskeletal proteins, such as cell adhesion, motility, migration and cell cycle, functions in neuron growth and ion channel regulation, and is involved in immune response, cancer cell invasion and regulation of apoptosis. Mediates cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix via integrin-dependent signaling, by mediating angiotensin-2-induced activation of integrin beta-1 (ITGB1) in cardiac fibroblasts. Phosphorylates MARCKS, which phosphorylates and activates PTK2/FAK, leading to the spread of cardiomyocytes. Involved in the control of the directional transport of ITGB1 in mesenchymal cells by phosphorylating vimentin (VIM), an intermediate filament (IF) protein. In epithelial cells, associates with and phosphorylates keratin-8 (KRT8), which induces targeting of desmoplakin at desmosomes and regulates cell-cell contact. Phosphorylates IQGAP1, which binds to CDC42, mediating epithelial cell-cell detachment prior to migration.
Novel PKCs (PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCH and PRKCQ) are calcium-insensitive, but activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylserine.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
Homodimer. Part of a complex consisting of ABI1, EPS8 and SOS1. Interacts with BAIAP2. Interacts with SHB and LANCL1. Interacts with EGFR; mediates EPS8 phosphorylation. Interacts with MYO15A and WHRN (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-625 and Thr-629 by MAPK following BDNF treatment promotes removal from actin and filopodia formation. Phosphorylated by several receptor tyrosine kinases (By similarity).
Signaling adapter that controls various cellular protrusions by regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and architecture. Depending on its association with other signal transducers, can regulate different processes. Together with SOS1 and ABI1, forms a trimeric complex that participates in transduction of signals from Ras to Rac by activating the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity. Acts as a direct regulator of actin dynamics by binding actin filaments and has both barbed-end actin filament capping and actin bundling activities depending on the context. Displays barbed-end actin capping activity when associated with ABI1, thereby regulating actin-based motility process: capping activity is auto-inhibited and inhibition is relieved upon ABI1 interaction. Also shows actin bundling activity when associated with BAIAP2, enhancing BAIAP2-dependent membrane extensions and promoting filopodial protrusions. Involved in the regulation of processes such as axonal filopodia growth, stereocilia length, dendritic cell migration and cancer cell migration and invasion. Acts as a regulator of axonal filopodia formation in neurons: in the absence of neurotrophic factors, negatively regulates axonal filopodia formation via actin-capping activity. In contrast, it is phosphorylated in the presence of BDNF leading to inhibition of its actin-capping activity and stimulation of filopodia formation. Component of a complex with WHRN and MYO15A that localizes at stereocilia tips and is required for elongation of the stereocilia actin core. Indirectly involved in cell cycle progression; its degradation following ubiquitination being required during G2 phase to promote cell shape changes (By similarity).
The SH3 domain mediates interaction with SHB.
The effector region is required for activating the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity. It mediates both barbed-end actin capping and actin bundling activities. The capping activity is mediated by an amphipathic helix that binds within the hydrophobic pocket at the barbed ends of actin blocking further addition of actin monomers, while the bundling activity is mediated by a compact 4 helix bundle, which contacts 3 actin subunits along the filament (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by the SCF(FBXW5) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex during G2 phase, leading to its transient degradation and subsequent cell shape changes required to allow mitotic progression. Reappears at the midzone of dividing cells (By similarity).
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization between hydroxypyruvate and 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate (also termed tartronate semialdehyde).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Interacts with tubulin. Interacts with BORCS5; recruits ARL8B to lysosomes. Interacts with VPS41; the interaction mediates the recruitment of the HOPS complex to lysosomes. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with PLEKHM2 (via RUN domain); the interaction is required to recruit the motor protein kinesin-1 on lysosomes. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with PLEKHM1 (via RUN domain); the interaction is required for PLEKHM1 localization to lysosomes and for ARL8B function in delivery and degradation of endocytic and autophagic cargo in lysosomes. PLEKHM1 and PLEKHM2 compete for interaction with ARL8B.
Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins playing a key role in the regulation of lysosomal positioning which is important for nutrient sensing, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antigen presentation. Along with its effectors, orchestrates lysosomal transport and fusion. Localizes specifically to lysosomal membranes and mediates anterograde lysosomal motility by recruiting PLEKHM2, which in turn recruits the motor protein kinesin-1 on lysosomes. Required for lysosomal and cytolytic granule exocytosis. Critical factor involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Drives the polarization of cytolytic granules and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) toward the immune synapse between effector NK lymphocytes and target cells (By similarity). In neurons, mediates the anterograde axonal long-range transport of presynaptic lysosome-related vesicles required for presynaptic biogenesis and synaptic function (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of endosome to lysosome trafficking pathways of special significance for host defense. Regulates cargo trafficking to lysosomes by binding to PLEKHM1 and recruiting the HOPS subunit VPS41, resulting in functional assembly of the HOPS complex on lysosomal membranes. Plays an important role in cargo delivery to lysosomes for antigen presentation and microbial killing. Directs the intersection of CD1d with lipid antigens in lysosomes, and plays a role in intersecting phagosomes with lysosomes to generate phagolysosomes that kill microbes (By similarity). Involved in the process of MHC II presentation. Regulates the delivery of antigens to lysosomes and the formation of MHC II-peptide complexes through the recruitment of the HOPS complex to lysosomes allowing the fusion of late endosomes to lysosomes (By similarity). May play a role in chromosome segregation (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated at Lys-141 by RNF167, leading to its degradation.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with GOLGA5 (By similarity).
May be involved in intra-Golgi retrograde transport.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Functions as transport protein in the blood stream.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that plays a key role in protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen (By similarity). Involved in the correct folding of proteins and degradation of misfolded proteins via its interaction with DNAJC10/ERdj5, probably to facilitate the release of DNAJC10/ERdj5 from its substrate (By similarity). Acts as a key repressor of the ERN1/IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR). In the unstressed endoplasmic reticulum, recruited by DNAJB9/ERdj4 to the luminal region of ERN1/IRE1, leading to disrupt the dimerization of ERN1/IRE1, thereby inactivating ERN1/IRE1. Accumulation of misfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum causes release of HSPA5/BiP from ERN1/IRE1, allowing homodimerization and subsequent activation of ERN1/IRE1 (By similarity). Plays an auxiliary role in post-translational transport of small presecretory proteins across endoplasmic reticulum (ER). May function as an allosteric modulator for SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex, likely cooperating with SEC62 to enable the productive insertion of these precursors into SEC61 channel. Appears to specifically regulate translocation of precursors having inhibitory residues in their mature region that weaken channel gating. May also play a role in apoptosis and cell proliferation (By similarity).
In unstressed cells, AMPylation at Thr-518 by FICD inactivates the chaperome activity: AMPylated form is locked in a relatively inert state and only weakly stimulated by J domain-containing proteins. In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, de-AMPylation by the same protein, FICD, restores the chaperone activity.
Monomer and homooligomer; homooligomerization via the interdomain linker inactivates the chaperone activity and acts as a storage of HSPA5/BiP molecules (By similarity). Interacts with DNAJC1 (via J domain). Component of an EIF2 complex at least composed of CELF1/CUGBP1, CALR, CALR3, EIF2S1, EIF2S2, HSP90B1 and HSPA5. Part of a large chaperone multiprotein complex comprising DNAJB11, HSP90B1, HSPA5, HYOU, PDIA2, PDIA4, PDIA6, PPIB, SDF2L1, UGGT1 and very small amounts of ERP29, but not, or at very low levels, CALR nor CANX (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM132A and TRIM21 (By similarity). May form a complex with ERLEC1, OS9, SEL1L and SYVN1 (By similarity). Interacts with DNAJC10. Interacts with DNAJB9/ERdj4; leading to recruit HSPA5/BiP to ERN1/IRE1 (By similarity). Interacts with ERN1/IRE1; interaction takes place following interaction with DNAJB9/ERdj4 and leads to inactivate ERN1/IRE1 (By similarity). Interacts with MX1 (By similarity). Interacts with METTL23 (By similarity). Interacts with CEMIP; the interaction induces calcium leakage from the endoplasmic reticulum and cell migration (By similarity). Interacts with PCSK4 form; the interaction takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Interacts with CIPC (By similarity). Interacts with CCDC88B (via C-terminus); the interaction opposes ERN1-mediated JNK activation, protecting against apoptosis (By similarity). Interacts with INPP5K; necessary for INPP5K localization at the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Interacts with MANF; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with LOXL2; leading to activate the ERN1/IRE1-XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response (By similarity). Interacts with CLU under stressed condition; interaction increases CLU protein stability; facilitates its retrotranslocation and redistribution to the mitochondria; cooperatively suppress stress-induced apoptosis by stabilizing mitochondrial membrane integrity (By similarity). Interacts with CCDC47 (By similarity). Interacts with CLN3 (By similarity). Interacts with KIAA1324; may regulate the function of HSPA5 in apoptosis and cell proliferation. Interacts with CASP7 (By similarity). Interacts with ILDR2; the interaction stabilizes ILDR2 expression (By similarity). Interacts with ADAM7 (By similarity).
The chaperone activity is regulated by ATP-induced allosteric coupling of the nucleotide-binding (NBD) and substrate-binding (SBD) domains (By similarity). In the ADP-bound and nucleotide-free (apo) states, the two domains have little interaction (By similarity). In contrast, in the ATP-bound state the two domains are tightly coupled, which results in drastically accelerated kinetics in both binding and release of polypeptide substrates (By similarity). J domain-containing co-chaperones (DNAJB9/ERdj4 or DNAJC10/ERdj5) stimulate the ATPase activity and are required for efficient substrate recognition by HSPA5/BiP. Homooligomerization inactivates participating HSPA5/BiP protomers and probably act as reservoirs to store HSPA5/BiP molecules when they are not needed by the cell (By similarity).
The interdomain linker regulates the chaperone activity by mediating the formation of homooligomers. Homooligomers are formed by engagement of the interdomain linker of one HSPA5/BiP molecule as a typical substrate of an adjacent HSPA5/BiP molecule. HSPA5/BiP oligomerization inactivates participating HSPA5/BiP protomers. HSPA5/BiP oligomers probably act as reservoirs to store HSPA5/BiP molecules when they are not needed by the cell. When the levels of unfolded proteins rise, cells can rapidly break up these oligomers to make active monomers.
Acetylation by CLOCK reduces its binding to glucocorticoid response elements and its transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily.
Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The ligand-binding domain is required for correct chromosome segregation during mitosis although ligand binding is not required.
Heteromultimeric cytoplasmic complex with HSP90AA1, HSPA1A/HSPA1B, and FKBP5 or another immunophilin such as PPID, STIP1, or the immunophilin homolog PPP5C. Upon ligand binding FKBP5 dissociates from the complex and FKBP4 takes its place, thereby linking the complex to dynein and mediating transport to the nucleus, where the complex dissociates. Probably forms a complex composed of chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, co-chaperones CDC37, PPP5C, TSC1 and client protein TSC2, CDK4, AKT, RAF1 and NR3C1; this complex does not contain co-chaperones STIP1/HOP and PTGES3/p23. Directly interacts with UNC45A. Binds to DNA as a homodimer, and as heterodimer with NR3C2 or the retinoid X receptor. Binds STAT5A and STAT5B homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with NRIP1, POU2F1, POU2F2 and TRIM28. Interacts with several coactivator complexes, including the SMARCA4 complex, CREBBP/EP300, TADA2L (Ada complex) and p160 coactivators such as NCOA2 and NCOA6. Interaction with BAG1 inhibits transactivation. Interacts with HEXIM1 and TGFB1I1. Interacts with NCOA1. Interacts with NCOA3, SMARCA4, SMARCC1, SMARCD1, and SMARCE1. Interacts with CLOCK, CRY1 and CRY2 in a ligand-dependent fashion. Interacts with CIART. Interacts with RWDD3. Interacts with UBE2I/UBC9 and this interaction is enhanced in the presence of RWDD3. Interacts with GRIP1. Interacts with NR4A3 (via nuclear receptor DNA-binding domain), represses transcription activity of NR4A3 on the POMC promoter Nur response element (NurRE). Directly interacts with PNRC2 to attract and form a complex with UPF1 and DCP1A; the interaction leads to rapid mRNA degradation. Interacts with GSK3B. Interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2. Interacts (via C-terminus) with HNRNPU (via C-terminus). Interacts with MCM3AP (By similarity). Interacts (via domain NR LBD) with HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 (By similarity). In the absence of hormonal ligand, interacts with TACC1 (By similarity). Interacts (via NR LBD domain) with ZNF764 (via KRAB domain); the interaction regulates transcription factor activity of NR3C1 by directing its actions toward certain biologic pathways (By similarity).
Increased proteasome-mediated degradation in response to glucocorticoids.
Phosphorylated in the absence of hormone; becomes hyperphosphorylated in the presence of glucocorticoid. The Ser-203, Ser-226 and Ser-404-phosphorylated forms are mainly cytoplasmic, and the Ser-211-phosphorylated form is nuclear. Phosphorylation at Ser-211 increases transcriptional activity. Phosphorylation at Ser-203, Ser-226 and Ser-404 decreases signaling capacity. Phosphorylation at Ser-404 may protect from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylation at Ser-203 and Ser-211 is not required in regulation of chromosome segregation. May be dephosphorylated by PPP5C, attenuates NR3C1 action.
Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modulator of other transcription factors. Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Involved in chromatin remodeling. Plays a role in rapid mRNA degradation by binding to the 5' UTR of target mRNAs and interacting with PNRC2 in a ligand-dependent manner which recruits the RNA helicase UPF1 and the mRNA-decapping enzyme DCP1A, leading to RNA decay. Could act as a coactivator for STAT5-dependent transcription upon growth hormone (GH) stimulation and could reveal an essential role of hepatic GR in the control of body growth. Mediates glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Promotes accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. May act as a tumor suppressor. May play a negative role in adipogenesis through the regulation of lipolytic and antilipogenic gene expression.
Sumoylation at Lys-277 and Lys-293 negatively regulates its transcriptional activity. Sumoylation at Lys-703 positively regulates its transcriptional activity in the presence of RWDD3. Sumoylation at Lys-277 and Lys-293 is dispensable whereas sumoylation at Lys-703 is critical for the stimulatory effect of RWDD3 on its transcriptional activity. Heat shock increases sumoylation in a RWDD3-dependent manner.
Ubiquitinated; restricts glucocorticoid-mediated transcriptional signaling.
Belongs to the integrin beta chain family.
Integrins alpha-1/beta-1, alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1 and alpha-11/beta-1 are receptors for collagen. Integrins alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-2 recognize the proline-hydroxylated sequence G-F-P-G-E-R in collagen. Integrins alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-3/beta-1, alpha-4/beta-1, alpha-5/beta-1, alpha-8/beta-1, alpha-10/beta-1, alpha-11/beta-1 and alpha-V/beta-1 are receptors for fibronectin. Alpha-4/beta-1 recognizes one or more domains within the alternatively spliced CS-1 and CS-5 regions of fibronectin. Integrin alpha-5/beta-1 is a receptor for fibrinogen. Integrin alpha-1/beta-1, alpha-2/beta-1, alpha-6/beta-1 and alpha-7/beta-1 are receptors for lamimin. Integrin alpha-6/beta-1 (ITGA6:ITGB1) is present in oocytes and is involved in sperm-egg fusion. Integrin alpha-4/beta-1 is a receptor for VCAM1 and recognizes the sequence Q-I-D-S in VCAM1. Integrin alpha-9/beta-1 is a receptor for VCAM1, cytotactin and osteopontin. It recognizes the sequence A-E-I-D-G-I-E-L in cytotactin. Integrin alpha-3/beta-1 is a receptor for epiligrin, thrombospondin and CSPG4. Integrin alpha-3/beta-1 provides a docking site for FAP (seprase) at invadopodia plasma membranes in a collagen-dependent manner and hence may participate in the adhesion, formation of invadopodia and matrix degradation processes, promoting cell invasion. Alpha-3/beta-1 may mediate with LGALS3 the stimulation by CSPG4 of endothelial cells migration. Integrin alpha-V/beta-1 is a receptor for vitronectin. Beta-1 integrins recognize the sequence R-G-D in a wide array of ligands. When associated with alpha-7/beta-1 integrin, regulates cell adhesion and laminin matrix deposition. Involved in promoting endothelial cell motility and angiogenesis. Involved in osteoblast compaction through the fibronectin fibrillogenesis cell-mediated matrix assembly process and the formation of mineralized bone nodules. May be involved in up-regulation of the activity of kinases such as PKC via binding to KRT1. Together with KRT1 and RACK1, serves as a platform for SRC activation or inactivation. Plays a mechanistic adhesive role during telophase, required for the successful completion of cytokinesis (By similarity). ITGA4:ITGB1 binds to fractalkine (CX3CL1) and may act as its coreceptor in CX3CR1-dependent fractalkine signaling. ITGA4:ITGB1 and ITGA5:ITGB1 bind to PLA2G2A via a site (site 2) which is distinct from the classical ligand-binding site (site 1) and this induces integrin conformational changes and enhanced ligand binding to site 1. ITGA5:ITGB1 acts as a receptor for fibrillin-1 (FBN1) and mediates R-G-D-dependent cell adhesion to FBN1. ITGA5:ITGB1 is a receptor for IL1B and binding is essential for IL1B signaling (By similarity). ITGA5:ITGB3 is a receptor for soluble CD40LG and is required for CD40/CD40LG signaling (By similarity). Plays an important role in myoblast differentiation and fusion during skeletal myogenesis (By similarity).
Interacts with seprase FAP (seprase); the interaction occurs at the cell surface of invadopodia membrane in a collagen-dependent manner (By similarity). Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Beta-1 associates with either alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-3, alpha-4, alpha-5, alpha-6, alpha-7, alpha-8, alpha-9, alpha-10, alpha-11 or alpha-V. ITGA6:ITGB1 is found in a complex with CD9; interaction takes place in oocytes and is involved in sperm-egg fusion. Binds LGALS3BP and NMRK2, when associated with alpha-7, but not with alpha-5. Interacts with FLNA, FLNB, FLNC and RANBP9. Interacts with KRT1 in the presence of RACK1 and SRC. Interacts with JAML; integrin alpha-4/beta-1 may regulate leukocyte to endothelial cells adhesion by controlling JAML homodimerization. Interacts with RAB21. Interacts (via the cytoplasmic region) with RAB25 (via the hypervariable C-terminal region). Interacts with MYO10. Interacts with ITGB1BP1 (via C-terminal region); the interaction is a prerequisite for focal adhesion disassembly. Interacts with TLN1; the interaction is prevented by competitive binding of ITGB1BP1. Interacts with ACAP1; required for ITGB1 recycling. Interacts with ASAP3. Interacts with FERMT2; the interaction is inhibited in presence of ITGB1BP1. Interacts with DAB2. Interacts with FGR and HCK. Isoform 2 interacts with alpha-7A and alpha-7B in adult skeletal muscle. Isoform 2 interacts with alpha-7B in cardiomyocytes of adult heart. Interacts with EMP2; the interaction may be direct or indirect and ITGB1 has a heterodimer form (By similarity). ITGA5:ITGB1 interacts with CCN3 (By similarity). ITGA4:ITGB1 is found in a ternary complex with CX3CR1 and CX3CL1 (By similarity). ITGA5:ITGB1 interacts with FBN1 (By similarity). ITGA5:ITGB1 acts as a receptor for fibronectin FN1 and mediates R-G-D-dependent cell adhesion to FN1 (By similarity). ITGA5:ITGB1 interacts with IL1B. Interacts with MDK. ITGA4:ITGB1 interacts with MDK; this interaction mediates MDK-induced osteoblast cells migration through PXN phosphorylation. ITGA6:ITGB1 interacts with MDK; this interaction mediates MDK-induced neurite-outgrowth (By similarity). ITGA5:ITGB1 interacts with ACE2 (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM182 and LAMB1 (By similarity). Interacts with tensin TNS3; TNS3 also interacts with PEAK1, thus acting as an adapter molecule to bridge the association of PEAK1 with ITGB1 (By similarity). Interacts with tensin TNS4; the interaction displaces tensin TNS3 from the ITGB1 cytoplasmic tail and promotes ITGB1 stability (By similarity).
The VWFA domain (or beta I domain) contains three cation-binding sites: the ligand-associated metal ion-binding site (LIMBS or SyMBS), the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS), and the adjacent MIDAS site (ADMIDAS). This domain is also part of the ligand-binding site.
Interacts with SEC61B, ARL6IP1, ARL6IP2, ARL6IP3, ARL6IP4 ARL6IP5 and ARL6IP6. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with the BBSome a complex that contains BBS1, BBS2, BBS4, BBS5, BBS7, BBS8/TTC8, BBS9 and BBIP10. Interacts (GTP-free form) with IFT27.
Involved in membrane protein trafficking at the base of the ciliary organelle. Mediates recruitment onto plasma membrane of the BBSome complex which would constitute a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. Together with the BBSome complex and LTZL1, controls SMO ciliary trafficking and contributes to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulation. May regulate cilia assembly and disassembly and subsequent ciliary signaling events such as the Wnt signaling cascade. Isoform 2 may be required for proper retinal function and organization (By similarity).
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation.
Lectin involved in the quality control of the secretory pathway. As a member of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation lumenal (ERAD-L) surveillance system, targets misfolded endoplasmic reticulum lumenal glycoproteins for degradation.
May form a complex with OS9, HSPA5, SYVN1, and SEL1L with which it interacts directly. Interacts (via PRKCSH 2 domain) with KREMEN2 (when glycosylated). Interacts with HSPA5 (By similarity).
Probable lectin that binds selectively to improperly folded lumenal proteins. May function in endoplasmic reticulum quality control and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of both non-glycosylated proteins and glycoproteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the SLC41A transporter family.
Na(+)/Mg(2+) ion exchanger that acts as a predominant Mg(2+) efflux system at the plasma membrane. Transporter activity is driven by the inwardly directed electrochemical gradient for Na(+) ions, thus directly depends on the extracellular Na(+) ion concentration set by Na(+)/K(+) pump. Generates circadian cellular Mg(2+) fluxes that feed back to regulate clock-controlled gene expression and metabolism and facilitate higher energetic demands during the day (By similarity). Has a role in regulating the activity of ATP-dependent enzymes, including those operating in Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (By similarity).
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.8) family.
Functions as a coactivator for aryl hydrocarbon and nuclear receptors (NR). Recruited to promoters through its contact with the N-terminal basic helix-loop-helix-Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain of transcription factors or coactivators, such as NCOA2. During ER-activation acts synergistically in combination with other NCOA2-binding proteins, such as EP300, CREBBP and CARM1. Involved in the transcriptional activation of target genes in the Wnt/CTNNB1 pathway. Functions as a secondary coactivator in LEF1-mediated transcriptional activation via its interaction with CTNNB1. Coactivator function for nuclear receptors and LEF1/CTNNB1 involves differential utilization of two different activation regions. In association with CCAR1 enhances GATA1- and MED1-mediated transcriptional activation from the gamma-globin promoter during erythroid differentiation of K562 erythroleukemia cells (By similarity).
Part of a calphoglin complex consisting of CALCOCO1, PPA1 and PGM (By similarity). Interacts with the bHLH-PAS domains of GRIP1, AHR and ARNT. Interacts with CTNNB1 via both its N- and C-terminal regions. Interacts with EP300. Interacts with CCAR1 (via N-terminus) and GATA1 (By similarity).
Recruitment by nuclear receptors is accomplished by the interaction of the coiled-coiled domain with p160 coactivators.
Seems to enhance inorganic pyrophosphatase thus activating phosphogluomutase (PMG). Probably functions as component of the calphoglin complex, which is involved in linking cellular metabolism (phosphate and glucose metabolism) with other core functions including protein synthesis and degradation, calcium signaling and cell growth (By similarity).
The C-terminal activation region (AD) is used for downstream signaling. Seems to be essential for coactivator function with nuclear receptors and with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (By similarity).
The N-terminal activation region (AD) is necessary and sufficient for synergistic activation of LEF1-mediated transcription by CTNNB1. Contains a EP3000 binding region which is important for synergistic cooperation (By similarity).
Hydrolase highly specific for thiamine triphosphate (ThTP).
Interacts with SCN8A; regulates SCN8A activity. Interacts with SCN1A; may regulate SCN1A activity. Interacts with SCN5A; the interaction is direct and may regulate SNC5A density at membranes and function. May also interact with SCN2A and SCN11A. Interacts with MAPK8IP2; may regulate the MAPK8IP2 scaffolding activity.
Microtubule-binding protein which directly binds tubulin and is involved in both polymerization and stabilization of microtubules (By similarity). Through its action on microtubules, may participate in the refinement of axons by negatively regulating axonal and leading processes branching (By similarity). Plays a crucial role in neuron polarization and migration in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus (By similarity). Regulates voltage-gated sodium channel transport and function (By similarity). May also play a role in MAPK signaling (By similarity). Required for the development of axonal initial segment-targeting inhibitory GABAergic synapses made by chandelier neurons (By similarity).
May contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation.
Belongs to the prickle / espinas / testin family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Bms1-like GTPase family. TSR1 subfamily.
Required during maturation of the 40S ribosomal subunit in the nucleolus.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Associated with AP-1 and AP-2 complexes.
May be involved in endocytic recycling of growth factor receptors such as EGFR.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family.
Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp motif interacts with the PDZ domain of Dvl (Disheveled) family members and is involved in the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. Activation by Wnt5A stimulates PKC activity via a G-protein-dependent mechanism. Involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues. Together with FZD3, is involved in the neural tube closure and plays a role in the regulation of the establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP), particularly in the orientation of asymmetric bundles of stereocilia on the apical faces of a subset of auditory and vestibular sensory cells located in the inner ear (By similarity).
The FZ domain is involved in binding with Wnt ligands.
Ubiquitinated by ZNRF3, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Interacts (via N-terminus and PTB domain) with ROCK1. Found in a complex, at least composed of ITGB1BP1, KRIT1 and RAP1A. Interacts (via C-terminal region) with ITGB1 (via C-terminal cytoplasmic tail); the interaction prevents talin TLN1 binding to ITGB1 and KRIT1 and ITGB1 compete for the same binding site. Interacts with KRIT1 (via N-terminal NPXY motif); the interaction induces the opening conformation of KRIT1 and KRIT1 and ITGB1 compete for the same binding site. Isoform 2 does not interact with ITGB1. Interacts with CDC42 (GTP- or GDP-bound form); the interaction is increased with the CDC42-membrane bound forms and prevents both CDC42 activation and cell spreading. Interacts (via C-terminal domain region) with NME2. Interacts with FERMT2 and RAC1 (By similarity).
Key regulator of the integrin-mediated cell-matrix interaction signaling by binding to the ITGB1 cytoplasmic tail and preventing the activation of integrin alpha-5/beta-1 (heterodimer of ITGA5 and ITGB1) by talin or FERMT1. Plays a role in cell proliferation, differentiation, spreading, adhesion and migration in the context of mineralization and bone development and angiogenesis. Stimulates cellular proliferation in a fibronectin-dependent manner. Involved in the regulation of beta-1 integrin-containing focal adhesion (FA) site dynamics by controlling its assembly rate during cell adhesion; inhibits beta-1 integrin clustering within FA by directly competing with talin TLN1, and hence stimulates osteoblast spreading and migration in a fibronectin- and/or collagen-dependent manner. Acts as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) by regulating Rho family GTPases during integrin-mediated cell matrix adhesion; reduces the level of active GTP-bound form of both CDC42 and RAC1 GTPases upon cell adhesion to fibronectin. Stimulates the release of active CDC42 from the membranes to maintain it in an inactive cytoplasmic pool. Participates in the translocation of the Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1 to membrane ruffles at cell leading edges of the cell membrane, leading to an increase of myoblast cell migration on laminin. Plays a role in bone mineralization at a late stage of osteoblast differentiation; modulates the dynamic formation of focal adhesions into fibrillar adhesions, which are adhesive structures responsible for fibronectin deposition and fibrillogenesis. Plays a role in blood vessel development; acts as a negative regulator of angiogenesis by attenuating endothelial cell proliferation and migration, lumen formation and sprouting angiogenesis by promoting AKT phosphorylation and inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation through activation of the Notch signaling pathway. Promotes transcriptional activity of the MYC promoter (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Thr-38 seems to enhance integrin alpha5beta1-mediated cell adhesion. The degree of phosphorylation is regulated by integrin-dependent cell-matrix interaction (By similarity).
Belongs to the myelin proteolipid protein family.
May be involved in neural development. Involved in regulation of osteoblast function and bone formation. Involved in matrix vesicle release by osteoblasts; this function seems to involve maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton. May be involved in cellular trafficking of SERT and thereby in regulation of serotonin uptake (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
May function as a transcription factor involved in cell differentiation.
Belongs to the small G protein signaling modulator family.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family.
2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1-like) component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDHC) which mediates the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The OGDHC complex catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2) while reducing NAD(+) to NADH. The OGDHC complex is mainly active in the mitochondrion (By similarity). Involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation and in apoptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
The OGDHC complex comprises multiple copies of three catalytic enzyme components, the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH/E1), the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLST/E2) and the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD/E3). OGDHL/E1-like isoenzyme may replace OGDH in the OGDHC complex in the brain. The presence of either ODGH/E1 or ODGHL/E1-like isoenzyme in the complex may depend on its tissular distribution.
Although the final Cys may be farnesylated, the terminal tripeptide is probably not removed, and the C-terminus is not methylated.
Belongs to the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory chain family.
Hexadecamer of 4 heterotetramers, each composed of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits. Alpha (PHKA1 or PHKA2) and beta (PHKB) are regulatory subunits, gamma (PHKG1 or PHKG2) is the catalytic subunit, and delta is calmodulin.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The alpha chain may bind calmodulin.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator, at least composed of INTS1, INTS2, INTS3, INTS4, INTS5, INTS6, INTS7, INTS8, INTS9/RC74, INTS10, INTS11/CPSF3L and INTS12. Component of the SOSS complex, composed of SOSS-B (SOSS-B1/NABP2 or SOSS-B2/NABP1), SOSS-A/INTS3 and SOSS-C/INIP. SOSS complexes containing SOSS-B1/NABP2 are more abundant than complexes containing SOSS-B2/NABP1. Interacts with SOSS-B1/NABP2, SOSS-B2/NABP1 and SOSS-C/INIP; the interaction is direct. Interacts with NBN/NBS1.
Component of the Integrator (INT) complex. The Integrator complex is involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing. The Integrator complex is associated with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II largest subunit (POLR2A) and is recruited to the U1 and U2 snRNAs genes. Mediates recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex.
Component of the SOSS complex, a multiprotein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and influences diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response including cell-cycle checkpoint activation, recombinational repair and maintenance of genomic stability. The SOSS complex is required for efficient homologous recombination-dependent repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and ATM-dependent signaling pathways. In the SOSS complex, it is required for the assembly of the complex and for stabilization of the complex at DNA damage sites.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. NNMT/PNMT/TEMT family.
Belongs to the glutamate--cysteine ligase type 3 family.
Acetylation at Lys-53 inhibits kinase activity. Deacetylated by HDAC6.
Activated by phosphorylation on Thr-175.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Interacts with and phosphorylates TORC2/CRTC2.
Phosphorylated at Thr-175 by STK11/LKB1 in complex with STE20-related adapter-alpha (STRADA) pseudo kinase and CAB39. Phosphorylated at Thr-484 in response to insulin in adipocytes.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a role in many biological processes such as fatty acid oxidation, autophagy, immune response or glucose metabolism. Phosphorylates 'Ser-794' of IRS1 in insulin-stimulated adipocytes, potentially modulating the efficiency of insulin signal transduction. Inhibits CREB activity by phosphorylating and repressing TORCs, the CREB-specific coactivators. Phosphorylates EP300 and thus inhibits its histone acetyltransferase activity. In turn, regulates the DNA-binding ability of several transcription factors such as PPARA or MLXIPL (By similarity). Also plays a role in thymic T-cell development (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to L-malate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to facilitate a transition step in the production of energy in the form of NADH.
Component of the BCR(TNFAIP1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL3, TNFAIP1/BACURD2 and RBX1. Interacts with RHOA; with a preference for RhoA-GDP. Interacts with RHOB. Interacts with PCNA. Interacts with CSNK2B (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-280 by CK2 facilitates the nucleus localization and increases interaction with PCNA.
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex involved in regulation of cytoskeleton structure. The BCR(TNFAIP1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates the ubiquitination of RHOA, leading to its degradation by the proteasome, thereby regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration. Its interaction with RHOB may regulate apoptosis. May enhance the PCNA-dependent DNA polymerase delta activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Essential component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. In the SCF complex, serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1. The functional specificity of the SCF complex depends on the F-box protein as substrate recognition component. SCF(BTRC) and SCF(FBXW11) direct ubiquitination of CTNNB1 and participate in Wnt signaling. SCF(FBXW11) directs ubiquitination of phosphorylated NFKBIA. SCF(BTRC) directs ubiquitination of NFKBIB, NFKBIE, ATF4, SMAD3, SMAD4, CDC25A, FBXO5, CEP68 and probably NFKB2. SCF(SKP2) directs ubiquitination of phosphorylated CDKN1B/p27kip and is involved in regulation of G1/S transition. SCF(SKP2) directs ubiquitination of ORC1, CDT1, RBL2, ELF4, CDKN1A, RAG2, FOXO1A, and probably MYC and TAL1. SCF(FBXW7) directs ubiquitination of cyclin E, NOTCH1 released notch intracellular domain (NICD), and probably PSEN1. SCF(FBXW2) directs ubiquitination of GCM1. SCF(FBXO32) directs ubiquitination of MYOD1. SCF(FBXO7) directs ubiquitination of BIRC2 and DLGAP5. SCF(FBXO33) directs ubiquitination of YBX1. SCF(FBXO11) directs ubiquitination of BCL6 and DTL but does not seem to direct ubiquitination of TP53. SCF(BTRC) mediates the ubiquitination of NFKBIA at 'Lys-21' and 'Lys-22'; the degradation frees the associated NFKB1-RELA dimer to translocate into the nucleus and to activate transcription. SCF(CCNF) directs ubiquitination of CCP110. SCF(FBXL3) and SCF(FBXL21) direct ubiquitination of CRY1 and CRY2. SCF(FBXO9) directs ubiquitination of TTI1 and TELO2. SCF(FBXO10) directs ubiquitination of BCL2.
Interacts with KDM2B, forming heterodimers (By similarity). The KDM2B-SKP1 heterodimeric complex interacts with the PCGF1-BCORL heterodimeric complex to form a homotetrameric polycomb repression complex 1 (PRC1.1) (By similarity). Component of multiple SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and a variable F-box domain-containing protein as substrate-specific subunit. Component of the SCF(FBXW11) complex containing FBXW11. Component of the SCF(SKP2) complex containing SKP2, in which it interacts directly with SKP1, SKP2 and RBX1. Component of the SCF(FBXW2) complex containing FBXw2. Component of the SCF(FBXO32) complex containing FBXO32. Component of the probable SCF(FBXO7) complex containing FBXO7. Component of the SCF(FBXO10) complex containing FBXO10. Component of the SCF(FBXO11) complex containing FBXO11. Component of the SCF(FBXO25) complex containing FBXO25. Component of the SCF(FBXO33) complex containing FBXO33. Component of the probable SCF(FBXO4) complex containing FBXO4. Component of the SCF(FBXO44) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and FBXO44. Component of the SCF(BTRC) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and BTRC. This complex binds phosphorylated NFKBIA. Part of a SCF complex consisting of CUL1, RBX1, SKP1 and FBXO2. Component of a SCF(SKP2)-like complex containing CUL1, SKP1, TRIM21 and SKP2. Component of the SCF(FBXO17) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and FBXO17. Component of the SCF(FBXO27) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and FBXO27. Component of the SCF(CCNF) complex consisting of CUL1, RBX1, SKP1 and CCNF. Component of the SCF(FBXL3) complex composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXL3. Component of the SCF(FBXL21) complex composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXL21. Component of the SCF(FBXO9) composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXO9. Component of the SCF(FBXW7) composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXW7. Interacts with CEP68 (By similarity). Interacts with NOTCH2 and FBXW15 (By similarity). The SKP1-KDM2A and SKP1-KDM2B complexes interact with UBB (By similarity).
Undergoes autophagy-mediated degradation in the liver in a time-dependent manner.
AMPK is a heterotrimer of an alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2), a beta (PRKAB1 or PRKAB2) and a gamma non-catalytic subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3). Interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2 (By similarity). Interacts with DUSP29 (By similarity).
Activated by phosphorylation on Thr-172. Binding of AMP to non-catalytic gamma subunit (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3) results in allosteric activation, inducing phosphorylation on Thr-172. AMP-binding to gamma subunit also sustains activity by preventing dephosphorylation of Thr-172. ADP also stimulates Thr-172 phosphorylation, without stimulating already phosphorylated AMPK. ATP promotes dephosphorylation of Thr-172, rendering the enzyme inactive. Under physiological conditions AMPK mainly exists in its inactive form in complex with ATP, which is much more abundant than AMP. Selectively inhibited by compound C (6-[4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine. Activated by resveratrol, a natural polyphenol present in red wine, and S17834, a synthetic polyphenol. Salicylate/aspirin directly activates kinase activity, primarily by inhibiting Thr-172 dephosphorylation (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Regulates lipid synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating lipid metabolic enzymes such as ACACA, ACACB, GYS1, HMGCR and LIPE; regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA and ACACB) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) enzymes, respectively (By similarity). Promotes lipolysis of lipid droplets by mediating phosphorylation of isoform 1 of CHKA (CHKalpha2) (By similarity). Regulates insulin-signaling and glycolysis by phosphorylating IRS1, PFKFB2 and PFKFB3 (By similarity). Involved in insulin receptor/INSR internalization (By similarity). AMPK stimulates glucose uptake in muscle by increasing the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, possibly by mediating phosphorylation of TBC1D4/AS160 (By similarity). Regulates transcription and chromatin structure by phosphorylating transcription regulators involved in energy metabolism such as CRTC2/TORC2, FOXO3, histone H2B, HDAC5, MEF2C, MLXIPL/ChREBP, EP300, HNF4A, p53/TP53, SREBF1, SREBF2 and PPARGC1A (By similarity). Acts as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver by phosphorylating CRTC2/TORC2, leading to CRTC2/TORC2 sequestration in the cytoplasm. In response to stress, phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of histone H2B (H2BS36ph), leading to promote transcription (By similarity). Acts as a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation by phosphorylating FNIP1, TSC2, RPTOR, WDR24 and ATG1/ULK1: in response to nutrient limitation, negatively regulates the mTORC1 complex by phosphorylating RPTOR component of the mTORC1 complex and by phosphorylating and activating TSC2. Also phosphorylates and inhibits GATOR2 subunit WDR24 in response to nutrient limitation, leading to suppress glucose-mediated mTORC1 activation (By similarity). In response to energetic stress, phosphorylates FNIP1, inactivating the non-canonical mTORC1 signaling, thereby promoting nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3, and inducing transcription of lysosomal or autophagy genes (By similarity). In response to nutrient limitation, promotes autophagy by phosphorylating and activating ATG1/ULK1. In that process also activates WDR45/WIPI4. Phosphorylates CASP6, thereby preventing its autoprocessing and subsequent activation (By similarity). AMPK also acts as a regulator of circadian rhythm by mediating phosphorylation of CRY1, leading to destabilize it. May regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by phosphorylating CTNNB1, leading to stabilize it (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Also phosphorylates CFTR, EEF2K, KLC1, NOS3 and SLC12A1 (By similarity). Plays an important role in the differential regulation of pro-autophagy (composed of PIK3C3, BECN1, PIK3R4 and UVRAG or ATG14) and non-autophagy (composed of PIK3C3, BECN1 and PIK3R4) complexes, in response to glucose starvation. Can inhibit the non-autophagy complex by phosphorylating PIK3C3 and can activate the pro-autophagy complex by phosphorylating BECN1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at Thr-172 by STK11/LKB1 in complex with STE20-related adapter-alpha (STRADA) pseudo kinase and CAB39. Also phosphorylated at Thr-172 by CAMKK2; triggered by a rise in intracellular calcium ions, without detectable changes in the AMP/ATP ratio. CAMKK1 can also phosphorylate Thr-172, but at much lower level. Dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A and 2C (PP2A and PP2C). Phosphorylated by ULK1; leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity and suggesting the existence of a regulatory feedback loop between ULK1 and AMPK (By similarity). Dephosphorylated by PPM1A and PPM1B at Thr-172 (mediated by STK11/LKB1) (By similarity).
The AIS (autoinhibitory sequence) region shows some sequence similarity with the ubiquitin-associated domains and represses kinase activity.
Acts as a glycogen-targeting subunit for PP1 and regulates its activity. Activates glycogen synthase, reduces glycogen phosphorylase activity and limits glycogen breakdown.
Interacts with PPP1CC catalytic subunit of PP1 and associates with glycogen. Forms complexes with glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase which is necessary for its regulation of PP1 activity.
The N-terminal region is required for binding to PP1, the central region is required for binding to glycogen and the C-terminal region is required for binding to glycogen phosphorylase glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase.
Recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' present in viral and cellular promoters and in the origin of replication of adenovirus type 2. These proteins are individually capable of activating transcription and replication.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Heterodimer of SAE1 and UBA2/SAE2. The heterodimer corresponds to the two domains that are encoded on a single polypeptide chain in ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. Interacts with UBE2I (By similarity).
The heterodimer acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, and probably SUMO4. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins followed by formation of a thioester bond between a SUMO protein and a conserved active site cysteine residue on UBA2/SAE2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Has a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
Component of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC), which binds to the mRNA cap-proximal region, scans mRNA 5'-untranslated region, and locates the initiation codon. This protein enhances formation of the cap-proximal complex. Together with EIF1, facilitates scanning, start codon recognition, promotion of the assembly of 48S complex at the initiation codon (43S PIC becomes 48S PIC after the start codon is reached), and dissociation of aberrant complexes. After start codon location, together with EIF5B orients the initiator methionine-tRNA in a conformation that allows 60S ribosomal subunit joining to form the 80S initiation complex. Is released after 80S initiation complex formation, just after GTP hydrolysis by EIF5B, and before release of EIF5B. Its globular part is located in the A site of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Its interaction with EIF5 during scanning contribute to the maintenance of EIF1 within the open 43S PIC. In contrast to yeast orthologs, does not bind EIF1.
Component of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC), which is composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit, EIF1, eIF1A (EIF1AX), eIF3 complex, EIF5 and eIF2-GTP-initiator tRNA complex (eIF2 ternary complex). Interacts with EIF5; this interaction contributes to the maintenance of EIF1 within the open 43S PIC. Interacts through its C-terminal domain (CTD) with the CTD of EIF5B; from the location of the start codon by the 43S complex until the formation of the 80S complex.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase using 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate as a phosphate donor and a series of 1-phosphate sugars, including glucose 1-phosphate, mannose 1-phosphate, ribose 1-phosphate and deoxyribose 1-phosphate, as acceptors. In vitro, also exhibits very low phosphopentomutase and phosphoglucomutase activity which are most probably not physiologically relevant.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily.
Identified in a complex with TFAM and SSBP1. Interacts (via N-terminus) with ZC3HAV1 (via N-terminal domain) in an RNA-independent manner. Found in a complex with GRSF1, DDX28, FASTKD2 and FASTKD5.
RNA-dependent helicase. Plays an important role in the assembly of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit. Required for optimal function of the zinc-finger antiviral protein ZC3HAV1. Associates with mitochondrial DNA. Involved in nervous system development and differentiation through its involvement in the up-regulation of a number of genes which are required for neurogenesis, including GSC, NCAM1, neurogenin, and NEUROD.
Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family.
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in fatty acid metabolism in the eye. Catalyzes the omega-hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoate (DHA) and its precursor eicosapentaenoate (EPA), and may contribute to the homeostasis of these retinal PUFAs. Omega hydroxylates saturated fatty acids such as laurate, myristate and palmitate, the catalytic efficiency decreasing in the following order: myristate > laurate > palmitate (C14>C12>C16). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase).
Inhibited by N-hydroxy-N'-(4-n-butyl-2-methylphenyl formamidine)(HET0016) with an IC(50) of 38 nM.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily.
Demethylates proteins that have been reversibly carboxymethylated. Demethylates PPP2CB (in vitro) and PPP2CA. Binding to PPP2CA displaces the manganese ion and inactivates the enzyme (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by SIK1 following increases in intracellular sodium, leading to dissociation from the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex and subsequent dephosphorylation of sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase ATP1A1.
Functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RAC1. May play a role in semaphorin signaling. Plays a role in the assembly and disassembly of dendritic filopodia, the formation of dendritic spines, regulation of dendrite length and ultimately the formation of synapses (By similarity).
Interacts with CADM1. Interacts with RAC1 (By similarity).
Intramolecular interaction between the DH domain and the PH domains can stabilize the protein in an autoinhibited conformation.
Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31) family.
Sodium-independent anion exchanger which mediates the electroneutral exchange of chloride for bicarbonate ions across the cell membrane (By similarity). Plays an important role in osteoclast differentiation and function (By similarity). Regulates bone resorption and calpain-dependent actin cytoskeleton organization in osteoclasts via anion exchange-dependent control of pH (By similarity). Essential for intracellular pH regulation in CD8(+) T-cells upon CD3 stimulation, modulating CD8(+) T-cell response (By similarity).
Calcium-binding protein that interacts with newly synthesized monoglucosylated glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. It may act in assisting protein assembly and/or in the retention within the ER of unassembled protein subunits. It seems to play a major role in the quality control apparatus of the ER by the retention of incorrectly folded proteins. Associated with partial T-cell antigen receptor complexes that escape the ER of immature thymocytes, it may function as a signaling complex regulating thymocyte maturation. Additionally it may play a role in receptor-mediated endocytosis at the synapse (By similarity).
Interacts with MAPK3/ERK1. Interacts with KCNH2. Associates with ribosomes. Interacts with SGIP1; involved in negative regulation of endocytosis. The palmitoylated form interacts with the ribosome-translocon complex component SSR1, promoting efficient folding of glycoproteins. Interacts with SERPINA2P/SERPINA2 and with the S and Z variants of SERPINA1. Interacts with PPIB. Interacts with ZNRF4. Interacts with SMIM22 (By similarity). Interacts with TMX2 (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM35A/NACHO and CHRNA7 (By similarity). Interacts with reticulophagy regulators RETREG2 and RETREG3 (By similarity). Interacts with DNM1L; may form part of a larger protein complex at the ER-mitochondrial interface during mitochondrial fission (By similarity). Interacts with ADAM7 (By similarity).
Palmitoylation by DHHC6 leads to the preferential localization to the perinuclear rough ER. It mediates the association of calnexin with the ribosome-translocon complex (RTC) which is required for efficient folding of glycosylated proteins (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at Ser-564 by MAPK3/ERK1. Phosphorylation by MAPK3/ERK1 increases its association with ribosomes (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated, leading to proteasomal degradation. Probably ubiquitinated by ZNRF4.
Belongs to the AspA/AstE family. Aspartoacylase subfamily.
Heterodimer with RABGEF1. The dimer binds RAB5A that has been activated by GTP-binding. Interacts with SDCCAG8; this interaction is important for ciliogenesis regulation. Interacts with RAB4; this interaction may mediate VEGFR2 cell surface expression.
Plays a role in membrane trafficking and in homotypic early endosome fusion. Participates in arteriogenesis by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2/VEGFR2 cell surface expression and endosomal trafficking. By interacting with SDCCAG8, localizes to centrosomes and plays a critical role in ciliogenesis.
Can form homo- and heteropolymers with other CLDN. Homopolymers interact with CLDN1 and CLDN2 homopolymers. Directly interacts with TJP1/ZO-1, TJP2/ZO-2 and TJP3/ZO-3.
Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space, through calcium-independent cell-adhesion activity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of Rab proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX, such as RAB1A, RAB3A, RAB5A and RAB7A.
Heterotrimer composed of RABGGTA, RABGGTB and CHM; within this trimer, RABGGTA and RABGGTB form the catalytic component B, while CHM (component A) mediates peptide substrate binding. The Rab GGTase dimer (RGGT) interacts with CHM (component A) prior to Rab protein binding; the association is stabilized by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp). The CHM:RGGT:Rab complex is destabilized by GGpp. Interacts with non-phosphorylated form of RAB8A; phosphorylation of RAB8A at 'Thr-72' disrupts this interaction.
The enzymatic reaction requires the aid of a Rab escort protein (also called component A), such as CHM.
GAP activity stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1). Hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP may lead to dissociation of coatomer from Golgi-derived membranes to allow fusion with target membranes (By similarity).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Negative regulator of hepatic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity.
Interacts with PSEN1 and PSEN2. Binds OPA1 (By similarity).
P-beta is proteolytically processed (beta-cleavage) in a PARL-dependent manner.
Required for the control of apoptosis during postnatal growth. Essential for proteolytic processing of an antiapoptotic form of OPA1 which prevents the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c in response to intrinsic apoptotic signals. Required for the maturation of PINK1 into its 52kDa mature form after its cleavage by mitochondrial-processing peptidase (MPP). Promotes cleavage of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PGAM5 in damaged mitochondria in response to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Mediates differential cleavage of PINK1 and PGAM5 depending on the health status of mitochondria, disassociating from PINK1 and associating with PGAM5 in response to mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Required for processing of CLPB into a form with higher protein disaggregase activity by removing an autoinhibitory N-terminal peptide. Promotes processing of DIABLO/SMAC in the mitochondrion which is required for DIABLO apoptotic activity. Also required for cleavage of STARD7 and TTC19. Promotes changes in mitochondria morphology regulated by phosphorylation of P-beta domain.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 1 may preferentially bind zinc ions, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium and/or manganese ions.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Interacts with M-Ras/MRAS, and RAF1. Forms a multiprotein complex with Ras (M-Ras/MRAS), Raf (RAF1) and protein phosphatase 1 (PPP1CA, PPP1CB and PPP1CC). Interacts with ERBIN; disrupts the interaction with RAF1 and Ras, leading to prevent activation of the Ras signaling pathway. Specifically binds K-Ras/KRAS, M-Ras/MRAS and N-Ras/NRAS but not H-Ras/HRAS. Interacts with LZTR1.
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) that acts as a M-Ras/MRAS effector and participates in MAPK pathway activation. Upon M-Ras/MRAS activation, targets PP1c to specifically dephosphorylate the 'Ser-259' inhibitory site of RAF1 kinase and stimulate RAF1 activity at specialized signaling complexes.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 12 family.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator, at least composed of INTS1, INTS2, INTS3, INTS4, INTS5, INTS6, INTS7, INTS8, INTS9/RC74, INTS10, INTS11/CPSF3L and INTS12.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing. The Integrator complex is associated with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II largest subunit (POLR2A) and is recruited to the U1 and U2 snRNAs genes. Mediates recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the enolization of 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P) into the intermediate 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate (HK-MTPenyl-1-P), which is then dephosphorylated to form the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene).
Required for mitochondrial translation, possibly by coordinating the assembly or maintenance of the mitochondrial ribosome.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. May recruit the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to the complex (By similarity).
V-shaped homodimer. Interacts with CDC16. The mammalian APC/C is composed at least of 14 distinct subunits ANAPC1, ANAPC2, CDC27/APC3, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, CDC16/APC6, ANAPC7, CDC23/APC8, ANAPC10, ANAPC11, CDC26/APC12, ANAPC13, ANAPC15 and ANAPC16 that assemble into a complex of at least 19 chains with a combined molecular mass of around 1.2 MDa; APC/C interacts with FZR1 and FBXO5.
As part of the NSL complex it is involved in acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 on several lysine residues and therefore may be involved in the regulation of transcription.
Component of the NSL complex at least composed of MOF/KAT8, KANSL1, KANSL2, KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1/OGT, WDR5 and HCFC1.
Phosphorylated by TBK1, leading to restrict bacterial proliferation in case of infection.
Plays an important role in the maintenance of the Golgi complex, in membrane trafficking, in exocytosis, through its interaction with myosin VI and Rab8. Links myosin VI to the Golgi complex and plays an important role in Golgi ribbon formation. Negatively regulates the induction of IFNB in response to RNA virus infection. Plays a neuroprotective role in the eye and optic nerve. Probably part of the TNF-alpha signaling pathway that can shift the equilibrium toward induction of cell death. May act by regulating membrane trafficking and cellular morphogenesis via a complex that contains Rab8 and hungtingtin (HD). Mediates the interaction of Rab8 with the probable GTPase-activating protein TBC1D17 during Rab8-mediated endocytic trafficking, such as that of transferrin receptor (TFRC/TfR); regulates Rab8 recruitment to tubules emanating from the endocytic recycling compartment. Autophagy receptor that interacts directly with both the cargo to become degraded and an autophagy modifier of the MAP1 LC3 family; targets ubiquitin-coated bacteria (xenophagy) and appears to function in the same pathway as SQSTM1 and CALCOCO2/NDP52.
Self-associates (By similarity). Interacts with HD, GTF3A, TRAF3, TBK1 and MYO6. Interacts (via UBAN) with ubiquitinated TFRC. Interacts with active GTP-bound Rab8 (RAB8A and/or RAB8B). Interacts with TBC1D17. Binds to linear ubiquitin chains. Interacts with LC3 family members MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, GABARAP, GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2; OPTN phosphorylation increases the association (at least with MAP1LC3B). Interacts with RAB12; the interaction may be indirect (By similarity). Interacts with palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC17/HIP14; the interaction does not lead to palmitoylation of OPTN (By similarity). Interacts with CYLD (By similarity). Interacts with TOM1; the interaction is indirect and is mediated by MYO6, which acts as a bridge between TOM1 and OPTN (By similarity).
The LIR (LC3-interacting region) motif mediates the interaction with ATG8 family proteins.
Ubiquitin-binding motif (UBAN) is essential for its inhibitory function, subcellular localization and interaction with TBK1.
Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylation on Lys-10 (H3K9ac) impairs methylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s). Acetylation on Lys-19 (H3K18ac) and Lys-24 (H3K24ac) favors methylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me). Acetylation at Lys-123 (H3K122ac) by EP300/p300 plays a central role in chromatin structure: localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability.
Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-18 (H3R17me2a) by CARM1 is linked to gene activation. Symmetric dimethylation at Arg-9 (H3R8me2s) by PRMT5 is linked to gene repression. Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-3 (H3R2me2a) by PRMT6 is linked to gene repression and is mutually exclusive with H3 Lys-5 methylation (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). H3R2me2a is present at the 3' of genes regardless of their transcription state and is enriched on inactive promoters, while it is absent on active promoters.
Butyrylation of histones marks active promoters and competes with histone acetylation. It is present during late spermatogenesis.
Citrullination at Arg-9 (H3R8ci) and/or Arg-18 (H3R17ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation and represses transcription.
Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes.
Dopaminylated by TGM2 at Gln-6 (H3Q5dop) in ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons (By similarity). H3Q5dop mediates neurotransmission-independent role of nuclear dopamine by regulating relapse-related transcriptional plasticity in the reward system (By similarity).
Expressed throughout the cell cycle independently of DNA synthesis.
Lactylated in macrophages by EP300/P300 by using lactoyl-CoA directly derived from endogenous or exogenous lactate, leading to stimulates gene transcription.
Lysine deamination at Lys-5 (H3K4all) to form allysine is mediated by LOXL2. Allysine formation by LOXL2 only takes place on H3K4me3 and results in gene repression.
Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by HASPIN during prophase and dephosphorylated during anaphase. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression during mitosis and meiosis. In addition phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by RPS6KA4 and RPS6KA5 is important during interphase because it enables the transcription of genes following external stimulation, like mitogens, stress, growth factors or UV irradiation and result in the activation of genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph), which is linked to gene activation, prevents methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) but facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) by AURKB mediates the dissociation of HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) from heterochromatin. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) is also an essential regulatory mechanism for neoplastic cell transformation. Phosphorylated at Ser-29 (H3S28ph) by MAP3K20 isoform 1, RPS6KA5 or AURKB during mitosis or upon ultraviolet B irradiation. Phosphorylation at Thr-7 (H3T6ph) by PRKCB is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that prevents demethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me) by LSD1/KDM1A. At centromeres, specifically phosphorylated at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) from prophase to early anaphase, by DAPK3 and PKN1. Phosphorylation at Thr-12 (H3T11ph) by PKN1 or isoform M2 of PKM (PKM2) is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of Lys-10 (H3K9me) by KDM4C/JMJD2C. Phosphorylation at Tyr-42 (H3Y41ph) by JAK2 promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin. Phosphorylation on Ser-32 (H3S31ph) is specific to regions bordering centromeres in metaphase chromosomes.
Serine ADP-ribosylation by PARP1 or PARP2 constitutes the primary form of ADP-ribosylation of proteins in response to DNA damage. Serine ADP-ribosylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ADPr) promotes recruitment of CHD1L. H3S10ADPr is mutually exclusive with phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and impairs acetylation at Lys-10 (H3K9ac).
Serotonylated by TGM2 at Gln-6 (H3Q5ser) during serotonergic neuron differentiation (By similarity). H3Q5ser is associated with trimethylation of Lys-5 (H3K4me3) and enhances general transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex-binding to H3K4me3, thereby facilitating transcription (By similarity).
Specific interaction of trimethylated form at 'Lys-36' (H3.3K36me3) with ZMYND11 is mediated by the encapsulation of Ser-32 residue with a composite pocket formed by the tandem bromo-PWWP domains (By similarity). Interacts with ZMYND11; when trimethylated at 'Lys-36' (H3.3K36me3).
Specifically enriched in modifications associated with active chromatin such as methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me), Lys-37 and Lys-80. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) facilitates subsequent acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-80 (H3K79me) is associated with DNA double-strand break (DSB) responses and is a specific target for TP53BP1. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me), which are linked to gene repression, are underrepresented. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) is a specific target for HP1 proteins (CBX1, CBX3 and CBX5) and prevents subsequent phosphorylation at Ser-11 (H3S10ph) and acetylation of H3 and H4. Methylation at Lys-5 (H3K4me) and Lys-80 (H3K79me) require preliminary monoubiquitination of H2B at 'Lys-120'. Methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me) and Lys-28 (H3K27me) are enriched in inactive X chromosome chromatin. Monomethylation at Lys-57 (H3K56me1) by EHMT2/G9A in G1 phase promotes interaction with PCNA and is required for DNA replication.
Succinylation at Lys-80 (H3K79succ) by KAT2A takes place with a maximum frequency around the transcription start sites of genes. It gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation. Desuccinylation at Lys-123 (H3K122succ) by SIRT7 in response to DNA damage promotes chromatin condensation and double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with HIRA, a chaperone required for its incorporation into nucleosomes. Interacts with ZMYND11; when trimethylated at 'Lys-36' (H3.3K36me3). Found in a co-chaperone complex with DNJC9, MCM2 and histone H3.3-H4 dimers (By similarity). Within the complex, interacts with DNJC9 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with ASF1A, MCM2, NASP and SPT2 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated. Monoubiquitinated by RAG1 in lymphoid cells, monoubiquitination is required for V(D)J recombination (By similarity).
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Interacts with TGFB1; associates via disulfide bonds with the Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) regulatory chain of TGFB1, leading to regulate activation of TGF-beta-1. Interacts with TGFB2 (By similarity). Interacts with TGFB3; associates via disulfide bonds with the Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) regulatory chain of TGFB3, leading to regulate activation of TGF-beta-3 (By similarity). Interacts with LAPTM4B; decreases TGFB1 production in regulatory T-cells (By similarity).
Key regulator of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3) that controls TGF-beta activation by maintaining it in a latent state during storage in extracellular space. Associates specifically via disulfide bonds with the Latency-associated peptide (LAP), which is the regulatory chain of TGF-beta, and regulates integrin-dependent activation of TGF-beta (By similarity). Able to outcompete LTBP1 for binding to LAP regulatory chain of TGF-beta (By similarity). Controls activation of TGF-beta-1 (TGFB1) on the surface of activated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Required for epithelial fusion during palate development by regulating activation of TGF-beta-3 (TGFB3) (By similarity).
Directly antagonizes activity of BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 in a dose-dependent manner. Enhances Wnt signaling and inhibits TGF-beta signaling. May be involved in the onset of endometrial receptivity for implantation/sensitization for the decidual cell reaction (By similarity).
Interacts with BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 with high affinity.
Belongs to the arginase family. Agmatinase subfamily.
Acts as a phosphoinositide 5- and phosphoinositide 6-phosphatase and regulates cellular levels of inositol pentakisphosphate (InsP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). Also acts as a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphatase, by mediating the dephosphorylation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) to produce phospho-D-glycerate without formation of 3-phosphoglycerate. May play a role in bone development (endochondral ossification). May play a role in the transition of chondrocytes from proliferation to hypertrophy (By similarity). Through the regulation of intracellular inositol polyphosphates, may control intracellular cation homeostasis, including that of calcium and iron, hence affecting free cation availability required for neural cell signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. MINPP1 subfamily.
Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family.
Belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX6/DHH1 subfamily.
Essential for the formation of P-bodies, cytosolic membrane-less ribonucleoprotein granules involved in RNA metabolism through the coordinated storage of mRNAs encoding regulatory functions. Plays a role in P-bodies to coordinate the storage of translationally inactive mRNAs in the cytoplasm and prevent their degradation. In the process of mRNA degradation, plays a role in mRNA decapping. Blocks autophagy in nutrient-rich conditions by repressing the expression of ATG-related genes through degradation of their transcripts.
Interacts with LSM14A, LSM14B, EIF4ENIF1/4E-T, PATL1, EDC3 and EDC4 (By similarity). Forms a complex with DCP1A, DCP2, EDC3 and EDC4/HEDLS. Interacts with LIMD1, WTIP and AJUBA. Interacts with APOBEC3G in an RNA-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with RC3H1 (By similarity). Interacts with ATXN2L. Interacts with MCRIP1. Interacts with MCRIP2. Interacts with NUFIP2. Interacts with TRIM71 (via NHL repeats) in an RNA-dependent manner (By similarity).
Directly regulates filament dynamics and has been implicated in a number of complex developmental and morphological processes, including mRNA localization and the establishment of cell polarity.
Homodimer. Binds actin monomers (By similarity).
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Acts as a component of the WASH core complex that functions as a nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization, playing a key role in the fission of tubules that serve as transport intermediates during endosome sorting. Mediates the recruitment of the WASH core complex to endosome membranes via binding to phospholipids and VPS35 of the retromer CSC. Mediates the recruitment of the F-actin-capping protein dimer to the WASH core complex probably promoting localized F-actin polymerization needed for vesicle scission. Via its C-terminus binds various phospholipids, most strongly phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns-(4)P), phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns-(5)P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-(3,5)P2). Involved in the endosome-to-plasma membrane trafficking and recycling of SNX27-retromer-dependent cargo proteins, such as GLUT1. Required for the association of DNAJC13, ENTR1, ANKRD50 with retromer CSC subunit VPS35. Required for the endosomal recruitment of CCC and retriever complexes subunits COMMD1 and CCDC93 as well as the retrievere complex subunit VPS35L.
Component of the WASH core complex also described as WASH regulatory complex (SHRC) composed of WASHC1, WASHC2, WASHC3, WASHC4 and WASHC5; in the complex interacts (via N-terminus) directly with WASHC1. The WASH core complex associates with the F-actin-capping protein dimer (formed by CAPZA1, CAPZA2 or CAPZA3 and CAPZB) in a transient or substoichiometric manner which was initially described as WASH complex. Interacts with VPS35; mediates the association with the retromer CSC complex. Interacts with FKBP15. Interacts with CCDC93, CCDC22, VPS35L; indicative for an association of the WASH core complex with the CCC and retriever complexes (By similarity). Directly interacts with TBC1D23 (By similarity).
The LFa (leucine-phenylalanine-acidic) motif bind directly to VPS35 of retromer CSC; adjacent motifs can act cooperatively to bind multiple CSCs, although there is significant variability in the affinities of different motifs for retromer.
Belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
Gla residues are produced after subsequent post-translational modifications of glutamate by a vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase.
Belongs to the LAP (LRR and PDZ) protein family.
Catalyzes the removal of transit peptides required for the targeting of proteins from the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner membrane, into the inter-membrane space. Known to process the nuclear encoded protein DIABLO.
Heterodimer of 2 subunits, IMMPL1 and IMMPL2.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits and several supernumerary subunits. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII).
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes (By similarity). The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2 (By similarity). The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, c-jun/JUN, IkappaBalpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases (By similarity). CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively (By similarity). Essential to maintain the survival of epiblast cells and thus the development of the postimplantation embryo (By similarity).
Component of the CSN complex, composed of COPS1/GPS1, COPS2, COPS3, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B), COPS8 and COPS9 (By similarity). In the complex, it probably interacts directly with COPS1, COPS4, COPS8 and COPS9 (By similarity). Interacts with CK2 and PKD (By similarity). Interacts with the translation initiation factor EIF3S6 and IKBKG (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family.
Involved in pinching off the separated nuclei at the cleavage furrow and in cytokinesis. Required for mitotic integrity and maintenance of chromosomal stability. Protects cells against mitotic errors, centrosomal amplification, micronucleus formation and aneuploidy. Plays a key role of midbody function involving abscission of the daughter cells during cytokinesis and appropriate chromosomal and nuclear segregation into the daughter cells.
Part of the TFIIIC subcomplex TFIIIC2, consisting of six subunits, GTF3C1, GTF3C2, GTF3C3, GTF3C4, GTF3C5 and GTF3C6.
Required for RNA polymerase III-mediated transcription. Component of TFIIIC that initiates transcription complex assembly on tRNA and is required for transcription of 5S rRNA and other stable nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs. May play a direct role in stabilizing interactions of TFIIIC2 with TFIIIC1 (By similarity).
Important role in determination of the surface properties of the casein micelles.
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Might be responsible for some of the extracellular antioxidant defense properties of selenium or might be involved in the transport of selenium. May supply selenium to tissues such as brain and testis (By similarity).
Phosphorylation sites are present in the extracellular medium.
The C-terminus is not required for endocytic uptake in the proximal tubule epithelium.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family.
The membrane-bound form is converted to the soluble form by sequential proteolytic processing. First, the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail is removed. Cleavage by a lysosomal protease releases the soluble form in the lysosome lumen (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS38 family.
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates with differences in substrate specificity between isoform 1 and isoform 2.
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Interacts with EPHA2; dephosphorylates EPHA2. Interacts with EPHB1. Interacts with the SH3 domain of SPTAN1.
Phosphorylated by LCK. Phosphorylation at Tyr-132 increases its phosphatase activity.
E3 ubiquitin ligase catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which contains NHP2/NOLA2, GAR1/NOLA1, NOP10/NOLA3, and DKC1/NOLA4, which is presumed to be the catalytic subunit. The complex contains a stable core formed by binding of one or two NOP10-DKC1 heterodimers to NHP2; GAR1 subsequently binds to this core via DKC1. The complex binds a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), which may target the specific site of modification within the RNA substrate. During assembly, the complex contains NAF1 instead of GAR1/NOLA1. The complex also interacts with TERC, which contains a 3'-terminal domain related to the box H/ACA snoRNAs. Specific interactions with snoRNAs or TERC are mediated by GAR1 and NHP2. Associates with NOLC1/NOPP140. H/ACA snoRNPs interact with the SMN complex, consisting of SMN1 or SMN2, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, and GEMIN4. This is mediated by interaction between GAR1 and SMN1 or SMN2. The SMN complex may be required for correct assembly of the H/ACA snoRNP complex. Component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex composed of one molecule of TERT, one molecule of WRAP53/TCAB1, two molecules of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunits DKC1, NOP10, NHP2 and GAR1, and a telomerase RNA template component (TERC). The telomerase holoenzyme complex is associated with TEP1, SMG6/EST1A and POT1.
Required for ribosome biogenesis and telomere maintenance. Part of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Each rRNA can contain up to 100 pseudouridine ('psi') residues, which may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs. May also be required for correct processing or intranuclear trafficking of TERC, the RNA component of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) holoenzyme (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase. Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling. Regulates fast synaptic transmission mediated by glutamate (By similarity).
Triazolodiamine 1 is a commercial name for 5-amino-3-([4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]amino)-N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbothioamide.
Belongs to the inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 4-position phosphate of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and inositol 3,4-bisphosphate (By similarity). Plays a role in the late stages of macropinocytosis by dephosphorylating phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate in membrane ruffles (By similarity). Antagonizes the PI3K-AKT/PKB signaling pathway by dephosphorylating phosphoinositides and thereby modulating cell cycle progression and cell survival (By similarity).
Strongly inhibited by inositol hexakisphosphate.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts specifically with NCR3.
The C-terminal part is similar to retroviral Gag protein. This putative protein seems to be the result of a fusion between an Ig-like domain-containing protein and a ERV.
Triggers NCR3-dependent natural killer cell activation.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
May be signaling molecules that resemble neuropeptides and that act by binding to alpha-neurexins and possibly other receptors.
A connexon is composed of a hexamer of connexins.
Belongs to the connexin family. Alpha-type (group II) subfamily.
One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell.
May activate the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv1.4/KCNA4 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the MPDU1 (TC 2.A.43.3) family.
Required for normal utilization of mannose-dolichol phosphate (Dol-P-Man) in the synthesis of N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides and GPI anchors.
Belongs to the XRCC4-XLF family. XRCC4 subfamily.
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein TBP, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Part of a TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2, ERCC3, TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Interacts with TAF1; the interaction is direct. Interacts with TAF1, TAF5, TAF11, TAF12, and TAF13, but not with TAF10 or TBP. Component of some MLL1/MLL complex, at least composed of the core components KMT2A/MLL1, ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1, WDR5 and RBBP5, as well as the facultative components BAP18, CHD8, E2F6, HSP70, INO80C, KANSL1, LAS1L, MAX, MCRS1, MGA, MYST1/MOF, PELP1, PHF20, PRP31, RING2, RUVB1/TIP49A, RUVB2/TIP49B, SENP3, TAF1, TAF4, TAF6, TAF7, TAF9 and TEX10. Interacts with CIITA and TAF1 and inhibits their acetyltransferase activity, and behaving as a repressor of CIITA- and TAF1-regulated promoters.
Phosphorylated by CIITA. Phosphorylation at Ser-264 by TAF1 in early G1 phase disrupts binding to TAF1.
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters with or without a TATA box via its subunit TBP, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. TAF7 forms a promoter DNA binding subcomplex of TFIID, together with TAF1 and TAF2. Part of a TFIID complex containing TAF10 (TFIID alpha) and a TFIID complex lacking TAF10 (TFIID beta).
Ubiquitinated by TRIM26; leading to proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Farnesylation is required for nuclear envelope localization.
Monomer. Interacts with CHMP4B. Interacts with CHMP5: this interaction allows the recruitment of BROX to cellular membranes. Interacts with SYN2; this interaction promotes SYN2 ubiquitination and facilitates the relaxation of mechanical stress imposed by compressive actin fibers at the rupture site.
Nuclear envelope-associated factor that is involved in the nuclear envelope ruptures during interphase (NERDI) repair, where it is locally recruited by CHMP5 and reduces cytoskeletal stress through its action on SYN2 to help reseal the ruptured membrane.
Belongs to the integrin alpha chain family.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. Two of the Ca(2+) ions are bound to the C2 domain.
Identified in a complex containing STX6, STX12, VAMP4 and VTI1A. Binds EEA1. Interacts with VPS45A and GOPC. Interacts with MARCHF2; the interaction promotes MARCHF2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of CFTR (By similarity). Interacts with MARCHF3 (By similarity). Interacts with BLTP3B (via C-terminal coiled-coil domain). Interacts with BAIAP3; this interaction is increased in the presence of calcium (By similarity). Interacts with VPS13B (By similarity).
SNARE promoting movement of transport vesicles to target membranes. Targets endosomes to the trans-Golgi network, and may therefore function in retrograde trafficking. Together with SNARE STX12, promotes movement of vesicles from endosomes to the cell membrane, and may therefore function in the endocytic recycling pathway.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) (TC 2.A.3.3) family.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary and some secondary amine such as neurotransmitters, with concomitant reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Preferentially oxidizes serotonin. Also catalyzes the oxidative deamination of kynuramine to 3-(2-aminophenyl)-3-oxopropanal that can spontaneously condense to 4-hydroxyquinoline.
Monomer, homo- or heterodimer (containing two subunits of similar size). Each subunit contains a covalently bound flavin. Enzymatically active as monomer (By similarity).
Monomer. Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization. Mediates interaction of SCFD1 with the COG complex. Interacts with STX5.
Required for normal Golgi function. Plays a role in SNARE-pin assembly and Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport via its interaction with SCFD1.
Forms a complex with GRIP1, GRIA2 and STX12 through direct interaction with GRIP1; controls the intracellular fate of AMPAR and the endosomal sorting of the GRIA2 subunit toward recycling and membrane targeting. Interacts with STX12 (By similarity). Interacts with APP; could regulate APP processing (By similarity). Interacts with FAM171A1 (By similarity).
Plays a role in the recycling mechanism in neurons of multiple receptors, including AMPAR, APP and L1CAM and acts at the level of early endosomes to promote sorting of receptors toward a recycling pathway. Regulates sorting and recycling of GRIA2 through interaction with GRIP1 and then contributes to the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity by affecting the recycling and targeting of AMPA receptors to the synapse (By similarity). Is required for faithful sorting of L1CAM to axons by facilitating trafficking from somatodendritic early endosome or the recycling endosome (By similarity). In an other hand, induces apoptosis via the activation of CASP3 in response to DNA damage (By similarity).
Binds to activated (phosphorylated) protein-Tyr kinases, through its SH2 domain, and acts as an adapter, mediating the association of the p110 catalytic unit to the plasma membrane. Necessary for the insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Plays an important role in signaling in response to FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, KITLG/SCF, KIT, PDGFRA and PDGFRB. Likewise, plays a role in ITGB2 signaling. Modulates the cellular response to ER stress by promoting nuclear translocation of XBP1 in a ER stress- and/or insulin-dependent manner during metabolic overloading in the liver and hence plays a role in glucose tolerance improvement (By similarity).
Heterodimer of a regulatory subunit PIK3R1 and a p110 catalytic subunit (PIK3CA, PIK3CB or PIK3CD). Interacts (via SH2 domains) with CCDC88A/GIV (tyrosine-phosphorylated form); the interaction enables recruitment of PIK3R1 to the EGFR receptor, enhancing PI3K activity and cell migration (By similarity). Interacts with phosphorylated LAT, LAX1, TRAT1 and LIME1 upon TCR and/or BCR activation. Interacts with CBLB. The SH2 domains interact with the YTHM motif of phosphorylated INSR in vitro. Also interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated IGF1R in vitro. Interacts with CD28 and CD3Z upon T-cell activation. Interacts with SOCS7. Interacts with IRS1 and phosphorylated IRS4. Interacts with NISCH, RUFY3 and HCST. Interacts with AXL, FASLG, FER, FGR, HCK, KIT and BCR. Interacts with PDGFRA (tyrosine phosphorylated) and PDGFRB (tyrosine phosphorylated). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with CSF1R (tyrosine phosphorylated). Interacts with ERBB4 (phosphorylated). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with TEK/TIE2 (tyrosine phosphorylated). Interacts with LYN (via SH3 domain); this enhances enzyme activity. Interacts with NTRK1 (phosphorylated upon ligand-binding). Interacts with PTK2/FAK1. Interacts with PIK3R2; the interaction is dissociated in an insulin-dependent manner. Interacts with XBP1; the interaction is direct and induces translocation of XBP1 into the nucleus in a ER stress- and/or insulin-dependent but PI3K-independent manner (By similarity). Interacts with FAM83B; activates the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade (By similarity). Interacts with APPL1 and APPL2 (By similarity). Interacts with SRC (By similarity). Interacts with ALOX5; this interaction bridges ALOX5 with CD40 after CD40 ligation in B cells and leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (By similarity). Interacts with nephrin NPHN1; the interaction is reduced by high glucose levels (By similarity).
In adipose tissue, polyubiquitinated by the BCR(KBTBD2) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex; recognized by KBTBD2 through the SH2 domains, undergoes 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination leading to its degradation.
Phosphorylated. Tyrosine phosphorylated in response to signaling by FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Phosphorylated by CSF1R. Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by TEK/TIE2. Dephosphorylated by PTPRJ. Phosphorylated by PIK3CA at Ser-608; phosphorylation is stimulated by insulin and PDGF. The relevance of phosphorylation by PIK3CA is however unclear. Phosphorylated in response to KIT and KITLG/SCF. Phosphorylated by FGR and ERBB4 (By similarity).
Polyubiquitinated in T-cells by CBLB; which does not promote proteasomal degradation but impairs association with CD28 and CD3Z upon T-cell activation.
The SH3 domain mediates the binding to CBLB.
Interacts with CDC42 (in GTP-bound form). Interacts weakly with RAC1 and not at all with RHOA (By similarity).
Probably involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton by acting downstream of CDC42, inducing actin filament assembly. Alters CDC42-induced cell shape changes. In activated T-cells, may play a role in CDC42-mediated F-actin accumulation at the immunological synapse. May play a role in early contractile events in phagocytosis in macrophages (By similarity).
The CRIB domain mediates interaction with CDC42.
Interacts with RNMT; this interaction enhances mRNA binding and cap methyltransferase activity.
Regulatory subunit of the mRNA-capping methyltransferase RNMT:RAMAC complex that methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Promotes the recruitment of the methyl donor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, to RNMT. Regulates RNMT expression by a post-transcriptional stabilizing mechanism. Binds RNA.
Belongs to the Golgi pH regulator (TC 1.A.38) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with WFIKKN2, leading to inhibit its activity. Interacts with FSTL3.
Component of the pre-catalytic and catalytic spliceosome complexes. Component of the postcatalytic spliceosome P complex. Part of the U5 snRNP complex. Interacts with PRPF8. Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, WDR57, SNRNP40, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39. Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns (By similarity).
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the activated spliceosome. Component of the U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex and the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, building blocks of the spliceosome. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Dual specificity phosphatase able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues, with a preference for phosphotyrosine as a substrate.
Component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1 (By similarity). Required for normal cell proliferation (By similarity).
Identified in the CTLH complex that contains GID4, RANBP9 and/or RANBP10, MKLN1, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, ARMC8, WDR26 and YPEL5. Within this complex, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, WDR26, and RANBP9 and/or RANBP10 form the catalytic core, while GID4, MKLN1, ARMC8 and YPEL5 have ancillary roles. Interacts with RANBP9 and RANBP10.
Chromatin reader that specifically recognizes and binds histone H3 both trimethylated at 'Lys-4' and asymmetrically dimethylated at 'Arg-8' (H3K4me3 and H3R8me2a) and acts as an activator of Wnt signaling pathway downstream of PRMT2. In case of cancer, promotes cell cancer proliferation via activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Overexpression induces metaphase arrest and chromosomal instability. Localizes to active rDNA loci and promotes the expression of rRNA genes. May play a role in cell-cycle regulation during the transition from gamete to embryo. Involved in oocyte meiotic resumption, a process that takes place before ovulation to resume meiosis of oocytes blocked in prophase I: may act by regulating maternal transcripts to control meiotic resumption.
Homodimer; may form higher-order oligomers. Interacts with TCF7L2/TCF4; the interaction is direct. Interacts with HABP4 and SERBP1. Interacts with C11orf84/SPINDOC.
Phosphorylated during oocyte meiotic maturation.
The 3 tudor-like domains (also named Spin/Ssty repeats) specifically recognize and bind methylated histones. H3K4me3 and H3R8me2a are recognized by tudor-like domains 2 and 1, respectively.
Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK3 subfamily.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Has GTP:AMP phosphotransferase and ITP:AMP phosphotransferase activities.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 68 family.
Catalyzes both the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Homodimer. Forms a heterodimer with PFKFB2 (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Phosphorylation by AMPK stimulates activity.
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 family.
May increase cell susceptibility to TNF-induced apoptosis.
Belongs to the KIF-binding protein family.
Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains.
N-terminus is methylated by METTL11A/NTM1.
Regulatory light chain of myosin. Does not bind calcium (By similarity).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Glucose transporter subfamily.
Deoxyglucose transport is inhibit by D-glucose, D-galactose and maltose. Galactose transport is inhibited by D-glucose and maltose.
Facilitative glucose transporter. Can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane. Mediates the uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, galactose, mannose, xylose and fucose, and probably also dehydroascorbate. Does not mediate fructose transport. Required for mesendoderm differentiation (By similarity).
Interacts with SMIM43; the interaction may promote SLC2A3-mediated glucose transport to meet the energy needs of mesendoderm differentiation.
Transport is mediated via a series of conformation changes, switching between a conformation where the substrate-binding cavity is accessible from the outside, and a another conformation where it is accessible from the cytoplasm.
Exhibits microtubule-destabilizing activity, which is antagonized by STAT3.
Interacts with STAT3. Interacts with CLU (secreted form); this interaction may act as an important modulator during neuronal differentiation (By similarity).
N-terminal palmitoylation promotes specific anchoring to the cytosolic leaflet of Golgi membranes and subsequent vesicular trafficking along dendrites and axons. Neuronal Stathmins are substrates for palmitoyltransferases ZDHHC3, ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC15 (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(i/o/t/z) subfamily.
Has a stimulatory effect on the ATPase activity of HSP70 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner and hence acts as a co-chaperone of HSP70. Plays an indispensable role in the organization of KRT8/KRT18 filaments. Acts as an endogenous molecular chaperone for neuronal proteins including huntingtin. Suppresses aggregation and toxicity of polyglutamine-containing, aggregation-prone proteins. Also reduces cellular toxicity and caspase-3 activity.
Homooligomer. Interacts with BAG3, HSPB8 and STUB1 (By similarity). Interacts with ALKBH1 (By similarity). Interacts with HSP70, KRT18 and PTTG (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.
N4-methylcytidine (m4C) methyltransferase responsible for the methylation of position C839 in mitochondrial 12S rRNA. Involved in the stabilization of 12S rRNA folding, therefore facilitating the assembly of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 1 family.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation.
Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family.
Homotrimer; in free form. Homooligomer. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex which is a heteropentamer containing 2 copies of SUPV3L1 and 3 copies of PNPT1. As part of the mitochondrial degradosome complex, interacts with GRSF1 in an RNA-dependent manner; the interaction enhances the activity of the complex. Interacts with TCL1A; the interaction has no effect on PNPT1 exonuclease activity.
RNA-binding protein implicated in numerous RNA metabolic processes. Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of single-stranded polyribonucleotides processively in the 3'-to-5' direction. Mitochondrial intermembrane factor with RNA-processing exoribonulease activity. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner. Involved in the degradation of non-coding mitochondrial transcripts (MT-ncRNA) and tRNA-like molecules (By similarity). Required for correct processing and polyadenylation of mitochondrial mRNAs. Plays a role as a cytoplasmic RNA import factor that mediates the translocation of small RNA components like the 5S RNA, the RNA subunit of ribonuclease P and the mitochondrial RNA-processing (MRP) RNA, into the mitochondrial matrix. Plays a role in mitochondrial morphogenesis and respiration; regulates the expression of the electron transport chain (ETC) components at the mRNA and protein levels. In the cytoplasm, shows a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease mediating mRNA degradation activity; degrades c-myc mRNA upon treatment with IFNB1/IFN-beta, resulting in a growth arrest in melanoma cells. Regulates the stability of specific mature miRNAs in melanoma cells; specifically and selectively degrades miR-221, preferentially. Also plays a role in RNA cell surveillance by cleaning up oxidized RNAs. Binds to the RNA subunit of ribonuclease P, MRP RNA and miR-221 microRNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the proton-activated chloride channel family.
Proton-activated chloride channel that mediates import of chloride ion in response to extracellular acidic pH. Involved in acidosis-induced cell death by mediating chloride influx and subsequent cell swelling.
Cell autonomous antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
May interact with UPF2 (By similarity). Component of the small ribosomal subunit, ribosomal RNA processing complex (SSU RRP complex) (By similarity).
May play a role in mRNA degradation (By similarity). Endonuclease required for processing of 20S pre-rRNA precursor and biogenesis of 40S ribosomal subunits (By similarity).
Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
Found in a complex with LSM12, TPCN1 and TPCN2. Interacts with TPCN2.
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) binding protein. Confers NAADP sensitivity to the two pore channel complex (TPCs) by acting as TPC accessory protein necessary for NAADP-evoked Ca(2+) release.
Phosphorylates D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate, a molecule that may play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Cleaves C-terminal amino acids linked to proline in peptides such as angiotensin II, III and des-Arg9-bradykinin. This cleavage occurs at acidic pH, but enzymatic activity is retained with some substrates at neutral pH (By similarity).
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) to position 3 of terminal glucuronic acid of both protein- and lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Participates in biosynthesis of HNK-1 carbohydrate structure 3-O-sulfo-beta-D-GlcA-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-R, a sulfated glucuronyl-lactosaminyl residue carried by many neural recognition molecules, which is involved in cell interactions during ontogenetic development and in synaptic plasticity in the adult. May be indirectly involved in synapse plasticity of the hippocampus, via its role in HNK-1 biosynthesis. Sulfates terminal glucuronyl residue of the laminin globular (LG)-domain binding epitope on DAG1/alpha-dystroglycan and prevents further polymerization by LARGE1 glycosyltransferase. Likely defines the chain length of LG epitope, confering binding specificity to extracellular matrix components. Plays a role in down-regulating the steroid hormones. Sulfates glucuronidated estrogens and androgens with an impact in hormone cycle and fertility. Has a preference for glucuronyl moiety at the 3-hydroxyl group of a sterol ring rather than the 17-hydroxyl group, showing high catalytic efficiency for 17beta-estradiol 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) and dehydroepiandrosterone 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) hormones.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Interacts with NUMA1 (via N-terminal end of the coiled-coil domain); this interaction promotes spindle formation in mitosis (By similarity). Interacts with NUP98 (By similarity). Interacts with MYCBP2 (By similarity). Interacts with USP11 (By similarity).
Plays a role in mitotic bipolar spindle formation. Binds mRNA. May function in nucleocytoplasmic transport and in directly or indirectly attaching cytoplasmic mRNPs to the cytoskeleton.
Interacts directly with the SH3-domain of DOCK1 via its SH3-binding site (By similarity). Probably forms a heterotrimeric complex with DOCK1 and RAC1. Interacts with ARHGEF16, DOCK4 and EPHA2; mediates activation of RAC1 by EPHA2 (By similarity). Interacts with ADGRB3 (By similarity). Interacts with AUTS2; the interaction is direct (By similarity).
Involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell motility. Acts in association with DOCK1 and CRK. Was initially proposed to be required in complex with DOCK1 to activate Rac Rho small GTPases. May enhance the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of DOCK1 (By similarity).
Involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell motility. Acts in association with DOCK1 and CRK. Was initially proposed to be required in complex with DOCK1 to activate Rac Rho small GTPases. May enhance the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of DOCK1.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Functions as a fructose transporter that has only low activity with other monosaccharides. Can mediate the uptake of deoxyglucose, but with low efficiency. Essential for fructose uptake in the small intestine. Plays a role in the regulation of salt uptake and blood pressure in response to dietary fructose. Required for the development of high blood pressure in response to high dietary fructose intake.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex). Within the 20S core complex, PSMB5 displays a chymotrypsin-like activity.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is a barrel-shaped complex made of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings. The two outer rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two inner rings are formed by seven beta subunits. The proteolytic activity is exerted by three beta-subunits PSMB5, PSMB6 and PSMB7. Directly interacts with POMP. Interacts with ABCB1 and TAP1.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Probably part of the adaptor protein complex 5 (AP-5) a tetramer composed of AP5B1, AP5M1, AP5S1 and AP5Z1.
Belongs to the dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS) (TC 2.A.23) family.
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Interacts with MICAL1 and MICAL2. Interacts (in GTP-bound form) with MICALCL, MICAL1 and MILCAL3. Interacts with GDI1; the interaction requires the GDP-bound state. Interacts with CHM/REP1; the interaction requires the GDP-bound form and is necessary for prenylation by GGTase II. Interacts with RabGAP TBC1D20. Interacts (in GDP-bound form) with lipid phosphatase MTMR6 (via GRAM domain); the interaction regulates MTMR6 recruitment to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (By similarity). Interacts (in GDP-bound form) with lipid phosphatase MTMR7 (By similarity).
Prenylated; by GGTase II, only after interaction of the substrate with Rab escort protein 1 (REP1).
Rab activation is generally mediated by a guanine exchange factor (GEF), while inactivation through hydrolysis of bound GTP is catalyzed by a GTPase activating protein (GAP).
Rab-1B binds GTP and GDP and possesses intrinsic GTPase activity.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (By similarity). Plays a role in the initial events of the autophagic vacuole development which take place at specialized regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Regulates vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and successive Golgi compartments. Required to modulate the compacted morphology of the Golgi. Promotes the recruitment of lipid phosphatase MTMR6 to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (By similarity).
Belongs to the vinculin/alpha-catenin family.
Interacts with CDH1 and CDH2 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF639; recruits CTNNA2 to the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with F-actin (By similarity).
May function as a linker between cadherin adhesion receptors and the cytoskeleton to regulate cell-cell adhesion and differentiation in the nervous system. Required for proper regulation of cortical neuronal migration and neurite growth. It acts as negative regulator of Arp2/3 complex activity and Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. It thereby suppresses excessive actin branching which would impair neurite growth and stability. Regulates morphological plasticity of synapses and cerebellar and hippocampal lamination during development. Functions in the control of startle modulation.
Essential for the assembly of the distal half of centrioles, required for centriole elongation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that participates in multiple biological processes including cell death, glucose metabolism, and in particular, the innate immune response. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 thereby promoting type I interferon production via RIG-I signaling pathway. Can also catalyze 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of viral proteins such as influenza virus PB2. Acts as a negative feedback regulator of TLR7- and TLR9-triggered signaling. Mechanistically, promotes the 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination of IRF7 and induces its degradation via a proteasome-dependent pathway. Reduces FGFR1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PKM, inhibiting PKM-dependent lactate production, glucose metabolism, and cell growth.
Interacts with PKM isoform M2, but not isoform M1; this interaction may compete with that between PKM and FGFR1, and hence reduces FGFR1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PKM. Interacts with IRF7; this interaction promotes IRF7 proteasomal degradation. Interacts with TRAF3; this interaction promotes TRAF3 activation.
The RING finger domain and the coiled-coil region are required for the apoptosis-inducing activity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in peptide and protein thiols to disulfides with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Plays a role in disulfide bond formation in a variety of extracellular proteins. In fibroblasts, required for normal incorporation of laminin into the extracellular matrix, and thereby for normal cell-cell adhesion and cell migration.
N-glycosylated. O-glycosylated on Thr and Ser residues.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Interacts with PEBP1; in response to IL13/interleukin-13, prevents the interaction of PEBP1 with RAF1 to activate the ERK signaling cascade.
Non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase that catalyzes the stereo-specific peroxidation of free and esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids generating a spectrum of bioactive lipid mediators. It inserts peroxyl groups at C12 or C15 of arachidonate ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate) producing both 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate/12-HPETE and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoate/15-HPETE (By similarity). It may then act on 12-HPETE to produce hepoxilins, which may show pro-inflammatory properties (By similarity). Can also peroxidize linoleate ((9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate) to 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate. May participate in the sequential oxidations of DHA ((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate) to generate specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs)like resolvin D5 ((7S,17S)-diHPDHA) and (7S,14S)-diHPDHA, that actively down-regulate the immune response and have anti-aggregation properties with platelets. Can convert epoxy fatty acids to hydroperoxy-epoxides derivatives followed by an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution leading to the formation of monocyclic endoperoxides (By similarity). Plays an important role during the maintenance of self-tolerance by peroxidizing membrane-bound phosphatidylethanolamine which can then signal the sorting process for clearance of apoptotic cells during inflammation and prevent an autoimmune response. In addition to its role in the immune and inflammatory responses, this enzyme may play a role in epithelial wound healing in the cornea through production of lipoxin A4 (LXA(4)) and docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1; 10R,17S-HDHA), both lipid autacoids exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, it may regulate actin polymerization which is crucial for several biological processes such as the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. It is also implicated in the generation of endogenous ligands for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-gamma), hence modulating macrophage development and function. It may also exert a negative effect on skeletal development by regulating bone mass through this pathway. As well as participates in ER stress and downstream inflammation in adipocytes, pancreatic islets, and liver (By similarity). Finally, it is also involved in the cellular response to IL13/interleukin-13 (By similarity).
The PLAT domain can bind calcium ions; this promotes association with membranes.
ADP:ATP antiporter that mediates import of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and export of ATP out to fuel the cell (By similarity). Cycles between the cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) and the matrix-open state (m-state): operates by the alternating access mechanism with a single substrate-binding site intermittently exposed to either the cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) side of the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity). In addition to its ADP:ATP antiporter activity, also involved in mitochondrial uncoupling and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activity. Plays a role in mitochondrial uncoupling by acting as a proton transporter: proton transport uncouples the proton flows via the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to reduce the efficiency of ATP production and cause mitochondrial thermogenesis. Proton transporter activity is inhibited by ADP:ATP antiporter activity, suggesting that SLC25A5/ANT2 acts as a master regulator of mitochondrial energy output by maintaining a delicate balance between ATP production (ADP:ATP antiporter activity) and thermogenesis (proton transporter activity). Proton transporter activity requires free fatty acids as cofactor, but does not transport it. Probably mediates mitochondrial uncoupling in tissues that do not express UCP1. Also plays a key role in mPTP opening, a non-specific pore that enables free passage of the mitochondrial membranes to solutes of up to 1.5 kDa, and which contributes to cell death. It is however unclear if SLC25A5/ANT2 constitutes a pore-forming component of mPTP or regulates it (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of mitophagy independently of ADP:ATP antiporter activity: promotes mitophagy via interaction with TIMM44, leading to inhibit the presequence translocase TIMM23, thereby promoting stabilization of PINK1 (By similarity). As part of the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex it may play a role in chromosome segregation (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Monomer (By similarity). Component of the MMXD complex, which includes CIAO1, ERCC2, CIAO2B, MMS19 and SLC25A5/ANT2. Interacts with AK4 (By similarity). Interacts with TIMM44; leading to inhibit the presequence translocase TIMM23, thereby promoting stabilization of PINK1 (By similarity).
The matrix-open state (m-state) is inhibited by the membrane-permeable bongkrekic acid (BKA). The cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) is inhibited by the membrane-impermeable toxic inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR) (By similarity). Proton transporter activity is inhibited by ADP:ATP antiporter activity (By similarity).
The transmembrane helices are not perpendicular to the plane of the membrane, but cross the membrane at an angle. Odd-numbered transmembrane helices exhibit a sharp kink, due to the presence of a conserved proline residue.
Associated with actin, delta-catenin and alpha and beta tubulins (By similarity). Interacts with OTOF (By similarity). Interacts with PEX5R (By similarity). Interacts with RAB3IP (By similarity). Interacts with VIM (By similarity). Interacts with CDH1 (By similarity). Interacts with MICALL2 (By similarity). Interacts with GDI1, GDI2, CHML and CHM; phosphorylation at Thr-72 disrupts these interactions (By similarity). Interacts with MICAL1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Thr-72 in the switch II region by LRRK2 prevents the association of RAB regulatory proteins, including CHM, CHML and RAB GDP dissociation inhibitors GDI1 and GDI2.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different sets of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. That Rab may be involved in polarized vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter release. May participate in cell junction dynamics in Sertoli cells (By similarity). May participate in the export of a subset of neosynthesized proteins through a Rab8-Rab10-Rab11-dependent endososomal export route (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Functions as a regulator of the biosynthesis of TSH in the anterior pituitary gland and as a neurotransmitter/ neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Required for clearance of cellular formaldehyde, a cytotoxic and carcinogenic metabolite that induces DNA damage.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Associates with the BLOC-1 complex. Interacts with BLOC1S6. Interacts with NAPA and SNAP23. Identified in a complex containing STX6, STX12, VAMP4 and VTI1A (By similarity). Interacts with GRIPAP1 (By similarity). Forms a complex with GRIP1, GRIA2 and NSG1; controls the intracellular fate of AMPAR and the endosomal sorting of the GRIA2 subunit toward recycling and membrane targeting. Interacts with NSG1 (By similarity). Interacts with TPC1 (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with VPS13B (By similarity).
SNARE promoting fusion of transport vesicles with target membranes. Together with SNARE STX6, promotes movement of vesicles from endosomes to the cell membrane, and may therefore function in the endocytic recycling pathway. Through complex formation with GRIP1, GRIA2 and NSG1 controls the intracellular fate of AMPAR and the endosomal sorting of the GRIA2 subunit toward recycling and membrane targeting.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
Heterooligomeric complex of flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 and caveolin-1 and caveolin-2. Interacts with ECPAS.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes, functionally participating in formation of caveolae or caveolae-like vesicles.
Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC). Found in a complex with SR proteins. Found in a mRNP complex with RNPS1. Component of the PSAP complex consisting of RNPS1, SAP18 and PNN. Interacts with PNISR, CTBP1, CTBP2, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, PS1D/PNO40, PPIG, RNPS1, SFRS4 and SRRM2. Identified in the spliceosome C complex (By similarity).
Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC). Found in a complex with SR proteins. Found in a mRNP complex with RNPS1. Component of the PSAP complex consisting of RNPS1, SAP18 and PNN. Interacts with PNISR, CTBP1, CTBP2, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, PS1D/PNO40, PPIG, RNPS1, SFRS4 and SRRM2. Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Transcriptional activator binding to the E-box 1 core sequence of the E-cadherin promoter gene; the core-binding sequence is 5'CAGGTG-3'. Capable of reversing CTBP1-mediated transcription repression. Auxiliary component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Participates in the regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Associates to spliced mRNA within 60 nt upstream of the 5'-splice sites. Component of the PSAP complex which binds RNA in a sequence-independent manner and is proposed to be recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process and to regulate specific excision of introns in specific transcription subsets. Involved in the establishment and maintenance of epithelia cell-cell adhesion (By similarity).
Belongs to the EGR C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Essential for sustained cell growth, maintenance of chromosomal stability, and ATR-dependent checkpoint activation upon DNA damage. Has a weak ATPase activity required for binding to chromatin. Participates in the recruitment of the RAD1-RAD9-HUS1 complex and RHNO1 onto chromatin, and in CHEK1 activation. May also serve as a sensor of DNA replication progression, and may be involved in homologous recombination (By similarity).
Part of a DNA-binding complex containing RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5. Interacts with RAD1 and RAD9 within the RAD1-RAD9-HUS1 complex. Interacts with RAD9B, POLE, SNU13 and MCM7. DNA damage promotes interaction with ATR or ATM and disrupts interaction with the RAD1-RAD9-HUS1 complex (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation on Ser-646 and Ser-656 is cell cycle-regulated, enhanced by genotoxic stress, and required for activation of checkpoint signaling. Phosphorylation on both sites is required for interaction with RAD1 but dispensable for interaction with RFC3 or RFC4 (By similarity).
Belongs to the eutherian X-chromosome-specific Armcx family.
Interacts with RAC1 (GTP-bound form preferentially).
May negatively regulate RAC1 signaling and RAC1-driven cytoskeletal remodeling. May regulate chemotaxis, cell migration and epithelial polarization by controlling the polarity, plasticity, duration and extent of protrusions.
Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS26 family.
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. The AP complexes mediate the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules.
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis. Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and MAD1-MAD2 complexes onto kinetochores. Involved in regulation of membrane traffic between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity).
Interacts with NBAS and KNTC1/ROD; the interactions are mutually exclusive and indicative for its association in two different vesicle tethering complexes (By similarity). Component of the RZZ complex composed of KNTC1/ROD, ZW10 and ZWILCH (By similarity). Component of the NRZ complex composed of NBAS, ZW10 and RINT1/TIP20L; NRZ associates with SNAREs STX18, USE1L, BNIP1/SEC20L and SEC22B (the assembly has been described as syntaxin 18 complex) (By similarity). Interacts directly with RINT1/TIP20L bound to BNIP1/SEC20L (By similarity). Interacts with C19orf25 and ZWINT (By similarity). Interacts with ZFYVE1 (By similarity). Interacts with RAB18 and this interaction is enhanced in the presence of ZFYVE1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Kappa family.
Component of specific cytoplasmic RNA granules involved in post-transcriptional regulation of specific genes: probably acts by binding to specific mRNAs and regulating their translation. Required for lens transparency during lens development, by regulating translation of genes such as CRYBB3 and HSPB1 in the developing lens. Also required during spermatogenesis (By similarity).
Found in a mRNP complex, at least composed of TDRD1, TDRD6, TDRD7 and DDX4. Found in a complex containing CABLES1, CDK16 and CDK17. Interacts with CABLES1, CDK17 and PIWIL1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. L1/neurofascin/NgCAM family.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class subfamily.
Catalytically inactive phosphatase. Acts as a nuclear anchor for MAPK1/MAPK3 (ERK1/ERK2). Modulates cell-fate decisions and cell migration by spatiotemporal regulation of MAPK1/MAPK3 (ERK1/ERK2). By binding to the F-box of FBXW7, prevents the assembly of FBXW7 into the SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, and thereby inhibits degradation of its substrates (By similarity). Plays a role in spermatogenesis (By similarity).
Contains a Gly residue instead of a conserved Cys residue at position 120 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop which renders it catalytically inactive as a phosphatase (By similarity). The binding pocket is however sufficiently preserved to bind phosphorylated substrates, and may protect them from phosphatases (By similarity).
Interacts with MAPK1; independently of MAPK1 phosphorylation status (By similarity). Interacts with CARHSP1/Crhsp-24 (By similarity). Interacts (via FQQ motif) with FBXW7 (via F-box domain); the interaction is direct and prevents FBXW7 interaction with SKP1, a component of the SCF(FBXW7) complex.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with BHLHE41/DEC2. Interacts with TCF3/E47. Interacts with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2I/UBC9. Interacts with HDAC1, SUMO1, RXRA and BMAL1 (By similarity).
Sumoylation inhibits its ubiquitination and promotes its negative regulation of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer transcriptional activator activity.
Transcriptional repressor involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm by negatively regulating the activity of the clock genes and clock-controlled genes. Acts as the negative limb of a novel autoregulatory feedback loop (DEC loop) which differs from the one formed by the PER and CRY transcriptional repressors (PER/CRY loop). Both these loops are interlocked as it represses the expression of PER1/2 and in turn is repressed by PER1/2 and CRY1/2. Represses the activity of the circadian transcriptional activator: CLOCK-BMAL1|BMAL2 heterodimer by competing for the binding to E-box elements (5'-CACGTG-3') found within the promoters of its target genes. Negatively regulates its own expression and the expression of DBP and BHLHE41/DEC2. Acts as a corepressor of RXR and the RXR-LXR heterodimers and represses the ligand-induced RXRA and NR1H3/LXRA transactivation activity. May be involved in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation via the cAMP pathway (By similarity). Represses the transcription of NR0B2 and attentuates the transactivation of NR0B2 by the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex (By similarity). Drives the circadian rhythm of blood pressure through transcriptional repression of ATP1B1 in the cardiovascular system (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated; which may lead to proteasomal degradation.
Required for biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MNB/DYRK subfamily.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Heterohexamer; disulfide linked. Contains 2 sets of 3 non-identical chains (alpha, beta and gamma). The 2 heterotrimers are in head to head conformation with the N-termini in a small central domain.
May play some role in mitochondrial processes.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2), composed of at least ENY2, GANP, PCID2, DSS1, and either centrin CETN2 or CETN3. TREX-2 contains 2 ENY2 chains. The TREX-2 complex interacts with the nucleoporin NUP153. Component of some SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complexes, at least composed of ATXN7, ATXN7L3, ENY2, GCN5L2, SUPT3H, TAF10, TRRAP and USP22. Within the SAGA complex, ENY2, ATXN7, ATXN7L3, and USP22 form an additional subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module). Interacts directly with ATXN7L3, GANP and with the RNA polymerase II. Interacts strongly with ATXN7L3 and ATXN7L3B.
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2 and the SAGA complexes. The transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates both histones H2A and H2B. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators such as MYC, where it is required for transcription. Required for nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation. The TREX-2 complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. Interacts with BCAP31 and TOMM40; the interaction mediates its translocation to the mitochondria; the interaction with BCAP31 is direct.
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) ions per subunit. One is catalytic, whereas the other seems to have a structural role.
Released extracellularly via exosomes, it is a ligand of the natural killer/NK cells receptor NCR3 and stimulates NK cells cytotoxicity. It may thereby trigger NK cells cytotoxicity against neighboring tumor cells and immature myeloid dendritic cells (DC).
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Plays an important role in homologous strand exchange, a key step in DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR). Binds to single-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to form nucleoprotein filaments which are essential for the homology search and strand exchange. Catalyzes the recognition of homology and strand exchange between homologous DNA partners to form a joint molecule between a processed DNA break and the repair template. Recruited to resolve stalled replication forks during replication stress. Also involved in interstrand cross-link repair.
Activated by phosphorylation at Ser-189.
Atypical MAPK protein. Phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and MAPKAPK5. The precise role of the complex formed with MAPKAPK5 is still unclear, but the complex follows a complex set of phosphorylation events: upon interaction with atypical MAPKAPK5, ERK3/MAPK6 is phosphorylated at Ser-189 and then mediates phosphorylation and activation of MAPKAPK5, which in turn phosphorylates ERK3/MAPK6. May promote entry in the cell cycle (By similarity).
Heterodimer with ERK4/MAPK4. Interacts with (via FRIEDE motif) MAPKAPK5 (By similarity). Interacts with UBE3A; this interaction may be indirect and mediated by HERC2, possibly via HERC2 interaction with NEURL4 (By similarity).
In contrast to classical MAPKs, the TXY motif within the activation loop is replaced by the SEG motif, whose phosphorylation activates the MAP kinases.
Phosphorylated at Ser-189 by PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3 resulting in catalytic activation. Phosphorylated by MAPKAPK5 at other sites (By similarity).
Ubiquitination at Met-1 leads to degradation by the proteasome pathway.
May play an important role in neural, kidney and vascular development.
May regulate cell proliferation and coordinate apoptosis and cell cycle progression via a novel mechanism independent of both p53/TP53 and NF-kappa-B.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.
Heterodimer of CALCRL and RAMP1, RAMP2 or RAMP3.
Receptor for calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) together with RAMP1 and receptor for adrenomedullin together with RAMP2 or RAMP3. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase that transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to substrates with a terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine (beta-GlcNAc) residue. Can also utilize substrates with a terminal galactose residue, albeit with lower efficiency. Involved in the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Inactive towards substrates with terminal alpha-N-acetylglucosamine (alpha-GlcNAc) or alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine (alpha-GalNAc) residues.
Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter. Interacts with PACRG (By similarity). Interacts with DNAAF4 (By similarity). Interacts with DLEC1 (By similarity).
Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a molecular chaperone complex that assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. The TRiC complex mediates the folding of WRAP53/TCAB1, thereby regulating telomere maintenance. As part of the TRiC complex may play a role in the assembly of BBSome, a complex involved in ciliogenesis regulating transports vesicles to the cilia. The TRiC complex plays a role in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily.
Interacts with CFAP53, ODAD1 and ODAD3; the interactions link the outer dynein arms docking complex (ODA-DC) to the internal microtubule inner proteins (MIP) in cilium axoneme.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and transfers it to its substrates.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, which is also composed of SPTLC2 or SPTLC3 and SPTSSA or SPTSSB. The heterodimer with SPTLC2 or SPTLC3 forms the catalytic core of the enzyme, while SPTSSA or SPTSSB subunits determine substrate specificity. SPT also interacts with ORMDL proteins, especially ORMDL3, which negatively regulate SPT activity in the presence of ceramides. Forms dimers of heterodimers with SPTLC2 (By similarity). Interacts with RTN4 (By similarity).
Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase multisubunit enzyme (SPT) that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in sphingolipid biosynthesis by condensing L-serine and activated acyl-CoA (most commonly palmitoyl-CoA) to form long-chain bases. The SPT complex is also composed of SPTLC2 or SPTLC3 and SPTSSA or SPTSSB. Within this complex, the heterodimer with SPTLC2 or SPTLC3 forms the catalytic core. The composition of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex determines the substrate preference. The SPTLC1-SPTLC2-SPTSSA complex shows a strong preference for C16-CoA substrate, while the SPTLC1-SPTLC3-SPTSSA isozyme uses both C14-CoA and C16-CoA as substrates, with a slight preference for C14-CoA. The SPTLC1-SPTLC2-SPTSSB complex shows a strong preference for C18-CoA substrate, while the SPTLC1-SPTLC3-SPTSSB isozyme displays an ability to use a broader range of acyl-CoAs, without apparent preference (By similarity). Required for adipocyte cell viability and metabolic homeostasis (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Tyr-164 inhibits activity and promotes cell survival.
SPT complex catalytic activity is negatively regulated by ORMDL proteins, including ORMDL3, in the presence of ceramides (By similarity). This mechanism allows to maintain ceramide levels at sufficient concentrations for the production of complex sphingolipids, but which prevents the accumulation of ceramides to levels that trigger apoptosis (By similarity).
The transmembrane domain is involved in the interaction with ORMDL3.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2B subfamily.
Belongs to the JHDM3 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code (By similarity). Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-4', H3 'Lys-27' nor H4 'Lys-20'. Demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-9' and H3 'Lys-36' residue, while it has no activity on mono- and dimethylated residues. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Participates in transcriptional repression of ASCL2 and E2F-responsive promoters via the recruitment of histone deacetylases and NCOR1, respectively (By similarity).
Interacts with histone deacetylase proteins HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3. Interacts with RB and NCOR1 (By similarity).
The 2 Tudor domains recognize and bind methylated histone H3 'Lys-4' residue (H3K4me). Double Tudor domain has an interdigitated structure and the unusual fold is required for its ability to bind methylated histone tails. Trimethylated H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3) is bound in a cage of 3 aromatic residues, 2 of which are from the Tudor domain 2, while the binding specificity is determined by side-chain interactions involving residues from the Tudor domain 1. The Tudor domains are also able to bind trimethylated histone H3 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3), di- and trimethylated H4 'Lys-20' (H4K20me2 and H4K20me3). Has high affinity for H4K20me2, blocking recruitment of proteins such as TP53BP1 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by RNF8 and RNF168, leading to its degradation (By similarity). Degradation promotes accessibility of H4K20me2 mark for DNA repair protein TP53BP1, which is then recruited (By similarity).
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. IgLON family.
May be involved in cell-adhesion. May function as a trans-neural growth-promoting factor in regenerative axon sprouting in the mammalian brain (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. ICAM family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which plays a key role in de novo assembly and insertion of NPC in the nuclear envelope. Required for NPC and nuclear envelope assembly, possibly by forming a link between the nuclear envelope membrane and soluble nucleoporins, thereby anchoring the NPC in the membrane (By similarity).
GTP-binding protein that functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. Involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus (By similarity).
Interacts with PRKCABP. Interacts with PI4KB and NCS1/FREQ at the Golgi complex.
Forms a complex containing RAB11A, ASAP1, RAB3IP, RAP11FIP3 and ARF4; the complex promotes preciliary trafficking; the complex binds to RHO in photoreceptor cells and promotes RHO ciliary transport.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
GTP-binding protein that functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. Involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus (By similarity). Part of the ciliary targeting complex containing Rab11, ASAP1, Rabin8/RAB3IP, RAB11FIP3 and ARF4, which direct preciliary vesicle trafficking to mother centriole and ciliogenesis initiation (By similarity).
Belongs to the SRC/p160 nuclear receptor coactivator family.
Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter. Interacts with PACRG (By similarity). Interacts with DNAAF4 (By similarity).
Forms a heterodimer with TSC22D4/THG1 (By similarity). Interacts with histone H1-2 (By similarity). Interacts with GNL3 (By similarity).
Forms homodimers (By similarity). Forms heterodimers (By similarity). Component of a complex composed of TSC22D1 (via N-terminus), TGFBR1 and TGFBR2; the interaction between TSC22D1 and TGFBR1 is inhibited by SMAD7 and promoted by TGFB1 (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD7; the interaction requires TGF-beta and the interaction is inhibited by TGFBR1 (By similarity). Interacts with TPT1/fortilin; interaction results in the destabilization of TSC22D1 protein and prevents TSC22D1-mediated apoptosis (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD4 (via N-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with ACVRL1/ALK1, ACVR1/ALK2, BMPR1A/ALK3, ACVR1B/ALK4, BMPR1B/ALK6, ACVR2A/ACTRII, and BMPR2 (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD6 (By similarity). Interacts with TFE3; the interaction is enhanced in the presence of TGF-beta (By similarity).
May act to negatively regulate TGFB3 signaling and thereby inhibit cell death in mammary gland cells.
Positively regulates cell death in response to TGFB3 during mammary gland involution.
Transcriptional repressor (By similarity). Acts on the C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) promoter (By similarity). Acts to promote CASP3-mediated apoptosis (By similarity). Positively regulates TGF-beta signaling by interacting with SMAD7 which inhibits binding of SMAD7 to TGFBR1, preventing recruitment of SMURF ubiquitin ligases to TGFBR1 and inhibiting SMURF-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of TGFBR1 (By similarity). Contributes to enhancement of TGF-beta signaling by binding to and modulating the transcription activator activity of SMAD4 (By similarity). Promotes TGF-beta-induced transcription of COL1A2; via its interaction with TFE3 at E-boxes in the gene proximal promoter (By similarity). Plays a role in the repression of hematopoietic precursor cell growth (By similarity). Promotes IL2 deprivation-induced apoptosis in T-lymphocytes, via repression of TSC22D3/GILZ transcription and activation of the caspase cascade (By similarity).
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family.
A soluble form arises by proteolytic removal of the membrane anchor.
Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of heme at the alpha-methene bridge carbon, released as carbon monoxide (CO), to generate biliverdin IXalpha, while releasing the central heme iron chelate as ferrous iron (By similarity). Affords protection against programmed cell death and this cytoprotective effect relies on its ability to catabolize free heme and prevent it from sensitizing cells to undergo apoptosis (By similarity).
Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of heme at the alpha-methene bridge carbon, released as carbon monoxide (CO), to generate biliverdin IXalpha, while releasing the central heme iron chelate as ferrous iron.
Homodimer and higher order homooligomer. Oligomerization is crucial for its stability and function in the endoplasmic reticulum. Interacts with FLVCR2; this interaction is potentiated in the presence of heme.
The transmembrane domain is necessary for its oligomerization.
Belongs to the phosphatidyl serine synthase family.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Inhibited by a series a OPs such as mipafox (MPX), phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP), phenyl dipentyl phosphinate (PDPP), diisopropyl fluorophosphate and paraoxon.
Phospholipase B that deacylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), generating glycerophosphocholine (GroPtdCho). This deacylation occurs at both sn-2 and sn-1 positions of PtdCho. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of several naturally occurring membrane-associated lipids. Hydrolyzes lysophospholipids and monoacylglycerols, preferring the 1-acyl to the 2-acyl isomer. Does not catalyze hydrolysis of di- or triacylglycerols or fatty acid amides.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Directs RNA polymerase II nuclear import.
Acts as an acyl-protein thioesterase that hydrolyzes fatty acids from acylated residues in proteins. Regulates the mitochondrial S-depalmitoylation of the nucleophilic active site residue of peroxiredoxin-5/PRDX5, a key antioxidant protein, therefore modulating mitochondrial antioxidant ability. Also catalyzes the deglucuronidation of mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide, an active metabolite of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate.
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
May be a substrate-recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin-Cullin-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Belongs to the CoA-transferase III family.
The BTB domain might play a role in targeting to acrosomal vesicles.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Activated by autocatalytic proteolytical processing upon acidification. N-glycosylation is required for processing and activity (By similarity).
Lysosomal serine protease with tripeptidyl-peptidase I activity. May act as a non-specific lysosomal peptidase which generates tripeptides from the breakdown products produced by lysosomal proteinases. Requires substrates with an unsubstituted N-terminus (By similarity).
Monomer. Interacts with CLN5. Interacts with CLN3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family.
Increases glutamate release in the striatum and decreases GABA concentration in the striatum.
Neuropeptide that competes with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress.
Non-covalent dimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. IL2R exists in 3 different forms: a high affinity dimer, an intermediate affinity monomer (beta subunit), and a low affinity monomer (alpha subunit). The high and intermediate affinity forms also associate with a gamma subunit.
Receptor for interleukin-2. The receptor is involved in the regulation of immune tolerance by controlling regulatory T cells (TREGs) activity. TREGs suppress the activation and expansion of autoreactive T-cells.
Heterodimer with OSBPL11. Interacts with OSBPL10.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. May bind IPO9 with low affinity (By similarity). Interacts with RBM3 (By similarity).
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein C2 family.
Component of chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in plasma. Plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism as an activator of lipoprotein lipase.
Proapolipoprotein C-II is synthesized as a sialic acid containing glycoprotein which is subsequently desialylated prior to its proteolytic processing.
Proapolipoprotein C-II, the major form found in plasma undergoes proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal hexapeptide to generate apolipoprotein C-II, which occurs as the minor form in plasma.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Degraded in response to injured neurite (By similarity). Degradation is caused by polyubiquitination by MYCBP2 after recognition by FBXO45 (By similarity).
Divalent metal cations. Mg(2+) confers the highest activity.
Inhibited by P1-(adenosine-5')-P3-(nicotinamide-riboside-5')-triphosphate (Np3AD) and P1-(adenosine-5')-P4-(nicotinamide-riboside-5')-tetraphosphate (Np4AD).
Nicotinamide/nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase that acts as an axon maintenance factor (By similarity). Axon survival factor required for the maintenance of healthy axons: acts by delaying Wallerian axon degeneration, an evolutionarily conserved process that drives the loss of damaged axons (By similarity). Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate but with a lower efficiency. Cannot use triazofurin monophosphate (TrMP) as substrate. Also catalyzes the reverse reaction, i.e. the pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of NAD(+). For the pyrophosphorolytic activity prefers NAD(+), NADH and NaAD as substrates and degrades nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NHD) less effectively. Fails to cleave phosphorylated dinucleotides NADP(+), NADPH and NaADP(+). Also acts as an activator of ADP-ribosylation by supporting the catalytic activity of PARP16 and promoting mono-ADP-ribosylation of ribosomes by PARP16 (By similarity).
Palmitoylated; palmitoylation is required for membrane association.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in binding dynein to membranous organelles or chromosomes.
Belongs to the dynein light intermediate chain family.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs).
Transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGF-beta-3) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-3, respectively.
Decarboxylates ethylmalonyl-CoA, a potentially toxic metabolite, to form butyryl-CoA, suggesting it might be involved in metabolite proofreading. Acts preferentially on (S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA but has also some activity on the (R)-isomer. Also has methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity at lower level.
Homopentamer. Pentaxin (or pentraxin) have a discoid arrangement of 5 non-covalently bound subunits.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
Substrate-recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Promotes the proteasome-dependent degradation of key sarcomeric proteins, such as alpha-actinin (ACTN2) and filamin-C (FLNC), essential for maintenance of normal contractile function (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family. GB1 subfamily.
GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis. May also regulate Golgi biogenesis. May regulate axonal development.
Monomer as apoprotein and in the GDP-bound form. Homodimer in the GTP-bound form. Interacts (via N-terminal region) with MAP4K4 (via CNH regulatory domain). Interacts with REEP5, RTN3 and RTN4 (via the transmembrane region). Interacts with SPAST; interaction is direct. Interacts with REEP1. Interacts with CPT1C. Interacts with ARL6IP1. Interacts with ZFYVE27.
Belongs to the peptidase S8 family. Furin subfamily.
Serine endopeptidase which is involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Responsible for the release of glucagon from proglucagon in pancreatic A cells (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS39 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins. Associated with the 12S mitochondrial rRNA (12S mt-rRNA) (By similarity).
Mitochondrial RNA-binding protein that has a role in mitochondrial translation.
Homooligomer. Interacts with OGT. Interacts with GNB2. Interacts with IQCB1.
Necessary for the survival of cerebellar neurons. Induces neuritogenesis by activating the Ras-MAP kinase pathway. May play a role in the maintenance of a critical intracellular glycosylation level and homeostasis.
Acts as complement inhibitor by disrupting the formation of the classical C3 convertase. Isoform 3 inhibits the classical complement pathway, while membrane-bound isoform 1 inhibits deposition of C3b via both the classical and alternative complement pathways.
Belongs to the D-glutamate cyclase family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly (By similarity).
Belongs to the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. CACNG subfamily.
CD200 and CD200R1 interact via their respective N-terminal Ig-like domains.
Costimulates T-cell proliferation. May regulate myeloid cell activity in a variety of tissues (By similarity).
Seems to be a major component of sperm tail outer dense fibers (ODF). ODFs are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail and may help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail. May have a modulating influence on sperm motility. Functions as a general scaffold protein that is specifically localized at the distal/subdistal appendages of mother centrioles. Component of the centrosome matrix required for the localization of PLK1 and NIN to the centrosomes. Required for the formation and/or maintenance of normal CETN1 assembly (By similarity).
Self-associates. Associates with microtubules and forms a fibrillar structure partially linked to the microtubule network. Interacts via its C-terminus with PLK1. Interacts with ODF1. Interacts with MARK4; the interaction is required for localization of ODF2 to centrioles. Interacts with TSSK4. Interacts with AKNA. Interacts with QRICH2 (By similarity). Interacts with CFAP58 (By similarity).
Tyrosine phosphorylated. Phosphorylated on Ser-90 by TSSK4.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat coronin family.
F-actin regulator involved in anterograde Golgi to endosome transport: upon ubiquitination via 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitin chains by the BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, interacts with EPS15 and localizes to the trans-Golgi network, where it promotes actin polymerization, thereby facilitating post-Golgi trafficking. May play a role in the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus morphology (By similarity).
Interacts with clathrin adapter AP1 complex. This interaction takes place at Golgi membranes and not AP1-positive endosomal membranes. Interacts (when ubiquitinated at Lys-472) with EPS15 (By similarity).
The membrane-associated form is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues.
Ubiquitinated via 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitin chains by the BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex: 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitination promotes interaction with EPS15 and facilitates actin polymerization at the trans-Golgi network, thereby facilitating post-Golgi trafficking. Deubiquitinated by ZRANB1/TRABID (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 4 subfamily.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Found in a 60S ribosomal subunit export complex with RAN and XPO1. Interacts with XPO1. Associates with pre-60S ribosomal particles.
Homooligomer (By similarity). Interacts with FZD5 (By similarity). Interacts with FZD8 (By similarity). Interacts with GRID2 and BECN1 (By similarity). Interacts with CSPG5 (By similarity). Interacts with CLCN3 (By similarity). Interacts with STX6 (By similarity). Interacts with CFTR (By similarity). Interacts with ASIC3 (By similarity). Interacts with GOLGA3 (By similarity). Interacts with NLGN1 (By similarity). Interacts with RHOQ (By similarity). Interacts with MARCHF2; the interaction leads to CFTR ubiquitination and degradation (By similarity). May interact with CACNG2 (By similarity). Interacts with CCDC62 (By similarity).
Plays a role in intracellular protein trafficking and degradation (By similarity). May regulate CFTR chloride currents and acid-induced ASIC3 currents by modulating cell surface expression of both channels (By similarity). May also regulate the intracellular trafficking of the ADR1B receptor (By similarity). May play a role in autophagy (By similarity). Together with MARCHF2 mediates the ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of CFTR (By similarity). Overexpression results in CFTR intracellular retention and degradation in the lysosomes (By similarity).
The PDZ domain mediates interactions with FZD5, FZD8, ASIC3, GRID2, CFTR, CLCN3 and ADRB1.
The coiled-coil region probably mediates association to membranes, targeting to the Golgi, and interactions with GOLGA3, RHOQ, and STX6.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
May be involved in cell cycle regulation.
N-terminally acetylated in a HYPK-dependent manner by the NatA acetyltransferase complex which is composed of NAA10 and NAA15.
Ubiquitinated; mediated by UHRF2 and leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Interacts with FBL, SNU13, NOP58, NUFIP1, RUVBL1, RUVBL2 and TAF9 (By similarity). Interacts (via HIT-type zinc finger) with the RUVBL1/RUVBL2 complex in the presence of ADP (By similarity).
Required for box C/D snoRNAs accumulation involved in snoRNA processing, snoRNA transport to the nucleolus and ribosome biogenesis.
Forms the heterodimeric complex core-binding factor (CBF) with CBFB. RUNX members modulate the transcription of their target genes through recognizing the core consensus binding sequence 5'-TGTGGT-3', or very rarely, 5'-TGCGGT-3', within their regulatory regions via their runt domain, while CBFB is a non-DNA-binding regulatory subunit that allosterically enhances the sequence-specific DNA-binding capacity of RUNX.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. LISCH7 family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX24/MAK5 subfamily.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. In mammals, the coatomer can only be recruited by membranes associated to ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are small GTP-binding proteins; the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins.
Belongs to the centaurin gamma-like family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Component of multiple ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed of CUL5, Elongin BC (ELOB and ELOC), RBX2 and a variable SOCS box domain-containing protein as substrate-specific recognition component. Component of the probable ECS(LRRC41) complex with the substrate recognition component LRRC41. Component of the probable ECS(SOCS1) complex with the substrate recognition component SOCS1. Component of the probable ECS(WSB1) complex with the substrate recognition subunit WSB1. Component of the probable ECS(SOCS3) complex with the substrate recognition component SOCS3. Component of the probable ECS(SPSB1) complex with the substrate recognition component SPSB1. Component of the probable ECS(SPSB2) complex with the substrate recognition component SPSB2. Component of the probable ECS(SPSB4) complex with the substrate recognition component SPSB4. Component of the probable ECS(RAB40C) complex with the substrate recognition subunit RAB40C. Component of the probable ECS(KLHDC1) complex with the substrate recognition component KLHDC1. May also form complexes containing CUL5, elongin BC complex (ELOB and ELOC), RBX1 and ELOA. May also form complexes containing CUL5, Elongin BC (ELOB and ELOC), RBX1 and VHL. Interacts with RNF7/RBX2, LRRC41, SOCS3, SPSB1, SPSB2, SPSB4 and RAB40C. Interacts with ASB1, ASB2, ASB6, ASB7 and ASB12. Interacts (when neddylated) with ARIH2; leading to activate the E3 ligase activity of ARIH1. Interacts with NOS2 in the presence of SPSB1 or SPSB2 or SPSB4. Interacts with ERCC6; the interaction is induced by DNA damaging agents or inhibitors of RNA polymerase II elongation. Interacts with ELOA (via the BC-box). Interacts (unneddylated form) with DCUN1D1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D3, DCUN1D4 and DCUN1D5; these interactions promote the cullin neddylation. Component of the probable ECS(PCMTD1) complex with the substrate recognition subunit PCMTD1.
Core component of multiple SCF-like ECS (Elongin-Cullin 2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. As a scaffold protein may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The functional specificity of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex depends on the variable substrate recognition component. ECS(SOCS1) seems to direct ubiquitination of JAK2. ECS(KLHDC1) complex is part of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway and mediates ubiquitination and degradation of truncated SELENOS selenoprotein produced by failed UGA/Sec decoding, which ends with a glycine. As part of a multisubunit complex composed of elongin BC complex (ELOB and ELOC), elongin A/ELOA, RBX1 and CUL5; polyubiquitinates monoubiquitinated POLR2A. May form a cell surface vasopressin receptor.
Neddylated; which enhances the ubiquitination activity of SCF and prevents binding of the inhibitor CAND1. Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN).
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II and is implicated in regulation of development and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II through interaction with POLR2A CTD non-phosphorylated and 'Ser-2'- and 'Ser-5'-phosphorylated forms and is involved in transcriptional elongation, acting both independently and synergistically with TCEA1 and in cooperation with the DSIF complex and HTATSF1. PAF1C is required for transcription of Hox and Wnt target genes. PAF1C is involved in hematopoiesis and stimulates transcriptional activity of KMT2A/MLL1. PAF1C is involved in histone modifications such as ubiquitination of histone H2B and methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). PAF1C recruits the RNF20/40 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and the E2 enzyme UBE2A or UBE2B to chromatin which mediate monoubiquitination of 'Lys-120' of histone H2B (H2BK120ub1); UB2A/B-mediated H2B ubiquitination is proposed to be coupled to transcription. PAF1C is involved in mRNA 3' end formation probably through association with cleavage and poly(A) factors. Connects PAF1C with the RNF20/40 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Involved in polyadenylation of mRNA precursors (By similarity).
Component of the PAF1 complex, which consists of CDC73, PAF1, LEO1, CTR9, RTF1 and SKIC8 (By similarity). The PAF1 complex interacts with PHF5A (By similarity). Interacts with POLR2A, TCEA1, SKIC3, KMT2A/MLL1, SUPT5H, RNF20 and RNF40. Interacts with UBE2E1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as electron acceptor. Required for UMP biosynthesis via de novo pathway.
The uncleaved transit peptide is required for mitochondrial targeting and proper membrane integration.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. CPPED1 family.
Protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates AKT family kinase specifically at 'Ser-473', blocking cell cycle progression and promoting cell apoptosis. May play an inhibitory role in glucose uptake by adipocytes (By similarity).
Protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates AKT family kinase specifically at 'Ser-473', blocking cell cycle progression and promoting cell apoptosis. May play an inhibitory role in glucose uptake by adipocytes.
Immunophilin protein with PPIase and co-chaperone activities. Component of unligated steroid receptors heterocomplexes through interaction with heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). Plays a role in the intracellular trafficking of heterooligomeric forms of steroid hormone receptors maintaining the complex into the cytoplasm when unliganded. Acts as a regulator of Akt/AKT1 activity by promoting the interaction between Akt/AKT1 and PHLPP1, thereby enhancing dephosphorylation and subsequent activation of Akt/AKT1. Interacts with IKBKE and IKBKB which facilitates IKK complex assembly leading to increased IKBKE and IKBKB kinase activity, NF-kappaB activation, and IFN production.
Part of a heteromultimeric cytoplasmic complex with HSP90AA1, HSPA1A/HSPA1B and steroid receptors. Upon ligand binding dissociates from the complex and FKBP4 takes its place. Interacts with functionally mature heterooligomeric progesterone receptor complexes along with HSP90 and TEBP (By similarity). Interacts with IFI44L; this interaction modulates the kinase activity of IKBKB and IKBKE (By similarity). Interacts with IKBKB and IKBKE (By similarity).
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma. Interacts with beta-1 and beta-2, but not with beta-3 (By similarity). Interacts with KCNK1 (By similarity).
May be involved in photoreceptor outer segment disk morphogenesis.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin D subfamily.
Interacts with either CDK4 or CDK6 protein kinase to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex. The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex. Component of the ternary complex CCND1/CDK4/CDKN1B required for nuclear translocation and modulation of CDK4-mediated kinase activity (By similarity). Interacts directly with CDKN1B. Can form similar complexes with either CDKN1A or CDKN2A. Interacts with FBXO4 (By similarity). Interacts with UHRF2; the interaction ubiquitinates CCND1 and appears to occur independently of phosphorylation. Interacts with USP2. Interacts (via cyclin N-terminal domain) with INSM1 (via N-terminal region); the interaction competes with the binding of CCND1 to CDK4 during cell cycle progression and inhibits CDK4 activity. Interacts with CDK4; the interaction is prevented with the binding of CCND1 to INSM1 during cell cycle progression (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Thr-286 by MAP kinases is required for ubiquitination and degradation by the DCX(AMBRA1) complex. It also plays an essential role for recognition by the FBXO31 component of SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex following DNA damage.
Regulatory component of the cyclin D1-CDK4 (DC) complex that phosphorylates and inhibits members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulates the cell-cycle during G(1)/S transition. Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complex and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G(1) phase. Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G(1) phase. Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenenic and antimitogenic signals. Also a substrate for SMAD3, phosphorylating SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and repressing its transcriptional activity. Component of the ternary complex, cyclin D1/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex. Exhibits transcriptional corepressor activity with INSM1 on the NEUROD1 and INS promoters in a cell cycle-independent manner.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-269 by the DCX(AMBRA1) complex during the transition from G1 to S cell phase, leading to its degradation: ubiquitination is dependent on Thr-286 phosphorylation. The DCX(AMBRA1) complex represents the major regulator of CCND1 stability during the G1/S transition (By similarity). Also ubiquitinated by a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin-protein ligase complex containing FBXO4 and CRYAB (By similarity). Following DNA damage it is ubiquitinated by some SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex containing FBXO31. SCF-type ubiquitination is dependent on Thr-286 phosphorylation. Ubiquitinated also by UHRF2 apparently in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Ubiquitination leads to its degradation and G1 arrest. Deubiquitinated by USP2; leading to its stabilization (By similarity).
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class I subfamily.
Binds to type I and type II collagen, fibronectin and TGF-beta. Forms a ternary complex with MFAP2 and ELN.
May affect the rate of fibrils formation.
Acts as a acyl-protein thioesterase hydrolyzing fatty acids from S-acylated cysteine residues in proteins such as trimeric G alpha proteins or HRAS (By similarity). Has depalmitoylating activity toward KCNMA1 (By similarity). Could also depalmitoylate ADRB2 (By similarity). Acts as a lysophospholipase hydrolyzing various lysophospholipids including lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lyso-PE), lysophosphatidylinositol (lyso-PI) and lysophosphatidylserine (lyso-PS) (By similarity). Has much higher thioesterase activity than lysophospholipase activity (By similarity). Contributes to the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) during blood coagulation by recognizing and cleaving plasma phospholipids to generate lysophospholipids which in turn act as substrates for ENPP2 to produce LPA (By similarity).
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Glycosylation at Asn-628 is necessary both for surface expression and neutral endopeptidase activity.
Myristoylation is a determinant of membrane targeting.
Thermolysin-like specificity, but is almost confined on acting on polypeptides of up to 30 amino acids. Biologically important in the destruction of opioid peptides such as Met- and Leu-enkephalins by cleavage of a Gly-Phe bond. Catalyzes cleavage of bradykinin, substance P and neurotensin peptides. Able to cleave angiotensin-1, angiotensin-2 and angiotensin 1-9. Involved in the degradation of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and brain natriuretic factor (BNP(1-32)). Displays UV-inducible elastase activity toward skin preelastic and elastic fibers.
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Component of the gamma-secretase complex.
Potential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
Mitochondrial transporter mediating uptake of thiamine diphosphate into mitochondria. It is not clear if the antiporter activity is affected by the membrane potential or by the proton electrochemical gradient.
Previously identified as the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleotide carrier. However other experiments later demonstrated that SLC25A19 is a thiamine diphosphate transporter and not a mitochondrial deoxyribonucleotide carrier.
Acts as a cofactor for complement factor I, a serine protease which protects autologous cells against complement-mediated injury by cleaving C3b and C4b deposited on host tissue. May be involved in the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocyte during fertilization. Also acts as a costimulatory factor for T-cells which induces the differentiation of CD4+ into T-regulatory 1 cells. T-regulatory 1 cells suppress immune responses by secreting interleukin-10, and therefore are thought to prevent autoimmunity (By similarity).
Acts as a cofactor for complement factor I, a serine protease which protects autologous cells against complement-mediated injury by cleaving C3b and C4b deposited on host tissue. May be involved in the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocyte during fertilization. Also acts as a costimulatory factor for T-cells which induces the differentiation of CD4+ into T-regulatory 1 cells. T-regulatory 1 cells suppress immune responses by secreting interleukin-10, and therefore are thought to prevent autoimmunity.
Interacts with C3b. Interacts with C4b. Interacts with moesin/MSN.
Sushi domains 3 and 4 are the most important for interaction with C3b and C4b.
Dimer of a heavy chain and a light chain cross-linked by a disulfide bond. Interacts with SRPX2. Directly interacts with SHKBP1.
Thiol protease which is believed to participate in intracellular degradation and turnover of proteins (By similarity). Cleaves matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein MEPE (By similarity). Involved in the solubilization of cross-linked TG/thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle lumen (By similarity). Has also been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis (By similarity).
Appears to function as an adapter protein that bridges proteins together or proteins with mRNAs. May function as a ubiquitin ligase-substrate adapter. Additionally, associates with translating cytoplasmic ribosomes and may promote the expression of specific mRNAs.
Monomer. Interacts with PFN1/Profilin-1. Interacts with ERBB2. Interacts with ATG12. Interacts with BECN1. Interacts with translating ribosomes.
The SH3-binding domain is buried in the tertiary structure, and it therefore unclear whether it directly mediates protein-binding.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fibroblast growth factor receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Interacts with STX1. May interact with CPNE6.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. Required for processing of pre-rRNA and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays contrasting roles in cell death and cell survival by functioning as a pro-apoptotic protein during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, but acting as an anti-apoptotic protein during cytokine receptor-initiated cell death, is involved in tumor suppression.
Interacts with PDPK1 (via N-terminal region), RAD9A, CDCP1, MUC1 and VASP.
Has no ubiquitin ligase activity on its own. The UBE2V2/UBE2N heterodimer catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through 'Lys-63'. This type of poly-ubiquitination does not lead to protein degradation by the proteasome. Mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. Plays a role in the control of progress through the cell cycle and differentiation. Plays a role in the error-free DNA repair pathway and contributes to the survival of cells after DNA damage (By similarity).
Heterodimer with UBE2N. Binds CHFR (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. TRAPPC4 subfamily.
Component of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex, which includes at least TRAPPC2, TRAPPC2L, TRAPPC3, TRAPPC3L, TRAPPC4, TRAPPC5, TRAPPC8, TRAPPC9, TRAPPC10, TRAPPC11 and TRAPPC12 (By similarity). Interacts with SDC2 (By similarity).
Core component of the TRAPP complexes which has a function of guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity for Rab1 GTPase. Plays a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi and autophagy (By similarity). May play a role in dendrite postsynaptic membrane trafficking (By similarity).
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Affinity and transport activity are regulated by a phosphorylation switch state at Ser-274 and Ser-297; increasing of affinity and amino acid transport activity via dephosphorylation at Ser-274 and phosphorylation at Ser-297.
Belongs to the SLC43A transporter (TC 2.A.1.44) family.
Dephosphorylation at Ser-274 and phosphorylation at Ser-297 increase affinity and amino acid transport activity. Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle is regulated by food-entrained diurnal rhythm and dietary proteins.
Uniporter that mediates the transport of the stereospecific L-phenylalanine, L-methionine and L-branched-chain amino acids, between the extracellular space and the cytoplasm and may control the transepithelial (re)absorption of neutral amino acid in kidney and small intestine. The transport activity is mediated through facilitated diffusion and is sodium ions-, chloride ions- and pH-independent.
Autopalmitoylated (By similarity). Palmitoylation of the C-terminal tail regulates stimulation-dependent plasma membrane motility (By similarity).
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. ERF2/ZDHHC9 subfamily.
Palmitoyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of palmitate onto various protein substrates such as CTNND2, CD36, NOD1, NOD2, STAT3 and S1PR1 thus plays a role in various biological processes including cell adhesion, fatty acid uptake, bacterial sensing or cardiac functions. Plays an important role in the regulation of synapse efficacy by mediating palmitoylation of delta-catenin/CTNND2, thereby increasing synaptic delivery and surface stabilization of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). Under basal conditions, remains at the synaptic membrane through FYN-mediated phosphorylation that prevents association with endocytic proteins. Neuronal activity enhances the internalization and trafficking of DHHC5 from spines to dendritic shafts where it palmitoylates delta-catenin/CTNND2. Regulates cell adhesion at the plasma membrane by palmitoylating GOLGA7B and DSG2. Plays a role in innate immune response by mediating the palmitoylation of NOD1 and NOD2 and their proper recruitment to the bacterial entry site and phagosomes. Participates also in fatty acid uptake by palmitoylating CD36 and thereby targeting it to the plasma membrane. Upon binding of fatty acids to CD36, gets phosphorylated by LYN leading to inactivation and subsequent CD36 caveolar endocytosis.
Phosphorylation regulates association with endocytic proteins and its subcellular localization. Phosphorylation by LYN during fatty acid uptake leads to inactivation of the activity.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is inhibited by fumarate, via the formation of S-(2-succinyl)cysteine residues.
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate (By similarity). Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules (By similarity). Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation. Also plays a role in innate immunity by promoting TNF-induced NF-kappa-B activation and type I interferon production, via interaction with TRAF2 and TRAF3, respectively (By similarity). Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC (By similarity).
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with TPPP; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts (when S-nitrosylated) with SIAH1; leading to nuclear translocation. Interacts with RILPL1/GOSPEL, leading to prevent the interaction between GAPDH and SIAH1 and prevent nuclear translocation. Interacts with CHP1; the interaction increases the binding of CHP1 with microtubules. Associates with microtubules (By similarity). Interacts with EIF1AD, USP25, PRKCI and WARS1. Interacts with phosphorylated RPL13A; inhibited by oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox)). Component of the GAIT complex. Interacts with FKBP6; leading to inhibit GAPDH catalytic activity. Interacts with TRAF2, promoting TRAF2 ubiquitination. Interacts with TRAF3, promoting TRAF3 ubiquitination (By similarity).
Oxidative stress can promote the formation of high molecular weight disulfide-linked GAPDH aggregates, through a process called nucleocytoplasmic coagulation.
S-nitrosylation of Cys-152 leads to interaction with SIAH1, followed by translocation to the nucleus S-nitrosylation of Cys-247 is induced by interferon-gamma and LDL(ox) implicating the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex and seems to prevent interaction with phosphorylated RPL13A and to interfere with GAIT complex activity (By similarity).
Sulfhydration at Cys-152 increases catalytic activity.
The [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif is a proposed target motif for cysteine S-nitrosylation mediated by the iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (By similarity).
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Acetylation by KAT2A and KAT2B impairs kinase activity by shifting the kinase to an inactive conformation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily.
Cryptic POLO box 1 (CPB1) and Cryptic POLO box 2 (CPB2) domains can simultaneously bind to both TENT5C and CEP192.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with CEP152 (via N-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with CEP78; this interaction may be important for proper PLK4 localization to the centriole and PLK4-induced overduplication of centrioles (By similarity). Interacts with CEP131 (By similarity). Interacts simultaneously with TENT5C and CEP192. Interacts with TENT5C; this interaction leads to the TENT5C recruitment in the centrosome (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a central role in centriole duplication. Able to trigger procentriole formation on the surface of the parental centriole cylinder, leading to the recruitment of centriole biogenesis proteins such as SASS6, CENPJ/CPAP, CCP110, CEP135 and gamma-tubulin. When overexpressed, it is able to induce centrosome amplification through the simultaneous generation of multiple procentrioles adjoining each parental centriole during S phase. Phosphorylates 'Ser-151' of FBXW5 during the G1/S transition, leading to inhibit FBXW5 ability to ubiquitinate SASS6. Its central role in centriole replication suggests a possible role in tumorigenesis, centrosome aberrations being frequently observed in tumors. Also involved in deuterosome-mediated centriole amplification in multiciliated that can generate more than 100 centrioles. Also involved in trophoblast differentiation by phosphorylating HAND1, leading to disrupt the interaction between HAND1 and MDFIC and activate HAND1. Phosphorylates CDC25C and CHEK2. Required for the recruitment of STIL to the centriole and for STIL-mediated centriole amplification (By similarity). Phosphorylates CEP131 and PCM1 which is essential for proper organization and integrity of centriolar satellites (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated; leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression of C/EBP regulated genes. Positively regulates the transcription of TRIB3, IL6, IL8, IL23, TNFRSF10B/DR5, PPP1R15A/GADD34, BBC3/PUMA, BCL2L11/BIM and ERO1L. Negatively regulates; expression of BCL2 and MYOD1, ATF4-dependent transcriptional activation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), CEBPA-dependent transcriptional activation of hepcidin (HAMP) and CEBPB-mediated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by binding to TCF7L2/TCF4, impairing its DNA-binding properties and repressing its transcriptional activity. Plays a regulatory role in the inflammatory response through the induction of caspase-11 (CASP4/CASP11) which induces the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1) and both these caspases increase the activation of pro-IL1B to mature IL1B which is involved in the inflammatory response.
Phosphorylation at serine residues by MAPK14 enhances its transcriptional activation activity while phosphorylation at serine residues by CK2 inhibits its transcriptional activation activity.
Ubiquitinated, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family.
Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (Probable). Pro-apoptotic protein involved in LGR5-positive intestinal stem cell and Paneth cell expansion in the intestines, via its interaction with XIAP (By similarity). May also play a role in the regulation of cell fate in the intestine (By similarity). Positive regulator of apoptosis involved in hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis; via its interaction with XIAP (By similarity). Negative regulator of repair and hair follicle regeneration in response to injury, due to inhibition of hair follicle stem cell proliferation, potentially via its interaction with XIAP (By similarity). Plays an important role in male fertility and sperm motility (By similarity). During spermiogenesis, essential for the establishment of the annulus (a fibrous ring structure connecting the midpiece and the principal piece of the sperm flagellum) which is a requisite for the structural and mechanical integrity of the sperm (By similarity). Involved in the migration of cortical neurons and the formation of neuron leading processes during embryonic development (By similarity). Required for dopaminergic metabolism in presynaptic autoreceptors; potentially via activity as a presynaptic scaffold protein (By similarity).
Septins polymerize into heterooligomeric protein complexes that form filaments, and can associate with cellular membranes, actin filaments and microtubules. GTPase activity is required for filament formation. Interacts with SEPTIN8 (By similarity). Component of a septin core octameric complex consisting of SEPTIN12, SEPTIN7, SEPTIN6 and SEPTIN2 or SEPTIN4 in the order 12-7-6-2-2-6-7-12 or 12-7-6-4-4-6-7-12 (By similarity). Interacts with SEPTIN14 (via C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with DYRK1A (By similarity). Interacts with SLC6A3/DAT and SNCA/alpha-synuclein (By similarity). Interacts with STX1A; in the striatum (By similarity). Interacts with XIAP (via BIR3 domain) following the induction of apoptosis (By similarity). Interacts with AREL1 (via HECT domain); in the cytoplasm following induction of apoptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily.
Belongs to the UNC119-binding protein family.
Interacts with UNC119 and UNC119B; interaction preferentially takes place when UNC119 and UNC119B are unliganded with myristoylated proteins.
Regulates the macrophage function, by enhancing the resolution of inflammation and wound repair functions mediated by M2 macrophages. The regulation of macrophage function is, due at least in part, to its ability to inhibit glycolysis. May also play a role in trafficking of proteins via its interaction with UNC119 and UNC119B cargo adapters: may help the release of UNC119 and UNC119B cargo or the recycling of UNC119 and UNC119B. May play a role in ciliary membrane localization via its interaction with UNC119B and protein transport into photoreceptor cells.
Belongs to the organo anion transporter (TC 2.A.60) family.
Hydrolyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) containing a medium length fatty acid chain to the corresponding monoacylglycerol. Has highest activity with lysophosphatidic acid containing myristate (C14:0), monounsaturated oleate (C18:1) or palmitate (C16:0), and lower activity with C18:0 and C6:0 lysophosphatidic acid.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-8 is the initiator.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Di-Ras family.
Displays low GTPase activity and exists predominantly in the GTP-bound form.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which contains the catalytic subunit KAT5/TIP60 and the subunits EP400, TRRAP/PAF400, BRD8/SMAP, EPC1, DMAP1/DNMAP1, RUVBL1/TIP49, RUVBL2, ING3, actin, ACTL6A/BAF53A, MORF4L1/MRG15, MORF4L2/MRGX, MRGBP, YEATS4/GAS41, VPS72/YL1 and MEAF6. The NuA4 complex interacts with MYC. MORF4L1 may also participate in the formation of NuA4 related complexes which lack the KAT5/TIP60 catalytic subunit, but which include the SWI/SNF related protein SRCAP. Component of the mSin3A histone deacetylase complex, which includes SIN3A, HDAC2, ARID4B, MORF4L1, RBBP4/RbAp48, and RBBP7/RbAp46. Interacts with RB1 and MYST1. May also interact with PHF12 and one or more as yet undefined members of the TLE (transducin-like enhancer of split) family of transcriptional repressors. Interacts with the N-terminus of MRFAP1. Found in a complex composed of MORF4L1, MRFAP1 and RB1. Interacts with the entire BRCA complex, which contains BRCA1, PALB2, BRCA2 and RAD51. Interacts with PALB2 (By similarity). Forms a complex with MSL1 and NUPR1 (By similarity).
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome - DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. This complex may be required for the activation of transcriptional programs associated with oncogene and proto-oncogene mediated growth induction, tumor suppressor mediated growth arrest and replicative senescence, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The NuA4 complex ATPase and helicase activities seem to be, at least in part, contributed by the association of RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 with EP400. NuA4 may also play a direct role in DNA repair when directly recruited to sites of DNA damage. Also a component of the mSin3A complex which acts to repress transcription by deacetylation of nucleosomal histones. Required for homologous recombination repair (HRR) and resistance to mitomycin C (MMC). Involved in the localization of PALB2, BRCA2 and RAD51, but not BRCA1, to DNA-damage foci (By similarity).
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOG2 subfamily.
GTPase that associates with pre-60S ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and is required for their nuclear export and maturation.
Homodimer (By similarity). Forms a heterodimer with PFKFB3 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation results in the activation of the kinase activity.
Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily. Transglutaminase family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Monocarboxylate porter (TC 2.A.1.13) family.
Extracellular pH-and Na(+)-sensitive low-affinity creatine transporter. Functions also as a pH-independent carnitine efflux transporter.
Putative Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Homomultimers may associate with EGR1 bound to DNA.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Preferentially accommodates proteins with transmembrane domains that are weakly hydrophobic or contain destabilizing features such as charged and aromatic residues. Involved in the cotranslational insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become ER membrane spanning helices. It is also required for the post-translational insertion of tail-anchored/TA proteins in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. By mediating the proper cotranslational insertion of N-terminal transmembrane domains in an N-exo topology, with translocated N-terminus in the lumen of the ER, controls the topology of multi-pass membrane proteins like the G protein-coupled receptors. By regulating the insertion of various proteins in membranes, it is indirectly involved in many cellular processes.
Interacts with FERMT2, FLNA, FLNB and FLNC. Interacts with NKX2-5.
Serves as an anchoring site for cell-ECM adhesion proteins and filamin-containing actin filaments. Is implicated in cell shape modulation (spreading) and motility. May participate in the regulation of filamin-mediated cross-linking and stabilization of actin filaments. May also regulate the assembly of filamin-containing signaling complexes that control actin assembly. Promotes dissociation of FLNA from ITGB3 and ITGB7. Promotes activation of integrins and regulates integrin-mediated cell-cell adhesion (By similarity).
Part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), which is a heterodimer of NACA and BTF3 (via NAC-A/B domains). NAC associates with ribosomes through the BTF3/NACB subunit and contacts the ribosomal protein L23, which is positioned near the exiting site. Both subunits can contact nascent polypeptide chains. NACA may also form homodimers, and only this form binds DNA. Interacts with TBP and JUN (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Ser-43 by ILK during cell adhesion may promote nuclear localization. Phosphorylation of Thr-159 by GSK3B may promote proteasome mediated degradation.
Prevents inappropriate targeting of non-secretory polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Binds to nascent polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome and blocks their interaction with the signal recognition particle (SRP), which normally targets nascent secretory peptides to the ER. Also reduces the inherent affinity of ribosomes for protein translocation sites in the ER membrane (M sites). May act as a specific coactivator for JUN, binding to DNA and stabilizing the interaction of JUN homodimers with target gene promoters (By similarity).
The positively charged inner surface of the NAC-A/B domain is crucial for NACA localization in the nucleus and DNA-binding. This region is blocked from binding nucleic acids in the heterodimeric complex by a helix region in the beta-subunit, it also displays much higher affinity for RNA than DNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS6 subunit family.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity).
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
The mammalian APC/C is composed at least of 14 distinct subunits ANAPC1, ANAPC2, CDC27/APC3, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, CDC16/APC6, ANAPC7, CDC23/APC8, ANAPC10, ANAPC11, CDC26/APC12, ANAPC13, ANAPC15 and ANAPC16 that assemble into a complex of at least 19 chains with a combined molecular mass of around 1.2 MDa; APC/C interacts with FZR1 and FBXO5.
Acetylation by KAT5 at Lys-134 is increased during mitosis, impairs RANGRF binding and enhances RCC1 binding. Acetylation at Lys-37 enhances the association with nuclear export components. Deacetylation of Lys-37 by SIRT7 regulates the nuclear export of NF-kappa-B subunit RELA/p65.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle.
GTPase involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport, participating both to the import and the export from the nucleus of proteins and RNAs. Switches between a cytoplasmic GDP- and a nuclear GTP-bound state by nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Nuclear import receptors such as importin beta bind their substrates only in the absence of GTP-bound RAN and release them upon direct interaction with GTP-bound RAN, while export receptors behave in the opposite way. Thereby, RAN controls cargo loading and release by transport receptors in the proper compartment and ensures the directionality of the transport. Interaction with RANBP1 induces a conformation change in the complex formed by XPO1 and RAN that triggers the release of the nuclear export signal of cargo proteins. RAN (GTP-bound form) triggers microtubule assembly at mitotic chromosomes and is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Required for normal progress through mitosis. The complex with BIRC5/survivin plays a role in mitotic spindle formation by serving as a physical scaffold to help deliver the RAN effector molecule TPX2 to microtubules. Acts as a negative regulator of the kinase activity of VRK1 and VRK2. Enhances AR-mediated transactivation.
Mg(2+) interacts primarily with the phosphate groups of the bound guanine nucleotide.
Monomer. Interacts with RANGAP1, which promotes RAN-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Interacts with KPNB1. Interaction with KPNB1 inhibits RANGAP1-mediated stimulation of GTPase activity. Interacts with RCC1 which promotes the exchange of RAN-bound GDP by GTP. Interaction with KPNB1 inhibits RCC1-mediated exchange of RAN-bound GDP by GTP. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with TNPO1; the interaction is direct. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with TNPO3; the interaction is direct. Interacts with KPNB1 and with TNPO1; both inhibit RAN GTPase activity. Interacts (via C-terminus) with RANBP1, which alleviates the inhibition of RAN GTPase activity. Interacts with RANGRF, which promotes the release of bound guanine nucleotide. RANGRF and RCC1 compete for an overlapping binding site on RAN. Identified in a complex with KPNA2 and CSE1L; interaction with RANBP1 mediates dissociation of RAN from this complex. Interaction with both RANBP1 and KPNA2 promotes dissociation of the complex between RAN and KPNB1. Identified in a complex composed of RAN, RANGAP1 and RANBP1. Identified in a complex that contains TNPO1, RAN and RANBP1. Identified in a nuclear export complex with XPO1. Found in a nuclear export complex with RANBP3 and XPO1. Interacts with RANBP2/NUP358. Interaction with RANBP1 or RANBP2 induces a conformation change in the complex formed by XPO1 and RAN that triggers the release of the nuclear export signal of cargo proteins. Component of a nuclear export receptor complex composed of KPNB1, RAN, SNUPN and XPO1 (By similarity). Found in a nuclear export complex with RAN, XPO5 and pre-miRNA (By similarity). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with XPO5 (By similarity). Part of a complex consisting of RANBP9, RAN, DYRK1B and COPS5. Interacts with RANBP9 and RANBP10. Interacts in its GTP-bound form with BIRC5/survivin at S and M phases of the cell cycle. Interacts with TERT; the interaction requires hydrogen peroxide-mediated phosphorylation of TERT and transports TERT to the nucleus. Interacts with MAD2L2. Interacts with VRK1 and VRK3. Interacts with VRK2 (By similarity). Interacts with NEMP1 and KPNB1 (By similarity). Interacts (GDP-bound form) with NUTF2; regulates RAN nuclear import. Interacts with CAPG; mediates CAPG nuclear import. Interacts with NUP153. Interacts with the AR N-terminal poly-Gln region; the interaction with AR is inversely correlated with the poly-Gln length (By similarity). Interacts with MYCBP2, which promotes RAN-mediated GTP hydrolysis (By similarity). Interacts with EPG5 (By similarity).
May be a component of a BHC histone deacetylase complex that contains HDAC1, HDAC2, HMG20B/BRAF35, KDM1A, RCOR1/CoREST, PHF21A/BHC80, ZNF198, ZNF217, ZMYM3, GSE1 and GTF2I.
May mediate a process in spermatogenesis or may play a role in sex ratio distortion.
Acetylated on lysine residues. BLOC1S1 is required for acetylation.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c (By similarity). Interacts with ATPAF2. Interacts with HRG; the interaction occurs on the surface of T-cells and alters the cell morphology when associated with concanavalin (in vitro). Interacts with PLG (angiostatin peptide); the interaction inhibits most of the angiogenic properties of angiostatin (By similarity). Component of an ATP synthase complex composed of ATP5PB, ATP5MC1, ATP5F1E, ATP5PD, ATP5ME, ATP5PF, ATP5MF, MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, ATP5F1A, ATP5F1B, ATP5F1D, ATP5F1C, ATP5PO, ATP5MG, ATP5MK and ATP5MJ (By similarity). Interacts with BLOC1S1 (By similarity). Interacts with BCL2L1 isoform BCL-X(L); the interaction mediates the association of BCL2L1 isoform BCL-X(L) with the mitochondrial membrane F(1)F(0) ATP synthase and enhances neurons metabolic efficiency (By similarity). Interacts with CLN5 and PPT1 (By similarity). Interacts with S100A1; this interaction increases F1-ATPase activity (By similarity). Interacts with ABCB7; this interaction allows the regulation of cellular iron homeostasis and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cardiomyocytes (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites (By similarity). Binds the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and can promote mitochondrial accumulation of enterobactin-derived iron ions (By similarity).
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
The siderophore enterobactin (Ent) produced by enteric bacteria binds Fe(3+) and helps bacteria scavenge iron ions from the environment. As a consequence, the mammalian siderocalin LCN2 plays an important role in defense against bacterial infections by sequestering iron bound to microbial siderophores. LCN2 can also bind iron bound to endogenous or nutrient-derived iron chelators and plays an important role in cellular iron homeostasis. Enterobactin produced by non-pathogenic E.coli strains can facilitate mitochondrial iron assimilation, suggesting that iron bound to siderophores from non-pathogenic bacteria may contribute to iron absorption by the host.
3'-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs and is also used to silence certain maternal mRNAs translationally during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Interacts with both the 3'-end poly(A) tail and the 5'-end cap structure during degradation, the interaction with the cap structure being required for an efficient degradation of poly(A) tails. Involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, a critical process of selective degradation of mRNAs that contain premature stop codons. Also involved in degradation of inherently unstable mRNAs that contain AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3'-UTR, possibly via its interaction with KHSRP. Probably mediates the removal of poly(A) tails of AREs mRNAs, which constitutes the first step of destabilization (By similarity). Also able to recognize poly(A) tails of microRNAs such as MIR21 and H/ACA box snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs) leading to microRNAs degradation or snoRNA increased stability (By similarity).
Divalent metal cations. Mg(2+) is the most probable.
Homodimer. Found in a mRNA decay complex with RENT1, RENT2 and RENT3B. Interacts with KHSRP. Interacts with CELF1/CUGBP1. Interacts with ZC3HAV1 in an RNA-independent manner. Interacts with DHX36.
Phosphorylation by MAPKAPK2, preventing GADD45A mRNA degradation after genotoxic stress.
Exhibits arylsulfatase activity and highly specific endoglucosamine-6-sulfatase activity. It can remove sulfate from the C-6 position of glucosamine within specific subregions of intact heparin.
The conversion to 3-oxoalanine (also known as C-formylglycine, FGly), of a serine or cysteine residue in prokaryotes and of a cysteine residue in eukaryotes, is critical for catalytic activity.
Acetylated at Lys-253, Lys-253 and Lys-254 under high glucose condition. Acetylation increases catalytic activity. Under glucose restriction SIRT1 levels dramatically increase and it deacetylates the enzyme (By similarity).
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglyceratea crucial step in glycolysis, by using 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Also catalyzes the interconversion of (2R)-2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and (2R)-3-phospho-glyceroyl phosphate.
Interacts with PIP5K1A; the interaction inhibits PIP5K1A kinase activity.
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase with low enzymatic activity. May be a GTP sensor, has higher GTP-dependent kinase activity than ATP-dependent kinase activity. PIP4Ks negatively regulate insulin signaling through a catalytic-independent mechanism. They interact with PIP5Ks and suppress PIP5K-mediated PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis and insulin-dependent conversion to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.
Phosphorylated, phosphorylation is induced by EGF.
Interacts with T-cell surface antigen CD2.
Potent inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) action. Acts by binding to the C8 and/or C9 complements of the assembling MAC, thereby preventing incorporation of the multiple copies of C9 required for complete formation of the osmolytic pore (By similarity).
Belongs to the chemokine-like receptor (CMKLR) family.
Acetylated on lysine residues. BLOC1S1 is required for acetylation. Acetylated by CLOCK in a circadian manner.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA9 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits (By similarity). This a component of the hydrophobic protein fraction (By similarity). Interacts with BLOC1S1 (By similarity). Interacts with SLC2A4 (By similarity). Interacts with CLOCK (By similarity). Interacts with RAB5IF (By similarity).
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle. Interacts (via WD repeats) with uL18 (By similarity). Interacts (via UBL domain) with MDN1 (via VWFA/MIDAS domain) (By similarity).
Plays a role in regulating Notch activity. Plays a role in regulating the expression of CDKN1A and several members of the Wnt pathway, probably via its effects on Notch activity. Required during embryogenesis for inner mass cell survival (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 39 family.
Belongs to the chromogranin/secretogranin protein family.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Belongs to the X(+)/potassium ATPases subunit beta family.
Glutathionylated (By similarity). N-glycosylated (By similarity).
Involved in cell adhesion and establishing epithelial cell polarity.
The C-terminal lobe folds into an immunoglobulin-like domain and mediates cell adhesion properties.
The sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit. Interacts with catalytic subunit ATP12A (By similarity). Interacts with regulatory subunit FXYD1 (By similarity). Interacts with regulatory subunit FXYD3 (By similarity). Interacts with NKAIN1, NKAIN2 and NKAIN4 (By similarity). Interacts with MLC1. Part of a complex containing MLC1, TRPV4, AQP4 and HEPACAM. Interacts with KIRREL3 (By similarity). Interacts with OBSCN (via protein kinase domain 1) (By similarity). Interacts with TRAF3 and TRAF6 (By similarity).
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane.
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane. Plays a role in innate immunity by enhancing virus-triggered induction of interferons (IFNs) and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Mechanistically, enhances the ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6 as well as the phosphorylation of TAK1 and TBK1.
Interacts with RAB11FIP1, RAB11FIP2, RAB11FIP3 (via its C-terminus) and RAB11FIP4 (By similarity). Forms a complex with RAB11FIP3 and dynein intermediate chain DYNC1LI1; the interaction between RAB11A1 and RAB11FIP3 is direct; the complex regulates endocytic trafficking (By similarity). Interacts with EVI5; EVI5 and RAB11FIP3 may be mutually exclusive and compete for binding RAB11A (By similarity). Interacts with SGSM1, SGSM2, SGSM3 and VIPAS39 (By similarity). Interacts with EXOC6 in a GTP-dependent manner. Interacts with RAB11FIP5. Interacts with STXBP6. Interacts (GDP-bound form) with ZFYVE27 (By similarity). Interacts with BIRC6/bruce (By similarity). May interact with TBC1D14 (By similarity). Interacts with UNC119; in a cell cycle-dependent manner (By similarity). GDP-bound and nucleotide-free forms interact with SH3BP5 (By similarity). Interacts (GDP-bound form) with KIF5A in a ZFYVE27-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts (GDP-bound form) with RELCH (By similarity). Found in a complex composed of RELCH, OSBP1 and RAB11A (By similarity). Interacts with TBC1D12 (By similarity). Interacts with DEF6 (By similarity). Interacts with ATP9A (By similarity). Forms a heterotetramer with RAB11FIP3; the GTP-bound form is preferred for binding. Forms a complex with Rabin8/RAB3IP and RAB11FIP3, probably a heterohexamer with two of each protein subunit, where Rabin8/RAB3IP and RAB11FIP3 simultaneously bind to RAB11A; the complex promotes preciliary trafficking and cilia growth. Forms a complex containing RAB11A, ASAP1, Rabin8/RAB3IP, RAP11FIP3 and ARF4; the complex promotes preciliary trafficking; the complex binds to RHO in photoreceptor cells and promotes RHO ciliary transport. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with WDR44; the interaction prevents RAB11A-RAB3IP-RAB11FIP3 complex formation (By similarity).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes (By similarity). Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (By similarity). The small Rab GTPase RAB11A regulates endocytic recycling (By similarity). Forms a functional Rab11/FIP3/dynein complex that regulates the movement of peripheral sorting endosomes (SE) along microtubule tracks toward the microtubule organizing center/centrosome, generating the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) (By similarity). Acts as a major regulator of membrane delivery during cytokinesis. Together with MYO5B and RAB8A participates in epithelial cell polarization. Together with RAB3IP, RAB8A, the exocyst complex, PARD3, PRKCI, ANXA2, CDC42 and DNMBP promotes transcytosis of PODXL to the apical membrane initiation sites (AMIS), apical surface formation and lumenogenesis. Together with MYO5B participates in CFTR trafficking to the plasma membrane and TF (Transferrin) recycling in nonpolarized cells. Required in a complex with MYO5B and RAB11FIP2 for the transport of NPC1L1 to the plasma membrane. Participates in the sorting and basolateral transport of CDH1 from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Regulates the recycling of FCGRT (receptor of Fc region of monomeric Ig G) to basolateral membranes (By similarity). May also play a role in melanosome transport and release from melanocytes (By similarity). Promotes Rabin8/RAB3IP preciliary vesicular trafficking to mother centriole by forming a ciliary targeting complex containing Rab11, ASAP1, Rabin8/RAB3IP, RAB11FIP3 and ARF4, thereby regulating ciliogenesis initiation. On the contrary, upon LPAR1 receptor signaling pathway activation, interaction with phosphorylated WDR44 prevents Rab11-RAB3IP-RAB11FIP3 complex formation and cilia growth (By similarity). Participates in the export of a subset of neosynthesized proteins through a Rab8-Rab10-Rab11-endososomal dependent export route via interaction with WDR44 (By similarity).
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism. Also hydrolyzes 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of enamine/imine intermediates that form during the course of normal metabolism. May facilitate the release of ammonia from these potentially toxic reactive metabolites, reducing their impact on cellular components. It may act on enamine/imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent dehydratases including L-threonine dehydratase.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Homooligomer. Heterodimer with ARL6IP5. Interacts with ATL1, TMEM33 and ARL6.
Positively regulates SLC1A1/EAAC1-mediated glutamate transport by increasing its affinity for glutamate in a PKC activity-dependent manner. Promotes the catalytic efficiency of SLC1A1/EAAC1 probably by reducing its interaction with ARL6IP5, a negative regulator of SLC1A1/EAAC1-mediated glutamate transport. Plays a role in the formation and stabilization of endoplasmic reticulum tubules. Negatively regulates apoptosis, possibly by modulating the activity of caspase-9 (CASP9). Inhibits cleavage of CASP9-dependent substrates and downstream markers of apoptosis but not CASP9 itself. May be involved in protein transport, membrane trafficking, or cell signaling during hematopoietic maturation.
The transmembrane domains are required for its ability to shape the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into tubules.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP).
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components including PSMD1. Interacts with ADRM1. Interacts with ZFAND1 (By similarity).
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Heterodimer; with NR2C2 which is required for chromatin remodeling and for binding to promoter regions such as globin DR1 repeats (By similarity). Interacts with ESR1; the interaction prevents homodimerization of ESR1 and suppresses its transcriptional activity and cell growth. Interacts with NRIP1 (via its LXXLL motifs); the interaction provides corepressor activity. Interacts with HDAC3 (via the DNA-binding domain); the interaction recruits phosphorylated NR2C1 to PML bodies for sumoylation. Interacts with HDAC4 (via the DNA-binding domain). Interacts with PIAS1; the interaction is required for sumoylation of NR2C1. Interacts with UBE2I; the interaction is required for sumoylation of NR2C1. Interacts with KAT2B; the interaction acts as a corepressor of gene expression (By similarity).
Orphan nuclear receptor. Binds the IR7 element in the promoter of its own gene in an autoregulatory negative feedback mechanism. Primarily repressor of a broad range of genes including ESR1 and RARB. Together with NR2C2, forms the core of the DRED (direct repeat erythroid-definitive) complex that represses embryonic and fetal globin transcription. Binds to hormone response elements (HREs) consisting of two 5'-AGGTCA-3' half site direct repeat consensus sequences. Also activator of OCT4 gene expression. Plays a fundamental role in early embryogenesis and regulates embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Mediator of retinoic acid-regulated preadipocyte proliferation (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on several serine and threonine residues. Phosphorylation on Thr-223, stimulated by all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) mediates PML location and sumoylation in proliferating cells which then modulates its association with effector molecules, KAT2B and NRIP1. Phosphorylation on Ser-582 by PKC is important for protein stability and function as activator of RARB (By similarity).
Sumoylation requires both PIAS1 and UBE2I. Sumoylation appears to dissociate NR2C1 from the PML nuclear bodies. Enhances the interaction with NRIP1 but inhibits interaction with KAT2B. In proliferating cells, stimulation by all-trans retinoic acid, activation of MAPK1-mediated phosphorylation and recruitment to PML bodies with subsequent sumoylation, suppresses OCT4 expression (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Alpha-type protein kinase family. ALPK subfamily.
Radial spoke stalk protein that binds heme under oxidizing conditions. Required for the coordinated beating of multiple cilia maybe by functioning in a redox signaling pathway.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Interacts with STIM1; the interaction is inhibit by th interaction of STIM1 with EFHB.
Negative regulator of store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) involved in protecting cells from Ca(2+) overfilling. In response to cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation after endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) refilling, promotes a slow inactivation of STIM (STIM1 or STIM2)-dependent SOCE activity: possibly act by facilitating the deoligomerization of STIM to efficiently turn off ORAI when the endoplasmic reticulum lumen is filled with the appropriate Ca(2+) levels, and thus preventing the overload of the cell with excessive Ca(2+) ions (By similarity).
The cytoplasmic C-terminal region mediates interaction with STIM1, while the N-terminal lumenal region mediates regulation of SOCE activity.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Heterodimer of a catalytic (PDP1) and a regulatory (PDPR) subunit.
Involved in poly(A) tail length control in neuronal cells. Binds the polyadenosine RNA oligonucleotides.
Regulates intra- and extracellular levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), probably functioning as PPi transporter.
Cross-linked by interchain disulfide bonds around the DNA-helix.
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
Belongs to the sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor/urotensin I family.
Binds with high affinity to CRF receptors 2-alpha and 2-beta.
Suppresses food intake, delays gastric emptying and decreases heat-induced edema. Might represent an endogenous ligand for maintaining homeostasis after stress.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Catalyzes two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis: converts (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate (SAICAR) to fumarate plus 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide, and thereby also contributes to de novo IMP synthesis, and converts succinyladenosine monophosphate (SAMP) to AMP and fumarate.
Homotetramer. Residues from neighboring subunits contribute catalytic and substrate-binding residues to each active site.
ADP-ribosylated on Ser-104 in response to DNA damage.
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The histones H1.0 are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division (By similarity).
Associates primarily with CDK7 and MAT1 to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
Regulates CDK7, the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) (TC 2.A.3.8) family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family.
In contrast to other GTP-binding proteins, this family is characterized by a circular permutation of the GTPase motifs described by a G4-G1-G3 pattern.
Possible regulatory or functional link with the histocompatibility cluster.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. RGK family.
Could be a regulatory protein, possibly participating in receptor-mediated signal transduction at the plasma membrane. Has guanine nucleotide-binding activity but undetectable intrinsic GTPase activity (By similarity).
Interacts with calmodulin in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Binds ROCK1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Plasminogen subfamily.
Converted into plasmin by plasminogen activators, both plasminogen and its activator being bound to fibrin. Activated with catalytic amounts of streptokinase.
In the presence of the inhibitor, the activation involves only cleavage after Arg-580, resulting in 2 chains held together by 2 disulfide bonds. Without the inhibitor, the activation involves also removal of the activation peptide.
In the presence of the inhibitor, the activation involves only cleavage after Arg-580, yielding two chains held together by two disulfide bonds. In the absence of the inhibitor, the activation involves additionally the removal of the activation peptide (By similarity).
Interacts with CSPG4 and AMOT. Interacts (via the Kringle domains) with HRG; the interaction tethers PLG to the cell surface and enhances its activation. Interacts (via Kringle 4 domain) with ADA; the interaction stimulates PLG activation when in complex with DPP4. Angiostatin: Interacts with ATP5F1A; the interaction inhibits most of the angiogenic effects of angiostatin.
Kringle domains mediate interaction with CSPG4.
Plasmin dissolves the fibrin of blood clots and acts as a proteolytic factor in a variety of other processes including embryonic development, tissue remodeling, tumor invasion, and inflammation. In ovulation, weakens the walls of the Graafian follicle. It activates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, collagenases and several complement zymogens, such as C1 and C5. Cleavage of fibronectin and laminin leads to cell detachment and apoptosis. Also cleaves fibrin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor. Its role in tissue remodeling and tumor invasion may be modulated by CSPG4. Binds to cells (By similarity).
Plasmin is inactivated by alpha-2-antiplasmin immediately after dissociation from the clot.
Catalyzes the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent condensation of succinyl-CoA and glycine to form aminolevulinic acid (ALA), with CoA and CO2 as by-products.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts (hydroxylated form) with VHL (By similarity).
In normoxia, is hydroxylated at Pro-576, promoting interaction with VHL, initiating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation via the proteasome.
Ubiquitinated; in normoxia following hydroxylation and interaction with VHL, leading to its subsequent degradation via the proteasome.
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domains.
Ca(2+) sensor specifically required for the Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of secretory vesicles containing IGF1 in neurons of the olfactory bulb. Exocytosis of IGF1 is required for sensory perception of smell. Not involved in Ca(2+)-dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis (By similarity). Acts through Ca(2+) and phospholipid binding to the C2 domain: Ca(2+) induces binding of the C2-domains to phospholipid membranes and to assembled SNARE-complexes; both actions contribute to triggering exocytosis (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked via the cysteine motif. Can also form heterodimers with SYT3, SYT6, SYT7 and SYT9.
The cysteine motif mediates homo- or heterodimer formation via formation of disulfide bonds.
The first C2 domain mediates Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Multifunctional protein that is involved in the regulation of many processes.
Interacts with UQCRC1. Interacts with UQCRQ (By similarity). Interacts with UQCC5 (By similarity). Forms a complex, named COMB/coordinator of mitochondrial CYTB biogenesis, composed of UQCC1, UQCC2, UQCC4, UQCC5 and UQCC6; stabilizes nascent cytochrome b/MT-CYB and promotes its membrane insertion. Forms a complex, named COMA, composed of UQCC1, UQCC2 and UQCC4; activates MT-CYB translation. Forms a complex, named COMC, composed of UQCC1, UQCC2; UQCC3 and UQCC4; mediates MT-CYB hemylation and association with the first nuclear-encoded complex III subunit UQCRQ. Interacts with MT-CYB (By similarity).
Required for the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III (CIII) or cytochrome b-c1 complex), a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) which drives oxidative phosphorylation. Mediates early complex III biogenesis. Participates in regulating the levels of electron transport chain proteins, and therefore energy supply, in response to changes in energy demand (By similarity). Also required for cytochrome c oxidase complex (complex IV) assembly (By similarity).
As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs.
Component of the minor spliceosome. Within this complex, interacts with ARMC7 and PRPF8/PRP8.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix. Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import. May indirectly regulate peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation through degradation of the self-processed forms of TYSND1.
Interacts with PEX5. Interacts with TYSND1 (By similarity). May interact with enzymes involved in beta-oxidation of fatty acids, including ACOX1/AOX (By similarity).
Activated by binding of S100B which releases autoinhibitory N-lobe interactions, enabling ATP to bind and the autophosphorylation of Ser-281. Thr-444 then undergoes calcium-dependent phosphorylation by STK24/MST3. Interactions between phosphorylated Thr-444 and the N-lobe promote additional structural changes that complete the activation of the kinase. Autoinhibition is also released by the binding of MOB1/MOBKL1A and MOB2/HCCA2 to the N-terminal of STK38 (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Homodimeric S100B binds two molecules of STK38. Interacts with MOB1 and MOB2. Interacts with MAP3K1 and MAP3K2 (via the kinase domain). Forms a tripartite complex with MOBKL1B and STK3/MST2. Interacts with MICAL1; leading to inhibit the protein kinase activity by antagonizing activation by MST1/STK4.
Negative regulator of MAP3K1/2 signaling. Converts MAP3K2 from its phosphorylated form to its non-phosphorylated form and inhibits autophosphorylation of MAP3K2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by STK3/MST2 and this is enhanced by MOBKL1B.
Functions at least in part by activating the formyl peptide receptors and downstream signaling cascades. Promotes chemotaxis of granulocytes and monocytes via activation of the formyl peptide receptors. Promotes rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, cell polarization and cell migration. Promotes resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Acts via neutrophil N-formyl peptide receptors to enhance the release of CXCL2.
Homodimer; non-covalently linked (By similarity). Homodimer; linked by transglutamylation. Homodimers linked by transglutamylation are observed in placenta, but not in other tissues. Interacts with S100A11. Heterotetramer, formed by two molecules each of S100A11 and ANXA1 (By similarity). Interacts with DYSF (By similarity). Interacts with EGFR (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by protein kinase C, EGFR and TRPM7. Phosphorylated in response to EGF treatment.
Plays important roles in the innate immune response as effector of glucocorticoid-mediated responses and regulator of the inflammatory process. Has anti-inflammatory activity. Plays a role in glucocorticoid-mediated down-regulation of the early phase of the inflammatory response. Contributes to the adaptive immune response by enhancing signaling cascades that are triggered by T-cell activation, regulates differentiation and proliferation of activated T-cells. Promotes the differentiation of T-cells into Th1 cells and negatively regulates differentiation into Th2 cells (By similarity). Has no effect on unstimulated T-cells. Negatively regulates hormone exocytosis via activation of the formyl peptide receptors and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton (By similarity). Has high affinity for Ca(2+) and can bind up to eight Ca(2+) ions (By similarity). Displays Ca(2+)-dependent binding to phospholipid membranes (By similarity). Plays a role in the formation of phagocytic cups and phagosomes. Plays a role in phagocytosis by mediating the Ca(2+)-dependent interaction between phagosomes and the actin cytoskeleton (By similarity).
Proteolytically cleaved by cathepsin CTSG to release the active N-terminal peptide Ac2-26.
The full-length protein can bind eight Ca(2+) ions via the annexin repeats. Calcium binding causes a major conformation change that modifies dimer contacts and leads to surface exposure of the N-terminal phosphorylation sites; in the absence of Ca(2+), these sites are buried in the interior of the protein core. The N-terminal region becomes disordered in response to calcium-binding.
Was originally identified as calcium and phospholipid binding protein that displays Ca(2+)-dependent binding to phospholipid membranes and can promote membrane aggregation in vitro. Was initially identified as inhibitor of phospholipase A2 activity (in vitro). Inhibition of phospholipase activity is mediated via its phospholipid binding activity that limits the access of phospholipase to its substrates.
Binds poly(A) and poly(U) oligoribonucleotides.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetylated amino acids to acetate and free amino acids.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with SPHK1 (By similarity).
Interacts with proteins essential or regulating the formation of functional clathrin-coated pits (Probable). Interacts with CANX (By similarity). Interacts with AP2A1 (By similarity). Interacts with EPS15 (By similarity). Interacts with SH3GL3 (By similarity). Interacts with AMPH (By similarity). Interacts with ITSN1 (via SH3 domains) (By similarity). Interacts with and REPS1 (By similarity).
May function in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Has both a membrane binding/tubulating activity and the ability to recruit proteins essential to the formation of functional clathrin-coated pits. Has a preference for membranes enriched in phosphatidylserine and phosphoinositides and is required for the endocytosis of the transferrin receptor. May also bind tubulin. May play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
Component of ribonuclease P, a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
May function as a negative regulator of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced autophagy.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. Seems to control the nucleotide-dependent binding of mitochondrial HSP70 to substrate proteins (By similarity).
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, GRPEL1 or GRPEL2, TIMM44, TIMM16/PAM16 and TIMM14/DNAJC19. Binds to HSP70, HSC70 and HSJ1B (By similarity).
Component of a complex which is at least composed of HTATSF1/Tat-SF1, the P-TEFb complex components CDK9 and CCNT1, RNA polymerase II, SUPT5H, and NCL/nucleolin. Interacts with GTF2F2/RAP30 and POLR2A. Interacts with TCERG1/CA150. Interacts with SF3A2/SAP62 and the spliceosomal U small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) (By similarity).
Functions as a general transcription factor playing a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. May mediate the reciprocal stimulatory effect of splicing on transcriptional elongation (By similarity).
The RRM domains mediate interaction with U snRNPs.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome - DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. Component of HBO1 complexes, which specifically mediate acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-14' (H3K14ac), and have reduced activity toward histone H4. Component of the MOZ/MORF complex which has a histone H3 acetyltransferase activity.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex. Component of the hbo1 complex. Component of the moz/morf complex.
Belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily. BPI/LBP family.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-5 is the initiator.
Has an anti-hypocalcemic action on calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity (By similarity).
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and two accessory subunits.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP20/USP33 subfamily.
Deubiquitinating enzyme that plays a role in many cellular processes including autophagy, cellular antiviral response or membrane protein biogenesis. Attenuates TLR4-mediated NF-kappa-B signaling by cooperating with beta-arrestin-2/ARRB2 and inhibiting TRAF6 autoubiquitination. Promotes cellular antiviral responses by deconjugating 'Lys-33' and 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination of STING1 leading to its stabilization. Plays an essential role in autophagy induction by regulating the ULK1 stability through deubiquitination of ULK1. Acts as a positive regulator for NF-kappa-B activation by TNF-alpha through deubiquitinating 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of SQSTM1, leading to its increased stability. Acts as a regulator of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating the deubiquitination beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). Plays a central role in ADRB2 recycling and resensitization after prolonged agonist stimulation by constitutively binding ADRB2, mediating deubiquitination of ADRB2 and inhibiting lysosomal trafficking of ADRB2. Upon dissociation, it is probably transferred to the translocated beta-arrestins, possibly leading to beta-arrestins deubiquitination and disengagement from ADRB2. This suggests the existence of a dynamic exchange between the ADRB2 and beta-arrestins. Deubiquitinates DIO2, thereby regulating thyroid hormone regulation. Deubiquitinates HIF1A, leading to stabilize HIF1A and enhance HIF1A-mediated activity. Deubiquitinates MCL1, a pivotal member of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family to regulate its stability. Within the endoplasmic reticulum, participates with USP33 in the rescue of post-translationally targeted membrane proteins that are inappropriately ubiquitinated by the cytosolic protein quality control in the cytosol.
Interacts with VHL, leading to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Interacts with CCP110. Interacts with DIO2. Interacts with HIF1A. Interacts with ADRB2. Interacts with USP18.
The UBP-type zinc finger binds 3 zinc ions. However, it does not bind ubiquitin, probably because the conserved Arg in position 55 is replaced by a Glu residue (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated via a VHL-dependent pathway for proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the KCNMB (TC 8.A.14.1) family.
Interacts with KCNMA1 tetramer. There are probably 4 molecules of KCMNB per KCNMA1 tetramer.
Regulatory subunit of the calcium activated potassium KCNMA1 (maxiK) channel. Modulates the calcium sensitivity and gating kinetics of KCNMA1, thereby contributing to KCNMA1 channel diversity.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Autoubiquitinated in a RING finger- and UBE2D2-dependent manner. Monoubiquitinated by TRIM21. Deubiquitinated by Yersinia YopJ. Ubiquitination may not lead to proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
Can form homodimers and homotrimers. In addition to lower-order dimerization, also exhibits a higher-order multimerization and both low- and high-order multimerizations are essential for its restriction activity. Interacts with BTBD1 and BTBD2. Interacts with PSMC4, PSMC5, PSMD7 and HSPA8/HSC70. Interacts (via B30.2/SPRY domain) with HSPA1A/B. Interacts with PSMC2, MAP3K7/TAK1, TAB2 and TAB3. Interacts with SQSTM1. Interacts with TRIM6 and TRIM34. Interacts with ULK1 (phosphorylated form), GABARAP, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3C and BECN1.
Capsid-specific restriction factor that prevents infection from non-host-adapted retroviruses. Blocks viral replication early in the life cycle, after viral entry but before reverse transcription. In addition to acting as a capsid-specific restriction factor, also acts as a pattern recognition receptor that activates innate immune signaling in response to the retroviral capsid lattice. Binding to the viral capsid triggers its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and in concert with the heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex UBE2V1-UBE2N (also known as UBC13-UEV1A complex) generates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, which in turn are catalysts in the autophosphorylation of the MAP3K7/TAK1 complex (includes TAK1, TAB2, and TAB3). Activation of the MAP3K7/TAK1 complex by autophosphorylation results in the induction and expression of NF-kappa-B and MAPK-responsive inflammatory genes, thereby leading to an innate immune response in the infected cell. Plays a role in regulating autophagy through activation of autophagy regulator BECN1 by causing its dissociation from its inhibitors BCL2 and TAB2.
Degraded in a proteasome-independent fashion in the absence of viral infection but in a proteasome-dependent fashion following exposure to restriction sensitive virus.
The B box-type zinc finger domain and the coiled-coil domain contribute to the higher and low order multimerization respectively which is essential for restriction activity. The coiled coil domain is important for higher order multimerization by promoting the initial dimerization.
The B30.2/SPRY domain acts as a capsid recognition domain. Polymorphisms in this domain explain the observed species-specific differences among orthologs (By similarity).
The RING-type zinc finger domain confers E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is essential for retrovirus restriction activity, autoubiquitination and higher-order multimerization.
Belongs to the purine nucleoside phosphorylase YfiH/LACC1 family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Part of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) peptide loading complex composed of TAP1, TAP2, B2M, MHC heavy chain, TAPBP, PDIA3, and CALR. Interacts with ERP27 and CANX. Interacts with SERPINA2 and SERPINA1 (By similarity). Interacts with ATP2A2 (By similarity).
Protein disulfide isomerase that catalyzes the formation, isomerization, and reduction or oxidation of disulfide bonds in client proteins and functions as a protein folding chaperone. Core component of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) peptide loading complex where it functions as an essential folding chaperone for TAPBP. Through TAPBP, assists the dynamic assembly of the MHC I complex with high affinity antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, plays a crucial role in the presentation of antigens to cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity.
Within the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) peptide loading complex forms reversible disulfide-linked heterodimers with TAPBP as part of its protein folding chaperone activity. This is essential to assist the dynamic assembly of the MHC I complex with high affinity antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Belongs to the TNF receptor-associated factor family. A subfamily.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins during protein synthesis.
Component of the TIM22 complex, which core is composed of TIMM22, associated with TIMM10 (TIMM10A and/or TIMM10B), TIMM9, AGK and TIMM29.
Lipid kinase that can phosphorylate both monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol to form lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phosphatidic acid (PA), respectively (By similarity). Phosphorylates ceramide but not sphingosine (By similarity). Phosphorylates 1,2-dioleoylglycerol more rapidly than 2,3-dioleoylglycerol (By similarity). Independently of its lipid kinase activity, acts as a component of the TIM22 complex (By similarity). The TIM22 complex mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane by forming a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as the external driving force (By similarity). In the TIM22 complex, required for the import of a subset of metabolite carriers into mitochondria, such as ANT1/SLC25A4 and SLC25A24, while it is not required for the import of TIMM23 (By similarity). Overexpression increases the formation and secretion of LPA, resulting in transactivation of EGFR and activation of the downstream MAPK signaling pathway, leading to increased cell growth (By similarity).
Belongs to the apolipoprotein C3 family.
Required for initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.
Exhibits adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidase activity, hydrolyzing purine nucleotide phosphoramidates with a single phosphate group such as adenosine 5'monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH2) to yield AMP and NH2 (By similarity). Hydrolyzes lysyl-AMP (AMP-N-epsilon-(N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester)) generated by lysine tRNA ligase (By similarity).
Forms dimers to octamers and even larger oligomer (By similarity). Interacts with CALM1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Involved in an early step of the mitochondrial complex IV assembly process.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Kinesin II subfamily.
Microtubule-based anterograde translocator for membranous organelles.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family. Klotho subfamily.
Neutral cytosolic beta-glycosidase with a broad substrate specificity that could play a role in the catabolism of glycosylceramides. Has a significant glucosylceramidase activity in vitro. However, that activity is relatively low and its significance in vivo is not clear. Hydrolyzes galactosylceramides/GalCers, glucosylsphingosines/GlcSphs and galactosylsphingosines/GalSphs. However, the in vivo relevance of these activities is unclear. It can also hydrolyze a broad variety of dietary glycosides including phytoestrogens, flavonols, flavones, flavanones and cyanogens in vitro and could therefore play a role in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Possesses transxylosylase activity in vitro using xylosylated ceramides/XylCers (such as beta-D-xylosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine) as xylosyl donors and cholesterol as acceptor. Could also play a role in the catabolism of cytosolic sialyl free N-glycans.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. The magnesium ions interact primarily with the substrate.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Associated with the NPC, however it may not be a stable component of the NPC complex since it shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Interacts with nuclear pore complex proteins NUP155 and NUPL2 (By similarity).
Required for the export of mRNAs containing poly(A) tails from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. May be involved in the terminal step of the mRNA transport through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity).
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Heterotetramer of two alpha-1 chains and two beta chains (P4HB)(the beta chain is the multi-functional PDI), where P4HB plays the role of a structural subunit; this tetramer catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxyproline in collagen.
Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex which consists at least of SMC5, SMC6, NSMCE2, NSMCE1, NSMCE4A or EID3 and NSMCE3. NSMCE1, NSMCE4A or EID3 and NSMCE3 probably form a subcomplex that bridges the head domains of the SMC5-SMC6 heterodimer. Interacts with NSMCE3.
RING-type zinc finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that assembles with melanoma antigen protein (MAGE) to catalyze the direct transfer of ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a specific substrate. Within MAGE-RING ubiquitin ligase complex, MAGE stimulates and specifies ubiquitin ligase activity likely through recruitment and/or stabilization of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme at the E3:substrate complex. Involved in maintenance of genome integrity, DNA damage response and DNA repair. NSMCE3/MAGEG1 and NSMCE1 ubiquitin ligase are components of SMC5-SMC6 complex and may positively regulate homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair.
Homodimer and heterodimer with BCAP31. Binds CASP8 as a complex containing BCAP31, BCAP29, BCL2 and/or BCL2L1. Interacts with VAMP3, VAMP1 and membrane IgD immunoglobulins. May interact with ACTG1 and non-muscle myosin II (By similarity).
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. May be involved in CASP8-mediated apoptosis (By similarity).
Plays a role in the export of secreted proteins in the ER.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 7 family.
Responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids.
Antiapoptotic protein which protects cells uniquely from Fas-induced apoptosis. Regulates Fas-mediated apoptosis in neurons by interfering with caspase-8 activation. Plays a role in cerebellar development by affecting cerebellar size, internal granular layer (IGL) thickness, and Purkinje cell (PC) development (By similarity).
Belongs to the BI1 family. LFG subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphatase and actin regulator family.
Putative acid-stable proteinase inhibitor.
Microtubule-binding protein that negatively regulates centriole duplication. Binds to and stabilizes microtubules.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class III subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues.
Interacts with VRK3, which seems to activate it's phosphatase activity.
Shows activity both for tyrosine-protein phosphate and serine-protein phosphate, but displays a strong preference toward phosphotyrosines. Specifically dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK1 and ERK2 (By similarity).
Transcriptional activator that mediates FGF signaling during neural development (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of cell movement (By similarity). Does not bind DNA by itself (By similarity).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIII family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)).
Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner. Negative regulator of osteogenesis. Blocks the nuclear translocation of the phosphorylated form (by AKT1) of SRPK2 and antagonizes its stimulatory effect on cyclin D1 expression resulting in blockage of neuronal apoptosis elicited by SRPK2. Negative regulator of signaling cascades that mediate activation of MAP kinases via AKAP13.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with SAMSN1 and PRKCE (By similarity). Interacts with AKAP13. Interacts with SSH1 and TORC2/CRTC2. Interacts with ABL1; the interaction results in cytoplasmic location of ABL1 and inhibition of cABL-mediated apoptosis. Interacts with ROR2 (dimer); the interaction results in phosphorylation of YWHAB on tyrosine residues. Interacts with GAB2. Interacts with YAP1 (phosphorylated form). Interacts with the phosphorylated (by AKT1) form of SRPK2. Interacts with PKA-phosphorylated AANAT. Interacts with MYO1C. Interacts with SIRT2 (By similarity). Interacts with the 'Thr-369' phosphorylated form of DAPK2 (By similarity). Interacts with PI4KB, TBC1D22A and TBC1D22B. Interacts with the 'Ser-1134' and 'Ser-1161' phosphorylated form of SOS1 (By similarity). Interacts (via phosphorylated form) with YWHAB; this interaction occurs in a protein kinase AKT1-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with SLITRK1. Interacts with SYNPO2 (phosphorylated form); YWHAB competes with ACTN2 for interaction with SYNPO2 (By similarity). Interacts with RIPOR2 (via phosphorylated form); this interaction occurs in a chemokine-dependent manner and does not compete for binding of RIPOR2 with RHOA nor blocks inhibition of RIPOR2-mediated RHOA activity (By similarity). Interacts with MARK2 and MARK3 (By similarity). Interacts with TESK1; the interaction is dependent on the phosphorylation of TESK1 'Ser-437' and inhibits TESK1 kinase activity (By similarity). Interacts with MEFV (By similarity). Interacts with HDAC4 (By similarity). Interacts with ADAM22 (via C-terminus) (By similarity).
Isoform Short contains a N-acetylmethionine at position 1.
The alpha, brain-specific form differs from the beta form in being phosphorylated. Phosphorylated on Ser-60 by protein kinase C delta type catalytic subunit in a sphingosine-dependent fashion.
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. Has a role in the recognition of the branch site (5'-UACUAAC-3'), the pyrimidine tract and the 3'-splice site at the 3'-end of introns.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Interacts with DICER1; the interaction may be mediated by RNA.
O-methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 5'-monophosphate of cytoplasmic histidyl tRNA (tRNA(His)), acting as a capping enzyme by protecting tRNA(His) from cleavage by DICER1. Also able, with less efficiently, to methylate the 5' monophosphate of a subset of pre-miRNAs, acting as a negative regulator of miRNA processing. The 5' monophosphate of pre-miRNAs is recognized by DICER1 and is required for pre-miRNAs processing: methylation at this position reduces the processing of pre-miRNAs by DICER1. Was also reported to mediate dimethylation of pre-miR-145; however dimethylation cannot be reproduced by another group which observes a monomethylation of pre-miR-145.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 22 family.
Component of the DBIRD complex. Interacts with CCAR2; the interaction is direct (By similarity).
Core component of the DBIRD complex, a multiprotein complex that acts at the interface between core mRNP particles and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and integrates transcript elongation with the regulation of alternative splicing: the DBIRD complex affects local transcript elongation rates and alternative splicing of a large set of exons embedded in (A + T)-rich DNA regions. May play a role in neuronal differentiation and is able to bind DNA and activate expression in vitro (By similarity).
Catalyzes the dehalogenation of halotyrosines such as 3-bromo-L-tyrosine, 3-chloro-L-tyrosine, 3-iodo-L-tyrosine and 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine. During thyroid hormone biosynthesis, facilitates iodide salvage by catalysing the oxidative NADPH-dependent deiodination of the halogenated by-products of thyroid hormone production, monoiodotyrosine (L-MIT) and diiodotyrosine (L-DIT). The scavanged iodide can then reenter the hormone-producing pathways. Acts more efficiently on 3-iodo-L-tyrosine than 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type-1 seryl-tRNA synthetase subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of serine to tRNA(Ser) in a two-step reaction: serine is first activated by ATP to form Ser-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ser). Is probably also able to aminoacylate tRNA(Sec) with serine, to form the misacylated tRNA L-seryl-tRNA(Sec), which will be further converted into selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec). In the nucleus, binds to the VEGFA core promoter and prevents MYC binding and transcriptional activation by MYC. Recruits SIRT2 to the VEGFA promoter, promoting deacetylation of histone H4 at 'Lys-16' (H4K16). Thereby, inhibits the production of VEGFA and sprouting angiogenesis mediated by VEGFA.
Consists of two distinct domains, a catalytic core and a N-terminal extension that is involved in tRNA binding.
Homodimer. The tRNA molecule may bind across the dimer. Interacts with SIRT2. Interacts with METTL6; interaction is required for the tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase activity of METTL6.
Interacts with FTSJ1; the interaction is direct, and required for 2'-O-methylation of position 34 in substrate tRNAs (By similarity). Interacts with IRS4 (By similarity). Interacts with STK11/LKB1 (By similarity).
Together with methyltransferase FTSJ1, methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at position 34 of the tRNA anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs (By similarity). Required for the correct positioning of the substrate tRNA for methylation (By similarity). Required to suppress amino acid starvation-induced autophagy (By similarity). Enhances the STK11/LKB1-induced cell growth suppression activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate antiporter. May transport cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and translocate inorganic phosphate into the opposite direction. Independent of a lumenal glucose-6-phosphatase. May not play a role in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels.
Promotes the formation of filopodia. May activate CDC42, a member of the Ras-like family of Rho- and Rac proteins, by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
Belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex (By similarity). The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP) (By similarity). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits including PSMD12, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
Dimer (By similarity). Can also form higher oligomers (By similarity). Interacts with LCN1; this interaction mediates the endocytosis of LCN1 (By similarity). Interacts with UBAC2, FAF2, VCP, AMFR, ZNRF3, CTNNB1, LRP6, GSK3A, GSK3B, FZD6, DVL2 and RNF43 (By similarity). Interaction with LGB and SCGB1A1 is controversial (By similarity).
Plays an essential role in lymphocyte development by negatively regulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway (By similarity). In association with UBAC2 and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase AMFR, promotes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CTNNB1 and Wnt receptors FZD6 and LRP6 (By similarity). LMBR1L stabilizes the beta-catenin destruction complex that is required for regulating CTNNB1 levels (By similarity). Acts as a LCN1 receptor and can mediate its endocytosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. Torsin subfamily.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM63 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can specifically remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins. Has exodeubiquitinase activity and has a preference for long polyubiquitin chains. May play a regulatory role at the level of protein turnover.
ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. The ATPase activity of XPB/ERCC3, but not its helicase activity, is required for DNA opening. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. The ATP-dependent helicase activity of XPB/ERCC3 is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with PUF60. Interacts with ATF7IP. Interacts with KAT2A; leading to KAT2A recruitment to promoters and acetylation of histones.
Acts as an intracellular estrogen-binding protein. May be involved in modulating cellular levels and biological functions of estrogens in the pancreas. May act as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins (By similarity).
Monomer; predominantly as monomer under reducing conditions. Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Part of a large chaperone multiprotein complex comprising DNAJB11, HSP90B1, HSPA5, HYOU, PDIA2, PDIA4, PDIA6, PPIB, SDF2L1, UGGT1 and very small amounts of ERP29, but not, or at very low levels, CALR nor CANX (By similarity).
The disulfide-linked homodimer exhibits an enhanced chaperone activity.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Catalyzes the deamination of cytidine and deoxycytidine into uridine and deoxyuridine, respectively. May play an important role in testicular development and spermatogenesis.
Forms a SNARE complex, composed of VAMP8, SNAP29 and STX17, involved in fusion of autophagosome with lysosome (By similarity). Interacts with multiple syntaxins including STX6 (By similarity). Interacts with EIPR1 (By similarity). Interacts with STX17; this interaction is increased in the absence of TMEM39A (By similarity).
SNAREs, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors, are essential proteins for fusion of cellular membranes. SNAREs localized on opposing membranes assemble to form a trans-SNARE complex, an extended, parallel four alpha-helical bundle that drives membrane fusion. SNAP29 is a SNARE involved in autophagy through the direct control of autophagosome membrane fusion with the lysososome membrane. Also plays a role in ciliogenesis by regulating membrane fusions.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Saccharide- and LPS-binding protein with possible roles in pathogen sensing and endotoxin neutralization. Ligand-binding specificity relates to the length of the oligosaccharides, with preference for chitotetraose (in vitro) (By similarity).
G-protein coupled receptor for cannabinoids, including endocannabinoids (eCBs), such as N-arachidonoylethanolamide (also called anandamide or AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP.
Belongs to the aggrecan/versican proteoglycan family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 54 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. Interacts with IFIT1 (via TPR repeats 1-4).
Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro catalyzes 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination. Involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Required for sterol-induced ubiquitination of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and its subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Interacts with AUP1 (via C-terminus); the interaction recruits UBE2G2 to lipid droplets. Interacts with ubiquitin ligases AMFR/gp78 and RNF139/TRC8; recruitment to lipid droplets by AUP1 facilitates interaction of UBE2G2 with AMFR and RNF139, leading to sterol-induced ubiquitination of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and its subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Acts as a negative mediator of apoptosis. Suppresses the TNF-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activity but not the processing of procaspase-8, subsequently resulting in inhibition of BID cleavage and caspase-3 activation (By similarity).
Directly interacts with tubulin-gamma; this interaction determines centrosomal localization.
Plays a role in the organization of both preexisting and nascent microtubules in interphase cells. During mitosis, required for the organization and orientation of the mitotic spindle (By similarity).
The coiled-coil domains may be important for tubulin-gamma-binding and hence for centrosomal localization.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Export receptor for importin-alpha. Mediates importin-alpha re-export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after import substrates (cargos) have been released into the nucleoplasm. In the nucleus binds cooperatively to importin-alpha and to the GTPase Ran in its active GTP-bound form. Docking of this trimeric complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated through binding to nucleoporins. Upon transit of a nuclear export complex into the cytoplasm, disassembling of the complex and hydrolysis of Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP (induced by RANBP1 and RANGAP1, respectively) cause release of the importin-alpha from the export receptor. CSE1L/XPO2 then return to the nuclear compartment and mediate another round of transport. The directionality of nuclear export is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Found in a complex with CSE1L/XPO2, Ran and KPNA2. Binds with high affinity to importin-alpha only in the presence of RanGTP. The complex is dissociated by the combined action of RanBP1 and RanGAP1. Interacts with CFTR.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC). Interacts with WNK1 (via amphipathic alpha-helix region); promoting the ER membrane protein complex assembly by preventing EMC2 ubiquitination.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
Ubiquitinated when soluble in the cytoplasm, leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Interaction with EMC2 prevents its ubiquitination and degradation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GalNAc-T subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the processing of the 34S pre-rRNA to 18S rRNA and in 40S ribosomal subunit formation.
RNA 2'-O-methyltransferase involved in the processing of the 34S pre-rRNA to 18S rRNA and in 40S ribosomal subunit formation.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-X family.
DNA polymerase that functions in several pathways of DNA repair. Involved in base excision repair (BER) responsible for repair of lesions that give rise to abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Also contributes to DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Has both template-dependent and template-independent (terminal transferase) DNA polymerase activities. Has also a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2) during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Has also a structural role in the COQ enzyme complex, stabilizing other COQ polypeptides. Involved in lifespan determination in a ubiquinone-independent manner.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9. Interacts with ADCK4 and COQ6. Interacts with COQ9.
Binds to nucleosomes, regulating chromatin structure and consequently, chromatin-dependent processes such as transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair. Affects both insulin and glucagon levels and modulates the expression of pancreatic genes involved in insulin secretion. Regulates the expression of the glucose transporter SLC2A2 by binding specifically to its promoter region and recruiting PDX1 and additional transcription factors. Regulates the expression of SLC6A9, a glycine transporter which regulates the glycine concentration in synaptic junctions in the central nervous system, by binding to its transcription start site. May play a role in ocular development and astrocyte function (By similarity).
Interacts with the ligand binding domain of the thyroid receptor (TR) (in vitro). Requires the presence of thyroid hormone for its interaction. Interacts with transcriptional regulator SEHBP. Interacts with nucleosomes.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
Probable serine lipid hydrolase associated with lipid droplets. Appears to lack cholesterol esterase activity. Appears to lack triglyceride lipase activity. Highly expressed in macrophage-rich areas in atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that it could promote cholesterol ester turnover in macrophages.
The catalytic activity is unsure despite catalytic sites being conserved.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I type 2/NIF3 family.
Homodimer. Interacts with COPS2. Interacts with THOC7.
May function as a transcriptional corepressor through its interaction with COPS2, negatively regulating the expression of genes involved in neuronal differentiation.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
Found in a nuclear export complex with XPO5, EEF1A1, Ran and aminoacylated tRNA. Interacts with PARP1 and TXK. Interacts with KARS1. May interact with ERGIC2. Interacts with IFIT1 (via TPR repeats 4-7) (By similarity). May interact with ERGIC2. Interacts with IFIT1 (via TPR repeats 4-7) (By similarity). Interacts with DLC1, facilitating distribution to the membrane periphery and ruffles upon growth factor stimulation. Interacts with ZPR1; the interaction occurs in a epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with PPP1R16B (By similarity). Interacts with SPHK1 and SPHK2; both interactions increase SPHK1 and SPHK2 kinase activity (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by TXK. Phosphorylation by PASK increases translation efficiency. Phosphorylated by ROCK2. Phosphorylation by TGFBR1 inhibits translation elongation.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Translation elongation factor that catalyzes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the A-site of ribosomes during the elongation phase of protein synthesis. Base pairing between the mRNA codon and the aa-tRNA anticodon promotes GTP hydrolysis, releasing the aa-tRNA from EEF1A1 and allowing its accommodation into the ribosome. The growing protein chain is subsequently transferred from the P-site peptidyl tRNA to the A-site aa-tRNA, extending it by one amino acid through ribosome-catalyzed peptide bond formation. Also plays a role in the positive regulation of IFNG transcription in T-helper 1 cells as part of an IFNG promoter-binding complex with TXK and PARP1.
Trimethylated at Lys-79 by EEF1AKMT1. Methylated at Lys-165 by EEF1AKMT3, methylation by EEF1AKMT3 is dynamic as well as inducible by stress conditions, such as ER-stress, and plays a regulatory role on mRNA translation. Trimethylated at Lys-318 by EEF1AKMT2. Mono-, di-, and trimethylated at Lys-36 by EEF1AKMT4; trimethylated form is predominant. Methylation by EEF1AKMT4 contributes to the fine-tuning of translation rates for a subset of tRNAs. Trimethylated at Gly-2 by METTL13. Mono- and dimethylated at Lys-55 by METTL13; dimethylated form is predominant.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-385 by RNF14 in response to ribosome collisions (ribosome stalling), leading to its degradation by the proteasome and rescue of stalled ribosomes.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I35 (TIMP) family.
Interacts with MMP1, MMP3, MMP10 and MMP13, but has only very low affinity for MMP14. Interacts with CD63; identified in a complex with CD63 and ITGB1 (By similarity).
Metalloproteinase inhibitor that functions by forming one to one complexes with target metalloproteinases, such as collagenases, and irreversibly inactivates them by binding to their catalytic zinc cofactor. Acts on MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13 and MMP16. Does not act on MMP14. Also functions as a growth factor that regulates cell differentiation, migration and cell death and activates cellular signaling cascades via CD63 and ITGB1. Plays a role in integrin signaling (By similarity).
The activity of TIMP1 is dependent on the presence of disulfide bonds.
Despite its name it is related to the unc-93 family and not to the major facilitator superfamily.
Forms heterodimers with BAR domain-containing sorting nexins SNX1 and SNX2. The heterodimers are proposed to self-assemble into helical arrays on the membrane to stabilize and expand local membrane curvature underlying endosomal tubule formation. Thought to be a component of the originally described retromer complex (also called SNX-BAR retromer) which is a pentamer containing the heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC), also described as vacuolar protein sorting subcomplex (VPS), and a heterodimeric membrane-deforming subcomplex formed between SNX1 or SNX2 and SNX5 or SNX6 (also called SNX-BAR subcomplex); the respective CSC and SNX-BAR subcomplexes associate with low affinity. Interacts with SNX1, SNX2, VPS26A, VPS29, VPS35, TGFB receptors, BACE1, BRMS1, PIP5K1C. Interacts with DCTN1; the association with DCTN1 is involved in movement of retromer-c ontaining vesicles toward the TGN. Interacts with PIM1; translocating SNX6 to the nucleus. Interacts with CDKN1B and GIT1.
In vitro phosphorylated by PIM1; not affecting PIM1-dependent nuclear translocation (By similarity).
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking. Interacts with membranes phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and/or phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (Probable). Acts in part as component of the retromer membrane-deforming SNX-BAR subcomplex. The SNX-BAR retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and is involved in endosome-to-plasma membrane transport for cargo protein recycling. The SNX-BAR subcomplex functions to deform the donor membrane into a tubular profile called endosome-to-TGN transport carrier (ETC). Does not have in vitro vesicle-to-membrane remodeling activity. Involved in retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport of lysosomal enzyme receptor IGF2R. May function as link between transport vesicles and dynactin. Negatively regulates retrograde transport of BACE1 from the cell surface to the trans-Golgi network. Involved in E-cadherin sorting and degradation; inhibits PIP5K1C-mediated E-cadherin degradation. In association with GIT1 involved in EGFR degradation. Promotes lysosomal degradation of CDKN1B. May contribute to transcription regulation (By similarity).
The PX domain mediates interaction with membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and/or phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Belongs to the WD repeat DDB2/WDR76 family.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the key rate-limiting step in the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation as a weak repressor when alone, or a potent one when fused with a heterologous protein containing a KRAB B-domain.
Adds a GMP to the 5'-end of tRNA(His) after transcription and RNase P cleavage.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity (By similarity).
TFIIA is a heterodimer of a unprocessed large subunit 1 and a small subunit gamma. It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit. TFIIA forms a complex with TBP (By similarity).
The alpha and beta subunits are postranslationally produced from the precursor formby TASP1. The cleavage promotes proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DIPP subfamily.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat PROPPIN family.
Component of the autophagy machinery that controls the major intracellular degradation process by which cytoplasmic materials are packaged into autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P), and other phosphoinositides including PtdIns(3,5)P2, forming on membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum upon activation of the upstream ULK1 and PI3 kinases and is recruited at phagophore assembly sites where it regulates the elongation of nascent phagophores downstream of WIPI2. In the cellular response to starvation, may also function together with the TSC1-TSC2 complex and RB1CC1 in the inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway.
Interacts with the TSC1-TSC2 complex; stimulated upon starvation. Interacts with RB1CC1.
The L/FRRG motif is required for recruitment to PtdIns3P.
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
As part of the MCIA complex, involved in the assembly of the mitochondrial complex I.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-23 is the initiator.
Part of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex with Elongin BC (ELOB and ELOC), RBX1 and CUL5. Component of a probable ECS(LRRC41) complex which contains CUL5, RNF7/RBX2, Elongin BC and LRRC41. Interacts with CUL5, RNF7, ELOB and ELOC (By similarity).
Probable substrate recognition component of an ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
The Elongin BC complex binding domain is also known as BC-box with the consensus [APST]-L-x(3)-C-x(3)-[AILV].
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL7 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:3(n-3) acyl-CoAs and C18:3(n-6)-CoAs. Also active toward C20:4-, C18:0-, C18:1-, C18:2- and C16:0-CoAs, and weakly toward C20:0-CoA. Little or no activity toward C22:0-, C24:0-, or C26:0-CoAs. May participate to the production of saturated and polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
The C-terminal di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The GARP complex is required for the maintenance of the cycling of mannose 6-phosphate receptors between the TGN and endosomes, this cycling is necessary for proper lysosomal sorting of acid hydrolases such as CTSD. Acts as component of the EARP complex that is involved in endocytic recycling. The EARP complex associates with Rab4-positive endosomes and promotes recycling of internalized transferrin receptor (TFRC) to the plasma membrane.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, also called VFT (VPS fifty-three) complex, composed of VPS51, VPS52, VPS53 and VPS54 (By similarity). Component of the endosome-associated retrograde protein (EARP) complex, composed of VPS51, VPS52, VPS53 and VPS50/Syndetin (By similarity). EIPR1 interacts with both EARP and GARP complexes and mediates the recruitment of the GARP complex to the trans-Golgi network (By similarity). Interacts with VPS50 in an EIPR1-independent manner (By similarity).
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Choline/H+ antiporter, mainly in mitochodria. Also acts as a low-affinity ethanolamine/H+ antiporter, regulating the supply of extracellular ethanolamine (Etn) for the CDP-Etn pathway, redistribute intracellular Etn and balance the CDP-Cho and CDP-Etn arms of the Kennedy pathway.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Transcription coregulator that can have both coactivator and corepressor functions.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an essential intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol.
Ferritin receptor that mediates non-transferrin-dependent delivery of iron. Mediates cellular uptake of ferritin-bound iron by stimulating ferritin endocytosis from the cell surface with consequent iron delivery within the cell. Delivery of iron to cells by ferritin is required for the development of specific cell types, suggesting the existence of cell type-specific mechanisms of iron traffic in organogenesis, which alternatively utilize transferrin or non-transferrin iron delivery pathways. Ferritin mediates iron uptake in capsule cells of the developing kidney. Binds preferrentially ferritin light chain (FTL) compared to heavy chain (FTH1).
Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
Belongs to the GTR/RAG GTP-binding protein family.
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein that plays a crucial role in the cellular response to amino acid availability through regulation of the mTORC1 signaling cascade.
A scaffold protein that connects plasma membrane proteins and regulatory components, regulating their surface expression in epithelial cells apical domains. May be involved in the coordination of a diverse range of regulatory processes for ion transport and second messenger cascades. In complex with NHERF1, may cluster proteins that are functionally dependent in a mutual fashion and modulate the trafficking and the activity of the associated membrane proteins. May play a role in the cellular mechanisms associated with multidrug resistance through its interaction with ABCC2 and PDZK1IP1. May potentiate the CFTR chloride channel activity. Required for normal cell-surface expression of SCARB1. Plays a role in maintaining normal plasma cholesterol levels via its effects on SCARB1. Plays a role in the normal localization and function of the chloride-anion exchanger SLC26A6 to the plasma membrane in the brush border of the proximal tubule of the kidney. May be involved in the regulation of proximal tubular Na(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransport therefore playing an important role in tubule function (By similarity).
Interaction with the C-terminus of CFTR could be mediated through independent binding of PDZ 1, 3 and 4 domains.
Interacts with PDZK1IP1 and ABCC2. Binds to the C-terminal region of SLC26A3. Interacts (via PDZ domains 1 and 3) with SCARB1 (C-terminal domain). Forms a heterodimeric complex with NHERF1. Interacts with AKAP2, BCR, CFTR, SLCO1A1, SLC22A12, SLC22A4, SLC22A5, NHERF2 and SLC17A1. Component of a complex, composed of PDZK1, SYNGAP1, KLHL17 and NMDA receptors. Interacts (via PDZ1 domain) directly with KLHL17; the interaction is important for integrity of actin cytoskeleton structures in neurons. Interacts (via C-terminal PDZ domain) with SLC26A6 (via C-terminal domain). Interacts (via C-terminal PDZ domain) with SLC9A3 (via C-terminal domain). Interacts (via the first PDZ domain) with PTGIR (via non-isoprenylated C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts (via PDZ domains 1 and 3) with SLC5A8 (via PDZ-binding motif); interaction increases nicotinate transport activity of SLC5A8 (By similarity).
The PDZ 1 and 3 domains seem to be involved in the interaction with SLCO1A1.
The PDZ 2 and 3 domains seem to be involved in the interaction with SLC26A3.
The PDZ 2 and 4 domains do not interact with the C-terminal region of SCARB1.
Belongs to the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase family.
Acts as a nucleotide-exchange factor (NEF) for chaperone proteins HSPA1A and HSPA1B, promoting the release of ADP from HSPA1A/B thereby triggering substrate release. Prevents the aggregation of denatured proteins in cells under severe stress, on which the ATP levels decrease markedly. Inhibits HSPA8/HSC70 ATPase and chaperone activities.
Interacts with HSPA8/HSC70. Interacts with HSPA1A (via NBD) and HSPA1B (via NBD).
Phosphorylation on Ser-509 may be important for regulation of the HSPA8/HSC70 chaperone activity.
Negatively regulates growth hormone (GH) receptor cell surface expression in liver. May play a role in liver resistance to GH during periods of reduced nutrient availability (By similarity).
The TCR-CD3 complex is composed of a CD3D/CD3E and a CD3G/CD3E heterodimers that preferentially associate with TCRalpha and TCRbeta, respectively, to form TCRalpha/CD3E/CD3G and TCRbeta/CD3G/CD3E trimers. In turn, the hexamer interacts with CD3Z homodimer to form the TCR-CD3 complex. Alternatively, TCRalpha and TCRbeta can be replaced by TCRgamma and TCRdelta.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 28 family.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins, SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP. Component of the U1 snRNP. The U1 snRNP is composed of the U1 snRNA and the 7 core Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG, and at least three U1 snRNP-specific proteins SNRNP70/U1-70K, SNRPA/U1-A and SNRPC/U1-C. Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, SNRNP40, SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF, SNRPG, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39, plus LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7 and LSM8. Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns. Part of the SMN-Sm complex that contains SMN1, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, GEMIN4, GEMIN5, GEMIN6, GEMIN7, GEMIN8, STRAP/UNRIP and the Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG; catalyzes core snRNPs assembly. Forms a 6S pICln-Sm complex composed of CLNS1A/pICln, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG; ring-like structure where CLNS1A/pICln mimics additional Sm proteins and which is unable to assemble into the core snRNP. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SMN1 (via Tudor domain); the interaction is direct. Interacts with GEMIN2; the interaction is direct. Interacts with SNRPD2; the interaction is direct.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs. May act as a charged protein scaffold to promote snRNP assembly or strengthen snRNP-snRNP interactions through non-specific electrostatic contacts with RNA.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Very large inducible GTPase (VLIG) family.
May be involved in cell cycle progression through the regulation of cyclin D1 expression.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR4 subfamily.
In the cytosol, upon its detection of both bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and NBRE-containing mitochondrial DNA released by GSDMD pores during pyroptosis, it promotes non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation by stimulating association of NLRP3 and NEK7.
Alpha2 catalytic subunit of the cytosolic type I platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH (I)) heterotetrameric enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolyze of the acetyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and its analogs and modulates the action of PAF. The activity and substrate specificity of PAF-AH (I) are affected by its subunit composition. The alpha2/alpha2 homodimer (PAFAH1B2/PAFAH1B2 homodimer) hydrolyzes PAF and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (AAGPE) more efficiently than 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid (AAGPA). In contrast, the alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer(PAFAH1B3/PAFAH1B3 heterodimer) hydrolyzes AAGPA more efficiently than PAF, but has little hydrolytic activity towards AAGPE (By similarity). May play a role in male germ cell meiosis during the late pachytenestage and meiotic divisions as well as early spermiogenesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB beta/gamma subunits subfamily.
Beta subunit (PAFAH1B1) stimulates the acetylhydrolase activity of the alpha2/alpha2 catalytic homodimer.
Forms a catalytic dimer which is either homodimer (alpha2/alpha2 homodimer) or heterodimer with PAFAH1B3 (alpha2/alpha1 heterodimer). Component of the cytosolic (PAF-AH (I)) heterotetrameric enzyme, which is composed of PAFAH1B1 (beta), PAFAH1B2 (alpha2) and PAFAH1B3 (alpha1) subunits. The catalytic activity of the enzyme resides in the alpha1 (PAFAH1B3) and alpha2 (PAFAH1B2) subunits, whereas the beta subunit (PAFAH1B1) has regulatory activity. Trimer formation is not essential for the catalytic activity (By similarity). Interacts (homodimer form) with PAFAH1B1 (homodimer form); PAFAH1B2 competes with NDEL1 for PAFAH1B1 binding (By similarity). Interacts with VLDLR; this interaction may modulate the Reelin pathway (By similarity).
Originally the subunits of the type I platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase was named alpha (PAFAH1B1), beta (PAFAH1B2) and gamma (PAFAH1B3) (By similarity). Now these subunits have been renamed beta (PAFAH1B1), alpha2 (PAFAH1B2) and alpha1 (PAFAH1B3) respectively (By similarity).
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules (By similarity). The intermediate chains mediate the binding of dynein to dynactin via its 150 kDa component (p150-glued) DCTN1 (By similarity). Involved in membrane-transport, such as Golgi apparatus, late endosomes and lysosomes (By similarity).
Belongs to the dynein intermediate chain family.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs), light intermediate chains (LICs) and light chains (LCs); the composition seems to vary in respect to the IC, LIC and LC composition. The heavy chain homodimer serves as a scaffold for the probable homodimeric assembly of the respective non-catalytic subunits. The ICs and LICs bind directly to the HC dimer and the LCs assemble on the IC dimer (By similarity). Interacts with DYNLT3 (By similarity). Interacts with DYNLT1 (By similarity). Interacts (dephosphorylated at Ser-90) with DCTN1 (By similarity). Interacts with BICD2. Interacts with SPEF2 (By similarity).
Pyrophosphorylation by 5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (5-IP7) promotes interaction with DCTN1. Serine pyrophosphorylation is achieved by Mg(2+)-dependent, but enzyme independent transfer of a beta-phosphate from a inositol pyrophosphate to a pre-phosphorylated serine residue.
The phosphorylation status of Ser-90 appears to be involved in dynactin-dependent target binding.
Interacts with UBA5. Interacts with UFC1.
Ubiquitin-like modifier which can be covalently attached via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of substrate proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer. The so-called ufmylation, requires the UFM1-activating E1 enzyme UBA5, the UFM1-conjugating E2 enzyme UFC1, and the UFM1-ligase E3 enzyme UFL1. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Ufmylation of TRIP4 regulates nuclear receptors-mediated transcription.
Inhibits p53- and p73-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by binding its transcriptional activation domain.
Interacts with GTP bound ARL2 and ARL3; the complex ARL2-ARL2BP as well as ARL2BP alone, binds to SLC25A4/ANT1. Interaction with ARL2 may be required for cilia basal body localization (By similarity). Interacts with STAT3; interaction is enhanced with ARL2. Found in a complex with ARL2BP, ARL2 and SLC25A6. Found in a complex with ARL2, ARL2BP and SLC25A4. Interacts with STAT2, STAT3 and STAT4.
Together with ARL2, plays a role in the nuclear translocation, retention and transcriptional activity of STAT3. May play a role as an effector of ARL2 (By similarity).
Together with ARL2, plays a role in the nuclear translocation, retention and transcriptional activity of STAT3. May play a role as an effector of ARL2.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily.
Heterodimer with other nuclear receptors.
Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. May play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Transports zinc ions across cell and organelle membranes into the cytoplasm and regulates intracellular zinc homeostasis. Participates in the zinc ions efflux out of the secretory compartments. Also functions as membrane androgen receptor that mediates, through a G protein, the non-classical androgen signaling pathway, characterized by the activation of MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) and transcription factors CREB1 or ATF1. Moreover, has dual functions as membrane-bound androgen receptor and as an androgen-dependent zinc transporter both of which are mediated through an inhibitory G protein (Gi) that mediates both MAP kinase and zinc signaling leading to the androgen-dependent apoptotic process.
Transports zinc ions across cell and organelle membranes into the cytoplasm and regulates intracellular zinc homeostasis. Participates in the zinc ions efflux out of the secretory compartments. Regulates intracellular zinc level, resulting in the enhancement of AKT1 and MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation in response to the BCR activation (By similarity). Also functions as membrane androgen receptor that mediates, through a G protein, the non-classical androgen signaling pathway, characterized by the activation of MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) and transcription factors CREB1 or ATF1 (By similarity). This pathway contributes to CLDN1 and CLDN5 expression and tight junction formation between adjacent Sertoli cells (By similarity). Mediates androgen-induced vascular endothelial cell proliferation through activation of an inhibitory G protein leading to the AKT1 and MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) activation which in turn modulate inhibition (phosphorylation) of GSK3B and CCND1 transcription. Moreover, has dual functions as membrane-bound androgen receptor and as an androgen-dependent zinc transporter both of which are mediated through an inhibitory G protein (Gi) that mediates both MAP kinase and zinc signaling leading to the androgen-dependent apoptotic process (By similarity).
Retinol-binding protein that mediates retinol transport in blood plasma.
Citrate synthase-lysine methyltransferase activity is inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) and oxaloacetate (OAA).
Protein-lysine methyltransferase that selectively trimethylates citrate synthase (CS) in mitochondria. Seems to conduct trimethylation in a highly distributive manner rather than in a processive manner, and thus introduces a single methyl group per binding event.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP12/USP46 subfamily.
Deubiquitinating enzyme that plays a role in behavior, possibly by regulating GABA action. May act by mediating the deubiquitination of GAD1/GAD67 (By similarity). Has almost no deubiquitinating activity by itself and requires the interaction with WDR48 to have a high activity. Not involved in deubiquitination of monoubiquitinated FANCD2 (By similarity).
Interacts with WDR48. Interacts with WDR20.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, and thus regulates transcriptional activity.
Accessory subunit that is involved in the functional assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Complex I has an NADH dehydrogenase activity with ubiquinone as an immediate electron acceptor and mediates the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. Interacts with CHCHD4.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Heterooligomer of subunits alpha (IDH3A), beta (IDH3B), and gamma (IDH3G) in the apparent ratio of 2:1:1. The heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3B subunit and the heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3G subunit assemble into a heterotetramer (which contains two subunits of IDH3A, one of IDH3B and one of IDH3G) and further into the heterooctamer.
Plays a structural role to facilitate the assembly and ensure the full activity of the enzyme catalyzing the decarboxylation of isocitrate (ICT) into alpha-ketoglutarate. The heterodimer composed of the alpha (IDH3A) and beta (IDH3B) subunits and the heterodimer composed of the alpha (IDH3A) and gamma (IDH3G) subunits, have considerable basal activity but the full activity of the heterotetramer (containing two subunits of IDH3A, one of IDH3B and one of IDH3G) requires the assembly and cooperative function of both heterodimers.
The heterotetramer and the heterodimer composed of IDH3A and IDH3G subunits can be allosterically activated by citrate (CIT) or/and ADP, and the two activators can act independently or synergistically. The heterodimer composed of IDH3A and IDH3B subunits cannot be allosterically regulated and the allosteric regulation of the heterotetramer is through the IDH3G subunit and not the IDH3B subunit. The IDH3G subunit contains the allosteric site which consists of a CIT-binding site and an ADP-binding site, and the binding of CIT and ADP causes conformational changes at the allosteric site which are transmitted to the active site in the catalytic subunit (IDH3A) through a cascade of conformational changes at the heterodimer interface, leading to stabilization of the isocitrate-binding at the active site and thus activation of the enzyme. ATP can activate the heterotetramer and the heterodimer composed of IDH3A and IDH3G subunits at low concentrations but inhibits their activities at high concentrations, whereas ATP exhibits only inhibitory effect on the heterodimer composed of IDH3A and IDH3B subunits.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
Interacts with OPRM1 (By similarity). Interacts with palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC17/HIP14; the interaction leads to palmitoylation of GPM6A (By similarity).
Involved in neuronal differentiation, including differentiation and migration of neuronal stem cells. Plays a role in neuronal plasticity and is involved in neurite and filopodia outgrowth, filopodia motility and probably synapse formation. GPM6A-induced filopodia formation involves mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Src signaling pathways. May be involved in neuronal NGF-dependent Ca(2+) influx. May be involved in regulation of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs); enhances internalization and recycling of mu-type opioid receptor (By similarity).
May play a role in lipid transport protein in Schwann cells. May bind cholesterol.
Found in a cytoplasmic RNP complex with STAU2. Interacts with STAU2. Does not interact with STAU1 (By similarity).
Involved in postimplantation and gastrulation stages of development. Involved in the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of STAU2. Binds to DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.
Probable GTPase that plays a role in the mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit assembly. Specifically binds the 12S mitochondrial rRNA (12S mt-rRNA) to a 33 nucleotide section delineating the 3' terminal stem-loop region. May act as a chaperone that protects the 12S mt-rRNA on the 28S mitoribosomal subunit during ribosomal small subunit assembly.
Deubiquitinates monoubiquitinated probes (in vitro). When ubiquitinated, cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked and 'Lys-48'-linked poly-ubiquitin chains (in vitro), hence may act as a deubiquitinating enzyme. May increase macropinocytosis and suppress clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. May enhance membrane dynamics and cell motility independently of its catalytic activity (By similarity).
Monoubiquitinated. Ubiquitination activates deubiquitination activity in vitro.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Bicoid subfamily.
Belongs to the peptidase C78 family. ZUFSP subfamily.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase E subfamily.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Component of the XAB2 complex, a multimeric protein complex composed of XAB2, PRPF19, AQR, ZNF830, ISY1, and PPIE. Identified in a pentameric intron-binding (IB) complex composed of AQR, XAB2, ISY1, ZNF830 and PPIE that is incorporated into the spliceosome as a preassembled complex. The IB complex does not contain PRPF19. Interacts (via RNA-binding domain) with KMT2A (via the third PHD-type zinc-finger).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Combines RNA-binding and PPIase activities. Binds mRNA and has a preference for single-stranded RNA molecules with poly-A and poly-U stretches, suggesting it binds to the poly(A)-region in the 3'-UTR of mRNA molecules. Catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in proteins. Inhibits KMT2A activity; this requires proline isomerase activity.
The RRM domain mediates both interaction with RNA and with KMT2A (via the third PHD-type zinc-finger), but has much higher affinity for the KMT2A PHD-type zinc-finger.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. DMPK subfamily.
May be a centrosome-associated protein. Interacts with MYOC; affects its secretion and its aggregation.
Homooligomer. Interacts with TNFAIP3. Interacts with STARD13. Interacts with MYO6. Interacts with TOM1; the interaction is indirect and is mediated by MYO6, which acts as a bridge between TOM1 and TAX1BP1. Interacts with MAVS; this interaction induces MAVS polyubiquitination. Interacts with TNIP1. Interacts with TRAF6; this interaction mediates deubiquitination of TRAF6 and inhibition of NF-kappa-B activation. Interacts with RIPK1; this interaction negatively regulates RIPK1 ubiquitination. Interacts with NBR1. Interacts with TBK1. Interacts with RB1CC1. Interacts with SQSTM1. Interacts with AZI2.
The C-terminal UBZ-type zinc fingers function as ubiquitin-binding domains.
Ubiquitin-binding adapter that participates in inflammatory, antiviral and innate immune processes as well as selective autophagy regulation. Plays a key role in the negative regulation of NF-kappa-B and IRF3 signalings by acting as an adapter for the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20/TNFAIP3 to bind and inactivate its substrates. Disrupts the interactions between the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3 and TBK1/IKBKE to attenuate 'Lys63'-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1 and thereby IFN-beta production. Recruits also A20/TNFAIP3 to ubiquitinated signaling proteins TRAF6 and RIPK1, leading to their deubiquitination and disruption of IL-1 and TNF-induced NF-kappa-B signaling pathways. Inhibits virus-induced apoptosis by inducing the 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of MAVS via recruitment of the E3 ligase ITCH, thereby attenuating MAVS-mediated apoptosis signaling. As a macroautophagy/autophagy receptor, facilitates the xenophagic clearance of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Upon NBR1 recruitment to the SQSTM1-ubiquitin condensates, acts as the major recruiter of RB1CC1 to these ubiquitin condensates to promote their autophagic degradation.
Ancillary protein that assembles as a beta subunit with a voltage-gated potassium channel complex of pore-forming alpha subunits. Modulates the gating kinetics and enhances stability of the channel complex. Assembled with KCNB1 modulates the gating characteristics of the delayed rectifier voltage-dependent potassium channel KCNB1. Assembled with KCNQ1/KVLQT1 is proposed to form the slowly activating delayed rectifier cardiac potassium (IKs) channel. The outward current reaches its steady state only after 50 seconds. Assembled with KCNH2/HERG may modulate the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifying potassium current in heart (IKr).
Belongs to the potassium channel KCNE family.
Interacts with KCNB1. Interacts with KCNC2 (By similarity). Associates with KCNH2/HERG. Interacts with KCNQ1; targets the complex KCNQ1-KCNE1 to the membrane raft (By similarity).
N-glycosylation at Asn-26 occurs post-translationally, and requires prior cotranslational glycosylation at Asn-5.
Phosphorylation inhibits the potassium current.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Involved in effecient integration of the N-module into mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.
Contributes to the neddylation of all cullins by transferring NEDD8 from N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme to different cullin C-terminal domain-RBX complexes which is necessary for the activation of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). May play a role in DNA damage response and may participate in cell proliferation and anchorage-independent cell growth.
Part of a complex that contains DCUN1D5, CUL1 and RBX1; this interaction is bridged by CUL1. Interacts (via the DCUN1 domain) with the unneddylated cullins: interacts with CUL1, CUL2, CUL3, CUL4A, CUL4B and CUL5; these interactions promote the cullin neddylation and the identity of the cullin dictates the affinity of the interaction. Interacts (via DCUN1 domain) with UBE2M (N-terminally acetylated form) and probably with UBE2F (N-terminally acetylated form). May also interact with regulators or subunits of cullin-RING ligases such as RBX1, RNF7, ELOB and DDB1; these interactions are bridged by cullins. Interacts with CAND1; this interaction is bridged by cullins and strongly inhibits the neddylation of cullins. These CAND-cullin-DCNL complexes can only be neddylated in the presence of a substrate adapter.
Phosphorylation at Ser-41 is independent of cullin's interaction. Phosphorylated in response to both TICAM1 and MYD88 dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway activation (By similarity). Phosphorylated in response to IL1B stimulation (By similarity).
The DCUN1 domain, also known as PONY domain, mediates the interaction with different cullins. The DCUN1 domain mediates the interaction with the N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme leading to the NEDD8 transfer from N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme to different cullin C-terminal domain-RBX complexes; the neddylation efficiency correlates with the DCUN1D5-cullin and DCUN1D5-E2 interaction affinities.
Hypothalamic neuropeptide which binds to the G-protein-coupled galanin receptors (GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3). Involved in a large number of putative physiological functions in CNS homeostatic processes, including the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion.
DNA-binding transcription regulator that regulates endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression. Specifically binds the 5'-[AT]NTNN[GT]GGCA[AGT]-3' core DNA sequence and acts by modulating expression of pRB-E2F cell-cycle target genes, including RRM1. Component of a THAP1/THAP3-HCFC1-OGT complex that is required for the regulation of the transcriptional activity of RRM1. May also have pro-apoptotic activity by potentiating both serum-withdrawal and TNF-induced apoptosis (By similarity).
DNA-binding transcription regulator that regulates endothelial cell proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle progression. Specifically binds the 5'-[AT]NTNN[GT]GGCA[AGT]-3' core DNA sequence and acts by modulating expression of pRB-E2F cell-cycle target genes.
Interacts with PAWR. Component of a THAP1/THAP3-HCFC1-OGT complex that contains, either THAP1 or THAP3, HCFC1 and OGT. Interacts with OGT. Interacts (via the HBM) with HCFC1 (via the Kelch-repeat domain); the interaction recruits HCFC1 to the RRM1 promoter (By similarity).
Interacts with PAWR. Component of a THAP1/THAP3-HCFC1-OGT complex that contains, either THAP1 or THAP3, HCFC1 and OGT. Interacts with OGT. Interacts (via the HBM) with HCFC1 (via the Kelch-repeat domain); the interaction recruits HCFC1 to the RRM1 promoter.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35A subfamily.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
May function as calcium sensor and modulator, contributing to cellular calcium signaling. May function by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and indirectly play a role in many physiological processes such as the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and in cell motility. Binds 2 calcium ions. Calcium binding is cooperative.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G1/EIF4G3. Interacts with PAIP1, EIF4E and UPF2. Found in a complex with XPO7, EIF4A1, ARHGAP1, VPS26A, VPS29, VPS35 and SFN. May interact with NOM1. Interacts with PDCD4; this interferes with the interaction between EIF4A and EIF4G. Interacts with RBM4 (By similarity). Interacts with DDX3X in an RNA-independent manner (By similarity).
Involved in the regulation of both adhesion and cell morphology and cancer progression. Functions as an anti-adhesive molecule that maintains an open filtration pathway between neighboring foot processes in the podocyte by charge repulsion. Acts as a pro-adhesive molecule, enhancing the adherence of cells to immobilized ligands, increasing the rate of migration and cell-cell contacts in an integrin-dependent manner. Induces the formation of apical actin-dependent microvilli. Involved in the formation of a preapical plasma membrane subdomain to set up initial epithelial polarization and the apical lumen formation during renal tubulogenesis. Plays a role in cancer development and aggressiveness by inducing cell migration and invasion through its interaction with the actin-binding protein EZR. Affects EZR-dependent signaling events, leading to increased activities of the MAPK and PI3K pathways in cancer cells.
Belongs to the TNF receptor-associated factor family.
One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3'-end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNAs. This subunit is directly involved in the binding to pre-mRNAs (By similarity).
The CSTF complex is composed of CSTF1 (50 kDa subunit), CSTF2 (64 kDa subunit) and CSTF3 (77 kDa subunit). CSTF2 directly interacts with CSTF3, SYMPK and RPO2TC1. Interacts with HSF1 in heat-stressed cells (By similarity). Interacts with CPSF2, CPSF3 and FIP1L1. Interacts with DDX1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the peptidase C65 family. Otulin subfamily.
Appears to function synergistically with RBM14 as a transcriptional coactivator. Component of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling subcomplex GBAF that carries out key enzymatic activities, changing chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome in an ATP-dependent manner.
Interacts with MLLT10. Isoform 1 interacts with RBM14 isoform 1. Isoform 2 interacts with RBM14 isoform 1. Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF: SWI/SNF-A (BAF), SWI/SNF-B (PBAF) and related complexes. The canonical complex contains a catalytic subunit (either SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A or SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B) and at least SMARCE1, ACTL6A/BAF53, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCC2/BAF170, and SMARCB1/SNF5/BAF47. Other subunits specific to each of the complexes may also be present permitting several possible combinations developmentally and tissue specific. Component of the SWI/SNF (GBAF) subcomplex, which includes at least BICRA or BICRAL (mutually exclusive), BRD9, SS18, the core BAF subunits, SMARCA2/BRM, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, ACTL6A/BAF53, SMARCC1/BAF155, and SMARCD1/BAF60A.
Interacts with CPNE4 (via VWFA domain). Interacts with SMAD2, SMAD3 and RNF111. Interacts with WWP1.
May have regulatory role in cell division or differentiation in response to extracellular signals.
Ubiquitinated by RNF111 and ARK2C, promoting proteasomal degradation, leading to enhance the BMP-Smad signaling.
Activated by magnesium and inorganic phosphate.
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis.
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers (By similarity).
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers.
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein A2 family.
Binds EEA1. Interacts with RIN2 and RIN3, which probably regulate its pathway, possibly by acting as GEFs (By similarity). Interacts with GDI1, GDI2, CHML and CHM; phosphorylation at Ser-84 disrupts this interaction (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Ser-84 in the switch II region by LRRK2 prevents the association of RAB regulatory proteins, including CHM, CHML and RAB GDP dissociation inhibitors GDI1 and GDI2.
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic.
Regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Catalyzes the third of the very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) elongation four-step cycle (condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction). This endoplasmic reticulum-elongation process is characterized by the addition of two carbons to the lipid chain through each cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of elongation. Therefore, it participates in the production of various VLCFAs involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
May interact with enzymes of the ELO family (including ELOVL1); with those enzymes that mediate condensation, the first of the four steps of the reaction cycle responsible for fatty acids elongation, may be part of a larger fatty acids elongase complex. Interacts with BCAP31.
Shares some similarity with tyrosine phosphatase proteins but it has probably no phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR5/wds family.
May function as a substrate receptor for CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex.
Probable part of a cullin-RING E3 protein ligase complex containing CUL4B-DDB1 and a substrate-recruiting component (DCAF). Interacts with CUL4B and DDB1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the bombesin/neuromedin-B/ranatensin family.
Heavy chains are linked to bikunin via chondroitin 4-sulfate esterified to the alpha-carboxyl of the C-terminal aspartate after propeptide cleavage.
I-alpha-I plasma protease inhibitors are assembled from one or two heavy chains (HC) and one light chain, bikunin. Pre-alpha-inhibitor (P-alpha-I) is composed of ITIH3/HC3 and bikunin.
May act as a carrier of hyaluronan in serum or as a binding protein between hyaluronan and other matrix protein, including those on cell surfaces in tissues to regulate the localization, synthesis and degradation of hyaluronan which are essential to cells undergoing biological processes.
Belongs to the TALE/IRO homeobox family.
Translation initiation regulator which represses repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) initiated translation probably by acting as a competitive inhibitor of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (EIF5) function (By similarity). Enhances histone H4 gene transcription but does not seem to bind DNA directly (By similarity).
Component of the ERLIN1/ERLIN2 complex which mediates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) such as ITPR1. Promotes sterol-accelerated ERAD of HMGCR probably implicating an AMFR/gp78-containing ubiquitin ligase complex. Involved in regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis by regulation the SREBP signaling pathway. May promote ER retention of the SCAP-SREBF complex (By similarity).
Forms a heteromeric complex with ERLIN1. In complex with ERLIN1, interacts with RNF170. Interacts with activated ITPR1, independently of the degree of ITPR1 polyubiquitination. Interacts with SCAP, INSIG1, SREBF1 and SREBF2 under cholesterol sufficiency conditions; indicative for an association with the SCAP-SREBP-INSIG complex. Probably part of an AMFR/gp78 and INSIG1-containing ubiquitin ligase complex involved in ERAD of HMGCR. Interacts with TMUB1; TMUB1 bridges the association with AMFR. Interacts with SYVN1 and RNF139. Interacts with TMEM259 (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM41B (By similarity).
Mediates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). Involved in regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis by regulation the SREBP signaling pathway.
Renal transmembrane organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that participates in the reabsorption of conjugated steroids including estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide (or 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)), androstanediol glucuronide (or 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol 3-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)), and estrone 3-sulfate, as well as bile acids taurocholate and glycocholate, driven by an outward gradient of dicarboxylates such as glutarate or succinate.
Inhibition of MYOD1 may be partly due to the ability of EID1 to bind and inhibit EP300 histone acetyltransferase activity.
Interacts via its LXCXE motif with the entire pocket region of RB1. Interacts with EP300, NR0B2 and TRIM27 (By similarity).
Interacts with RB1 and EP300 and acts as a repressor of MYOD1 transactivation. Inhibits EP300 and CBP histone acetyltransferase activity. May be involved in coupling cell cycle exit to the transcriptional activation of genes required for cellular differentiation. May act as a candidate coinhibitory factor for NR0B2 that can be directly linked to transcription inhibitory mechanisms (By similarity).
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Interacts with CSNK2B (via KSSR). Interacts with JUN; the interaction is mediated by CSNK2B.
Acts as an osmosensitive calcium-permeable cation channel (By similarity). Mechanosensitive ion channel that converts mechanical stimuli into a flow of ion (By similarity).
Functions as a molecular adapter coordinating multiple protein-protein interactions at the focal adhesion complex and in the nucleus. Links various intracellular signaling modules to plasma membrane receptors and regulates the Wnt and TGFB signaling pathways.
The LD (leucine and aspartate-rich) motif 3 mediates interaction with GIT1 and functions as a nuclear export signal.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs.
Heterodimer with MAGOH. Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGOH and RBM8A.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis.
Acyl-CoA binding protein which acts as the peroxisome receptor for pexophagy but is dispensable for aggrephagy and nonselective autophagy. Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters (By similarity).
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL4 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that specifically elongates C24:0 and C26:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate to the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. May play a critical role in early brain and skin development.
Interacts with ODC1 and thereby sterically blocks ODC homodimerization (By similarity). Interacts with AZIN2; this interaction disrupts the interaction between the antizyme and ODC1 (By similarity).
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizyme protein that negatively regulates ODC activity and intracellular polyamine biosynthesis and uptake in response to increased intracellular polyamine levels. Binds to ODC monomers, inhibiting the assembly of the functional ODC homodimers. Does not target the ODC monomers for degradation, which allows a protein synthesis-independent restoration of ODC activity (By similarity). Involved in the translocation of AZIN2 from ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) to the cytosol (By similarity).
Probably involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. NADC subfamily.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family. KE4/Catsup subfamily.
Methylation at some His residue by METTL9 leads to reduced zinc-binding.
Rapidly phosphorylated by CK2 following Zn(2+) treatment. This phosphorylation is required for efficient cytosolic Zn(2+) release.
Transports Zn(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi apparatus to the cytosol, playing an essential role in the regulation of cytosolic zinc levels. Acts as gatekeeper of zinc release from intracellular stores, requiring post-translational activation by phosphorylation, resulting in activation of multiple downstream pathways leading to cell growth and proliferation. Has an essential role in B cell development and is required for proper B cell receptor signaling (By similarity). Plays an important role in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis and skin dermis development by regulating ER function. Controls cell signaling pathways involved in glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle (By similarity). Has a protective role against ER stress in different biological contexts. Mediates Zn(2+)-induced ferroptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is converted by HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) into mevalonate, a precursor for cholesterol synthesis.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
Interacts with glucose transporters SLC2A1/GLUT1 and SLC2A3/GLUT3; the interactions may promote SLC2A1- and SLC2A3-mediated glucose transport to meet the energy needs of mesendoderm differentiation.
Required for mesendoderm differentiation. Interacts with glucose transporters and promotes glucose uptake. Probably augments the glucose uptake capacity of glucose transporter proteins to meet the energy needs of mesendoderm differentiation.
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
Constitutes one of the two catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex, a complex responsible for identification and cleavage of the splice sites in pre-tRNA. It cleaves pre-tRNA at the 5'- and 3'-splice sites to release the intron. The products are an intron and two tRNA half-molecules bearing 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH termini. There are no conserved sequences at the splice sites, but the intron is invariably located at the same site in the gene, placing the splice sites an invariant distance from the constant structural features of the tRNA body.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Probable mitochondrial acylpyruvase which is able to hydrolyze acetylpyruvate and fumarylpyruvate in vitro. Also has oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Associates with the PRC2 complex, which consists of the core components EED, EZH1 or EZH2, SUZ12, and RBBP4, and various combinations of accessory subunits including AEBP2, JARID2, PHF19, MTF2 and EPOP. Forms a dimeric PRC2.1 (class 1, PRC-PCL) complex consisting of at least SUZ12, RBBP4, and PHF19 or MTF2; PHF19 and MTF2 stabilize the dimeric structure which enhances PRC2 interaction with chromatin.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein that specifically binds histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-36' (H3K36me3) and recruits the PRC2 complex, thus enhancing PRC2 H3K27me3 methylation activity (By similarity). Regulates the transcriptional networks during embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Promotes recruitment of the PRC2 complex to the inactive X chromosome in differentiating XX ES cells and PRC2 recruitment to target genes in undifferentiated ES cells. Required to repress Hox genes by enhancing H3K27me3 methylation of the PRC2 complex. In some conditions may act as an inhibitor of PRC2 activity: able to activate the CDKN2A gene and promote cellular senescence by suppressing the catalytic activity of the PRC2 complex locally. Binds to the metal-regulating-element (MRE) of MT1A gene promoter (By similarity).
The Tudor domain recognizes and binds H3K36me3.
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate. Putative cell surface coreceptor for growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, proteases and anti-proteases. Enhances migration and invasion of cancer cells through WNT5A signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the transcription factor STAT family.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
Both the RRM domain and the arginine, glycine (RGG) rich domain are necessary for binding to the TXN 3'-untranslated region. Both the RRM domain and the arginine, glycine (RGG) rich domain (RGG repeats) are necessary for optimal recruitment into SGs upon cellular stress. The C-terminal domain containing RGG repeats is necessary for translational repression (By similarity).
Cold-inducible mRNA binding protein that plays a protective role in the genotoxic stress response by stabilizing transcripts of genes involved in cell survival. Acts as a translational activator. Seems to play an essential role in cold-induced suppression of cell proliferation. Binds specifically to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of stress-responsive transcripts RPA2 and TXN. Acts as a translational repressor. Promotes assembly of stress granules (SGs), when overexpressed (By similarity).
Interacts with EIF4G1. Associates with ribosomes (By similarity).
Interacts with EIF4G1. Associates with ribosomes.
Methylated on arginine residues. Methylation of the RGG motifs is a prerequisite for recruitment into SGs (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by CK2, GSK3A and GSK3B. Phosphorylation by GSK3B increases RNA-binding activity to the TXN 3'-UTR transcript upon exposure to UV radiation (By similarity).
Important in the maintenance of hemostasis, it promotes adhesion of platelets to the sites of vascular injury by forming a molecular bridge between sub-endothelial collagen matrix and platelet-surface receptor complex GPIb-IX-V. Also acts as a chaperone for coagulation factor VIII, delivering it to the site of injury, stabilizing its heterodimeric structure and protecting it from premature clearance from plasma.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIc family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)).
Allosterically inhibited by the N-terminal domain. Inhibited by phloretin.
Electroneutral Na(+) Li(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes Na(+) or Li(+) in exchange for external protons across the membrane (By similarity). Uses the proton gradient/membrane potential to extrude sodium (By similarity). Contributes to the regulation of intracellular pH and sodium homeostasis (By similarity). Also able to mediate Na(+)/Li(+) antiporter activity in kidney (By similarity). May play a physiological role in renal tubular function and blood pressure homeostasis (By similarity). Plays an important role for insulin secretion and clathrin-mediated endocytosis in beta-cells. Involved in sperm motility and fertility. It is controversial whether SLC9B2 plays a role in osteoclast differentiation or not (By similarity).
Homodimer; dimerization is essential for SLC9B2 activity. Lipids seem to play a role in the stabilization of the dimerization subdomain.
The subcellular localization of SLC9B2 remains controversial. Was initially thought to partially localize to mitochondria. However SLC9B2 does not seem to contain a mitochondrial targeting sequence. It was later established that its localizes predominantly in plasma membrane or intracellularly to endosomes and lysosomes (By similarity). In another recent study, endogenous SLC9B2 in the distal tubular cell line mpkDCT4 is detected in recycling endosomes but absent in plasma membrane (By similarity).
Transcription elongation factor which increases mitochondrial RNA polymerase processivity. Regulates transcription of the mitochondrial genome, including genes important for the oxidative phosphorylation machinery.
Belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family.
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. In mammals, the coatomer can only be recruited by membranes associated to ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are small GTP-binding proteins; the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors (By similarity).
Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons.
Interacts with ATG13, OPRK1, RB1CC1 and ULK1. Interacts with TP53INP1 and TP53INP2. Directly interacts with SQSTM1. Interacts with ATG3, ATG7 and MAP15. Interacts with TECPR2. Interacts with TBC1D5. Interacts with MAPK15. Interacts with TRIM5. Interacts with MEFV and TRIM21. Interacts with WDFY3. Interacts with the reticulophagy receptor TEX264. Interacts with UBA5. Interacts with KBTBD6 and KBTBD7; the interaction is direct. Interacts with reticulophagy regulators RETREG1, RETREG2 and RETREG3. Interacts with IRGM (By similarity).
The precursor molecule is cleaved by ATG4 (ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C or ATG4D) to expose the glycine at the C-terminus and form the cytosolic form, GABARAPL1-I. The processed form is then activated by APG7L/ATG7, transferred to ATG3 and conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phospholipid to form the membrane-bound form, GABARAPL1-II. During non-canonical autophagy, the processed form is conjugated to phosphatidylserine (PS) phospholipid. ATG4 proteins also mediate the delipidation of PE-conjugated forms required for GABARAPL1 recycling when autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes. In addition, ATG4B and ATG4D mediate delipidation of ATG8 proteins conjugated to PS during non-canonical autophagy. ATG4B constitutes the major protein for proteolytic activation (By similarity). ATG4D is the main enzyme for delipidation activity (By similarity).
Ubiquitin-like modifier that increases cell-surface expression of kappa-type opioid receptor through facilitating anterograde intracellular trafficking of the receptor. Involved in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles. While LC3s are involved in elongation of the phagophore membrane, the GABARAP/GATE-16 subfamily is essential for a later stage in autophagosome maturation. Through its interaction with the reticulophagy receptor TEX264, participates in the remodeling of subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum into autophagosomes upon nutrient stress, which then fuse with lysosomes for endoplasmic reticulum turnover.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-5/BimC subfamily.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Heavy Metal importer (TC 3.A.1.210) subfamily.
Interacts with PDZK1. Forms a heterodimer with SLC5A2; this interaction enhances SLC5A2 transporter activity over a hundred-fold.
Activated by ascorbate. Inhibited by N-oxalylglycine, fumarate and succinate.
RNA demethylase that mediates oxidative demethylation of different RNA species, such as mRNAs, tRNAs and snRNAs, and acts as a regulator of fat mass, adipogenesis and energy homeostasis. Specifically demethylates N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA, the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA) in higher eukaryotes. M6A demethylation by FTO affects mRNA expression and stability. Also able to demethylate m6A in U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Mediates demethylation of N(6),2'-O-dimethyladenosine cap (m6A(m)), by demethylating the N(6)-methyladenosine at the second transcribed position of mRNAs and U6 snRNA. Demethylation of m6A(m) in the 5'-cap by FTO affects mRNA stability by promoting susceptibility to decapping. Also acts as a tRNA demethylase by removing N(1)-methyladenine from various tRNAs. Has no activity towards 1-methylguanine. Has no detectable activity towards double-stranded DNA. Also able to repair alkylated DNA and RNA by oxidative demethylation: demethylates single-stranded RNA containing 3-methyluracil, single-stranded DNA containing 3-methylthymine and has low demethylase activity towards single-stranded DNA containing 1-methyladenine or 3-methylcytosine. Ability to repair alkylated DNA and RNA is however unsure in vivo. Involved in the regulation of fat mass, adipogenesis and body weight, thereby contributing to the regulation of body size and body fat accumulation. Involved in the regulation of thermogenesis and the control of adipocyte differentiation into brown or white fat cells (By similarity). Regulates activity of the dopaminergic midbrain circuitry via its ability to demethylate m6A in mRNAs (By similarity).
The 3D-structure of the Fe2OG dioxygenase domain is similar to that of the Fe2OG dioxygenase domain found in the bacterial DNA repair dioxygenase alkB and its mammalian orthologs, but sequence similarity is very low. As a consequence, the domain is not detected by protein signature databases.
Induces CD27-mediated apoptosis. Inhibits BCL2L1 isoform Bcl-x(L) anti-apoptotic activity. Inhibits activation of NF-kappa-B and promotes T-cell receptor-mediated apoptosis.
Phosphorylated by ABL2/ARG in response to oxidative stress.
Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia and flagellar axoneme. Forms filamentous polymers in the walls of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. Required for normal sperm mobility.
Belongs to the ammonium transporter (TC 2.A.49) family. Rh subfamily.
Binds preferentially and cooperatively to pyrimidine rich single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA). In vitro, required to maintain the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and plays a crucial role during mtDNA replication by stimulating the activity of the replisome components POLG and TWNK at the replication fork. Promotes the activity of the gamma complex polymerase POLG, largely by organizing the template DNA and eliminating secondary structures to favor ss-DNA conformations that facilitate POLG activity. In addition it is able to promote the 5'-3' unwinding activity of the mtDNA helicase TWNK. May also function in mtDNA repair.
Homotetramer. Interacts with MPG/AAG, through inhibition of its glycosylase activity it potentially prevents formation of DNA breaks in ssDNA, ensuring that base removal primarily occurs in dsDNA. Interacts with POLDIP2. Interacts with PRIMPOL.
Cholesterol transporter that mediates non-vesicular transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane (PM) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). Contains unique domains for binding cholesterol and the PM, thereby serving as a molecular bridge for the transfer of cholesterol from the PM to the ER (By similarity). Plays a crucial role in cholesterol homeostasis and has the unique ability to localize to the PM based on the level of membrane cholesterol (By similarity). In lipid-poor conditions localizes to the ER membrane and in response to excess cholesterol in the PM is recruited to the endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites (EPCS) which is mediated by the GRAM domain (By similarity). At the EPCS, the sterol-binding VASt/ASTER domain binds to the cholesterol in the PM and facilitates its transfer from the PM to ER (By similarity).
GRAM domain binds phosphatidylserine in the PM and mediates protein recruitment to endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact sites (EPCS) in response to excess cholesterol in the PM.
VASt (VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer) domain, also known as ASTER (Greek for star) domain is a sterol-binding domain.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
May play a role in the biosynthesis of lipoic acid as well as longer chain fatty acids required for optimal mitochondrial function.
Acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which differentially activates the GTPases RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42. Plays a role in axon guidance regulating ephrin-induced growth cone collapse and dendritic spine morphogenesis. Upon activation by ephrin through EPHA4, the GEF activity switches toward RHOA resulting in its activation. Activated RHOA promotes cone retraction at the expense of RAC1- and CDC42-stimulated growth cone extension (By similarity).
Interacts with CDK5R1 and EPHA4; activated by EPHA4 through the CDK5 kinase.
Src-dependent phosphorylation at Tyr-179 upon EPHA4 activation increases the guanine exchange factor activity toward RHOA. Phosphorylation by CDK5 upon EPHA4 activation by EFNA1 may regulate dendritic spine morphogenesis (By similarity).
The DH domain and the PH domain are both required to mediate interaction with EPHA4.
Chaperone protein which plays an important role in mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis. Interacts with and stabilizes ISC cluster assembly proteins FXN, NFU1, NFS1 and ISCU. Regulates erythropoiesis via stabilization of ISC assembly. May play a role in the control of cell proliferation and cellular aging.
Interacts strongly with the intermediate form of FXN and weakly with its mature form. Interacts with HSCB. Associates with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex, composed of at least MICOS10/MIC10, CHCHD3/MIC19, CHCHD6/MIC25, APOOL/MIC27, IMMT/MIC60, APOO/MIC23/MIC26 and QIL1/MIC13. This complex was also known under the names MINOS or MitOS complex. The MICOS complex associates with mitochondrial outer membrane proteins SAMM50, MTX1, MTX2 and DNAJC11, mitochondrial inner membrane protein TMEM11 and with HSPA9. Interacts with DNLZ, the interaction is required to prevent self-aggregation. Interacts with TESPA1. Interacts with PDPN. Interacts with NFU1, NFS1 and ISCU.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is responsible for E3 ligase activity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Found in a complex with ARL3, RP2 and UNC119 (or UNC119B); RP2 induces hydrolysis of GTP ARL3 in the complex, leading to the release of UNC119 (or UNC119B). Interacts with RP2; interaction is direct and stimulated with the activated GTP-bound form of ARL3. Interacts with SYS1. Interacts with ARL2BP; the GTP-bound form interacts with ARL2BP. Microtubule-associated protein. Does not interact with TBCC (By similarity). Interacts with RP2. Interacts with PDE6D; the interaction occurs specifically with the GTP-bound form of ARL3. Interacts with GGA1; the interaction recruits PKD1:PKD2 complex to trans-Golgi network and is required for ciliary targeting of PKD1:PKD2 complex (By similarity). Interacts with DNAAF9 (By similarity).
Small GTP-binding protein which cycles between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound form, and the rate of cycling is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAP). Required for normal cytokinesis and cilia signaling. Requires assistance from GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) like RP2 and PDE6D, in order to cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms. Required for targeting proteins to the cilium, including myristoylated NPHP3 and prenylated INPP5E. Targets NPHP3 to the ciliary membrane by releasing myristoylated NPHP3 from UNC119B cargo adapter into the cilium (By similarity). Required for PKD1:PKD2 complex targeting from the trans-Golgi network to the cilium (By similarity).
May activate NF-kappa-B signaling pathways.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Most active with Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) ions. The physiological cofactor is most likely Ca(2+) or Mg(2+).
Gluconolactonase catalyzes a key step in ascorbic acid (vitamin C) biosynthesis, but primates lack the last enzyme in the pathway and are unable to synthesize vitamin C.
Gluconolactonase with low activity towards other sugar lactones, including gulonolactone and galactonolactone. Can also hydrolyze diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and phenylacetate (in vitro). Calcium-binding protein. Modulates Ca(2+) signaling, and Ca(2+)-dependent cellular processes and enzyme activities (By similarity).
Mediates cotranslational and post-translational transport of certain precursor polypeptides across endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proposed to play an auxiliary role in recognition of precursors with short and apolar signal peptides. May cooperate with SEC62 and HSPA5/BiP to facilitate targeting of small presecretory proteins into the SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex, triggering channel opening for polypeptide translocation to the ER lumen (By similarity). Required for efficient PKD1/Polycystin-1 biogenesis and trafficking to the plasma membrane of the primary cilia (By similarity).
The ER translocon complex consists of channel-forming core components SEC61A1, SEC61B and SEC61G and different auxiliary components such as SEC62 and SEC63.
Interacts with GATA4 and NKX2-5 (By similarity). Interacts with NR0B2 (By similarity). Interacts with CLOCK and BMAL1 (By similarity). Interacts with IFI204 (By similarity). Interacts with NEDD9/HEF1 (By similarity).
The bHLH domain is essential for its repressor activity towards the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer.
Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Inhibits skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte differentiation. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer. Restricts the CLOCK and BMAL1 localization to the cytoplasm. Plays a role in both the input and output pathways of the circadian clock: in the input component, is involved in modulating the magnitude of photic entrainment and in the output component, contributes to the regulation of a variety of liver clock-controlled genes involved in lipid metabolism (By similarity).
Deubiquitinating enzyme that removes conjugated ubiquitin from specific proteins to regulate different cellular processes.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex composed of DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3; within the complex, associates with DPM1 via its C-terminal domain and with DPM2 via its N-terminal portion. This interaction stabilizes DPM1 protein.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit DPM1 to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit to the ER.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Exoglycosidase that cleaves the single beta-linked mannose residue from the non-reducing end of all N-linked glycoprotein oligosaccharides.
Induces bone formation in conjunction with TGF-beta-1 or TGF-beta-2.
Belongs to the fibroblast growth factor-binding protein family.
Exhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) enhancer properties. May play a role in cell cycle progression and wound repair of bronchial epithelial cells.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with BRS3 (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with SIN3B (By similarity).
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of free and protein-bound methionine sulfoxide to methionine.
Methionine-sulfoxide reductase that specifically reduces methionine (R)-sulfoxide back to methionine. While in many cases methionine oxidation is the result of random oxidation following oxidative stress, methionine oxidation is also a post-translational modification that takes place on specific residues.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit alpha family.
Heterodimer. The active hormones thyrotropin, lutropin and follitropin are heterodimers composed of CGA, a common alpha chain described here and a unique beta chain which confers their biological specificity to the hormones: TSHB for thyrotropin, LHB for lutropin and FSHB for follitropin.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. Adducin subfamily.
Each subunit is comprised of three regions: a NH2-terminal protease-resistant globular head region, a short connecting subdomain, and a protease-sensitive tail region.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Found in a complex with ADD2, DMTN and SLC2A1. Interacts with SLC2A1 (By similarity).
Membrane-cytoskeleton-associated protein that promotes the assembly of the spectrin-actin network. Binds to the erythrocyte membrane receptor SLC2A1/GLUT1 and may therefore provide a link between the spectrin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Binds to calmodulin. Calmodulin binds preferentially to the beta subunit (By similarity).
Calcium-dependent lectin that mediates cell adhesion by binding to glycoproteins on neighboring cells. Mediates the adherence of lymphocytes to endothelial cells of high endothelial venules in peripheral lymph nodes. Promotes initial tethering and rolling of leukocytes in endothelia.
Interaction with SELPLG/PSGL1 and PODXL2 is required for promoting recruitment and rolling of leukocytes. This interaction is dependent on the sialyl Lewis X glycan modification of SELPLG and PODXL2, and tyrosine sulfation modifications of SELPLG. Sulfation on 'Tyr-51' of SELPLG is important for L-selectin binding.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ADP ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1). Implicated in coatomer-mediated protein transport between the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum. Hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP may lead to dissociation of coatomer from Golgi-derived membranes to allow fusion with target membranes (By similarity).
Interacts with the coatomer complex. Interacts with the C-terminal appendage domain of COPG1 (By similarity).
Interacts with TJP1/ZO1. Interacts with VAPA. Interacts with CLDN1, CLDN6, CLDN9, CLDN11, CLDN12 and CLDN17. Interacts with PLSCR1. Interacts with LSR, ILDR1 and ILDR2. Interacts with TJP2/ZO2 (By similarity).
May play a role in the formation and regulation of the tight junction (TJ) paracellular permeability barrier.
The C-terminal is cytoplasmic and is important for interaction with ZO-1. Sufficient for the tight junction localization. Involved in the regulation of the permeability barrier function of the tight junction (By similarity).
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits. Probably interacts with PEX11A. Interacts with SCYL1. Interacts with JAGN1 (By similarity).
This coatomer complex protein, essential for Golgi budding and vesicular trafficking, is a selective binding protein (RACK) for protein kinase C, epsilon type. It binds to Golgi membranes in a GTP-dependent manner (By similarity).
Belongs to the serpin family. Ov-serpin subfamily.
Interacts with BICDL1; leads to its accumulation in the pericentrosomal region (By similarity). Interacts with BICD2; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with SCYL1BP1 (By similarity). Interacts with VSP52 (By similarity). Interacts with RABGAP1 (By similarity). Interacts with GCC2 (via its GRIP domain) (By similarity). Interacts with RAB6IP1 (via its RUN 1 domain) (By similarity). Interacts with TMF1 (By similarity). Interacts with CIMAP3 (By similarity). Interacts (GTP-bound) with APBA1/MINT1 isoform 2, also called Mint1_826, but not with isoform 1 (By similarity). Interacts with RIC1; the interaction is direct with a preference for RAB6A-GDP (By similarity). Interacts with RGP1; the interaction is direct with a preference for RAB6A-GDP (By similarity). Interacts with DYNLRB1; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with BICD1 (By similarity). Interacts with VPS13B (By similarity).
Regulator of membrane traffic from the Golgi apparatus towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Has a low GTPase activity. Involved in COPI-independent retrograde transport from the Golgi to the ER. Recruits VPS13B isoform 2 to the Golgi membrane. Plays a role in neuron projection development.
Belongs to the IL-1 family. Highly divergent.
Cytokine that binds to and signals through the IL1RL1/ST2 receptor which in turn activates NF-kappa-B and MAPK signaling pathways in target cells. Involved in the maturation of Th2 cells inducing the secretion of T-helper type 2-associated cytokines. Also involved in activation of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and natural killer cells. Acts as a chemoattractant for Th2 cells, and may function as an 'alarmin', that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury (By similarity). Induces rapid UCP2-dependent mitochondrial rewiring that attenuates the generation of reactive oxygen species and preserves the integrity of Krebs cycle required for persistent production of itaconate and subsequent GATA3-dependent differentiation of inflammation-resolving alternatively activated macrophages (By similarity).
Forms a 1:1:1 heterotrimeric complex with its primary high-affinity receptor IL1RL1 and the coreceptor IL1RAP. Interacts with cargo receptor TMED10; the interaction mediates the translocation from the cytoplasm into the ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment) and thereby secretion.
In quiescent endothelia the uncleaved form is constitutively and abundantly expressed, and acts as a chromatin-associated nuclear factor with transcriptional repressor properties, it may sequester nuclear NF-kappaB/RELA, lowering expression of its targets. This form is rapidely lost upon angiogenic or pro-inflammatory activation (By similarity).
The full-length protein can be released from cells and is able to signal via the IL1RL1/ST2 receptor. However, proteolytic processing by CELA1, CSTG/cathepsin G and ELANE/neutrophil elastase produces C-terminal peptides that are more active than the unprocessed full-length protein. May also be proteolytically processed by calpains. Proteolytic cleavage mediated by apoptotic caspases including CASP3 and CASP7 results in IL33 inactivation. In vitro proteolytic cleavage by CASP1 was reported but could not be confirmed in vivo suggesting that IL33 is probably not a direct substrate for that caspase (By similarity).
The homeodomain-like HTH domain mediates nuclear localization and heterochromatin association.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Associates with U4/U6-U5 tri-small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNPs). Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns (By similarity). Interacts with SKI, SMAD2,SMAD3, RBPJ, RB1, PABPN1, MAGEA1, SIRT1, FOXN3, U2AF2, PPIL1, DAXX and ATP1B4. Interacts with VDR and RXRA; preferentially associates with VDR:RXRA heterodimers. Interacts with NCOR2. Interacts with MAML1. Interacts with NOTCH1 NICD; the interaction involves multimerized NOTCH1 NICD. Forms a complex with NOTCH1 NICD and MAML1; the association is dissociated by RBPJ. Associates with positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). Component of the SNARP complex which consists at least of SNIP1, SNW1, THRAP3, BCLAF1 and PNN.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs (By similarity). Required in the specific splicing of CDKN1A pre-mRNA; the function probably involves the recruitment of U2AF2 to the mRNA. May recruit PPIL1 to the spliceosome. May be involved in cyclin-D1/CCND1 mRNA stability through the SNARP complex which associates with both the 3'end of the CCND1 gene and its mRNA. Involved in transcriptional regulation. Modulates TGF-beta-mediated transcription via association with SMAD proteins, MYOD1-mediated transcription via association with PABPN1, RB1-mediated transcriptional repression, and retinoid-X receptor (RXR)- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent gene transcription in a cell line-specific manner probably involving coactivators NCOA1 and GRIP1. Is involved in NOTCH1-mediated transcriptional activation. Binds to multimerized forms of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and is proposed to recruit transcriptional coactivators such as MAML1 to form an intermediate preactivation complex which associates with DNA-bound CBF-1/RBPJ to form a transcriptional activation complex by releasing SNW1 and redundant NOTCH1 NICD.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. DTWD1 family.
Catalyzes the formation of 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp3U) at position 20 in the D-loop of several cytoplasmic tRNAs (acp3U(20)).
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 17-beta-HSD 3 subfamily.
Can convert androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) to androsterone in vitro, suggesting that it may participate in androgen metabolism during steroidogenesis. May act by metabolizing compounds that stimulate steroid synthesis and/or by generating metabolites that inhibit it. Has no activity toward DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), or A-dione (4-androste-3,17-dione), and only a slight activity toward testosterone to A-dione (By similarity).
Belongs to the DapA family. NanA subfamily.
Catalyzes the cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) to form pyruvate and N-acetylmannosamine via a Schiff base intermediate. It prevents sialic acids from being recycled and returning to the cell surface. Involved in the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) degradation pathway.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
May mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane.
Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner. Negatively regulates the kinase activity of PDPK1 (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with CDK16 (By similarity). Interacts with RGS7 (phosphorylated form). Interacts with SSH1. Interacts with CDKN1B ('Thr-198' phosphorylated form); the interaction translocates CDKN1B to the cytoplasm. Interacts with GAB2. Interacts with the 'Ser-241' phosphorylated form of PDPK1. Interacts with the 'Thr-369' phosphorylated form of DAPK2 (By similarity). Interacts with PI4KB, TBC1D22A and TBC1D22B (By similarity). Interacts with SLITRK1 (By similarity). Interacts with RIPOR2 (By similarity). Interacts with INAVA; the interaction increases upon PRR (pattern recognition receptor) stimulation and is required for cellular signaling pathway activation and cytokine secretion (By similarity). Interacts with MARK2, MARK3 and MARK4 (By similarity). Interacts with MEFV (By similarity).
Acts as a component of endosomal retrieval machinery that is involved in protein transport from early endosomes to either recycling endosomes or the trans-Golgi network (By similarity). Mediates the recruitment of Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex to the trans-Golgi network and controls early endosome-to-Golgi transport of internalized protein (By similarity). Promotes the recycling of internalized transferrin receptor (TFRC) to the plasma membrane through interaction with endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex (By similarity). Controls proper insulin distribution and secretion, and retention of cargo in mature dense core vesicles (By similarity). Required for the stability of the endosome-associated retrograde protein (EARP) complex subunits and for proper localization and association of EARP with membranes (By similarity).
Interacts with two multisubunit tethering complexes: EARP composed of VPS50, VPS51, VPS52 and VPS53 subunits and GARP complex composed of VPS51, VPS52, VPS53 and VPS54 subunits. Interacts with SNAP29.
Homodimer. Interacts with DNM1L (By similarity).
Mitochondrial outer membrane protein which regulates mitochondrial fission. Promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface independently of the mitochondrial fission FIS1 and MFF proteins. Regulates DNM1L GTPase activity and DNM1L oligomerization. Binds ADP and can also bind GDP, although with lower affinity. Does not bind CDP, UDP, ATP, AMP or GTP. Inhibits DNM1L GTPase activity in the absence of bound ADP. Requires ADP to stimulate DNM1L GTPase activity and the assembly of DNM1L into long, oligomeric tubules with a spiral pattern, as opposed to the ring-like DNM1L oligomers observed in the absence of bound ADP. Does not require ADP for its function in recruiting DNM1L (By similarity).
Component of the CatSper complex (By similarity). Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Interacts with CHCHD3, DNAJC7, IRAK1BP1, PPP5C and TSC2. Interacts with TERT; the interaction occurs in the absence of the RNA component, TERC, and dissociates once the TERT complex has formed. Interacts with TRIM5 (via B30.2/SPRY domain). Interacts with PRKN. Interacts with FOXP3. Interacts with DNAJC9 (via J domain). Interacts with NAA10, HSP40, HSP90 and HDAC4. The acetylated form and the non-acetylated form interact with HOPX and STUB1 respectively. Interacts with NEDD1 and SMAD3. Interacts (via NBD) with BAG1, BAG2, BAG3 and HSPH1/HSP105. Interacts with DNAJC8.
In response to cellular stress, acetylated at Lys-77 by NA110 and then gradually deacetylated by HDAC4 at later stages. Acetylation enhances its chaperone activity and also determines whether it will function as a chaperone for protein refolding or degradation by controlling its binding to co-chaperones HOPX and STUB1. The acetylated form and the non-acetylated form bind to HOPX and STUB1 respectively. Acetylation also protects cells against various types of cellular stress.
Molecular chaperone implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including protection of the proteome from stress, folding and transport of newly synthesized polypeptides, activation of proteolysis of misfolded proteins and the formation and dissociation of protein complexes. Plays a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring the correct folding of proteins, the re-folding of misfolded proteins and controlling the targeting of proteins for subsequent degradation. This is achieved through cycles of ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and ADP release, mediated by co-chaperones. The co-chaperones have been shown to not only regulate different steps of the ATPase cycle, but they also have an individual specificity such that one co-chaperone may promote folding of a substrate while another may promote degradation. The affinity for polypeptides is regulated by its nucleotide bound state. In the ATP-bound form, it has a low affinity for substrate proteins. However, upon hydrolysis of the ATP to ADP, it undergoes a conformational change that increases its affinity for substrate proteins. It goes through repeated cycles of ATP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange, which permits cycles of substrate binding and release. The co-chaperones are of three types: J-domain co-chaperones such as HSP40s (stimulate ATPase hydrolysis by HSP70), the nucleotide exchange factors (NEF) such as BAG1/2/3 (facilitate conversion of HSP70 from the ADP-bound to the ATP-bound state thereby promoting substrate release), and the TPR domain chaperones such as HOPX and STUB1. Maintains protein homeostasis during cellular stress through two opposing mechanisms: protein refolding and degradation. Its acetylation/deacetylation state determines whether it functions in protein refolding or protein degradation by controlling the competitive binding of co-chaperones HOPX and STUB1. During the early stress response, the acetylated form binds to HOPX which assists in chaperone-mediated protein refolding, thereafter, it is deacetylated and binds to ubiquitin ligase STUB1 that promotes ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Regulates centrosome integrity during mitosis, and is required for the maintenance of a functional mitotic centrosome that supports the assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle. Enhances STUB1-mediated SMAD3 ubiquitination and degradation and facilitates STUB1-mediated inhibition of TGF-beta signaling. Essential for STUB1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of FOXP3 in regulatory T-cells (Treg) during inflammation.
The N-terminal nucleotide binding domain (NBD) (also known as the ATPase domain) is responsible for binding and hydrolyzing ATP. The C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD) (also known as peptide-binding domain) binds to the client/substrate proteins. The two domains are allosterically coupled so that, when ATP is bound to the NBD, the SBD binds relatively weakly to clients. When ADP is bound in the NBD, a conformational change enhances the affinity of the SBD for client proteins.
Component of a complex that binds and activates STK11/LKB1. In the complex, required to stabilize the interaction between CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta) and STK11/LKB1.
Component of a trimeric complex composed of STK11/LKB1, STRAD (STRADA or STRADB) and CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta): the complex tethers STK11/LKB1 in the cytoplasm and stimulates its catalytic activity.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Sodium-phosphate symporter which preferentially transports the monovalent form of phosphate with a stoichiometry of two sodium ions per phosphate ion. May play a role in extracellular matrix and cartilage calcification as well as in vascular calcification (By similarity). Essential for cell proliferation but this function is independent of its phosphate transporter activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. APG1/unc-51/ULK1 subfamily.
May be involved in the remodeling of cytoskeletal components, such as alpha-tubulin, and in this way regulates neurite branching and elongation, as well as cell motility.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Interacts with DAG1 (via O-linked mannose moiety). Interacts (via transmembrane domain) with FKTN; the interaction is direct and is required for normal location in Golgi membranes.
Participates in O-mannosyl glycosylation by catalyzing the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to O-linked mannose on glycoproteins. Catalyzes the synthesis of the GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-Ser/Thr moiety on alpha-dystroglycan and other O-mannosylated proteins, providing the necessary basis for the addition of further carbohydrate moieties. Is specific for alpha linked terminal mannose.
The GG-type lectin domain is known as the stem domain in POMGnT1. It mediates specific interaction with beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine moieties of O-glycosylated proteins. It also interacts with its product, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-O-alpha-D-mannosylprotein.
The manganese ion interacts primarily with the substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
Binds 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. Two of the Ca(2+) ions are bound to the C2 domain.
Hydrolyzes the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate 2 second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). DAG mediates the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), while IP3 releases Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Required for acrosome reaction in sperm during fertilization, probably by acting as an important enzyme for intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in the zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction. May play a role in cell growth. Modulates the liver regeneration in cooperation with nuclear PKC. Overexpression up-regulates the Erk signaling pathway and proliferation (By similarity).
Interacts with GRIP1 (By similarity). Interacts (via GBA motif) with guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) alpha subunit GNAI3 (inactive GDP-bound form); low-affinity interaction (By similarity).
The C2 domain mediates pre-localization to the membrane prior to Ca(2+) import and non-selective Ca(2+)-mediated targeting to various cellular membranes.
The GBA (G-alpha binding and activating) motif mediates binding to the alpha subunits of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins).
The PDZ-binding motif mediates the interaction with GRIP1.
The PH domain is not a critical determinant of the membrane localization.
Protein insertase that mediates insertion of transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial outer membrane. Catalyzes insertion of proteins with alpha-helical transmembrane regions, such as signal-anchored, tail-anchored and multi-pass membrane proteins. Does not mediate insertion of beta-barrel transmembrane proteins (By similarity). Also acts as a receptor for the truncated form of pro-apoptotic BH3-interacting domain death agonist (p15 BID) and has therefore a critical function in apoptosis. Regulates the quiescence/cycling of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Acts as a regulator of mitochondrial fusion, essential for the naive-to-primed interconversion of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Acts as a regulator of lipid homeostasis and has a regulatory role in adipocyte differentiation and biology (By similarity).
Component of the 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase complex composed of DPH1, DPH2, DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase (By similarity). Interacts with SERGEF (By similarity).
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. DPH1 and DPH2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Acts as an electron donor to reduce the Fe-S cluster in DPH1-DPH2 keeping the [4Fe-4S] clusters in the active and reduced state. Restores iron to DPH1-DPH2 iron-sulfur clusters which have degraded from [4Fe-4S] to [3Fe-4S] by donating an iron atom to reform [4Fe-4S] clusters, in a manner dependent on the presence of elongation factor 2 and SAM. Associates with the elongator complex and is required for tRNA Wobble base modifications mediated by the elongator complex. The elongator complex is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s 2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine).
The DPH-type metal-binding (MB) domain can also bind zinc. However, iron is the physiological binding partner as zinc binding impairs the protein electron donor function.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Disulfide reductase. May participate in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyze dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Modulates TNF-alpha signaling and NF-kappa-B activation. Has peroxidase activity and may contribute to the elimination of cellular hydrogen peroxide (By similarity).
The oxidized protein is reduced by TRXR1.
Plays a role in the regulatory network through which muscle cells coordinate their structural and functional states during growth, adaptation, and repair.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Interacts with ANKRD28, RBM42 and ZIK1. Interacts with DDX1. Interacts with MDM2; this interaction leads to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Interacts with p53/TP53. Interacts with BRDT (By similarity). Interacts with IVNS1ABP (By similarity). Interacts with PPIA/CYPA (By similarity). Part of a transcription inhibitory ribonucleoprotein complex composed at least of the circular RNA circZNF827, ZNF827 and HNRNPL (By similarity).
O-glycosylated (O-GlcNAcylated), in a cell cycle-dependent manner.
One of the major pre-mRNA-binding proteins. Binds tenaciously to poly(C) sequences. Likely to play a role in the nuclear metabolism of hnRNAs, particularly for pre-mRNAs that contain cytidine-rich sequences. Can also bind poly(C) single-stranded DNA. Plays an important role in p53/TP53 response to DNA damage, acting at the level of both transcription activation and repression. When sumoylated, acts as a transcriptional coactivator of p53/TP53, playing a role in p21/CDKN1A and 14-3-3 sigma/SFN induction. As far as transcription repression is concerned, acts by interacting with long intergenic RNA p21 (lincRNA-p21), a non-coding RNA induced by p53/TP53. This interaction is necessary for the induction of apoptosis, but not cell cycle arrest (By similarity). As part of a ribonucleoprotein complex composed at least of ZNF827, HNRNPL and the circular RNA circZNF827 that nucleates the complex on chromatin, may negatively regulate the transcription of genes involved in neuronal differentiation (By similarity).
Sumoylated by CBX4. Sumoylation is increased upon DNA damage, such as that produced by doxorubicin, etoposide, UV light and camptothecin, due to enhanced CBX4 phosphorylation by HIPK2 under these conditions (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by MDM2. Doxorubicin treatment does not affect monoubiquitination, but slightly decreases HNRNPK poly-ubiquitination (By similarity).
May be required for ribosome biogenesis.
Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family.
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Glycopeptide transferase involved in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which catalyzes the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to an already glycosylated peptide. In contrast to other proteins of the family, it does not act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor, but instead requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties. Some peptide transferase activity is however not excluded, considering that its appropriate peptide substrate may remain unidentified (By similarity).
The ricin B-type lectin domain binds to GalNAc and contributes to the glycopeptide specificity.
There are two conserved domains in the glycosyltransferase region: the N-terminal domain (domain A, also called GT1 motif), which is probably involved in manganese coordination and substrate binding and the C-terminal domain (domain B, also called Gal/GalNAc-T motif), which is probably involved in catalytic reaction and UDP-Gal binding.
A disulfide bond locks the enzyme in the closed conformation preventing substrate entry into the catalytic chamber.
Belongs to the peptidase M16 family. PreP subfamily.
Mainly exists in a closed and catalytically competent conformation but a closed-to-open switch allows substrate entry into the catalytic chamber. Substrate binding induces closure and dimerization. A disulfide bond may lock the enzyme in a closed conformation preventing substrate entry into the catalytic chamber, participating in redox regulation of the enzyme. Inhibited by metal-chelating agents. Inhibited by nickel and zinc excess, and slightly activated by manganese.
Metalloendopeptidase of the mitochondrial matrix that functions in peptide cleavage and degradation rather than in protein processing. Has an ATP-independent activity. Specifically cleaves peptides in the range of 5 to 65 residues. Shows a preference for cleavage after small polar residues and before basic residues, but without any positional preference. Degrades the transit peptides of mitochondrial proteins after their cleavage. Also degrades other unstructured peptides. It is also able to degrade amyloid-beta protein 40, one of the peptides produced by APP processing, when it accumulates in mitochondrion. It is a highly efficient protease, at least toward amyloid-beta protein 40. Cleaves that peptide at a specific position and is probably not processive, releasing digested peptides intermediates that can be further cleaved subsequently. It is also able to degrade amyloid-beta protein 42.
Monomer and homodimer; homodimerization is induced by binding of the substrate.
Central nervous system-specific myelin protein that increase myelin genes expression during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Promotes oligodendrocyte terminal differentiation.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament. In podocytes, required for the formation of lamellipodia downstream of AVIL and PLCE1 regulation. In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA. The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP2 subfamily.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ACTR2/ARP2, ACTR3/ARP3, ARPC1B/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts with AVIL.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BTD/VNN family.
Regulatory subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4). May regulate the activity of PPP4C at centrosomal microtubule organizing centers. Its interaction with the SMN complex leads to enhance the temporal localization of snRNPs, suggesting a role of PPP4C in maturation of spliceosomal snRNPs. The PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3A PP4 complex specifically dephosphorylates H2AX phosphorylated on 'Ser-140' (gamma-H2AX) generated during DNA replication and required for DNA double strand break repair (By similarity). Mediates RPA2 dephosphorylation by recruiting PPP4C to RPA2 in a DNA damage-dependent manner. RPA2 dephosphorylation is required for the efficient RPA2-mediated recruitment of RAD51 to chromatin following double strand breaks, an essential step for DNA repair (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits. Component of the PP4 complexes PPP4C-PPP4R2, PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3A and PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3B. The PPP4C-PPP4R2 complex appears to be a tetramer composed of 2 molecules of PPP4C and 2 molecules of PPP4R2. Interacts with DDX20/GEMIN3 and GEMIN4 (By similarity). Interacts with RPA2; this DNA damage-dependent interaction recruits PPP4C leading to RPA2 dephosphorylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 56 family.
Facilitates sperm penetration into the layer of cumulus cells surrounding the egg by digesting hyaluronic acid. Involved in induction of the acrosome reaction in the sperm. Involved in follicular atresia, the breakdown of immature ovarian follicles that are not selected to ovulate. Induces ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, possibly via apoptotic signaling pathway involving CASP8 and CASP3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.
Belongs to the RBR family. Parkin subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Belongs to the mandelate racemase/muconate lactonizing enzyme family. ENOSF1 subfamily.
Plays a role in the catabolism of L-fucose, a sugar that is part of the carbohydrates that are attached to cellular glycoproteins. Catalyzes the dehydration of L-fuconate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-fuconate by the abstraction of the 2-proton to generate an enediolate intermediate that is stabilized by the magnesium ion. May down-regulate thymidylate synthase activity, possibly already at the RNA level, by promoting the degradation of TYMS mRNA via an antisense RNA-based mechanism.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PIM subfamily.
Proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity involved in cell survival and cell proliferation.
Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family.
The JAMM motif is essential for the protease activity.
Zinc metalloprotease that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Acts as a positive regulator of the TORC1 signaling pathway by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked deubiquitination of SESN2, thereby inhibiting SESN2-interaction with the GATOR2 complex. Does not cleave 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Probable UDP-sugar:UMP transmembrane antiporter involved in UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate/UDP-GlcA, UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine and UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine/UDP-GalNAc transport from the cytosol to the lumen of the Golgi.
Probably forms homooligomers and heterooligomers with SLC35A1, SLC35A2, SLC35A3 and SLC35A4.
Sialate:O-sulfotransferase which catalyzes 8-O-sulfation at the Sia-glycan level using 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as a donor, forming 8-O-sulfated Sia (Sia8S)-glycans.
Present in the thicker 16-17 nm junctions of mammalian lens fiber cells, where it may contribute to cell junctional organization. Acts as a receptor for calmodulin. May play an important role in both lens development and cataractogenesis.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Homodimer (via coiled-coil domain). Heterotetramer consisting of one MTMR2 dimer and one SBF2/MTMR13 dimer. Heterodimer with SBF1/MTMR5. Heterodimer with MTMR12.
Interaction with SBF1/MTMR5 increases phosphatase activity.
Phosphatase that acts on lipids with a phosphoinositol headgroup. Has phosphatase activity towards phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (By similarity). Binds phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. Stabilizes SBF2/MTMR13 at the membranes. Specifically in peripheral nerves, stabilizes SBF2/MTMR13 protein (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-58 decreases MTMR2 localization to endocytic vesicular structures.
The GRAM domain mediates binding to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate.
The coiled-coil domain mediates homodimerization. Also mediates interaction with SBF1/MTMR5 (By similarity). By mediating MTMR2 homodimerization, indirectly involved in SBF2/MTMR13 and MTMR2 heterotetramerization (By similarity).
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of protein biosynthesis. May increase the efficiency of translation by recycling ribosomes from one round of translation to another.
Dimer of an alpha chain and a beta chain linked by a disulfide bond. Interacts with SRPX2; the interaction increases HGF mitogenic activity.
Potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells, seems to be a hepatotrophic factor, and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. Activating ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase MET by binding to it and promoting its dimerization.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Interacts with HNRPD. Interacts with PRMT1; the interaction methylates RPS3. Interacts with SUMO1; the interaction sumoylates RPS3. Interacts with UBC9. Interacts with CDK1; the interaction phosphorylates RPS3. Interacts with PRKCD; the interaction phosphorylates RPS3. Interacts with PKB/AKT; the interaction phosphorylates RPS3. Interacts with E2F1; the interaction occurs in the absence of nerve growth factor and increases transcription of pro-apoptotic proteins BCL2L11/BIM and HRK/Dp5. Interacts with the base excision repair proteins APEX1 and OGG1; interaction with OGG1 increases OGG1 N-glycosylase activity. Interacts with UNG; the interaction increases the uracil excision activity of UNG1. Interacts with HSP90; the interaction prevents the ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of RPS3 and is suppressed by increased ROS levels. Interacts with TOM70; the interaction promotes translocation of RPS3 to the mitochondrion. Interacts (via N-terminus) with RELA (via N-terminus); the interaction enhances the DNA-binding activity of the NF-kappa-B p65-p50 complex. Interacts with NFKBIA; the interaction is direct and may bridge the interaction between RPS3 and RELA. Interacts with IKKB; the interaction phosphorylates RPS3 and enhances its translocation to the nucleus. Interacts (via KH domain) with MDM2 and TP53. Interacts with TRADD. Interacts with CRY1.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. Has endonuclease activity and plays a role in repair of damaged DNA. Cleaves phosphodiester bonds of DNAs containing altered bases with broad specificity and cleaves supercoiled DNA more efficiently than relaxed DNA. Displays high binding affinity for 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a common DNA lesion caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Has also been shown to bind with similar affinity to intact and damaged DNA. Stimulates the N-glycosylase activity of the base excision protein OGG1. Enhances the uracil excision activity of UNG1. Also stimulates the cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone by APEX1. When located in the mitochondrion, reduces cellular ROS levels and mitochondrial DNA damage. Has also been shown to negatively regulate DNA repair in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Plays a role in regulating transcription as part of the NF-kappa-B p65-p50 complex where it binds to the RELA/p65 subunit, enhances binding of the complex to DNA and promotes transcription of target genes. Represses its own translation by binding to its cognate mRNA. Binds to and protects TP53/p53 from MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. Involved in spindle formation and chromosome movement during mitosis by regulating microtubule polymerization. Involved in induction of apoptosis through its role in activation of CASP8. Induces neuronal apoptosis by interacting with the E2F1 transcription factor and acting synergistically with it to up-regulate pro-apoptotic proteins BCL2L11/BIM and HRK/Dp5. Interacts with TRADD following exposure to UV radiation and induces apoptosis by caspase-dependent JNK activation.
Methylation by PRMT1 is required for import into the nucleolus and for ribosome assembly.
Phosphorylation at Thr-221 by CDK1 occurs mainly in G2/M phase. Phosphorylation by PRKCD occurs on a non-ribosomal-associated form which results in translocation of RPS3 to the nucleus and enhances its endonuclease activity. Phosphorylated on Ser-209 by IKKB in response to activation of the NF-kappa-B p65-p50 complex which enhances the association of RPS3 with importin-alpha and mediates the nuclear translocation of RPS3. Phosphorylation by MAPK is required for translocation to the nucleus following exposure of cells to DNA damaging agents such as hydrogen peroxide. Phosphorylation by PKB/AKT mediates RPS3 nuclear translocation, enhances RPS3 endonuclease activity and suppresses RPS3-induced neuronal apoptosis.
Sumoylation by SUMO1 enhances protein stability through increased resistance to proteolysis. Sumoylation occurs at one or more of the three consensus sites, Lys-18, Lys-214 and Lys-230.
Ubiquitinated; ubiquitination is prevented by interaction with HSP90 which stabilizes the protein. Monoubiquitinated at Lys-214 by RNF10 and ZNF598 when a ribosome has stalled during translation of poly(A) sequences, leading to preclude synthesis of a long poly-lysine tail and initiate the ribosome quality control (RQC) pathway to degrade the potentially detrimental aberrant nascent polypeptide. Deubiquitinated at Lys-214 by USP10, preventing degradation by the proteasome and promoting 40S ribosome subunit recycling following ribosome dissociation.
Belongs to the sodium:solute symporter (SSF) (TC 2.A.21) family.
Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family.
Multidrug efflux pump that functions as a H(+)/organic cation antiporter. Mediates the efflux of cationic compounds, such as the model cations, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the platinum-based drug oxaliplatin or weak bases that are positively charged at physiological pH, cimetidine or the antidiabetic drug metformin. Mediates the efflux of the endogenous compounds creatinine, thiamine and estrone-3-sulfate. Plays a physiological role in the excretion of drugs, toxins and endogenous metabolites through the kidney.
Acetylation at Lys-374 dramatically reduces catalytic activity.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Catalyzes the NADP(+)-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate (D-threo-isocitrate) to 2-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate), which is required by other enzymes such as the phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the generation of NADPH, an important cofactor in many biosynthesis pathways (By similarity). May act as a corneal epithelial crystallin and may be involved in maintaining corneal epithelial transparency (By similarity).
Scaffold protein which mediates the formation of the PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex by providing a binding platform to each component of the complex. The PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during the transition from mitosis into interphase. Mediates interaction of WDR82 and PPP1CA. Inhibitor of PPP1CA and PPP1CC phosphatase activities. Has inhibitory activity on PPP1CA only when phosphorylated. Binds to mRNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), poly(A) and poly(G) homopolymers.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Component of the Mediator complex, which is composed of MED1, MED4, MED6, MED7, MED8, MED9, MED10, MED11, MED12, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED18, MED19, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED26, MED27, MED29, MED30, MED31, CCNC, CDK8 and CDC2L6/CDK11. The MED12, MED13, CCNC and CDK8 subunits form a distinct module termed the CDK8 module. Mediator containing the CDK8 module is less active than Mediator lacking this module in supporting transcriptional activation. Individual preparations of the Mediator complex lacking one or more distinct subunits have been variously termed ARC, CRSP, DRIP, PC2, SMCC and TRAP. Interacts with PPARG. Interacts with THRA in a ligand-dependent fashion (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament. In podocytes, required for the formation of lamellipodia downstream of AVIL and PLCE1 regulation. In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA. The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs). Plays a role in ciliogenesis.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP3 subfamily.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ACTR2/ARP2, ACTR3/ARP3, ARPC1B/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts with WHDC1. Interacts weakly with MEFV. Interacts with AVIL.
Arginine methylation by PRMT1 in the Arg/Gly-rich region impedes RNA binding.
Associates with the 40S ribosomal subunit, the 80S ribosome and with polysomes.
Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that preferentially binds to the sterol regulatory element (SRE) sequence 5'-GTGCGGTG-3', and thereby mediates transcriptional repression (By similarity). Has a role as transactivator of the Myc promoter (By similarity). Binds single-stranded RNA in a sequence-specific manner (By similarity). Binds G-rich elements in target mRNA coding sequences (By similarity). Prevents G-quadruplex structure formation in vitro, suggesting a role in supporting translation by resolving stable structures on mRNAs (By similarity).
NADPH-dependent reductase with broad substrate specificity. Catalyzes the reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl compounds including quinones, prostaglandins, menadione, plus various xenobiotics. Catalyzes the reduction of the antitumor anthracyclines doxorubicin and daunorubicin to the cardiotoxic compounds doxorubicinol and daunorubicinol (By similarity). Can convert prostaglandin E to prostaglandin F2-alpha (By similarity). Can bind glutathione, which explains its higher affinity for glutathione-conjugated substrates. Catalyzes the reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione. In addition, participates in the glucocorticoid metabolism by catalyzing the NADPH-dependent cortisol/corticosterone into 20beta-dihydrocortisol (20b-DHF) or 20beta-corticosterone (20b-DHB), which are weak agonists of NR3C1 and NR3C2 in adipose tissue (By similarity).
Heterodimer with IL12B; disulfide-linked. The heterodimer is known as interleukin IL-12.
Heterodimerizes with IL12B to form the IL-12 cytokine or with EBI3/IL27B to form the IL-35 cytokine. IL-12 is primarily produced by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as B-cells and dendritic cells (DCs) as well as macrophages and granulocytes and regulates T-cell and natural killer-cell responses, induces the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), favors the differentiation of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and is an important link between innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Mechanistically, exerts its biological effects through a receptor composed of IL12R1 and IL12R2 subunits. Binding to the receptor results in the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of cellular substrates including the JAK family kinases TYK2 and JAK2. In turn, recruited STAT4 gets phosphorylated and translocates to the nucleus where it regulates cytokine/growth factor responsive genes. As part of IL-35, plays essential roles in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the liver microenvironment and functions also as an immune-suppressive cytokine. Mediates biological events through unconventional receptors composed of IL12RB2 and gp130/IL6ST heterodimers or homodimers. Signaling requires the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT4, which form a unique heterodimer that binds to distinct DNA sites.
Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids (By similarity). Propionate is the preferred substrate but can also utilize acetate and butyrate with a much lower affinity.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA).
Forms a water-specific channel that provides the plasma membranes of red cells and kidney proximal tubules with high permeability to water, thereby permitting water to move in the direction of an osmotic gradient. Component of the ankyrin-1 complex, a multiprotein complex involved in the stability and shape of the erythrocyte membrane.
Homotetramer. Component of the ankyrin-1 complex in the erythrocyte, composed of ANK1, RHCE, RHAG, SLC4A1, EPB42, GYPA, GYPB and AQP1 (By similarity). Interacts with EPHB2; involved in endolymph production in the inner ear (By similarity). Identified in a complex with STOM. Interacts (via the N-terminal) with ANK1 (via ANK 1-5 repeats). Interacts (via the C-terminal) with EPB42 (By similarity).
Pharmacologically inhibited by submillimolar concentrations of mercury.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary and some secondary amines such as neurotransmitters, and exogenous amines including the tertiary amine, neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), with concomitant reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and participates in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Preferentially degrades benzylamine and phenylethylamine.
Homotrimer. Binds to PKC beta-1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Homotrimer; is stabilized by cisplatin via interactions between cisplatin and the methionine-rich clusters, and could be crucial for the copper(2+) reduction process and copper(1+) stabilization. Heterotrimer between SLC31A1, CCS and SOD1; this heterotrimer is copper(1+)-mediated and its maintenance is regulated through SOD1 activation. Interacts with KDR; this interaction is induced upon VEGFA stimulation leading to SLC31A1 and KDR subsequent co-internalization to early endosomes, thereby activating KDR downstream signaling in endothelial cells. Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with ATOX1 (via dimer form); this interaction improves ATOX1 stability and controls intracellular copper(1+) levels. Interacts with SLC31A2; this interaction stabilizes SLC31A2 and protects its from ubiquitination and degradation. Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with CCS; this interaction is copper(1+)-mediated.
Mobilizes copper(1+) out of the endosomal compartment, making copper(1+) available for export out of the cells.
O-Glycosylation at Thr-27 protects from proteolytic cleavage in the N-terminal extracellular domain.
Proteolytic cleavage, leading to a truncated form, is facilitated by SLC31A2 and initiated preferentially by CTSL and to a minor extend by CTSB in endolysosomal compartments. A post-CTSL/cathepsin L processing occurs to yield to the fully truncated form.
Sulfenylated at Cys-189 after stimulation with VEGFA, which induces SLC31A1-KDR disulfide bond formation and their co-internalization to early endosomes, driving to a sustained VEGFR2 signaling.
The C-terminal domain mediates copper(1+) binding and is involved in the copper(1+)-dependent-ATOX1 interaction. The C-terminal domain appears to act to limit transport through the pore by regulating the rate of exit of copper ions at the intracellular side. The N-terminal domain can collect copper(2+) from copper(2+) carriers in blood. The N-terminal domain, in the trimeric arrangement, tunes its reactivity with copper, promoting copper(2+) reduction and copper(1+) stabilization thanks to the presence of histidine (His) and methionine (Met) motifs. The bis-His motif directly coordinate to copper(2+), whereas the Mets motif is involved in copper(1+) binding. The ligand switching between the bis-His motif and the Mets motif is regulated by pH.
Uniporter that mediates the transport of copper(1+) from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm, across the plasma membrane and delivers directly copper(1+) to specific chaperone such as ATOX1, via a copper(1+)- mediated transient interaction between the C-terminal domain and a copper(1+) chaperone, thus controlling intracellular copper(1+) levels (By similarity). May function in copper(1+) import from the apical membrane thus may drive intestinal copper absorption (By similarity). The copper(1+) transport mechanism is sodium-independent, saturable and of high-affinity. Also mediates the uptake of silver(1+). May function in the influx of the platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents (By similarity). The platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents uptake is saturable (By similarity). In vitro, mediates the transport of cadmium(2+) into cells. Also participates in the first step of copper(2+) acquisition by cells through a direct transfer of copper(2+) from copper(2+) carriers in blood, such as ALB to the N-terminal domain of SLC31A1, leading to copper(2+) reduction and probably followed by copper(1+) stabilization. In addition, functions as a redox sensor to promote angiogenesis in endothelial cells, in a copper(1+) transport independent manner, by transmitting the VEGF-induced ROS signal through a sulfenylation at Cys-189 leadin g to a subsequent disulfide bond formation between SLC31A1 and KDR. The SLC31A1-KDR complex is then co-internalized to early endosomes, driving a sustained VEGFR2 signaling (By similarity).
Calcium-regulated membrane-binding protein whose affinity for calcium is greatly enhanced by anionic phospholipids. It binds two calcium ions with high affinity. May be involved in heat-stress response. Inhibits PCSK9-enhanced LDLR degradation, probably reduces PCSK9 protein levels via a translational mechanism but also competes with LDLR for binding with PCSK9.
Heterotetramer containing 2 light chains of S100A10/p11 and 2 heavy chains of ANXA2/p36 (By similarity). Interacts with ATP1B1 (By similarity). Interacts with DYSF (By similarity). Interacts with COCH. Interacts (via repeat Annexin 1) with PCSK9 (via the C-terminal domain); the interaction inhibits the degradation of LDLR. Interacts with CEACAM1 (via the cytoplasmic domain); this interaction is regulated by phosphorylation of CEACAM1 (By similarity). Interacts with APPL2 and APPL1; targets APPL2 to endosomes and acting in parallel to RAB5A (By similarity).
It may cross-link plasma membrane phospholipids with actin and the cytoskeleton and be involved with exocytosis.
A connexon is composed of a hexamer of connexins. Interacts with CNST.
Belongs to the connexin family. Beta-type (group I) subfamily.
May be involved in fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex.
Inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling which is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite.
Could act as a modulator of glutaredoxin biological activity (By similarity). May play a role in cytoskeleton organization (By similarity).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with MYO1C (via its IQ motifs); the interaction is dependent on calcium and takes place at membrane ruffles (By similarity).
Component of the CST complex proposed to act as a specialized replication factor promoting DNA replication under conditions of replication stress or natural replication barriers such as the telomere duplex. The CST complex binds single-stranded DNA with high affinity in a sequence-independent manner, while isolated subunits bind DNA with low affinity by themselves. Initially the CST complex has been proposed to protect telomeres from DNA degradation. However, the CST complex has been shown to be involved in several aspects of telomere replication. The CST complex inhibits telomerase and is involved in telomere length homeostasis; it is proposed to bind to newly telomerase-synthesized 3' overhangs and to terminate telomerase action implicating the association with the ACD:POT1 complex thus interfering with its telomerase stimulation activity. The CST complex is also proposed to be involved in fill-in synthesis of the telomeric C-strand probably implicating recruitment and activation of DNA polymerase alpha. The CST complex facilitates recovery from many forms of exogenous DNA damage; seems to be involved in the re-initiation of DNA replication at repaired forks and/or dormant origins. Involved in telomere maintenance. Involved in genome stability (By similarity). May be in involved in telomeric C-strand fill-in during late S/G2 phase (By similarity).
Component of the CST complex, composed of TEN1/C17orf106, CTC1/C17orf68 and STN1; in the complex interacts directly with STN1. Interacts with ACD and POT1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 33 family.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which can activate some, but not all, G-alpha proteins. Able to activate GNAI1, GNAO1 and GNAQ, but not GNAS by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Involved in regulation of microtubule pulling forces during mitotic movement of chromosomes by stimulating G(i)-alpha protein, possibly leading to release G(i)-alpha-GTP and NuMA proteins from the NuMA-GPSM2-G(i)-alpha-GDP complex. Also acts as an activator for G(q)-alpha (GNAQ) protein by enhancing the G(q)-coupled receptor-mediated ERK activation (By similarity).
Interacts with GDP-bound G alpha proteins GNAI1, GNAO1 and GNAQ, and with GNA13 with lower affinity. Does not interact with G-alpha proteins when they are in complex with subunits beta and gamma. Interacts (via C-terminus) with RGS14; the interaction stimulates the dissociation of the complex between RGS14 and the active GTP-bound form of GNAI1. Interacts with NCS1; interaction is favored in the absence of Ca(2+) and myristoylation of NCS1 is not required (By similarity).
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG (By similarity).
Interacts with ACTMAP (via N-terminus); the interaction may facilitate efficient cleavage of the acetylated N-terminus of immature actin by ACTMAP.
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio (By similarity). Interacts with PFN2 (By similarity).
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the early step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 5 subfamily.
Part of the SNARE core complex containing SNAP25, VAMP2 and STX1A; this complex constitutes the basic catalytic machinery of the complex neurotransmitter release apparatus. The SNARE complex interacts with CPLX1. Interacts with STXBP1. The interaction with STXBP1 promotes assembly of the SNARE complex (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with KCNB1 (via C-terminus); the interaction increases in a calcium-dependent manner and induces a pore-independent enhancement of exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells, chromaffin cells, pancreatic beta cells and from the soma of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons (By similarity). Interacts with SYTL4 (By similarity). Interacts with STXBP6. Interacts with PLCL1 (via C2 domain) (By similarity). Interacts with OTOF. Interacts with LGI3 (By similarity). Interacts (via the H3 domain) with SLC6A4 (via the N-terminus); this interaction regulates SLC4A6 channel conductance in thalamocortical neurons (By similarity). Interacts with SYT6 and SYT8; the interaction is Ca(2+)-dependent (By similarity). Interacts with VAMP8. Interacts with SNAP23 (By similarity). Interacts with VAPA and SYBU (By similarity). Interacts with PRRT2 (By similarity). Interacts with SEPT8 (By similarity). Interacts with STXBP5L (By similarity). Interacts with synaptotagmin-1/SYT1 (By similarity). Interacts with SEPTIN5; in the cerebellar cortex (By similarity). Interacts with SEPTIN4; in the striatum (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by CK2. Phosphorylation at Ser-188 by DAPK1 significantly decreases its interaction with STXBP1 (By similarity).
Plays an essential role in hormone and neurotransmitter calcium-dependent exocytosis and endocytosis. Part of the SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment Receptor) complex composed of SNAP25, STX1A and VAMP2 which mediates the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. STX1A and SNAP25 are localized on the plasma membrane while VAMP2 resides in synaptic vesicles. The pairing of the three SNAREs from the N-terminal SNARE motifs to the C-terminal anchors leads to the formation of the SNARE complex, which brings membranes into close proximity and results in final fusion (By similarity). Participates in the calcium-dependent regulation of acrosomal exocytosis in sperm. Also plays an important role in the exocytosis of hormones such as insulin or glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (By similarity).
Sumoylated, sumoylation is required for regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Contains four C-X9-C motifs that are predicted to form a helix-coil-helix structure, permitting the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Endoplasmic reticulum disulfide reductase involved both in the correct folding of proteins and degradation of misfolded proteins. Required for efficient folding of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by catalyzing the removal of non-native disulfide bonds formed during the folding of proteins, such as LDLR. Also involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) by reducing incorrect disulfide bonds in misfolded glycoproteins recognized by EDEM1. Interaction with HSPA5 is required its activity, not for the disulfide reductase activity, but to facilitate the release of DNAJC10 from its substrate. Promotes apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (By similarity).
Interacts with HSPA5 (via its J domain). Interacts with EDEM1 (By similarity).
The thioredoxin-like regions Trxb 1 and 2 lack a redox-active CXXC motif.
Thioredoxin domains 3 and 4 are the primary reductase domains.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. MHC peptide exporter (TC 3.A.1.209) subfamily.
Interacts (GTP-bound form) with SGSM1; the GDP-bound form has much lower affinity for SGSM1. The GTP-bound form but not the GDP-bound form interacts with HPS4 and the BLOC-3 complex (heterodimer of HPS1 and HPS4) but does not interact with HPS1 alone.
Involved in the transport of proteins between the endosomes and the trans Golgi network.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family. ChaC subfamily.
Catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione into 5-oxo-L-proline and a Cys-Gly dipeptide. Acts specifically on glutathione, but not on other gamma-glutamyl peptides.
Interacts with HSP90A, VCP, ATP6V1D, KIAA0665, AMPK, and DMAP1 through its TPR repeat.
Plays a role in the import of cytosolically synthesized preproteins into mitochondria. Binds the mature portion of precursor proteins. Interacts with cellular components, and possesses weak ATPase activity. May be a chaperone-like protein that helps to keep newly synthesized precursors in an unfolded import compatible state (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 33 subfamily.
Catalyzes the addition of the first of nine mannose moieties to form a dolichol-lipid linked oligosaccharide intermediate required for proper N-linked glycosylation.
May play an important role in formation and fusion of Golgi-derived vesicles during acrosome biogenesis.
Plays a role in endosomal trafficking of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
'Lys-6'-linked polyubiquitination at Lys-206 leads to RSAD2 protein degradation.
Acetylated by HAT1. HAT1-mediated acetylation of Lys-197 in turn recruits UBE4A that stimulates RSAD2 polyubiquitination leading to proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. RSAD2 family.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Homodimer. Interacts with IRAK1 and TRAF6. Interacts with FPPS. Interacts with HADHB. Interacts (via C-terminus) with VAPA/VAP33 (via C-terminus).
IRAK1 and TRAF6 synergistically activate RSAD2 increasing its activity with CTP as substrate about 10-fold.
Interferon-inducible antiviral protein which plays a major role in the cell antiviral state induced by type I and type II interferon. Catalyzes the conversion of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP (ddhCTP) via a SAM-dependent radical mechanism. In turn, ddhCTP acts as a chain terminator for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases from multiple viruses and directly inhibits viral replication. Therefore, inhibits a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses. Promotes also TLR7 and TLR9-dependent production of IFN-beta production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) by facilitating 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of IRAK1 by TRAF6. Plays a role in CD4+ T-cells activation and differentiation. Facilitates T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated GATA3 activation and optimal T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine production by modulating NFKB1 and JUNB activities. Can inhibit secretion of soluble proteins.
The N-terminal region (1-42) is necessary for its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and lipid droplet.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Catalytic subunit of tRNA (adenine-N(1)-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N(1)-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in changing or maintaining the spatial distribution of cytoskeletal structures.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Inhibited by Li(+), Ca(2+) and Mn(2+), but also by Mg(2+) at concentrations above 3 mM.
Responsible for the provision of inositol required for synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides and has been implicated as the pharmacological target for lithium action in brain. Has broad substrate specificity and can use myo-inositol monophosphates, myo-inositol 1,3-diphosphate, myo-inositol 1,4-diphosphate, scyllo-inositol-phosphate, D-galactose 1-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1-phosphate, beta-glycerophosphate, and 2'-AMP as substrates.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity. Acts as an accessory protein in conjunction with CAV1 in targeting to lipid rafts and driving caveolae formation. The Ser-36 phosphorylated form has a role in modulating mitosis in endothelial cells. Positive regulator of cellular mitogenesis of the MAPK signaling pathway. Required for the insulin-stimulated nuclear translocation and activation of MAPK1 and STAT3, and the subsequent regulation of cell cycle progression (By similarity).
Monomer or homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with CAV1; the interaction forms a stable heterooligomeric complex that is required for targeting to lipid rafts and for caveolae formation. Tyrosine phosphorylated forms do not form heterooligomers with the Tyr-19-phosphorylated form existing as a monomer or dimer, and the Tyr-27-form as a monomer only. Interacts (tyrosine phosphorylated form) with the SH2 domain-containing proteins, RASA1, NCK1 and SRC. Interacts (tyrosine phosphorylated form) with INSR, the interaction (Tyr-27-phosphorylated form) is increased on insulin stimulation. Interacts (Tyr-19 phosphorylated form) with MAPK1 (phosphorylated form); the interaction, promoted by insulin, leads to nuclear location and MAPK1 activation. Interacts with STAT3; the interaction is increased on insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation leading to STAT activation (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on serine and tyrosine residues. CAV1 promotes phosphorylation on Ser-23 which then targets the complex to the plasma membrane, lipid rafts and caveolae. Phosphorylation on Ser-36 appears to modulate mitosis in endothelial cells (By similarity). Phosphorylation on both Tyr-19 and Tyr-27 is required for insulin-induced 'Ser-727' phosphorylation of STAT3 and its activation. Phosphorylation on Tyr-19 is required for insulin-induced phosphorylation of MAPK1 and DNA binding of STAT3. Tyrosine phosphorylation is induced by both EGF and insulin (By. similarity).
Actin-binding protein that promotes actin bundling. May neither bind calcium nor depend on calcium for function (By similarity).
Homodimer (Potential). Monomer (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Interacts (via region A) with DDX6/RCK. Interacts (via region H and region C) with LSM1 and LSM4. Interacts (via region N) with DCP1A, DCP2, EDC3, EDC4 and XRN1. Interacts with the CCR4-NOT complex. Interacts with the Lsm-containing SMN-Sm protein complex. Interacts with EIF4ENIF1/4E-T.
RNA-binding protein involved in deadenylation-dependent decapping of mRNAs, leading to the degradation of mRNAs. Acts as a scaffold protein that connects deadenylation and decapping machinery. Required for cytoplasmic mRNA processing body (P-body) assembly.
The region C, also named Pat-C, is required for RNA-binding and mediates the binding with the Lsm-containing SMN-Sm protein complex and the decapping machinery. It folds into an alpha-alpha superhelix, exposing conserved and basic residues on one side of the domain.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
DNA- and RNA binding protein, involved in several nuclear processes (By similarity). Binds the conventional octamer sequence in double-stranded DNA (By similarity). Also binds single-stranded DNA and RNA at a site independent of the duplex site (By similarity). Involved in pre-mRNA splicing, probably as a heterodimer with SFPQ (By similarity). Interacts with U5 snRNA, probably by binding to a purine-rich sequence located on the 3' side of U5 snRNA stem 1b (By similarity). Together with PSPC1, required for the formation of nuclear paraspeckles (By similarity). The SFPQ-NONO heteromer associated with MATR3 may play a role in nuclear retention of defective RNAs (By similarity). The SFPQ-NONO heteromer may be involved in DNA unwinding by modulating the function of topoisomerase I/TOP1 (By similarity). The SFPQ-NONO heteromer may be involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination and may stabilize paired DNA ends (By similarity). In vitro, the complex strongly stimulates DNA end joining, binds directly to the DNA substrates and cooperates with the Ku70/G22P1-Ku80/XRCC5 (Ku) dimer to establish a functional preligation complex (By similarity). NONO is involved in transcriptional regulation (By similarity). The SFPQ-NONO-NR5A1 complex binds to the CYP17 promoter and regulates basal and cAMP-dependent transcriptional activity (By similarity). NONO binds to an enhancer element in long terminal repeats of endogenous intracisternal A particles (IAPs) and activates transcription (By similarity). Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Important for the functional organization of GABAergic synapses (By similarity). Plays a specific and important role in the regulation of synaptic RNAs and GPHN/gephyrin scaffold structure, through the regulation of GABRA2 transcript (By similarity). Plays a key role during neuronal differentiation by recruiting TET1 to genomic loci and thereby regulating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway (By similarity).
Monomer and component of the SFPQ-NONO complex, which is probably a heterotetramer of two 52 kDa (NONO) and two 100 kDa (SFPQ) subunits. NONO is a component of spliceosome and U5.4/6 snRNP complexes (By similarity). Interacts with CPNE4 (via VWFA domain) (By similarity). Forms heterodimers with PSPC1; this involves formation of a coiled coil domain by helices from both proteins. Part of complex consisting of SFPQ, NONO and MATR3. Part of a complex consisting of SFPQ, NONO and NR5A1. Part of a complex consisting of SFPQ, NONO and TOP1. Interacts with SPI1. Interacts with RNF43 (By similarity). Interacts with PER1 and PER2 (By similarity). Part of the HDP-RNP complex composed of at least HEXIM1, PRKDC, XRCC5, XRCC6, paraspeckle proteins (SFPQ, NONO, PSPC1, RBM14, and MATR3) and NEAT1 RNA. Interacts (via second RRM domain) with WASL; the interaction is direct. Component of a multiprotein complex with WASL and SFPQ (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity). Interacts (via DNA-binding domain) with TET1 (By similarity).
The RRM domains can bind to both DNA and RNA.
Component of the ARISC complex, at least composed of UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, at least composed of BRCA1, BARD1, UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. In the BRCA1-A complex, interacts directly with ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36 and BABAM1/NBA1. Binds polyubiquitin. Component of the BRISC complex, at least composed of ABRAXAS2, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Identified in a complex with SHMT2 and the other subunits of the BRISC complex. Component of the BRCA1/BRCA2 containing complex (BRCC), which also contains BRCA1, BRCA2, BARD1, BRCC3/BRCC36 and RAD51. BRCC is a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex that enhances cellular survival following DNA damage. May interact with FAS and TNFRSF1A.
Component of the ARISC complex. Component of the BRCA1-A complex. Component of the BRISC complex. Binds polyubiquitin.
Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs). The BRCA1-A complex also possesses deubiquitinase activity that specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX. In the BRCA1-A complex, it acts as an adapter that bridges the interaction between BABAM1/NBA1 and the rest of the complex, thereby being required for the complex integrity and modulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer. Component of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates. Within the BRISC complex, acts as an adapter that bridges the interaction between BABAM1/NBA1 and the rest of the complex, thereby being required for the complex integrity. The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating NUMA1. The BRISC complex plays a role in interferon signaling via its role in the deubiquitination of the interferon receptor IFNAR1; deubiquitination increases IFNAR1 activity by enhancing its stability and cell surface expression. Down-regulates the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its role in IFNAR1 deubiquitination. May play a role in homeostasis or cellular differentiation in cells of neural, epithelial and germline origins. May also act as a death receptor-associated anti-apoptotic protein, which inhibits the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. May regulate TNF-alpha signaling through its interactions with TNFRSF1A; however these effects may be indirect.
Contains 2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family-like (UEV-like) regions. These regions lack the critical Cys residues required for ubiquitination but retain the ability to bind ubiquitin.
May play a role in homeostasis or cellular differentiation in cells of neural, epithelial and germline origins. May also act as a death receptor-associated anti-apoptotic protein, which inhibits the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
By contrast to classical cadherins, homodimerization in trans is not mediated by cadherin EC1 domain strand-swapping, but instead through a homophilic adhesive interface which joins two elongated EC1-EC2 domains through a region near their Ca2+-binding sites to form a tetrahedral, X-like shape.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. May act as a negative regulator of neural cell growth (By similarity).
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain and rigidify the connections, imparting a strong curvature to the full-length ectodomain.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Involved in regulation of type I interferon (IFN)-dependent immune response which plays a critical role in the innate immune response against DNA and RNA viruses.
Functions as a cytoplasmic linker protein. Involved in TGN-endosome dynamics. May modulate the cellular compartmentalization of AKT kinase family and promote its cell membrane localization, thereby playing a role in glucose transport in adipocytes (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with AKT1 and AKT2; when AKT1 and AKT2 are phosphorylated and activated, affinity is higher for AKT2. Interacts with ZDHHC13 (via ANK repeats). Interacts with ZDHHC17 (via ANK repeats).
Microtubule association is inhibited by the ANK repeats and the Golgi localization region (GoLD).
Palmitoylation by ZDHHC17 regulates association with the plasma membrane.
The N-terminal half is dispensable for proper Golgi targeting, whereas the GoLD region is required.
Belongs to the ribonuclease III family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL44 subfamily.
Component of the 39S subunit of mitochondrial ribosome. May have a function in the assembly/stability of nascent mitochondrial polypeptides exiting the ribosome.
Functions as a receptor for the Fc fragment of IgA and IgM. Binds IgA and IgM with high affinity and mediates their endocytosis. May function in the immune response to microbes mediated by IgA and IgM (By similarity).
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Forms a homohexamer that can probably bind six kinase subunits.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
Induces fibroblasts to differentiate into myoblasts. Acts as a transcriptional activator that promotes transcription of muscle-specific target genes and plays a role in muscle differentiation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 32 family.
Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein. May be involved in the establishment and maintenance of specific neuronal connections in the brain.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type II family.
Acyltransferase and acetyltransferase activities are activated by phosphorylation and autoacetylation. Autoacetylation activates the histone acetyltransferase activity.
Autoacetylated. Autoacetylation is required for histone acetyltransferase activity. Autoacetylation at Lys-275 is facilitated by interaction with EP300/p300: it prevents ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome and promotes acetylation of target proteins. Deacetylated by HDAC3 and SIRT1. Deacetylation by HDAC3 promotes its ubiquitination and cytoplasmic localization.
Catalytic subunit of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex, a multiprotein complex involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H2A and H4. Histone acetylation alters nucleosome-DNA interactions and promotes interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. The NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex is required for the activation of transcriptional programs associated with proto-oncogene mediated growth induction, tumor suppressor mediated growth arrest and replicative senescence, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The NuA4 complex plays a direct role in repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by promoting homologous recombination (HR): the complex inhibits TP53BP1 binding to chromatin via MBTD1, which recognizes and binds histone H4 trimethylated at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me), and KAT5 that catalyzes acetylation of 'Lys-15' of histone H2A (H2AK15ac), thereby blocking the ubiquitination mark required for TP53BP1 localization at DNA breaks. Also involved in DSB repair by mediating acetylation of 'Lys-5' of histone H2AX (H2AXK5ac), promoting NBN/NBS1 assembly at the sites of DNA damage (By similarity). The NuA4 complex plays a key role in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and is required to maintain acetylated H2A.Z/H2AZ1 at MYC target genes. The NuA4 complex is also required for spermatid development by promoting acetylation of histones: histone hyperacetylation is required for histone replacement during the transition from round to elongating spermatids (By similarity). Component of a SWR1-like complex that specifically mediates the removal of histone H2A.Z/H2AZ1 from the nucleosome. Also acetylates non-histone proteins, such as BMAL1, ATM, AURKB, CHKA, CGAS, ERCC4/XPF, LPIN1, NDC80/HEC1, NR1D2, RAN, SOX4, FOXP3, ULK1 and RUBCNL/Pacer. Directly acetylates and activates ATM. Promotes nucleotide excision repair (NER) by mediating acetylation of ERCC4/XPF, thereby promoting formation of the ERCC4-ERCC1 complex. Relieves NR1D2-mediated inhibition of APOC3 expression by acetylating NR1D2. Acts as a regulator of regulatory T-cells (Treg) by catalyzing FOXP3 acetylation, thereby promoting FOXP3 transcriptional repressor activity. Involved in skeletal myoblast differentiation by mediating acetylation of SOX4. Catalyzes acetylation of APBB1/FE65, increasing its transcription activator activity (By similarity). Promotes transcription elongation during the activation phase of the circadian cycle by catalyzing acetylation of BMAL1, promoting elongation of circadian transcripts (By similarity). Together with GSK3 (GSK3A or GSK3B), acts as a regulator of autophagy: phosphorylated at Ser-86 by GSK3 under starvation conditions, leading to activate acetyltransferase activity and promote acetylation of key autophagy regulators, such as ULK1 and RUBCNL/Pacer. Acts as a regulator of the cGAS-STING innate antiviral response by catalyzing acetylation the N-terminus of CGAS, thereby promoting CGAS DNA-binding and activation. Also regulates lipid metabolism by mediating acetylation of CHKA or LPIN1. Promotes lipolysis of lipid droplets following glucose deprivation by mediating acetylation of isoform 1 of CHKA, thereby promoting monomerization of CHKA and its conversion into a tyrosine-protein kinase. Acts as a regulator of fatty-acid-induced triacylglycerol synthesis by catalyzing acetylation of LPIN1, thereby promoting the synthesis of diacylglycerol. In addition to protein acetyltransferase, can use different acyl-CoA substrates, such as (2E)-butenoyl-CoA (crotonyl-CoA) and 2-hydroxyisobutanoyl-CoA (2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA), and is able to mediate protein crotonylation and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, respectively. Acts as a key regulator of chromosome segregation and kinetochore-microtubule attachment during mitosis by mediating acetylation or crotonylation of target proteins. Catalyzes acetylation of AURKB at kinetochores, increasing AURKB activity and promoting accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. Acetylates RAN during mitosis, promoting microtubule assembly at mitotic chromosomes. Acetylates NDC80/HEC1 during mitosis, promoting robust kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Catalyzes crotonylation of MAPRE1/EB1, thereby ensuring accurate spindle positioning in mitosis (By similarity).
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which contains the catalytic subunit KAT5/TIP60 and the subunits EP400, TRRAP/PAF400, BRD8/SMAP, EPC1, DMAP1/DNMAP1, RUVBL1/TIP49, RUVBL2, ING3, actin, ACTL6A/BAF53A, MORF4L1/MRG15, MORF4L2/MRGX, MRGBP, YEATS4/GAS41, VPS72/YL1 and MEAF6 (By similarity). KAT5/TIP60, EPC1, and ING3 together constitute a minimal HAT complex termed Piccolo NuA4. The NuA4 complex interacts with MYC. Interacts with ATM. Interacts with JADE1. Interacts with PLA2G4A/CPLA2, EDNRA and HDAC7. Interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of APP and APBB1/FE65. Interacts with TRIM24 and TRIM68. Forms a complex with SENP6 and UBE2I in response to UV irradiation. Identified in a complex with HINT1. Interacts with ATF2 and CUL3. Interacts with NR1D2 (via N-terminus). Component of a SWR1-like complex (By similarity). Interacts with FOXP3 (By similarity). Interacts with ZBTB49 (By similarity). Interacts with SRF (By similarity). Interacts with ATF3; promoting autoacetylation and deubiquitination by USP7. Interacts with EP300/p300; interaction promotes KAT5 autoacetylation. Interacts with PRKDC; interaction is impaired following KAT5 sumoylation (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Ser-86 and Ser-90; enhanced during G2/M phase. The phosphorylated form has a higher activity. Phosphorylation at Ser-90 by CDK1 or CDK9 is a prerequisite for phosphorylation at Ser-86 by GSK3. Phosphorylation at Ser-86 by GSK3 (GSK3A or GSK3B) activates acetyltransferase and acyltransferase activities. Phosphorylation at Ser-90 by CDK9 promotes KAT5 recruitment to chromatin. Phosphorylation by VRK1 following DNA damage promotes KAT5 association with chromatin and histone acetyltransferase activity.
Sumoylated by UBE2I at Lys-378 and Lys-399, leading to increase of its histone acetyltransferase activity in UV-induced DNA damage response, as well as its translocation to nuclear bodies. Sumoylation with SUMO2 by PIAS4 at Lys-378 promotes repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via homologous recombination (HR). Sumoylation by PIAS4 impairs interaction with PRKDC, inhibiting non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair of DSBs, thereby facilitating HR. Desumoylated by SENP3.
Ubiquitinated by MDM2, leading to its proteasome-dependent degradation. Ubiquitination is prevented by autoacetylation at Lys-275. Ubiquitinated following deacetylation by HDAC3, leading to cytoplasmic localization. Deubiquitinated by USP7 following interaction with ATF3, promoting its stabilization.
Belongs to the dolichyldiphosphatase family.
Required for efficient N-glycosylation. Necessary for maintaining optimal levels of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides. Hydrolyzes dolichyl pyrophosphate at a very high rate and dolichyl monophosphate at a much lower rate. Does not act on phosphatidate.
Interaction with ESR1 and NCOA3 is enhanced by estradiol. Interacts with acetylated lysine residues on histone H1.4, H2A, H2B and H3 (in vitro) (By similarity).
May be a transcriptional coactivator of the nuclear receptor ESR1 required to induce the expression of a subset of estradiol target genes, such as CCND1, MYC and E2F1. May play a role in the recruitment or occupancy of CREBBP at some ESR1 target gene promoters. May be required for histone hyperacetylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL50 family.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Catalyzes the aldol cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to form two triosephosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in glycolysis as well as the reverse stereospecific aldol addition reaction in gluconeogenesis. In fructolysis, metabolizes fructose 1-phosphate derived from the phosphorylation of dietary fructose by fructokinase into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde (By similarity). Acts as an adapter independently of its enzymatic activity, exerts a tumor suppressor role by stabilizing the ternary complex with G6PD and TP53 to inhibit G6PD activity and keep oxidative pentose phosphate metabolism in check (By similarity).
Homotetramer. Interacts with BBS1, BBS2, BBS4 and BBS7. Forms a ternary complex with G6PD and TP53; this interaction is direct.
In vertebrates, 3 forms of this ubiquitous glycolytic enzyme are found, aldolase A in muscle, aldolase B in liver and aldolase C in brain.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Polyol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the reversible NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of various sugar alcohols. Is active with xylitol, L-iditol and D-sorbitol (D-glucitol) as substrates, leading to the C2-oxidized products D-xylulose, L-sorbose and D-fructose, respectively (By similarity). Is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway that interconverts glucose and fructose via sorbitol, which constitutes an important alternate route for glucose metabolism. May play a role in sperm motility by using sorbitol as an alternative energy source for sperm motility (By similarity).
Autophagy receptor required for selective macroautophagy (aggrephagy). Functions as a bridge between polyubiquitinated cargo and autophagosomes. Interacts directly with both the cargo to become degraded and an autophagy modifier of the MAP1 LC3 family. Along with WDFY3, involved in the formation and autophagic degradation of cytoplasmic ubiquitin-containing inclusions (p62 bodies, ALIS/aggresome-like induced structures). Along with WDFY3, required to recruit ubiquitinated proteins to PML bodies in the nucleus. Also involved in autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by acting as a bridge between ubiquitinated PEX5 receptor and autophagosomes (By similarity). May regulate the activation of NFKB1 by TNF-alpha, nerve growth factor (NGF) and interleukin-1. May play a role in titin/TTN downstream signaling in muscle cells. May regulate signaling cascades through ubiquitination. Adapter that mediates the interaction between TRAF6 and CYLD (By similarity). May be involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and regulation of K(+) channels. Involved in endosome organization by retaining vesicles in the perinuclear cloud: following ubiquitination by RNF26, attracts specific vesicle-associated adapters, forming a molecular bridge that restrains cognate vesicles in the perinuclear region and organizes the endosomal pathway for efficient cargo transport. Promotes relocalization of 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated STING1 to autophagosomes. Acts as an activator of the NFE2L2/NRF2 pathway via interaction with KEAP1: interaction inactivates the BCR(KEAP1) complex, promoting nuclear accumulation of NFE2L2/NRF2 and subsequent expression of cytoprotective genes (By similarity). Sequesters tensin TNS2 into cytoplasmic puncta, promoting TNS2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
Homooligomer or heterooligomer; may form homotypic arrays. Interacts directly with PRKCI and PRKCZ (Probable). Interacts with EBI3, LCK, RASA1, PRKCZ, PRKCI, NR2F2, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, NBR1, MAP2K5, TRIM13, TRIM55 and MAPKAPK5. Interacts with the proteasome subunits PSMD4 and PSMC2. Interacts with K63-polyubiquitinated MAPT/TAU. Interacts with IKBKB through PRKCZ and PRKCI. Interacts with NGFR through TRAF6 and bridges that complex to NTRK1. Forms a complex with MAP2K5 and PRKCZ or PRKCI. Component of a ternary complex with PAWR and PRKCZ. Upon TNF-alpha stimulation, interacts with RIPK1 probably bridging IKBKB to the TNF-R1 complex composed of TNF-R1/TNFRSF1A, TRADD and RIPK1. Forms a complex with AJUBA, PRKCZ and TRAF6. Forms ternary complexes with PRKCZ and KCNAB2 or PRKCZ and GABBR3. Interacts with KCNAB1, GABRR1, GABRR2 and GABRR3. Interacts with TRAF6 and CYLD. Identified in a complex with TRAF6 and CYLD. Forms an NGF-induced complex with IKBKB, PRKCI and TRAF6. Identified in a heterotrimeric complex with ubiquitin and ZFAND5, where ZFAND5 and SQSTM1 both interact with the same ubiquitin molecule (By similarity). Directly interacts with MAP1LC3A and MAP1LC3B, as well as with other MAP1 LC3 family members, including GABARAP, GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2; these interactions are necessary for the recruitment MAP1 LC3 family members to inclusion bodies containing polyubiquitinated protein aggregates and for their degradation by autophagy (By similarity). Interacts with FHOD3 (By similarity). Interacts with TRMI5 (By similarity). Interacts with SESN1 (By similarity). Interacts with SESN2 (By similarity). Interacts with ULK1. Interacts with UBD (By similarity). Interacts with WDR81; the interaction is direct and regulates the interaction of SQSTM1 with ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity). Interacts with WDFY3; this interaction is required to recruit WDFY3 to cytoplasmic bodies and to PML bodies (By similarity). Interacts with TRIM50 (By similarity). Interacts with TRIM16 (By similarity). Interacts with STING1; leading to relocalization of STING1 to autophagosomes (By similarity). Interacts (when phosphorylated at Ser-349) with KEAP1; the interaction is direct and inactivates the BCR(KEAP1) complex by sequestering KEAP1 in inclusion bodies, promoting its degradation (By similarity). Interacts with GBP1 (By similarity). Interacts with MOAP1; promoting dissociation of SQSTM1 inclusion bodies that sequester KEAP1 (By similarity). Interacts with TAX1BP1 (By similarity). Interacts with (ubiquitinated) PEX5; specifically binds PEX5 ubiquitinated at 'Lys-209' in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) (By similarity). Interacts (via PB1 domain) with TNS2; the interaction leads to sequestration of TNS2 in cytoplasmic aggregates with SQSTM1 and promotes TNS2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (By similarity). Interacts with IRS1; the interaction is disrupted by the presence of tensin TNS2 (By similarity). Interacts with TRIM11 (when ubiquitinated); promoting AIM2 recruitment to autophagosomes and autophagy-dependent degradation of AIM2 (By similarity). Interacts with ECSIT; this interaction inhibits TLR4 signaling via functional regulation of the TRAF6-ECSIT complex (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. May be phosphorylated by PRKCZ (By similarity). Phosphorylated in vitro by TTN. Phosphorylation at Ser-403 by ULK1 is stimulated by SESN2 (By similarity). Phosphorylated at Ser-403 by TBK1, leading to promote relocalization of 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated STING1 to autophagosomes (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Ser-349 by MTOR promotes interaction with KEAP1 and inactivation of the BCR(KEAP1) complex, promoting NFE2L2/NRF2 nuclear accumulation and expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes (By similarity).
The PB1 domain mediates homooligomerization and interactions with FHOD3, MAP2K5, NBR1, PRKCI, PRKCZ and WDR81. Both the PB1 and UBA domains are necessary and sufficient for the localization into the ubiquitin-containing inclusion bodies.
The UBA domain binds specifically 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains of polyubiquitinated substrates. Mediates the interaction with TRIM55. Both the UBA and PB1 domains are necessary and sufficient for the localization into the ubiquitin-containing inclusion bodies.
The ZZ-type zinc finger mediates the interaction with RIPK1.
Ubiquitinated by UBE2J1 and RNF26 at Lys-435: ubiquitinated SQSTM1 attracts specific vesicle-associated adapters, forming a molecular bridge that restrains cognate vesicles in the perinuclear region and organizes the endosomal pathway for efficient cargo transport. Deubiquitination by USP15 releases target vesicles for fast transport into the cell periphery. Ubiquitinated by the BCR(KEAP1) complex at Lys-420, increasing SQSTM1 sequestering activity and promoting its degradation. Ubiquitinated via 'Lys-29' and 'Lys-33'-linked polyubiquitination leading to xenophagic targeting of bacteria and inhibition of their replication.
Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding.
Belongs to the phospholipase B-like family.
Forms homo- and heterooligomers with DERL3 and, to a lesser extent, with DERL1. Interacts with the SEL1L/SYVN1 and VCP/SELENOS protein complexes. Mediates association between VCP and EDEM1, as well as that between VCP and the misfolded glycoproteins. Interacts with OS9. Interacts with SELENOK and SELENOS. Interacts with the signal recognition particle/SRP and the SRP receptor; in the process of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control. Interacts with CCDC47 (By similarity).
Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal glycoproteins, but not that of misfolded nonglycoproteins. May act by forming a channel that allows the retrotranslocation of misfolded glycoproteins into the cytosol where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. May mediate the interaction between VCP and misfolded glycoproteins. May also be involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation.
Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by forming a channel that allows the retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins into the cytosol where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome.
Transcription factor required for myelination of differentiated oligodendrocytes. Required for the conversion of oligodendrocytes from the premyelinating to the myelinating state. In the developing central nervous system (CNS), involved in the maintenance in the progenitor stage by promoting the cell cycle. Specifically binds to the 5'-TCAT-3' DNA sequence. Has transcription repressor activity in vitro (By similarity).
2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (E1a) component of the 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex (OADHC). Participates in the first step, rate limiting for the overall conversion of 2-oxoadipate (alpha-ketoadipate) to glutaryl-CoA and CO(2) catalyzed by the whole OADHC. Catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate via the thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) cofactor and subsequent transfer of the decarboxylated acyl intermediate on an oxidized dihydrolipoyl group that is covalently amidated to the E2 enzyme (dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase or DLST). Can catalyze the decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate in vitro, but at a much lower rate than 2-oxoadipate. Responsible for the last step of L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine and L-tryptophan catabolism with the common product being 2-oxoadipate.
The 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex is composed of OADH (2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase; E1a), DLST (dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase; E2) and DLD (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; E3). E1a functional unit is a dimer.
The mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complexes (OGDHC and OADHC, respectively) share their E2 (DLST) and E3 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase or DLD) components, but the E1 component is specific to each complex (E1o and E1a, respectively).
Interacts (via MYND-type zinc finger) with HDAC1.
Plays a critical role in cardiac development (By similarity). Acts as a key epigenetic regulator of gene expression during cardiac development via its dual activities as a methyltransferase and negative regulator of HDAC1 (By similarity).
Homodimer. Heterodimer with ARL6IP1. Forms multimers. Interacts with ARL6. Interacts with prenylated RAB1A and RAB3A. Interacts with SLC1A1/EAAC1. Interacts with RTN2 (via first transmembrane domain). Does not interact with VAMP1, VAMP2 or VAMP3.
Regulates intracellular concentrations of taurine and glutamate. Negatively modulates SLC1A1/EAAC1 glutamate transport activity by decreasing its affinity for glutamate in a PKC activity-dependent manner. Plays a role in the retention of SLC1A1/EAAC1 in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
Interacts with DDRGK1. Interacts with TRIP4; deufmylates TRIP4.
Thiol-dependent isopeptidase that recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of UFM1, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein bound to a number of target proteins. Does not hydrolyze SUMO1 or ISG15 ubiquitin-like proteins. Through TRIP4 deufmylation may regulate intracellular nuclear receptors transactivation and thereby regulate cell proliferation and differentiation.
Adapter protein that provides a critical link between cell surface growth factor receptors and the Ras signaling pathway.
Associates (via SH2 domain) with activated EGF and PDGF receptors (tyrosine phosphorylated) (By similarity). Interacts with PDGFRA (tyrosine phosphorylated); the interaction may be indirect (By similarity). Also associates to other cellular Tyr-phosphorylated proteins such as SIT1, IRS1, IRS4, SHC and LNK; probably via the concerted action of both its SH2 and SH3 domains. It also seems to interact with RAS in the signaling pathway leading to DNA synthesis. Interacts with SOS1. Forms a complex with MUC1 and SOS1, through interaction of the SH3 domains with SOS1 and the SH2 domain with phosphorylated MUC1. Interacts with phosphorylated MET (By similarity). Interacts with phosphorylated TOM1L1 (By similarity). Interacts with the phosphorylated C-terminus of SH2B2 (By similarity). Interacts with phosphorylated SIT1, LAX1, LAT, LAT2 and LIME1 upon TCR and/or BCR activation (By similarity). Interacts with NISCH, PTPNS1 and REPS2 (By similarity). Interacts with syntrophin SNTA1 (By similarity). Interacts (via SH3 domains) with REPS1 (By similarity). Interacts (via SH3 domains) with PIK3C2B. Interacts with CBL and CBLB (By similarity). Interacts with AJUBA and CLNK (By similarity). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with TEK/TIE2 (tyrosine phosphorylated) (By similarity). Interacts with SHB, INPP5D/SHIP1, SKAP1 and SKAP2 (By similarity). Interacts with PTPN11 (By similarity). Interacts with PRNP (By similarity). Interacts with RALGPS1. Interacts with HCST (By similarity). Interacts with KDR (By similarity). Interacts with FLT1 (tyrosine-phosphorylated) (By similarity). Interacts with GAPT and PTPRE. Interacts (via SH2 domain) with KIF26A. Interacts (via SH3 2) with GAB2. Interacts with ADAM15 (By similarity). Interacts with THEMIS2 (By similarity). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with AXL (phosphorylated). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with KIT (phosphorylated). Interacts with PTPRJ and BCR. Interacts with PTPN23. Interacts with FLT4 (tyrosine phosphorylated). Interacts with EPHB1 and SHC1; activates the MAPK/ERK cascade to regulate cell migration. Part of a complex including TNK2, GRB2, LTK and one receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) such as AXL and PDGFRL, in which GRB2 promotes RTK recruitment by TNK2. Interacts (via SH2 domain) with CSF1R (tyrosine phosphorylated). Interacts with ERBB4. Interacts with NTRK1 (phosphorylated upon ligand-binding). Interacts with PTK2/FAK1 (tyrosine phosphorylated). Interacts with PTK2B/PYK2 (tyrosine phosphorylated). Interacts (via SH2-domain) with SCIMP; this interaction is dependent on phosphorylation on SCIMP 'Tyr-69' (By similarity). Interacts (via SH3 domains) with GAREM1 isoform 1 (via proline-rich domain and tyrosine phosphorylated); the interaction occurs upon EGF stimulation (By similarity). Interacts with DAB2 (By similarity). Interacts with TESPA1 (By similarity). Interacts with PLCG1, LAT and THEMIS upon TCR activation in thymocytes; the association is weaker in the absence of TESPA1 (By similarity). Interacts with CD28 (By similarity). Interacts with RAB13; may recruit RAB13 to the leading edge of migrating endothelial cells where it can activate RHOA (By similarity). Interacts with ASAP3 (phosphorylated form) (By similarity). Interacts (via SH2 domain) with PTPRH (phosphorylated form) (By similarity). Interacts with PTPRO (phosphorylated form) (By similarity). Interacts with PTPRB (phosphorylated form) (By similarity). Interacts (via SH3 domain 2) with PRR14 (via proline-rich region). Interacts with FCRL6 (tyrosine phosphorylated form). Interacts with RHEX (via tyrosine-phosphorylated form) (By similarity). Interacts with DENND2B (By similarity). Interacts with SPRY2 (By similarity). Interacts with LRRC8A (By similarity). Interacts with PEAK1 (By similarity).
The SH3 domains mediate interaction with RALGPS1 and SHB.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Receptor for glutamate that functions as a ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system.
Acetylated on Lys-19 by coactivators in response to TGF-beta signaling, which increases transcriptional activity.
In response to TGF-beta, phosphorylated on the C-terminal SXS motif by TGF-beta and activin type 1 receptor kinases, phosphorylation declines progressively in a KMT5A-dependent manner. Phosphorylation in this motif is required for interaction with a number of proteins including SMURF2, SNON and SMAD4 in response to TGF-beta. Dephosphorylated in this motif by PPM1A leading to disruption of the SMAD2/3-SMAD4 complex, nuclear export and termination of the TGF-beta signaling. In response to decorin, the naturally occurring inhibitor of TGF-beta signaling, phosphorylated on Ser-240 by CaMK2. Phosphorylated by MAPK3 upon EGF stimulation; which increases transcriptional activity and stability, and is blocked by calmodulin. Phosphorylated by PDPK1 (By similarity).
In response to TGF-beta, ubiquitinated by NEDD4L; which promotes its degradation. Monoubiquitinated, leading to prevent DNA-binding (By similarity). Deubiquitination by USP15 alleviates inhibition and promotes activation of TGF-beta target genes (By similarity). Ubiquitinated by RNF111, leading to its degradation: only SMAD2 proteins that are 'in use' are targeted by RNF111, RNF111 playing a key role in activating SMAD2 and regulating its turnover (By similarity).
Monomer; in the absence of TGF-beta (By similarity). Heterodimer; in the presence of TGF-beta (By similarity). Forms a heterodimer with co-SMAD, SMAD4, in the nucleus to form the transactivation complex SMAD2/SMAD4 (By similarity). Found in a complex with SMAD3 and TRIM33 upon addition of TGF-beta (By similarity). Identified in a complex that contains at least ZNF451, SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD4 (By similarity). Interacts (via the MH2 domain) with ZFYVE9; may form trimers with the SMAD4 co-SMAD (By similarity). Interacts with TAZ/WWRT1 (By similarity). Interacts with FOXH1 (By similarity). Interacts with SNW1 (By similarity). Interacts with CREB-binding protein (CBP) and EP300 (By similarity). Interacts with SNON (By similarity). Interacts with ALK4/ACVR1B (By similarity). Interacts with SKOR1 (By similarity). Interacts with SKOR2 (By similarity). Interacts with PRDM16 (By similarity). Interacts (via MH2 domain) with LEMD3 (By similarity). Interacts with RBPMS (By similarity). Interacts with WWP1. Interacts (dephosphorylated form, via the MH1 and MH2 domains) with RANBP3 (via its C-terminal R domain); the interaction results in the export of dephosphorylated SMAD3 out of the nucleus and termination of the TGF-beta signaling (By similarity). Interacts with PDPK1 (via PH domain) (By similarity). Interacts with DAB2; the interactions are enhanced upon TGF-beta stimulation (By similarity). Interacts with USP15 (By similarity). Interacts with PPP5C (By similarity). Interacts with LDLRAD4 (via the SMAD interaction motif) (By similarity). Interacts (via MH2 domain) with PMEPA1 (via the SMAD interaction motif) (By similarity). Interacts with ZFHX3 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF451 (By similarity). Interacts with SMURF2 when phosphorylated on Ser-465/467 (By similarity). Interacts with PPM1A (By similarity). Interacts with TGF-beta (By similarity). Interacts with TGFBR1 (By similarity). Interacts with TGIF (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD3 and TRIM33 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF580 (By similarity). Interacts with NEDD4L in response to TGF-beta (By similarity). Interacts with HGS (By similarity). Interacts with AIP1 (By similarity). Interacts with WWP1 (By similarity). Interacts with PML (By similarity). Interacts weakly with ZNF8 (By similarity). Interacts (when phosphorylated) with RNF111; RNF111 acts as an enhancer of the transcriptional responses by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD2 inhibitors (By similarity). Interacts with YAP1 (when phosphorylated at 'Ser-55') (By similarity). Interacts when phosphorylated with IPO7; the interaction facilitates translocation of SMAD2 to the nucleus (By similarity).
Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activin type 1 receptor kinases. Binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD2/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. Promotes TGFB1-mediated transcription of odontoblastic differentiation genes in dental papilla cells (By similarity). Positively regulates PDPK1 kinase activity by stimulating its dissociation from the 14-3-3 protein YWHAQ which acts as a negative regulator (By similarity).
This is the major myelin protein from the central nervous system. It plays an important role in the formation or maintenance of the multilamellar structure of myelin (By similarity).
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: the flavoprotein (FP) SDHA, iron-sulfur protein (IP) SDHB, and a cytochrome b560 composed of SDHC and SDHD.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the potassium channel HCN family.
Septins polymerize into heterooligomeric protein complexes that form filaments.
Homooligomer and heterooligomer. Interacts with TRIM63 and probably with TRIM55. Interacts with tubulin (By similarity).
May bind and stabilize microtubules during myotubes formation.
Belongs to the PtdIns transfer protein family. PI transfer class I subfamily.
Catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin between membranes (By similarity). Required for COPI-mediated retrograde transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum; phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine transfer activity is essential for this function (By similarity).
Appears to be stable component of the Pol II(G) complex form of RNA polymerase II. Pol II synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs and is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. May play a role in Mediator-dependent regulation of transcription activation. In vitro, acts as negative regulator of transcriptional activation; this repression is relieved by the Mediator complex, which restores Pol II(G) activator-dependent transcription to a level equivalent to that of Pol II (By similarity).
Component of the Pol II(G) complex, which contains the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core complex subunits and POLR2M and appears to be an abundant form of Pol II.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Cleaved following oxidative stress resulting in HSP90AB1 protein radicals formation; disrupts the chaperoning function and the degradation of its client proteins.
In the resting state, through the dimerization of its C-terminal domain, HSP90 forms a homodimer which is defined as the open conformation. Upon ATP-binding, the N-terminal domain undergoes significant conformational changes and comes in contact to form an active closed conformation. After HSP90 finishes its chaperoning tasks of assisting the proper folding, stabilization and activation of client proteins under the active state, ATP molecule is hydrolyzed to ADP which then dissociates from HSP90 and directs the protein back to the resting state.
Methylated by SMYD2; facilitates dimerization and chaperone complex formation; promotes cancer cell proliferation.
Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. Engages with a range of client protein classes via its interaction with various co-chaperone proteins or complexes, that act as adapters, simultaneously able to interact with the specific client and the central chaperone itself. Recruitment of ATP and co-chaperone followed by client protein forms a functional chaperone. After the completion of the chaperoning process, properly folded client protein and co-chaperone leave HSP90 in an ADP-bound partially open conformation and finally, ADP is released from HSP90 which acquires an open conformation for the next cycle. Apart from its chaperone activity, it also plays a role in the regulation of the transcription machinery. HSP90 and its co-chaperones modulate transcription at least at three different levels. They first alter the steady-state levels of certain transcription factors in response to various physiological cues. Second, they modulate the activity of certain epigenetic modifiers, such as histone deacetylases or DNA methyl transferases, and thereby respond to the change in the environment. Third, they participate in the eviction of histones from the promoter region of certain genes and thereby turn on gene expression. Antagonizes STUB1-mediated inhibition of TGF-beta signaling via inhibition of STUB1-mediated SMAD3 ubiquitination and degradation. Promotes cell differentiation by chaperoning BIRC2 and thereby protecting from auto-ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasomal machinery. Main chaperone involved in the phosphorylation/activation of the STAT1 by chaperoning both JAK2 and PRKCE under heat shock and in turn, activates its own transcription. Involved in the translocation into ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment) of leaderless cargos (lacking the secretion signal sequence) such as the interleukin 1/IL-1; the translocation process is mediated by the cargo receptor TMED10.
Monomer. Homodimer (By similarity). Forms a complex with CDK6 and CDC37. Interacts with UNC45A; binding to UNC45A involves 2 UNC45A monomers per HSP90AB1 dimer (By similarity). Interacts with CHORDC1 (By similarity). Interacts with DNAJC7. Interacts with FKBP4. May interact with NWD1. Interacts with SGTA. Interacts with HSF1 in an ATP-dependent manner. Interacts with MET; the interaction suppresses MET kinase activity. Interacts with ERBB2 in an ATP-dependent manner; the interaction suppresses ERBB2 kinase activity. Interacts with HIF1A, KEAP1 and RHOBTB2. Interacts with STUB1 and SMAD3. Interacts with XPO1 and AHSA1. Interacts with BIRC2. Interacts with KCNQ4; promotes cell surface expression of KCNQ4. Interacts with BIRC2; prevents auto-ubiquitination and degradation of its client protein BIRC2. Interacts with NOS3. Interacts with AHR; interaction is inhibited by HSP90AB1 phosphorylation on Ser-226 and Ser-255. Interacts with STIP1 and CDC37; upon SMYD2-dependent methylation. Interacts with JAK2 and PRKCE; promotes functional activation in a heat shock-dependent manner. Interacts with HSP90AA1; interaction is constitutive. HSP90AB1-CDC37 chaperone complex interacts with inactive MAPK7 (via N-terminal half) in resting cells; the interaction is MAP2K5-independent and prevents from ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Interacts with CDC25A; prevents heat shock-mediated CDC25A degradation and contributes to cell cycle progression. Interacts with TP53 (via DNA binding domain); suppresses TP53 aggregation and prevents from irreversible thermal inactivation. Interacts with TGFB1 processed form (LAP); inhibits latent TGFB1 activation (By similarity). Interacts with TRIM8; prevents nucleus translocation of phosphorylated STAT3 and HSP90AB1 (By similarity). Interacts with NR3C1 (via domain NR LBD) and NR1D1 (via domain NR LBD) (By similarity). Interacts with PDCL3 (By similarity). Interacts with TTC4 (via TPR repeats) (By similarity). Interacts with IL1B; the interaction facilitates cargo translocation into the ERGIC (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Tyr-301 by SRC is induced by lipopolysaccharide. Phosphorylation at Ser-226 and Ser-255 inhibits AHR interaction.
S-nitrosylated; negatively regulates the ATPase activity.
The TPR repeat-binding motif mediates interaction with TPR repeat-containing proteins.
Ubiquitinated in the presence of STUB1-UBE2D1 complex (in vitro).
Part of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) which contains MTOR, MLST8, RPTOR, AKT1S1/PRAS40 and DEPTOR. mTORC1 binds to and is inhibited by FKBP12-rapamycin. Part of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) which contains MTOR, MLST8, PRR5, RICTOR, MAPKAP1 and DEPTOR. Contrary to mTORC1, mTORC2 does not bind to and is not sensitive to FKBP12-rapamycin. Interacts directly with MTOR and RPTOR. Interacts with RHEB. Interacts with MEAK7. Interacts with SIK3.
Subunit of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulates cell growth and survival in response to nutrient and hormonal signals. mTORC1 is activated in response to growth factors or amino acids. Growth factor-stimulated mTORC1 activation involves a AKT1-mediated phosphorylation of TSC1-TSC2, which leads to the activation of the RHEB GTPase that potently activates the protein kinase activity of mTORC1. Amino acid-signaling to mTORC1 requires its relocalization to the lysosomes mediated by the Ragulator complex and the Rag GTPases. Activated mTORC1 up-regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis. mTORC1 phosphorylates EIF4EBP1 and releases it from inhibiting the elongation initiation factor 4E (eiF4E). mTORC1 phosphorylates and activates S6K1, which then promotes protein synthesis by phosphorylating PDCD4 and targeting it for degradation. Within mTORC1, LST8 interacts directly with MTOR and enhances its kinase activity. In nutrient-poor conditions, stabilizes the MTOR-RPTOR interaction and favors RPTOR-mediated inhibition of MTOR activity. mTORC2 is also activated by growth factors, but seems to be nutrient-insensitive. mTORC2 seems to function upstream of Rho GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, probably by activating one or more Rho-type guanine nucleotide exchange factors. mTORC2 promotes the serum-induced formation of stress-fibers or F-actin. mTORC2 plays a critical role in AKT1 phosphorylation, which may facilitate the phosphorylation of the activation loop of AKT1 by PDK1 which is a prerequisite for full activation. mTORC2 regulates the phosphorylation of SGK1. mTORC2 also modulates the phosphorylation of PRKCA.
Belongs to the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family.
Hydrolyzes extracellular Ap3A into AMP and ADP, and Ap4A into AMP and ATP. Ap3A and Ap4A are diadenosine polyphosphates thought to induce proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Acts as a procoagulant, mediating platelet aggregation at the site of nascent thrombus via release of ADP from Ap3A and activation of ADP receptors (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. IAN subfamily.
Regulates the expression, localization to the plasma membrane and function of the sodium chloride cotransporters SLC12A1 and SLC12A3, two key components of salt reabsorption in the distal renal tubule.
Component of chromatin-associated Polycomb (PcG) complexes. Component of a number of PRC1-like complexes; these complexes contain either the polycomb group ring finger protein PCGF1, or PCGF2, or PCGF3, or BMI1, or PCGF5, or PCGF6. Distinct PRC1-like complexes are composed of a RING1 subunit (RING1B or RING1A), one of the six PCGF proteins (PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, BMI1, PCGF5 or PCGF6), one PHC protein (PHC1, PHC2 or PHC3) and one of the CBX proteins (CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7 or CBX8) (By similarity). Part of a complex that contains RNF2, UB2D3 and BMI1; within that complex RNF2 and BMI1 form a tight heterodimer, where UB2D3 interacts only with RNF2. The complex composed of RNF2, UB2D3 and BMI1 binds nucleosomes, and has activity only with nucleosomal histone H2A (By similarity). Part of a complex that contains PCGF5, RNF2 and UBE2D3. Part of a complex that contains AUTS2, PCGF5, RNF2, CSNK2B and RYBP (By similarity). Interacts with CBX6 and CBX8 (By similarity). Interacts with PHC1, PCGF2, RYBP, CBX7, CBX4, CBX2, RNF1/RING1, BMI1 and PHC2. Interaction with RYBP and CBX7 is mutually exclusive; both compete for the same binding site on RNF2 (By similarity). Component of repressive BCOR complex containing a Polycomb group subcomplex at least composed of RYBP, PCGF1, BCOR and RING1 (By similarity). Interacts with CBX2 and PHC1. Interacts with CHTOP. Interacts with AURKB (By similarity). Part of the E2F6.com-1 complex in G0 phase composed of E2F6, MGA, MAX, TFDP1, CBX3, BAT8, EUHMTASE1, RNF1/RING1, RNF2/RING2, MBLR, L3MBTL2 and YAF2 (By similarity). Component of some MLL1/MLL complex, at least composed of the core components KMT2A/MLL1, ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1, WDR5 and RBBP5, as well as the facultative components BAP18, CHD8, E2F6, HSP70, INO80C, KANSL1, LAS1L, MAX, MCRS1, MGA, MYST1/MOF, PELP1, PHF20, PRP31, RING2, RUVB1/TIP49A, RUVB2/TIP49B, SENP3, TAF1, TAF4, TAF6, TAF7, TAF9 and TEX10. Interacts with RYBP, HIP2 and TFCP2 (By similarity). Interacts with NUPR1 (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of 'Lys-119' of histone H2A (H2AK119Ub), thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. H2AK119Ub gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. May be involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. Essential component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is enhanced by BMI1/PCGF4. Acts as the main E3 ubiquitin ligase on histone H2A of the PRC1 complex, while RING1 may rather act as a modulator of RNF2/RING2 activity. Plays a role in the transcriptional repression of genes that are required for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells, thereby contributing to differentiation of the ectodermal and endodermal germ layers. Association with the chromosomal DNA is cell-cycle dependent. In resting B- and T-lymphocytes, interaction with AURKB leads to block its activity, thereby maintaining transcription in resting lymphocytes. Also acts as a negative regulator of autophagy by mediating ubiquitination of AMBRA1, leading to its subsequent degradation.
Monoubiquitinated, by auto-ubiquitination (By similarity). Polyubiquitinated in the presence of UBE2D3 (in vitro) (By similarity).
Restriction factor required to restrict infectivity of gammaretroviruses: acts by inhibiting early step of viral infection and impairing the ability of the viral particle to translocate its content to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the twisted gastrulation protein family.
Interacts with CHRD and BMP4. This interaction enhances CHRD/BMP4 complex formation. Interacts with BMP7 (By similarity).
May be involved in dorsoventral axis formation. Seems to antagonize BMP signaling by forming ternary complexes with CHRD and BMPs, thereby preventing BMPs from binding to their receptors. In addition to the anti-BMP function, also has pro-BMP activity, partly mediated by cleavage and degradation of CHRD, which releases BMPs from ternary complexes. May be an important modulator of BMP-regulated cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation. May play a role in thymocyte development (By similarity).
The N-terminal domain is sufficient to interact with BMP4.
Component of numerous DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which consist of a core of DDB1, cullin-4 (CUL4A or CUL4B), DDA1 and RBX1. Component of the DCX(DCAF15) complex, also named CLR4(DCAF15) complex, composed of DCAF15, DDB1, cullin-4 (CUL4A or CUL4B), DDA1 and RBX1. Part of the DDD core complex containing DET1, DDA1 and DDB1; the DDD core complex recruits a specific UBE2E enzyme, such as UBE2E1, UBE2E2 UBE2E3, to form specific DDD-E2 complexes.
Functions as a component of numerous distinct DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. In the DCX complexes, acts as a scaffolding subunit required to stabilize the complex.
Homodimer and heterodimer with SSTR3 and SSTR5. Heterodimerization with SSTR3 inactivates SSTR3 receptor function. Heterodimerization with SSTR5 is enhanced by agonist stimulation of SSTR2 and increases SSTR2 cell growth inhibition activity. Following agonist stimulation, homodimers dissociate into monomers which is required for receptor internalization. Interacts with beta-arrestin; this interaction is necessary for receptor internalization and is destabilized by heterodimerization with SSTR5 which results in increased recycling of SSTR2 to the cell surface. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SHANK1 (via PDZ domain).
Receptor for somatostatin-14 and -28. This receptor is coupled via pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. In addition it stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase and PLC via pertussis toxin insensitive as well as sensitive G proteins. Inhibits calcium entry by suppressing voltage-dependent calcium channels. Acts as the functionally dominant somatostatin receptor in pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells where it mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin-14 on hormone secretion. Inhibits cell growth through enhancement of MAPK1 and MAPK2 phosphorylation and subsequent up-regulation of CDKN1B. Stimulates neuronal migration and axon outgrowth and may participate in neuron development and maturation during brain development. Mediates negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling through PTPN6. Inactivates SSTR3 receptor function following heterodimerization.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Binds to 80S ribosomes. Actively translating ribosomes show mutually exclusive binding of eIF5a (EIF5A or EIF5A2) and EEF2/eEF2. Interacts with SERBP1; interaction sequesters EEF2/eEF2 at the A-site of the ribosome, thereby blocking the interaction sites of the mRNA-tRNA complex, promoting ribosome stabilization and hibernation (By similarity). Interacts with HABP4; interaction takes place at the A-site of hibernating ribosomes and promotes ribosome stabilization (By similarity). Component of the mRNA surveillance SURF complex, at least composed of ERF1, ERF3 (ERF3A or ERF3B), EEF2, UPF1/RENT1, SMG1, SMG8 and SMG9. Interacts with RBPMS2 (By similarity).
Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
Diphthamide is 2-[3-carboxyamido-3-(trimethyl-ammonio)propyl]histidine (By similarity).
Phosphorylation by EF-2 kinase completely inactivates EF-2; it requires prior phosphorylation by CDK2 at Ser-595 during mitotic prometaphase. Phosphorylation by CSK promotes SUMOylation, proteolytic cleavage, and nuclear translocation if the C-terminal fragment.
Proteolytically processed at two sites following phosphorylation by CSK.
SUMOylated following phosphorylation by CSK, promotes proteolytic cleavage.
Chaperone specifically assisting the folding of beta-propeller/EGF modules within the family of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs). Acts as a modulator of the Wnt pathway through chaperoning the coreceptors of the canonical Wnt pathway, LRP5 and LRP6, to the plasma membrane. Essential for specification of embryonic polarity and mesoderm induction. Plays an essential role in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation by promoting cell-surface expression of LRP4. May regulate phagocytosis of apoptotic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.
Monomer. Interacts with LRP5; the interaction prevents LRP5 from forming aggregates and chaperones LRP6 to the plasma membrane. Interacts with LRP6; the interaction prevents LRP6 from forming aggregates and chaperones LRP6 to the plasma membrane. Interacts with LRP4; the interaction promotes glycosylation of LRP4 and its cell-surface expression.
The chaperone domain provides a folding template for proper folding of the beta-propeller (BP) domains of LRP5/6.
The escort domain ensures LRP5/6 safe-trafficking from the ER to the Golgi by preventing premature ligand-binding.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Acetylated, leading to enhanced enzyme activity. Acetylation is enhanced by up to 80% after treatment either with trichostin A (TSA) or with nicotinamide (NAM) with highest increase on Lys-346. Acetylation and enzyme activity increased by about 1.5% on addition of fatty acids.
Enzyme activity enhanced by acetylation.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Peroxisomal trifunctional enzyme possessing 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and delta 3, delta 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activities. Catalyzes two of the four reactions of the long chain fatty acids peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway (By similarity). Can also use branched-chain fatty acids such as 2-methyl-2E-butenoyl-CoA as a substrate, which is hydrated into (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoyl-CoA (By similarity). Optimal isomerase for 2,5 double bonds into 3,5 form isomerization in a range of enoyl-CoA species. Also able to isomerize both 3-cis and 3-trans double bonds into the 2-trans form in a range of enoyl-CoA species (By similarity). Regulates the amount of medium-chain dicarboxylic fatty acids which are essential regulators of all fatty acid oxidation pathways (By similarity). Also involved in the degradation of long-chain dicarboxylic acids through peroxisomal beta-oxidation (By similarity).
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) with specificity for RAP2A, it doesn't seems to activate other Ras family proteins (in vitro).
Interacts with CCDC124 during cytokinesis. Interacts with Ras family proteins (By similarity).
Component of the Sin3/HDAC corepressor complex at least composed of BRMS1, BRMS1L, ING2, SAP30, SAP30L, HDAC1. Found in a complex composed of at least SINHCAF, SIN3A, HDAC1, SAP30, RBBP4, OGT and TET1. Interacts with SIN3A and OGT.
Subunit of the Sin3 deacetylase complex (Sin3/HDAC), this subunit is important for the repression of genes encoding components of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Core component of a SIN3A complex (composed of at least SINHCAF, SIN3A, HDAC1, SAP30, RBBP4, OGT and TET1) present in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Promotes the stability of SIN3A and its presence on chromatin and is crucial for maintaining the potential of ES cells to proliferate rapidly, while ensuring a short G1-phase of the cell cycle, thereby preventing premature lineage priming.
As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator plays a dual role for the small GTPases Rag (RagA/RRAGA, RagB/RRAGB, RagC/RRAGC and/or RagD/RRAGD): it (1) acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), activating the small GTPases Rag and (2) mediates recruitment of Rag GTPases to the lysosome membrane. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated.
Part of the Ragulator complex composed of LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3, LAMTOR4 and LAMTOR5. LAMTOR4 and LAMTOR5 form a heterodimer that interacts, through LAMTOR1, with a LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3 heterodimer. The Ragulator complex interacts with both the mTORC1 complex and heterodimers constituted of the Rag GTPases RagA/RRAGA, RagB/RRAGB, RagC/RRAGC and RagD/RRAGD; regulated by amino acid availability. The Ragulator complex interacts with SLC38A9; the probable amino acid sensor. Component of the lysosomal folliculin complex (LFC), composed of FLCN, FNIP1 (or FNIP2), RagA/RRAGA or RagB/RRAGB GDP-bound, RagC/RRAGC or RagD/RRAGD GTP-bound, and Ragulator.
Phosphorylation at Ser-67 by PKA inhibits Ragulator complex assembly.
Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Ser-324 by ATM following DNA damage is required for activation of the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade. Phosphorylated by LRRK2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Self-associates. Interacts with ERN1 and TRAF2. Interaction with TRAF2 is facilitated under ER stress conditions, such as treatment with tunicamycin, and may promote TRAF2 phosphorylation (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a regulator of the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade and of the MAPK8/JNK cascade. Acts as an activator of the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade. In response to DNA damage, involved in the G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint by activating the p38/MAPK14 stress-activated MAPK cascade, probably by mediating phosphorylation of upstream MAP2K3 and MAP2K6 kinases. Inhibits basal activity of MAPK8/JNK cascade and diminishes its activation in response epidermal growth factor (EGF) (By similarity).
Binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intracellular lipid transport.
Forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.
Contains three transmembrane domains, including a tandem transmembrane domain insertion into its glycosyltransferase-A fold. Transmembrane domain 1 functions as a signal for Golgi targeting.
Golgi-resident glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation. Lipid remodeling steps consist in the generation of 2 saturated fatty chains at the sn-2 position of GPI-anchors proteins. Required for the initial step of GPI-GalNAc biosynthesis, transfers GalNAc to GPI in the Golgi after fatty acid remodeling by PGAP2.
The conserved DXD motif is involved in enzyme activity.
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. The MVB pathway appears to require the sequential function of ESCRT-O, -I,-II and -III complexes. ESCRT-III proteins mostly dissociate from the invaginating membrane before the ILV is released. The ESCRT machinery also functions in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, such as the terminal stages of cytokinesis and the budding of enveloped viruses (lentiviruses). ESCRT-III proteins are believed to mediate the necessary vesicle extrusion and/or membrane fission activities, possibly in conjunction with the AAA ATPase VPS4 (By similarity).
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III). ESCRT-III components are thought to multimerize to form a flat lattice on the perimeter membrane of the endosome. Several assembly forms of ESCRT-III may exist that interact and act sequentially. Interacts with CHMP2A. Interacts with VPS4A. Interacts with VPS4B; the interaction is direct (By similarity).
Stimulates the RNA helicase activity of EIF4A in the translation initiation complex. Binds weakly mRNA (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with TXN/thioredoxin through its redox-active site. Interacts with transcriptional repressors ZBTB16, ZBTB32 and HDAC1 (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with ITCH (via WW domains). Interacts with DDIT4 (By similarity).
May act as an oxidative stress mediator by inhibiting thioredoxin activity or by limiting its bioavailability. Interacts with COPS5 and restores COPS5-induced suppression of CDKN1B stability, blocking the COPS5-mediated translocation of CDKN1B from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Inhibits the proteasomal degradation of DDIT4, and thereby contributes to the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) (By similarity). Functions as a transcriptional repressor, possibly by acting as a bridge molecule between transcription factors and corepressor complexes, and over-expression will induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Required for the maturation of natural killer cells. Acts as a suppressor of tumor cell growth (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated; undergoes polyubiquitination catalyzed by ITCH resulting in proteasomal degradation.
Homohexamer. Forms homomeric or PANX1/PANX2-heteromeric intercellular channels on coexpression in paired Xenopus oocytes.
S-nitrosylation inhibits channel currents and ATP release.
Structural component of the gap junctions and the hemichannels. May play a role as a Ca(2+)-leak channel to regulate ER Ca(2+) homeostasis.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 30 family.
Belongs to the RRM HNRPC family. RALY subfamily.
Antigen-presenting molecule specialized in presenting microbial vitamin B metabolites. Involved in the development and expansion of a small population of T-cells expressing an invariant T-cell receptor alpha chain called mucosal-associated invariant T-cells (MAIT). MAIT lymphocytes are preferentially located in the gut lamina propria and therefore may be involved in monitoring commensal flora or serve as a distress signal. Expression and MAIT cell recognition seem to be ligand-dependent (By similarity).
Heterodimerizes with B2M, this interaction is required for surface expression. Associated with the peptide-loading complex, TAPBP, CALR and PDIA3 (By similarity).
MR1 is detected in an open versus folded conformation. Only the folded MR1 conformer activates MAIT cells (By similarity).
The alpha-3 region and to a lesser extent the transmembrane and cytosolic domains regulate surface expression. The alpha-3 region mediates interaction with B2M (By similarity).
The ligand-binding groove is ideally suited to present small organic compounds that can originate from vitamins rather than antigenic peptides.
Gamma-tubulin complex is composed of gamma-tubulin, TUBGCP2, TUBGCP3, TUBGCP4, TUBGCP5 and TUBGCP6. Interacts with ATF5; the ATF5:PCNT:polyglutamylated tubulin (PGT) tripartite unites the mother centriole and the pericentriolar material (PCM) in the centrosome.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome. Plays a role in neuronal migration.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosaccharides and bile acids, with a preference for negatively charged substrates, such as glucuronate and succinic semialdehyde (By similarity). Functions as a detoxifiying enzyme by reducing a range of toxic aldehydes. Reduces methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone, which are present at elevated levels under hyperglycemic conditions and are cytotoxic. Involved also in the detoxification of lipid-derived aldehydes like acrolein (By similarity). Plays a role in the activation of procarcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiols, and in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and drugs (By similarity). Displays no reductase activity towards retinoids (By similarity).
Interacts with CNTLN; the interaction recruits CEP68 to the centrosome. Interacts with the SCF(FBXW11) complex which contains SKP1, CUL1 and FBXW11; the interaction is probably mediated by FBXW11 and the complex also contains CDK5RAP2 and PCNT. Also interacts with F-box protein BTRC. Interacts with serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1; the interaction leads to phosphorylation of CEP68 and its subsequent degradation. Interacts with NEK2; the interaction leads to phosphorylation of CEP68.
Involved in maintenance of centrosome cohesion, probably as part of a linker structure which prevents centrosome splitting. Required for localization of CDK5RAP2 to the centrosome during interphase. Contributes to CROCC/rootletin filament formation.
Phosphorylation by PLK1 is required for binding to BTRC in prometaphase. Phosphorylated directly or indirectly by NEK2. NEK2-mediated phosphorylation promotes CEP68 dissociation from the centrosome and its degradation at the onset of mitosis.
Ubiquitinated and targeted for proteasomal degradation in early mitosis by the SCF(BTRC) and/or SCF(FBXW11) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. Degradation is complete by prometaphase and is required for removal of CDK5RAP2 from the peripheral pericentriolar material and subsequent centriole separation.
Heterodimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells. Interacts with CIMAP3. Interacts with DIAPH1 (By similarity). Interacts with MX1 (By similarity). May interact with RNABP10 (By similarity). Interacts with CFAP157 (By similarity). Nascent tubulin polypeptide interacts (via beta-tubulin MREI motif) with TTC5/STRAP; this interaction results in tubulin mRNA-targeted degradation (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Ser-172 by CDK1 during the cell cycle, from metaphase to telophase, but not in interphase. This phosphorylation inhibits tubulin incorporation into microtubules.
Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group (By similarity). Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold (By similarity). Glutamylation is also involved in cilia motility (By similarity).
Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglycylated, resulting in polyglycine chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Glycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into axonemes (cilia and flagella) whereas glutamylation is prevalent in neuronal cells, centrioles, axonemes, and the mitotic spindle. Both modifications can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering polyglycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally. Cilia and flagella glycylation is required for their stability and maintenance. Flagella glycylation controls sperm motility.
The MREI motif is common among all beta-tubulin isoforms and may be critical for tubulin autoregulation.
Belongs to the arylamine N-acetyltransferase family.
Belongs to the carnosine N-methyltransferase family.
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism.
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline (By similarity).
Can dephosphorylate single and diphosphorylated synthetic MAPK peptides, with preference for the phosphotyrosine and diphosphorylated forms over phosphothreonine. In vitro, dephosphorylates p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Activator of LATS1/2 in the Hippo signaling pathway which plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein STK3/MST2 and STK4/MST1, in complex with its regulatory protein SAV1, phosphorylates and activates LATS1/2 in complex with its regulatory protein MOB1, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates YAP1 oncoprotein and WWTR1/TAZ. Phosphorylation of YAP1 by LATS1/2 inhibits its translocation into the nucleus to regulate cellular genes important for cell proliferation, cell death, and cell migration. Stimulates the kinase activity of STK38 and STK38L. Acts cooperatively with STK3/MST2 to activate STK38 (By similarity).
Binds STK38 and STK38L. Interacts with LATS1 and LATS2 (By similarity). Forms a tripartite complex with STK38 and STK3/MST2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by STK3/MST2 and STK4/MST1 and this phosphorylation enhances its binding to LATS1.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). In renal intercalated cells, can partially compensate the lack of ATP6V1B1 and mediate secretion of protons (H+) into the urine under base-line conditions but not in conditions of acid load (By similarity).
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Receptor for angiotensin II, a vasoconstricting peptide, which acts as a key regulator of blood pressure and sodium retention by the kidney. The activated receptor in turn couples to G-alpha proteins G(q) and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C.
Component of the BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL3, KLHL20 and RBX1. Interacts with PDZ-RhoGEF/ARHGEF11, DAPK1, PML and CORO7. Interacts with F-actin. Interacts with IFN-gamma (IFNG) (By similarity). Interacts (via kelch repeats) with IVNS1ABP (via kelch repeats); this interaction blocks the assembly of CUL3-KLHL20 complex (By similarity).
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex involved in interferon response and anterograde Golgi to endosome transport. The BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates the ubiquitination of DAPK1, leading to its degradation by the proteasome, thereby acting as a negative regulator of apoptosis. The BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex also specifically mediates 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitination. Involved in anterograde Golgi to endosome transport by mediating 'Lys-33'-linked ubiquitination of CORO7, promoting interaction between CORO7 and EPS15, thereby facilitating actin polymerization and post-Golgi trafficking. Also acts as a regulator of endothelial migration during angiogenesis by controlling the activation of Rho GTPases. The BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex acts as a regulator of neurite outgrowth by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of PDZ-RhoGEF/ARHGEF11 (By similarity).
Component of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC), which binds to the mRNA cap-proximal region, scans mRNA 5'-untranslated region, and locates the initiation codon. In this complex, acts as a GTPase-activating protein, by promoting GTP hydrolysis by eIF2G (EIF2S3). During scanning, interacts with both EIF1 (via its C-terminal domain (CTD)) and EIF1A (via its NTD). This interaction with EIF1A contributes to the maintenance of EIF1 within the open 43S PIC. When start codon is recognized, EIF5, via its NTD, induces eIF2G (EIF2S3) to hydrolyze the GTP. Start codon recognition also induces a conformational change of the PIC to a closed state. This change increases the affinity of EIF5-CTD for EIF2-beta (EIF2S2), which allows the release, by an indirect mechanism, of EIF1 from the PIC. Finally, EIF5 stabilizes the PIC in its closed conformation.
Component of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC), which is composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit, EIF1, eIF1A (EIF1AX), eIF3 complex, EIF5 and eIF2-GTP-initiator tRNA complex (eIF2 ternary complex). Interacts with eIF1A (EIF1AX) during scanning. Interacts through its C-terminal domain (CTD) with EIF1 or with eIF2-beta (EIF2S2) (mutually exclusive) through a common binding site. Interacts through its C-terminal domain (CTD) with the CTD of EIF5B. Interacts with FMR1 isoform 6; this interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner.
Component of a complex composed at least of MKKS, BBS10, BBS12, TCP1, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5 and CCT8. Interacts with STUB1. Interacts with BBS2 (via coiled coil domain). Interacts with CCDC28B. Interacts with BBS12. Interacts with SMARCC1, a component of the SWI/SNF complexes; the interaction takes place predominantly in the cytoplasm and may modulate SMARCC1 location (By similarity). Interacts with DLEC1 (By similarity).
Probable molecular chaperone that assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Plays a role in the assembly of BBSome, a complex involved in ciliogenesis regulating transports vesicles to the cilia. May play a role in protein processing in limb, cardiac and reproductive system development. May play a role in cytokinesis.
Binds single-stranded RNA. Involved in the process of mRNA degradation and in the positive regulation of mRNA decapping (By similarity).
Homodimer (via YjeF N-terminal domain). Forms a complex with DCP1A, DCP2, DDX6 and EDC4/HEDLS, within this complex directly interacts with DCP1A and DDX6. Interacts with ZFP36.
The DFDF domain is unstructured by itself. It assumes a helical fold upon interaction with DDX6 (By similarity).
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
It is also responsible for the non-negligible production of methylglyoxal a reactive cytotoxic side-product that modifies and can alter proteins, DNA and lipids.
Triosephosphate isomerase is an extremely efficient metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Allosterically activated by various compounds including ATP, 2,3-BPG/2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid and Ap4A/P1,P4-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate. Binding of an allosteric activator is a prerequisiste to magnesium and substrate binding. Inhibited by inorganic phosphate.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Broad specificity cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 6-hydroxypurine nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. In addition, possesses a phosphotransferase activity by which it can transfer a phosphate from a donor nucleoside monophosphate to an acceptor nucleoside, preferably inosine, deoxyinosine and guanosine. Has the highest activities for IMP and GMP followed by dIMP, dGMP and XMP. Could also catalyze the transfer of phosphates from pyrimidine monophosphates but with lower efficiency. Through these activities regulates the purine nucleoside/nucleotide pools within the cell.
Antiparallel disulfide-linked heterodimer of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Self-associates and forms higher oligomers.
Functions as extracellular chaperone that prevents aggregation of non native proteins. Prevents stress-induced aggregation of blood plasma proteins.
UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase catalyzing the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose, a crucial precursor for the production of glycogen.
3'-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs and is also used to silence certain maternal mRNAs translationally during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development (By similarity). May act as a regulator of multipotency in embryonic stem cells (By similarity). Is a critical factor for proper spermatogenesis, involved in pre-piRNAs processing to generate mature piRNAs (By similarity).
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, that exhibits maximal activity towards saturated C22-CoA. Probably participates in beta-oxydation and energy production but could also play a role in the metabolism of specific fatty acids to control fatty acids composition of cellular lipids in brain.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Interacts with ARHGEF28 (By similarity). Interacts (via GTP-bound form) with RIPOR1 (via N-terminus); this interaction links RHOA to STK24 and STK26 kinases. Interacts with RIPOR2 (via active GTP- or inactive GDP-bound forms) isoform 1 and isoform 2; these interactions are direct, block the loading of GTP to RHOA and decrease upon chemokine CCL19 stimulation in primary T lymphocytes. Binds PRKCL1, ROCK1 and ROCK2. Interacts with ARHGEF2, ARHGEF3, NET1 and RTKN. Interacts with PLCE1 and AKAP13. Interacts with DIAPH1. Interacts (in the constitutively activated, GTP-bound form) with DGKQ. Interacts with RACK1; enhances RHOA activation. Interacts with PKP4; the interaction is detected at the midbody. Interacts (GTP-bound form preferentially) with PKN2; the interaction stimulates autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of PKN2. Interacts with ARHGDIA; this interaction inactivates and stabilizes RHOA. Interacts with ARHGDIB. Interacts (GTP-bound form) with KCNA2 (via cytoplasmic N-terminal domain) (By similarity). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with ECT2; the interaction results in allosteric activation of ECT2 (By similarity). Interacts with RAP1GDS1; the interaction is direct and in a 1:1 stoichiometry (By similarity).
Phosphorylation by PRKG1 at Ser-188 inactivates RHOA signaling (By similarity). Phosphorylation by SLK at Ser-188 in response to AGTR2 activation (By similarity).
Regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which increase the GTP hydrolysis activity and GDP dissociation inhibitors which inhibit the dissociation of the nucleotide from the GTPase. Activated by GEFs such as ARHGEF2, ARHGEF3, ARHGEF28 and BCR. Inhibited by GAPs such as ARHGAP30. Inhibited by GDP dissociation inhibitors such as ARHGDIA.
Serotonylation of Gln-63 by TGM2 during activation and aggregation of platelets leads to constitutive activation of GTPase activity.
Small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. Mainly associated with cytoskeleton organization, in active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as cytoskeletal dynamics, cell migration and cell cycle. Regulates a signal transduction pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Involved in a microtubule-dependent signal that is required for the myosin contractile ring formation during cell cycle cytokinesis. Plays an essential role in cleavage furrow formation. Required for the apical junction formation of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion. Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. The MEMO1-RHOA-DIAPH1 signaling pathway plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. It controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, via the regulation of GSK3B activity. In turn, membrane-bound APC allows the localization of the MACF1 to the cell membrane, which is required for microtubule capture and stabilization. Regulates KCNA2 potassium channel activity by reducing its location at the cell surface in response to CHRM1 activation; promotes KCNA2 endocytosis. Acts as an allosteric activator of guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 by binding in its activated GTP-bound form to the PH domain of ECT2 which stimulates the release of PH inhibition and promotes the binding of substrate RHOA to the ECT2 catalytic center. May be an activator of PLCE1. In neurons, involved in the inhibition of the initial spine growth. Upon activation by CaMKII, modulates dendritic spine structural plasticity by relaying CaMKII transient activation to synapse-specific, long-term signaling. Acts as a regulator of platelet alpha-granule release during activation and aggregation of platelets (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by the BCR(KCTD13) and BCR(TNFAIP1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, leading to its degradation by the proteasome, thereby regulating the actin cytoskeleton and synaptic transmission in neurons. Ubiquitinated at Lys-135 in a FBXL19-mediated manner; leading to proteasomal degradation.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class II subfamily.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH2 subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. The cluster facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster in the DPH1 subunit.
Component of the 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase complex composed of DPH1, DPH2, DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase (By similarity). Interacts with DPH1 (By similarity).
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2 (By similarity). DPH1 and DPH2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase (By similarity). Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the DPH1 subunit (By similarity).
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. DPH1 and DPH2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the DPH1 subunit.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily.
Plays a role in cytoskeletal rearrangements during the late wrapping and/or compaction phases of myelinogenesis as well as in maintenance and stability of myelin sheath in the adult. May play an important role in late-stage oligodendroglia maturation, myelin/Ranvier node formation during CNS development, and in the maintenance and plasticity of related structures in the mature CNS (By similarity).
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: the flavoprotein (FP) SDHA, iron-sulfur protein (IP) SDHB, and a cytochrome b560 composed of SDHC and SDHD (By similarity). Interacts with SDHAF2/SDH5; interaction is required for FAD attachment (By similarity). Interacts with TRAP1 (By similarity). Interacts with LACC1 (By similarity).
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). Can act as a tumor suppressor.
Phosphorylation at Tyr-215 is important for efficient electron transfer in complex II and the prevention of ROS generation.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
Catalytic component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing. The Integrator complex is associated with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II largest subunit (POLR2A) and is recruited to the U1 and U2 snRNAs genes. Mediates the snRNAs 3' cleavage. Mediates recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex.
The HXHXDH motif is essential for the endoribonuclease activity of the CPSF complex.
Potential effector of the planar cell polarity signaling pathway. Plays a role in targeted membrane trafficking most probably at the level of vesicle fusion with membranes. Involved in cilium biogenesis by regulating the transport of cargo proteins to the basal body and to the apical tips of cilia. More generally involved in exocytosis in secretory cells.
Belongs to the SLC34A transporter family.
Involved in actively transporting phosphate into cells via Na(+) cotransport.
Belongs to the eukaryotic cobalamin transport proteins family.
Although the active site residue Ser is conserved, appears to lack catalytic activity in vitro.
At its N-terminus, contains L-isoaspartate and S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) binding motifs. Also contains an extended SOCS box motif, where the Cul-box is separated from the BC-box by ~90 residues, within its C-terminus.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
May act as a substrate recognition component of an ECS (Elongin BC-CUL5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. May bind to the methyltransferase cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) via the N-terminal AdoMet binding motif, but probably does not display methyltransferase activity.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3. May be a component of the proposed t-UTP subcomplex of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome containing at least UTP4, WDR43, HEATR1, UTP15, WDR75. Interacts directly with UTP4 and WDR43.
Ribosome biogenesis factor. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Required for optimal pre-ribosomal RNA transcription by RNA polymerase I. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Essential component of the NELF complex, a complex that negatively regulates the elongation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (By similarity). The NELF complex, which acts via an association with the DSIF complex and causes transcriptional pausing, is counteracted by the P-TEFb kinase complex (By similarity).
The NELF complex is composed of NELFA, NELFB, NELFCD and NELFE; NELFA and NELFCD form a stable subcomplex that binds primarily through NELFCD to the N-terminus of NELFB (By similarity). Binds RNA which may help to stabilize the NELF complex on nucleic acid (By similarity). In vitro, the NELFA:NELFCD subcomplex binds to ssDNA and ssRNA in a sequence- and structure-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with ARAF1 (By similarity). Interacts with PCF11 (By similarity). Interacts with NELFB (By similarity). Interacts with KAT8 (By similarity).
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein (GCSH) shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein (GLDC) to the T protein (GCST).
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Interacts with PPARD and PPARG (By similarity). Interacts with SCOC (By similarity). Interacts with PPARA. Interacts with THRB, RARA, RARG and RXRA in the presence of bound ligand. Associates with the PI3K complex I (PI3KC3-C1); the direct binding partner in the complex is reported variably as PIK3R4 or ATG14 (By similarity).
Involved in starvation-induced autophagy probably by its association with PI3K complex I (PI3KC3-C1). However, effects has been described variably. Involved in the induction of starvation-induced autophagy. Stabilzes PI3KC3-C1 assembly and enhances ATG14-linked lipid kinase activity of PIK3C3. Proposed to negatively regulate basal and starvation-induced autophagy and to inhibit PIK3C3 activity by modulating interactions in PI3KC3-C1. May be involved in autophagosome biogenesis. May play a role in neural progenitor cell survival during differentiation (By similarity).
May modulate transcriptional activation by target nuclear receptors. Can act as transcriptional activator (in vitro) (By similarity).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-7 is the initiator.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Binds TAF5 and TAF6. Component of TFIID and the TATA-binding protein-free TAF complex (TFTC). TFIID is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Binds N-terminal domain of p53/TP53 which is essential for transcription (By similarity).
Essential for cell viability. TAF9 and TAF9B are involved in transcriptional activation as well as repression of distinct but overlapping sets of genes. May have a role in gene regulation associated with apoptosis. TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex, the TBP-free TAFII complex (TFTC), the PCAF histone acetylase complex and the STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. TFIID or TFTC are essential for the regulation of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription (By similarity).
May act as a specific coactivator for the mammalian TEFs.
Interacts with AREG immature precursor and with immature TGFA, i.e. with a prosegment and lacking full N-glycosylation, but not with the fully N-glycosylated form. In the Golgi apparatus, may form a complex with GORASP55 and transmembrane TGFA (By similarity).
Involved in the selective transport and maturation of TGF-alpha family proteins.
Binds TCF4 (By similarity). Binds RB1. Binds the second PAH repeat of SIN3A (By similarity).
Transcriptional repressor that binds to the promoter region of target genes. Plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and of the Wnt pathway. Binds preferentially to the sequence 5'-TTCATTCATTCA-3'. Binding to the histone H1.0 promoter is enhanced by interaction with RB1. Disrupts the interaction between DNA and TCF4 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, leading to subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the peptidase M24B family. Eukaryotic-type prolidase subfamily.
Dipeptidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of dipeptides with a prolyl (Xaa-Pro) or hydroxyprolyl residue in the C-terminal position. The preferred dipeptide substrate is Gly-Pro, but other Xaa-Pro dipeptides, such as Ala-Pro, Met-Pro, Phe-Pro, Val-Pro and Leu-Pro, can be cleaved. Plays an important role in collagen metabolism because the high level of iminoacids in collagen.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I27 (calpastatin) family.
Specific inhibition of calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease). Plays a key role in postmortem tenderization of meat and have been proposed to be involved in muscle protein degradation in living tissue.
Interacts with DVL1 (By similarity). Interacts with RBPJ (By similarity).
May indirectly participate in activation of the NF-kappa-B and MAPK pathways. Acts as a mediator of BMP4-mediated modulation of canonical Wnt signaling activity in neural stem cells. Required for DNA damage-induced ATM phosphorylation, p53 activation and cell cycle arrest. Involved in myelopoiesis (By similarity). Binds to the oxygen responsive element of COX4I2 and represses its transcription under hypoxia conditions (4% oxygen), as well as normoxia conditions (20% oxygen). May repress COX4I2 transactivation induced by CHCHD2 and RBPJ (By similarity). Binds preferentially to DNA containing cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides over CpH (H=A, T, and C), hemimethylated-CpG and hemimethylated-hydroxymethyl-CpG (By similarity).
The CXXC zinc finger mediates binding to CpG-DNA.
Actin-binding protein involved in motile and morphological processes. Inhibits actin polymerization, likely by sequestering G-actin. By capping the barbed ends of filaments, it also regulates motility. Seems to play an important role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and distribution of endocytic organelles (By similarity).
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. Twinfilin subfamily.
Interacts with G-actin; ADP-actin form and capping protein (CP). May also be able to interact with TWF2 and phosphoinositides, PI(4,5)P2. When bound to PI(4,5)P2, it is down-regulated. Interacts with ACTG1.
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Binds 3 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
Cleaves a beta-phosphate from the diphosphate groups in PP-InsP5 (diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate), PP-InsP4 and [PP]2-InsP4 (bisdiphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate), suggesting that it may play a role in signal transduction (By similarity). Can also catalyze the hydrolysis of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P6-hexaphosphate (Ap6A) but not diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P5-pentaphosphate (Ap5A) and the major reaction products are ADP and p4a from Ap6A (By similarity). Also able to hydrolyze 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate (By similarity). Does not play a role in U8 snoRNA decapping activity (By similarity). Binds U8 snoRNA (By similarity).
The RING-type zinc finger domain coordinates an additional third zinc ion.
The mammalian APC/C is composed at least of 14 distinct subunits ANAPC1, ANAPC2, CDC27/APC3, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, CDC16/APC6, ANAPC7, CDC23/APC8, ANAPC10, ANAPC11, CDC26/APC12, ANAPC13, ANAPC15 and ANAPC16 that assemble into a complex of at least 19 chains with a combined molecular mass of around 1.2 MDa; APC/C interacts with FZR1 and FBXO5. Interacts with the cullin domain of ANAPC2. Interacts with UBE2D2.
Together with the cullin protein ANAPC2, constitutes the catalytic component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. May recruit the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to the complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
Component of the WAVE1 complex composed of ABI2, CYFIP2, BRK1, NCKAP1 and WASF1/WAVE1. Interacts with RAC1 (activated form) which causes the complex to dissociate, releasing activated WASF1. The complex can also be activated by NCK1. Interacts with SHANK3; the interaction mediates the association of SHANK3 with the WAVE1 complex. Interacts with FMR1; the interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner. Interacts with FXR1 and FXR2. Interacts with TMEM108 (via N-terminus); the interaction associates TMEM108 with the WAVE1 complex (By similarity).
Involved in T-cell adhesion and p53-dependent induction of apoptosis. Does not bind RNA (By similarity). As component of the WAVE1 complex, required for BDNF-NTRK2 endocytic trafficking and signaling from early endosomes (By similarity).
ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. ATP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for ATP.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Inhibits cell growth by regulating the TOR signaling pathway upstream of the TSC1-TSC2 complex and downstream of AKT1.
Interacts with ABI1. Part of a complex that contains SOS1, ABI1 and EPS8L2. Associates with F-actin (By similarity).
Stimulates guanine exchange activity of SOS1. May play a role in membrane ruffling and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton (By similarity). In the cochlea, is required for stereocilia maintenance in adult hair cells (By similarity).
Associates with cytochrome c oxidase (COX, complex IV); proposed complex component. Also associates with respiratory chain supercomplexes (By similarity).
Proposed subunit of cytochrome c oxidase (COX, complex IV), which is the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. May play a role in the assembly of respiratory supercomplexes (By similarity).
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Receptor for gastrin and cholecystokinin. The CCK-B receptors occur throughout the central nervous system where they modulate anxiety, analgesia, arousal, and neuroleptic activity. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Binds to the inner side of the nucleosomal DNA thus altering the interaction between the DNA and the histone octamer. May be involved in the process which maintains transcribable genes in a unique chromatin conformation (By similarity).
Phosphorylation favors cytoplasmic localization.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Reduces disulfideprotein thioredoxin (Trx) to its dithiol-containing form. Homodimeric flavoprotein involved in the regulation of cellular redox reactions, growth and differentiation. Contains a selenocysteine residue at the C-terminal active site that is essential for catalysis. Also has reductase activity on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
The thioredoxin reductase active site is a redox-active disulfide bond. The selenocysteine residue is also essential for catalytic activity.
Homodimers. Interacts with NDE1 and NDEL1 (By similarity). Interacts with DISC1. Interacts with PARP1 (By similarity).
Involved in the regulation of neurogenesis. Negatively regulates neurite outgrowth (By similarity). Involved in the morphogenesis of basket cells in the somatosensory cortex during embryogenesis. Involved in the positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation during postnatal growth. Involved in dendritic arborization, morphogenesis of spine density dendrite, and establishment of postsynaptic dendrite density in cortical pyramidal neurons (By similarity). Involved in homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway. Required for proper resolution of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by HR. Is required for recovery of stalled replication forks, and directly contributes to genomic stability. Interacts with PARP1 and mediates MRE11-dependent DNA end resection during replication fork recovery. Contributes to genomic stability by preventing telomere dysfunction (By similarity).
Belongs to the acid sphingomyelinase family.
Belongs to the FARP (FMRFamide related peptide) family.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Sulfate transporter which mediates sulfate uptake into chondrocytes in order to maintain adequate sulfation of proteoglycans which is needed for cartilage development. Mediates electroneutral anion exchange of sulfate ions for oxalate ions, sulfate and oxalate ions for chloride and/or hydroxyl ions and chloride ions for bromide, iodide and nitrate ions. The coupling of sulfate transport to both hydroxyl and chloride ions likely serves to ensure transport at both acidic pH when most sulfate uptake is mediated by sulfate-hydroxide exchange and alkaline pH when most sulfate uptake is mediated by sulfate-chloride exchange. Essential for chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and cell size expansion.
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase that catalyzes 3-hydroxylation of 'Pro-62' of small ribosomal subunit uS12 (RPS23), thereby regulating protein translation termination efficiency. Involved in stress granule formation.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Homodimer or heterodimer (Potential). But, in contrast to other members of this family, cannot be disulfide-linked.
Interacts with NPM (via N-terminus). Forms a pentamer with NPM at a ratio 4:1 (NPM3/NPM). Two pentamers form a decamer.
Plays a role in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as ribosome biogenesis, chromatin remodeling or protein chaperoning. Modulates the histone chaperone function and the RNA-binding activity of nucleolar phosphoprotein B23/NPM. Efficiently mediates chromatin remodeling when included in a pentamer containing NPM3 and NPM.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes (By similarity). The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2 (By similarity). Also involved in the deneddylation of non-cullin subunits such as STON2 (By similarity). The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, c-jun/JUN, IkappaBalpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1, IRF8/ICSBP and SNAPIN, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases (By similarity). CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively (By similarity).
Component of the CSN complex, composed of COPS1/GPS1, COPS2, COPS3, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B), COPS8 and COPS9 (By similarity). In the complex, it probably interacts directly with COPS1, COPS2, COPS3, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B) and COPS8 (By similarity). Interacts with TOR1A; the interaction is direct and associates TOR1A and SNAPIN with the CSN complex (By similarity). Interacts with STON2; controls STON2 neddylation levels (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
Belongs to the IMPDH/GMPR family. GuaC type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides.
Component of the tRNA(Sec) complex composed at least of EEFSEC, SECISBP2, SEPHS1, SEPSECS, TRNAU1AP and tRNA(Sec). Found in a complex with tRNA(Sec). Interacts with SEPSECS. Associates with mRNP and/or polysomes. Found in a complex with EEFSEC, SECISBP2, TRNAU1AP and tRNA(Sec) (By similarity).
Involved in the early steps of selenocysteine biosynthesis and tRNA(Sec) charging to the later steps resulting in the cotranslational incorporation of selenocysteine into selenoproteins. Stabilizes the SECISBP2, EEFSEC and tRNA(Sec) complex. May be involved in the methylation of tRNA(Sec). Enhances efficiency of selenoproteins synthesis (By similarity).
Forms arc- and ring-shaped pre-pores on top of the membrane at neutral to slightly acidic pH conditions and converts to pores upon acidification. Undergoes transition from the pre-pore to the pore in a processive clockwise hand-over-hand process. In the pore state, 2 alpha-helical regions refold into transmembrane hairpins (TMH1 and TMH2) in each protomer that form in the ensemble complex giant beta-barrel transmembrane pores.
Homooligomer; predominantly forms a homooligomeric arc-shaped pore complex instead of complete rings of 16 subunits.
Monoubiquitinated in response to bacterial infection; ubiquitination is required for vesicular localization and antibacterial activity and can be blocked by bacterial cell cycle inhibiting factor (cif).
Pore-forming protein involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Plays a central role in antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells by forming a pore in antigen-containing compartments, thereby promoting delivery of antigens for cross-presentation. Also involved in innate immune response following bacterial infection; shows antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive, Gram-negative and acid-fast bacteria. Reduces the viability of the intracytosolic pathogen L.monocytogenes by inhibiting acidification of the phagocytic vacuole of host cells which restricts bacterial translocation from the vacuole to the cytosol. Required for the antibacterial activity of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.
Pore-forming protein that plays a central role in antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells by mediating delivery of antigens for cross-presentation. Dendritic cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by capturing exogenous antigens on MHC class-I molecules and presenting them to naive CD8(+) T-cells. Acts by forming a pore in antigen-containing compartments, promoting the release of antigens into the cytosol, enabling generation of MHCI:peptide complexes and T-cell priming.
Proteolytically processed in two steps to generate the Macrophage-expressed gene 1 protein, processed form: cleaved by trypsin in proximity of the helical transmembrane domain releases the ectodomain into the lysosomal lumen to orient the pore-forming domain toward the endogenous membranes, and processed by the asparagine endopeptidase (LGMN). Proteolytic processing in antigen-containing vesicles is pH-dependent.
The MACPF domain includes the central machinery of pore formation: acidification causes a significant structural rearrangement, leading to oligomerization and deployment of the transmembrane beta-strands (named TMH1 and TMH2) that enter the membrane as amphipathic beta-hairpins.
The P2 region contains beta-hairpins to interact with target membranes.
Belongs to the calcium channel beta subunit family.
Colipase is a cofactor of pancreatic lipase. It allows the lipase to anchor itself to the lipid-water interface. Without colipase the enzyme is washed off by bile salts, which have an inhibitory effect on the lipase.
Enterostatin has a biological activity as a satiety signal.
Forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with pancreatic lipase.
CARD8 inflammasome is inhibited by DPP8 and DPP9, which sequester the C-terminal fragment of CARD8 (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, C-terminus) in a ternary complex, thereby preventing CARD8 oligomerization and activation. CARD8 inflammasome is activated by Val-boroPro (Talabostat, PT-100), an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidases DPP8 and DPP9. Val-boroPro relieves inhibition of DPP8 and/or DPP9 by inducing the proteasome-mediated destruction of the N-terminal part of CARD8, releasing its C-terminal part from autoinhibition.
Constitutes the active part of the CARD8 inflammasome. In absence of pathogens and other damage-associated signals, interacts with the N-terminal part of CARD8 (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, N-terminus), preventing activation of the CARD8 inflammasome. In response to pathogen-associated signals, the N-terminal part of CARD8 is degraded by the proteasome, releasing this form, which polymerizes to form the CARD8 inflammasome complex: the CARD8 inflammasome complex then directly recruits pro-caspase-1 (proCASP1) and promotes caspase-1 (CASP1) activation, leading to gasdermin-D (GSDMD) cleavage and subsequent pyroptosis.
Constitutes the precursor of the CARD8 inflammasome, which mediates autoproteolytic processing within the FIIND domain to generate the N-terminal and C-terminal parts, which are associated non-covalently in absence of pathogens and other damage-associated signals.
Inflammasome sensor, which mediates inflammasome activation in response to various pathogen-associated signals, leading to subsequent pyroptosis of CD4(+) T-cells and macrophages. Inflammasomes are supramolecular complexes that assemble in the cytosol in response to pathogens and other damage-associated signals and play critical roles in innate immunity and inflammation. Acts as a recognition receptor (PRR): recognizes specific pathogens and other damage-associated signals, such as Val-boroPro inhibitor, and mediates CARD8 inflammasome activation. In response to pathogen-associated signals, the N-terminal part of CARD8 is degraded by the proteasome, releasing the cleaved C-terminal part of the protein (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, C-terminus), which polymerizes to initiate the formation of the inflammasome complex: the CARD8 inflammasome directly recruits pro-caspase-1 (proCASP1) independently of PYCARD/ASC and promotes caspase-1 (CASP1) activation, which subsequently cleaves and activates inflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18 and gasdermin-D (GSDMD), leading to pyroptosis. Also acts as a negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome. May also act as an inhibitor of NF-kappa-B activation.
Interacts with DPP9; leading to inhibit activation of the inflammasome. DPP9 acts via formation of a ternary complex, composed of a DPP9 homodimer, one full-length CARD8 protein, and one cleaved C-terminus of CARD8 (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, C-terminus). Interacts with DPP8; leading to inhibit activation of the inflammasome, probably via formation of a ternary complex with DPP8. Interacts with NLRP3. Interacts with IKBKG/NEMO. Interacts with DRAL. Binds to caspase-1 (CASP1), CARD16/pseudo-ICE and CARD18/ICEBERG. Interacts with NLRP2 (via NACHT domain).
Interacts with the C-terminal part of CARD8 (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, C-terminus) in absence of pathogens and other damage-associated signals.
Interacts with the N-terminal part of CARD8 (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, N-terminus) in absence of pathogens and other damage-associated signals. Homomultimer; forms the CARD8 inflammasome polymeric complex, a filament composed of homopolymers of this form in response to pathogens and other damage-associated signals. The CARD8 inflammasome polymeric complex directly recruits pro-caspase-1 (proCASP1) independently of PYCARD/ASC. Interacts (via CARD domain) with CASP1 (via CARD domain); leading to CASP1 activation.
Regulatory part that prevents formation of the CARD8 inflammasome: in absence of pathogens and other damage-associated signals, interacts with the C-terminal part of CARD8 (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, C-terminus), preventing activation of the CARD8 inflammasome. In response to pathogen-associated signals, this part is ubiquitinated by the N-end rule pathway and degraded by the proteasome, releasing the cleaved C-terminal part of the protein, which polymerizes and forms the CARD8 inflammasome.
The C-terminal part of CARD8 oligomerizes to form the core of the CARD8 inflammasome filament: in the filament, the CARD domains form a central helical filaments that are promoted by oligomerized, but flexibly linked, UPA regions surrounding the filaments. The UPA region reduces the threshold needed for filament formation and signaling. Directly recruits and polymerizes with the CARD domain of caspase-1 (CASP1) through the favorable side of the growing filament seed.
The disordered region is required for activation of the CARD8 inflammasome.
Ubiquitinated by the N-end rule pathway in response to pathogens and other damage-associated signals, leading to its degradation by the proteasome and subsequent release of the cleaved C-terminal part of the protein (Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8, C-terminus), which polymerizes and forms the CARD8 inflammasome.
Undergoes autocatalytic processing within the FIIND domain to generate the N-terminal and C-terminal parts, which are associated non-covalently in absence of pathogens and other damage-associated signals.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters per heterotetramer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini of NUBP1 and two labile, bridging clusters between subunits of the NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer forms a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins. Implicated in the regulation of centrosome duplication.
Heterotetramer of 2 NUBP1 and 2 NUBP2 chains. Interacts with KIFC1.
Plays a key role in steroid hormone synthesis by enhancing the metabolism of cholesterol into pregnenolone. Mediates the transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
Component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, a building block of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex is composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, SNRNP40, SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF, SNRPG, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39, plus LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7 and LSM8. LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7 and LSM8 form a heptameric, ring-shaped subcomplex (the LSM2-8 complex) that is part of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex and the precatalytic spliceosome.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Plays a role in U6 snRNP assembly and function. Binds to the 3' end of U6 snRNA.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of (3S)-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids, thus plays a critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
Homotetramer. Homodimer. Interacts (via its SSD) with INSIG1; the interaction, accelerated by sterols, leads to the recruitment of HMGCR to AMFR/gp78 for its ubiquitination by the sterol-mediated ERAD pathway. Interacts with UBIAD1.
N-glycosylated. Deglycosylated by NGLY1 on release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a sterol-mediated manner.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Ser-872 reduces the catalytic activity.
Regulated by a negative feedback mechanism through sterols and non-sterol metabolites derived from mevalonate (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Ser-872 down-regulates the catalytic activity (By similarity).
Undergoes sterol-mediated ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Accumulation of sterols in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, triggers binding of the reductase to the ER membrane protein INSIG1 or INSIG2. The INSIG1 binding leads to the recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase, AMFR/gp78, RNF139 or RNF145, initiating ubiquitination of the reductase. The ubiquitinated reductase is then extracted from the ER membrane and delivered to cytosolic 26S proteosomes by a mechanism probably mediated by the ATPase Valosin-containing protein VCP/p97. The INSIG2-binding leads to the recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase RNF139, initiating ubiquitination of the reductase. Lys-248 is the main site of ubiquitination. Ubiquitination is enhanced by the presence of a geranylgeranylated protein.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Kinesin family member that is involved in spindle formation and the movements of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Binds to microtubules and to DNA. Plays a role in congression of laterally attached chromosomes in NDC80-depleted cells.
Ubiquitinated; mediated by SIAH1 and leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO), such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. In concert with the AP-3 complex, the BLOC-1 complex is required to target membrane protein cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals. The BLOC-1 complex, in association with SNARE proteins, is also proposed to be involved in neurite extension. Plays a role in intracellular vesicle trafficking and synaptic vesicle recycling.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB4 subunit family.
Found in a complex with TMEM177, COA6, MT-CO2/COX2, COX20, SCO1 and SCO2. Interacts transiently with MT-CO2/COX2 during its maturation. Interacts with COX20 in a MT-CO2/COX2-dependent manner.
Mitochondrial membrane insertase required for the translocation of the C-terminus of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Plays a role in MT-CO2/COX2 maturation following the COX20-mediated stabilization of newly synthesized MT-CO2/COX2 protein and before the action of the metallochaperones SCO1/2. Essential for the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase).
ISGylated. Isgylation inhibits its interaction with VTA1 (By similarity).
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. The MVB pathway appears to require the sequential function of ESCRT-O, -I,-II and -III complexes. ESCRT-III proteins mostly dissociate from the invaginating membrane before the ILV is released. The ESCRT machinery also functions in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, such as the terminal stages of cytokinesis and the budding of enveloped viruses (lentiviruses). ESCRT-III proteins are believed to mediate the necessary vesicle extrusion and/or membrane fission activities, possibly in conjunction with the AAA ATPase VPS4 (By similarity).
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III). ESCRT-III components are thought to multimerize to form a flat lattice on the perimeter membrane of the endosome. Several assembly forms of ESCRT-III may exist that interact and act sequentially. Interacts with VTA1. Interacts with CHMP2A. Interacts with VTA1; the interaction involves soluble CHMP5 (By similarity). Interacts with NOD2 (By similarity). Interacts with BROX (By similarity).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft.
Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family.
Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Induces insulin resistance in adipocytes via inhibition of insulin-induced IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and insulin-induced glucose uptake. Induces GKAP42 protein degradation in adipocytes which is partially responsible for TNF-induced insulin resistance. Plays a role in angiogenesis by inducing VEGF production synergistically with IL1B and IL6.
O-glycosylated; glycans contain galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid.
The TNF intracellular domain (ICD) form induces IL12 production in dendritic cells.
The membrane form, but not the soluble form, is phosphorylated on serine residues. Dephosphorylation of the membrane form occurs by binding to soluble TNFRSF1A/TNFR1.
The soluble form derives from the membrane form by proteolytic processing. The membrane-bound form is further proteolytically processed by SPPL2A or SPPL2B through regulated intramembrane proteolysis producing TNF intracellular domains (ICD1 and ICD2) released in the cytosol and TNF C-domain 1 and C-domain 2 secreted into the extracellular space.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Plays a role in angiogenesis and cell migration. In smooth muscle cell migration, may act through the RhoA pathway (By similarity).
Deubiquitinating enzyme that plays a role in many cellular processes including cellular antiviral response, epithelial morphogenesis, DNA repair or B-cell development. Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP, one of the building blocks of the precatalytic spliceosome (By similarity). Specifically regulates immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in a spliceosome-dependent manner, which involves modulating chromatin interactions at the Igh locus and therefore plays an essential role in B-cell development (By similarity). Regulates AURKB mRNA levels, and thereby plays a role in cytokinesis and in the spindle checkpoint. Regulates apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle checkpoint in response to DNA damage by deubiquitinating and stabilizing CHK2. Plays also an important role in DNA repair by controlling the recruitment of XRCC4/LIG4 to DNA double-strand breaks for non-homologous end-joining repair. Participates in antiviral activity by affecting the type I IFN signaling by stabilizing STAT1 and decreasing its 'Lys-6'-linked ubiquitination (By similarity). Contributes to non-canonical Wnt signaling during epidermal differentiation (By similarity). Acts as a negative regulator NF-kappa-B activation through deubiquitination of 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination of NFKBIA (By similarity).
Lacks the conserved His and Cys residues that are essential for the activity of de-ubiquitinating enzymes. Lacks ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase activity.
The U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex is a building block of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, SNRNP40, SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF, SNRPG, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39, plus LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7 and LSM8.
Catalytic subunit of the enzyme which catalyzes the decarboxylation of isocitrate (ICT) into alpha-ketoglutarate. The heterodimer composed of the alpha (IDH3A) and beta (IDH3B) subunits and the heterodimer composed of the alpha (IDH3A) and gamma (IDH3G) subunits, have considerable basal activity but the full activity of the heterotetramer (containing two subunits of IDH3A, one of IDH3B and one of IDH3G) requires the assembly and cooperative function of both heterodimers.
Divalent metal cations; Mn(2+) or Mg(2+). Activity higher in presence of Mn(2+) than of Mg(2+). Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Interacts with MYO5A; mediates the transport to the plasma membrane of SLC2A4/GLUT4 storage vesicles (By similarity). Interacts with GDI1 and with GDI2; negatively regulates RAB10 association with membranes and activation (By similarity). Interacts (GDP-bound form) with LLGL1; the interaction is direct and promotes RAB10 association with membranes and activation through competition with the Rab inhibitor GDI1 (By similarity). Interacts with EXOC4; probably associates with the exocyst (By similarity). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with MICALCL, MICAL1, MICAL3, EHBP1 and EHBP1L1; at least in case of MICAL1 two molecules of RAB10 can bind to one molecule of MICAL1. Interacts with TBC1D13 (By similarity). Interacts with SEC16A (By similarity). Interacts with CHM and CHML (By similarity). Interacts with LRRK2; interaction facilitates phosphorylation of Thr-73 (By similarity). Interacts with RILPL1 and RILPL2 when phosphorylated on Thr-73 (By similarity). Interacts with TBC1D21 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Thr-73 in the switch II region by LRRK2 prevents the association of RAB regulatory proteins, including CHM, CHML and RAB GDP dissociation inhibitors GDI1 and GDI2.
Rab activation is generally mediated by a guanine exchange factor (GEF), while inactivation through hydrolysis of bound GTP is catalyzed by a GTPase activating protein (GAP) (By similarity). That Rab is activated by the DENND4C guanine exchange factor (GEF) (Probable). That Rab is activated by the DENND4C and RABIF guanine exchange factors (GEF) (By similarity).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes (By similarity). Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (By similarity). That Rab is mainly involved in the biosynthetic transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane (By similarity). Regulates, for instance, SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter-enriched vesicles delivery to the plasma membrane (By similarity). In parallel, it regulates the transport of TLR4, a toll-like receptor to the plasma membrane and therefore may be important for innate immune response (By similarity). Also plays a specific role in asymmetric protein transport to the plasma membranes (By similarity). In neurons, it is involved in axonogenesis through regulation of vesicular membrane trafficking toward the axonal plasma membrane. In epithelial cells, it regulates transport from the Golgi to the basolateral membrane (By similarity). May play a role in the basolateral recycling pathway and in phagosome maturation (By similarity). May play a role in endoplasmic reticulum dynamics and morphology controlling tubulation along microtubules and tubules fusion (By similarity). Together with LRRK2, RAB8A, and RILPL1, it regulates ciliogenesis (By similarity). When phosphorylated by LRRK2 on Thr-73, it binds RILPL1 and inhibits ciliogenesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway. Also down-regulates cell migration mediated by MMP14.
Coordinated expression with SEPTIN6 and SEPTIN7.
Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation (By similarity). Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Plays a role in the biogenesis of polarized columnar-shaped epithelium by maintaining polyglutamylated microtubules, thus facilitating efficient vesicle transport, and by impeding MAP4 binding to tubulin. Required for the progression through mitosis. Forms a scaffold at the midplane of the mitotic splindle required to maintain CENPE localization at kinetochores and consequently chromosome congression. During anaphase, may be required for chromosome segregation and spindle elongation. Plays a role in ciliogenesis and collective cell movements. In cilia, required for the integrity of the diffusion barrier at the base of the primary cilium that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes: probably acts by regulating the assembly of the tectonic-like complex (also named B9 complex) by localizing TMEM231 protein (By similarity).
Septins polymerize into heterooligomeric protein complexes that form filaments, and associate with cellular membranes, actin filaments and microtubules. GTPase activity is required for filament formation. Filaments are assembled from asymmetrical heterotrimers, composed of SEPTIN2, SEPTIN6 and SEPTIN7 that associate head-to-head to form a hexameric unit (By similarity). Interaction between SEPTIN2 and SEPTIN7 seems indirect. Interacts with SEPTIN5 (By similarity). Interaction with SEPTIN4 not detected (By similarity). Interacts with SEPTIN9. Component of a septin core octameric complex consisting of SEPTIN12, SEPTIN7, SEPTIN6 and SEPTIN2 or SEPTIN4 in the order 12-7-6-2-2-6-7-12 or 12-7-6-4-4-6-7-12 and located in the sperm annulus. Interacts with MAP4. Interacts with DZIP1L (By similarity).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase E (NatE) complex at least composed of NAA10, NAA15 and NAA50 (By similarity). Interacts with NAA10 (By similarity). Interacts with NAA15 (By similarity). Predominantly interacts with NAA15 in the N-terminal acetyltransferase A complex (NatA complex); the interactions reduce the acetylation activity of the NatA complex (By similarity). Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase E (NatE)/HYPK complex at least composed of NAA10, NAA15, NAA50 and HYPK (By similarity). Within the complex interacts with NAA15 (By similarity). Its capacity to interact with the NatA complex is reduced by HYPK (By similarity). Interacts with NAA35 (By similarity).
N-alpha-acetyltransferase that acetylates the N-terminus of proteins that retain their initiating methionine (By similarity). Has a broad substrate specificity: able to acetylate the initiator methionine of most peptides, except for those with a proline in second position (By similarity). Also displays N-epsilon-acetyltransferase activity by mediating acetylation of the side chain of specific lysines on proteins (By similarity). Autoacetylates in vivo (By similarity). The relevance of N-epsilon-acetyltransferase activity is however unclear: able to acetylate H4 in vitro, but this result has not been confirmed in vivo (By similarity). Component of N-alpha-acetyltransferase complexes containing NAA10 and NAA15, which has N-alpha-acetyltransferase activity (By similarity). Does not influence the acetyltransferase activity of NAA10 (By similarity). However, it negatively regulates the N-alpha-acetyltransferase activity of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A complex (also called the NatA complex) (By similarity). The multiprotein complexes probably constitute the major contributor for N-terminal acetylation at the ribosome exit tunnel, with NAA10 acetylating all amino termini that are devoid of methionine and NAA50 acetylating other peptides (By similarity). Required for sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis by promoting binding of CDCA5/sororin to cohesin: may act by counteracting the function of NAA10 (By similarity).
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
Acetylation at Lys-6 (H4K5ac), Lys-9 (H4K8ac), Lys-13 (H4K12ac) and Lys-17 (H4K16ac) occurs in coding regions of the genome but not in heterochromatin.
Butyrylation of histones marks active promoters and competes with histone acetylation.
Citrullination at Arg-4 (H4R3ci) by PADI4 impairs methylation.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Crotonylation (Kcr) is specifically present in male germ cells and marks testis-specific genes in post-meiotic cells, including X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. Crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors. It is also associated with post-meiotically activated genes on autosomes (By similarity).
Glutarylation at Lys-92 (H4K91glu) destabilizes nucleosomes by promoting dissociation of the H2A-H2B dimers from nucleosomes.
Monomethylated, dimethylated or trimethylated at Lys-21 (H4K20me1, H4K20me2, H4K20me3). Monomethylation is performed by KMT5A/SET8. Trimethylation is performed by KMT5B and KMT5C and induces gene silencing. Monomethylated at Lys-13 (H4K12me1) by N6AMT1; H4K12me1 modification is present at the promoters of numerous genes encoding cell cycle regulators.
Monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-4 (H4R3me1 and H4R3me2a, respectively) by PRMT1 favors acetylation at Lys-9 (H4K8ac) and Lys-13 (H4K12ac). Demethylation is performed by JMJD6. Symmetric dimethylation on Arg-4 (H4R3me2s) by the PRDM1/PRMT5 complex may play a crucial role in the germ-cell lineage (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by PAK2 at Ser-48 (H4S47ph). This phosphorylation increases the association of H3.3-H4 with the histone chaperone HIRA, thus promoting nucleosome assembly of H3.3-H4 and inhibiting nucleosome assembly of H3.1-H4 (By similarity).
Sumoylated, which is associated with transcriptional repression.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA (By similarity). Found in a co-chaperone complex with DNJC9, MCM2 and histone H3.3-H4 dimers (By similarity). Within the complex, interacts with DNJC9 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by the CUL4-DDB-RBX1 complex in response to ultraviolet irradiation. This may weaken the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitate DNA accessibility to repair proteins. Monoubiquitinated at Lys-92 of histone H4 (H4K91ub1) in response to DNA damage. The exact role of H4K91ub1 in DNA damage response is still unclear but it may function as a licensing signal for additional histone H4 post-translational modifications such as H4 Lys-21 methylation (H4K20me) (By similarity).
Ufmylated; monofmylated by UFL1 at Lys-32 (H4K31Ufm1) in response to DNA damage.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 7 different proteins (TOMM5, TOMM6, TOMM7, TOMM20, TOMM22, TOMM40 and TOMM70).
Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell growth. May play a role as a nucleotide-sugar transporter (By similarity).
Belongs to the teashirt C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA (By similarity).
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA.
Belongs to the amidinotransferase family.
Transamidinase that catalyzes the transfer of the amidino group of L-arginine onto the amino moiety of acceptor metabolites such as glycine, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine yielding the corresponding guanidine derivatives (By similarity). Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis, namely the transfer of the amidino group from L-arginine to glycine to generate guanidinoacetate, which is then methylated by GAMT to form creatine. Provides creatine as a source for ATP generation in tissues with high energy demands, in particular skeletal muscle, heart and brain (By similarity).
Transamidinase that catalyzes the transfer of the amidino group of L-arginine onto the amino moiety of acceptor metabolites such as glycine, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine yielding the corresponding guanidine derivatives. Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of creatine biosynthesis, namely the transfer of the amidino group from L-arginine to glycine to generate guanidinoacetate, which is then methylated by GAMT to form creatine. Provides creatine as a source for ATP generation in tissues with high energy demands, in particular skeletal muscle, heart and brain.
Belongs to the prenylcysteine oxidase family.
Prenylcysteine oxidase that cleaves the thioether bond of prenyl-L-cysteines, such as farnesylcysteine and geranylgeranylcysteine (By similarity). Only active against free prenylcysteines and not prenylcysteine residues within prenylated proteins or peptides (By similarity). Involved in the final step in the degradation of prenylated proteins, by degrading prenylcysteines after the protein has been degraded (By similarity).
Can form homooligomers and heterooligomers with IGF2BP1 and IGF2BP3 in an RNA-dependent manner. Interacts with HNRPD. Interacts with IGF2BP1. Interacts with ELAVL1, DHX9, HNRNPU, MATR3 and PABPC1.
Domain KH3 and KH4 are the major RNA-binding modules, although KH1 and KH2 may also contribute. The contribution to RNA-binding of individual KH domains may be target-specific. KH1 and KH2, and possibly KH3 and KH4, promote the formation of higher ordered protein-RNA complexes, which may be essential for IGF2BP1 cytoplasmic retention. KH domains are required for RNA-dependent homo- and heterooligomerization and for localization to stress granules.
RNA-binding factor that recruits target transcripts to cytoplasmic protein-RNA complexes (mRNPs). This transcript 'caging' into mRNPs allows mRNA transport and transient storage. It also modulates the rate and location at which target transcripts encounter the translational apparatus and shields them from endonuclease attacks or microRNA-mediated degradation (By similarity). Preferentially binds to N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs and increases their stability (By similarity). Binds to the 5'-UTR of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNAs. Binding is isoform-specific. Binds to beta-actin/ACTB and MYC transcripts (By similarity). Increases MYC mRNA stability by binding to the coding region instability determinant (CRD) and binding is enhanced by m6A-modification of the CRD (By similarity).
Inhibits cell growth rate and cell cycle. Induces CDKN1A expression as well as TGF-beta expression. Mediates the inhibitory growth effect of EGR1. Involved in the maturation of snRNAs and snRNA 3'-tail processing.
Interacts with U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNAs.
Component of the TIM23 complex. Component of the MITRAC (mitochondrial translation regulation assembly intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase complex) complex, the core components of this complex being COA3/MITRAC12 and COX14. Interacts with COA3 and MT-CO1/COX1.
Participates in the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and complex IV as component of the MITRAC (mitochondrial translation regulation assembly intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase complex) complex. Probably shuttles between the presequence translocase and respiratory-chain assembly intermediates in a process that promotes incorporation of early nuclear-encoded subunits into these complexes.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 1 subfamily.
Exhibits strong synaptogenic activity, restricted to excitatory presynaptic differentiation, acting at both pre- and postsynaptic level.
Belongs to the somatotropin/prolactin family.
Acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) toward guanine nucleotide exchange factors like ARL2, ARL3, ARF1 and ARF6, but not for GTPases outside the Arf family.
Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis.
Interacts with STING1, PIK3C3, and ATG14; the STING1/STEEP1 interaction is increased upon STING1 cGAMP-activation and leads to recruitment of PI3K complex I.
Stimulates membrane curvature formation and subsequent endoplasmic reticulum exit site (ERES) establishment by recruiting PI3K complex I, leading to COPII vesicle-mediated transport (By similarity). Promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit of cGAMP-activated STING1 oligomers (By similarity).
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs. CPSF6 enhances NUDT21/CPSF5 binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized upstream of pA signals and promotes RNA looping, and hence activates directly the mRNA 3'-processing machinery. Plays a role in mRNA export.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex which is a heterotetramer composed of two subunits of NUDT21/CPSF5 and two subunits of CPSF6 or CPSF7 or a heterodimer of CPSF6 and CPSF7. The cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex associates with the CPSF and CSTF complexes to promote the assembly of the core mRNA 3'-processing machinery. Associates with the exon junction complex (EJC). Associates with the 80S ribosome particle. Interacts (via the RRM domain) with NUDT21/CPSF5; this interaction is direct and enhances binding to RNA. Interacts (via Arg/Ser-rich domain) with FIP1L1 (preferentially via unphosphorylated form and Arg/Glu/Asp-rich domain); this interaction mediates, at least in part, the interaction between the CFIm and CPSF complexes and may be inhibited by CPSF6 hyper-phosphorylation. Interacts (via N-terminus) with NXF1; this interaction is direct. Interacts with SRSF3. Interacts with SRSF7. Interacts with SNRNP70. Interacts with TRA2B/SFRS10. Interacts with UPF1. Interacts with UPF3B. Interacts with VIRMA. Interacts (via Arg/Ser-rich domain) with TNPO3; promoting nuclear import of CPSF6 independently of its phosphorylation status (By similarity). Interacts with YTHDC1 (By similarity).
Contains an Arg/Ser-rich domain composed of arginine-serine dipeptide repeats within the C-terminal region that is necessary and sufficient for activating mRNA 3'-processing and alternative polyadenylation (APA).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylated in the Arg/Ser-rich domain by SRPK1, in vitro.
Symmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues in the GAR motif by PRMT5 in a WDR77- and CLNS1A-dependent manner. Asymmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues in the GAR motif by PRMT1.
Acetylated. Autoacetylated; autoacetylation at Lys-238 stimulates transcription activation.
Found in a ternary complex with TATA box-bound TBP. Part of a TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex (PIC) that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2, ERCC3, TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Associates with TFIID-TFIIA (DA complex) to form TFIID-TFIIA-TFIIB (DAB complex), which is then recognized by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Found in a RNA polymerase II initiation complex. Interacts (via C-terminus) with TBP; this interaction with TATA box-bound TBP guides Pol II into the PIC. Interacts (via N-terminus) with Pol II. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SSU72; this interaction is inhibited by SYMPK. Interacts with NR2F1; this interaction is direct. Interacts with PGR. Interacts with ESR1. Interacts with GTF2F1 (via C-terminus and preferentially via acetylated form); this interaction prevents binding of GTF2B to GTF2F2. Interacts with GTF2F2 (via N-terminus); this interaction is inhibited in presence of GTF2F1. Interacts with the transcription elongation factor TCEA2. Interacts with HSF1 (via transactivation domain) (By similarity). Interacts with GPBP1 (By similarity).
General transcription factor that plays a role in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Involved in the pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation and Pol II recruitment at promoter DNA. Together with the TATA box-bound TBP forms the core initiation complex and provides a bridge between TBP and the Pol II-TFIIF complex. Released from the PIC early following the onset of transcription during the initiation and elongation transition and reassociates with TBP during the next transcription cycle. Associates with chromatin to core promoter-specific regions. Binds to two distinct DNA core promoter consensus sequence elements in a TBP-independent manner; these IIB-recognition elements (BREs) are localized immediately upstream (BREu), 5'-[GC][GC][GA]CGCC-3', and downstream (BREd), 5'-[GA]T[TGA][TG][GT][TG][TG]-3', of the TATA box element. Modulates transcription start site selection. Exhibits also autoacetyltransferase activity that contributes to the activated transcription.
The TFIIB-type zinc-binding domain is necessary for the interaction and recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the core promoter, the formation of a fully competent pre-initiation complex (PIC) assembly and basal transcription initiation. The C-terminus is necessary and sufficient for interaction with the TATA box-bound TBP complex and for the formation of PIC.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular and viral proteins. Also able to mediate N-terminal lysine myristoylation of proteins: catalyzes myristoylation of ARF6 on both 'Gly-2' and 'Lys-3'. Lysine myristoylation is required to maintain ARF6 on membranes during the GTPase cycle.
Interacts with the GTP-bound form of RAP2A.
May act as an effector of RAP2A in neuronal cells.
Plays a key role in the organization of epithelial monolayers by regulating the actin cytoskeleton. May be involved in ovary development (By similarity).
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
Component of SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex that mediates transport of signal peptide-containing precursor polypeptides across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Forms a ribosome receptor and a gated pore in the ER membrane, both functions required for cotranslational translocation of nascent polypeptides. May cooperate with auxiliary protein SEC62, SEC63 and HSPA5/BiP to enable post-translational transport of small presecretory proteins. The SEC61 channel is also involved in ER membrane insertion of transmembrane proteins: it mediates membrane insertion of the first few transmembrane segments of proteins, while insertion of subsequent transmembrane regions of multi-pass membrane proteins is mediated by the multi-pass translocon (MPT) complex. The SEC61 channel cooperates with the translocating protein TRAM1 to import nascent proteins into the ER. Controls the passive efflux of calcium ions from the ER lumen to the cytosol through SEC61 channel, contributing to the maintenance of cellular calcium homeostasis (By similarity). Plays a critical role in nephrogenesis, specifically at pronephros stage (By similarity).
The SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex consists of channel-forming core components SEC61A1, SEC61B and SEC61G and different auxiliary components such as SEC62 and SEC63 (By similarity). The SEC61 channel associates with the multi-pass translocon (MPT) complex (By similarity).
Activated following phosphorylation by WNK kinases (WNK1, WNK2, WNK3 or WNK4).
Effector serine/threonine-protein kinase component of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 kinase cascade, which is involved in various processes, such as ion transport, response to hypertonic stress and blood pressure (By similarity). Specifically recognizes and binds proteins with a RFXV motif (By similarity). Acts downstream of WNK kinases (WNK1, WNK2, WNK3 or WNK4): following activation by WNK kinases, catalyzes phosphorylation of ion cotransporters, such as SLC12A1/NKCC2, SLC12A2/NKCC1, SLC12A3/NCC, SLC12A5/KCC2 or SLC12A6/KCC3, regulating their activity (By similarity). Mediates regulatory volume increase in response to hyperosmotic stress by catalyzing phosphorylation of ion cotransporters SLC12A1/NKCC2, SLC12A2/NKCC1 and SLC12A6/KCC3 downstream of WNK1 and WNK3 kinases (By similarity). Phosphorylation of Na-K-Cl cotransporters SLC12A2/NKCC1 and SLC12A2/NKCC1 promote their activation and ion influx; simultaneously, phosphorylation of K-Cl cotransporters SLC12A5/KCC2 and SLC12A6/KCC3 inhibit their activity, blocking ion efflux (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of NaCl reabsorption in the distal nephron by mediating phosphorylation and activation of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter SLC12A3/NCC in distal convoluted tubule cells of kidney downstream of WNK4 (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of angiogenesis in endothelial cells downstream of WNK1 (By similarity). Acts as an activator of inward rectifier potassium channels KCNJ2/Kir2.1 and KCNJ4/Kir2.3 downstream of WNK1: recognizes and binds the RXFXV/I variant motif on KCNJ2/Kir2.1 and KCNJ4/Kir2.3 and regulates their localization to the cell membrane without mediating their phosphorylation (By similarity). Phosphorylates RELL1, RELL2, RELT and PAK1. Phosphorylates PLSCR1 in the presence of RELT (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Thr-185 by WNK kinases (WNK1, WNK2, WNK3 or WNK4) is required for activation. Autophosphorylated; promoting its activity.
Arg-211 acts as a selectivity gate, preventing misactivation of ubiquitin by this NEDD8-specific E1 complex.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Binding of TP53BP2 to the regulatory subunit NAE1 decreases activity.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric UBA3-NAE1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a NEDD8-UBA3 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers NEDD8 to the catalytic cysteine of UBE2M. Down-regulates steroid receptor activity. Necessary for cell cycle progression.
Heterodimer of UBA3 and NAE1. Interacts with NEDD8, UBE2F and UBE2M. Binds ESR1 and ESR2 with bound steroid ligand (By similarity). Interacts with TBATA (By similarity).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-22 is the initiator.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which contains the catalytic subunit KAT5/TIP60 and the subunits EP400, TRRAP/PAF400, BRD8/SMAP, EPC1, DMAP1/DNMAP1, RUVBL1/TIP49, RUVBL2, ING3, actin, ACTL6A/BAF53A, MORF4L1/MRG15, MORF4L2/MRGX, MRGBP, YEATS4/GAS41 and VPS72/YL1. Component of a NuA4-related complex which contains EP400, TRRAP/PAF400, SRCAP, BRD8/SMAP, EPC1, DMAP1/DNMAP1, RUVBL1/TIP49, RUVBL2, actin, ACTL6A/BAF53A, VPS72 and YEATS4/GAS41. Also part of a multiprotein complex which contains SRCAP and which binds to H2AZ1/H2AZ. Interacts (via N-terminal domain) with H2AZ1; the interaction is enhanced by VPS72 phosphorylation which is promoted by ZNHIT1.
Deposition-and-exchange histone chaperone specific for H2AZ1, specifically chaperones H2AZ1 and deposits it into nucleosomes. As component of the SRCAP complex, mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2AZ1/H2B dimers for nucleosomal H2A/H2B, leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling.
Phosphorylation is enhanced by ZNHIT1 and promotes the interaction of VPS72 with histone H2AZ1.
Interacts with L1CAM; this interaction occurs in axonal growth cones. Interacts with actin filament retrograde flow; this interaction is enhanced in a netrin-1- and PAK1-dependent manner and promotes F-actin-substrate coupling and concomitant formation of traction forces at axonal growth cones. Interacts with RUFY3. Interacts with PFN2. Interacts (via N-terminus) with KIF20B; this interaction is direct and promotes the association of SHTN1 to microtubules in primary neurons. Associates with microtubule.
Involved in the generation of internal asymmetric signals required for neuronal polarization and neurite outgrowth. Mediates netrin-1-induced F-actin-substrate coupling or 'clutch engagement' within the axon growth cone through activation of CDC42, RAC1 and PAK1-dependent signaling pathway, thereby converting the F-actin retrograde flow into traction forces, concomitantly with filopodium extension and axon outgrowth. Plays a role in cytoskeletal organization by regulating the subcellular localization of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity at the axonal growth cone. Also plays a role in regenerative neurite outgrowth. In the developing cortex, cooperates with KIF20B to promote both the transition from the multipolar to the bipolar stage and the radial migration of cortical neurons from the ventricular zone toward the superficial layer of the neocortex. Involved in the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) in the growth cone of primary hippocampal neurons.
Phosphorylated on Ser-101 and Ser-249 by PAK1 through a CDC42- and RAC1-dependent signaling pathway, which enhances its association with F-actin retrograde flow in filopodia and lamellipodia of axonal growth cones. Phosphorylation on Ser-101 and Ser-249 is increased by netrin-1.
The N-terminus region is necessary for interaction with actin retrograde filament flow and accumulation in neuronal growth cones.
Belongs to the delta-EF1/ZFH-1 C2H2-type zinc-finger family.
AMP and XMP inhibit AICAR formyltransferase activity.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the last two steps of purine biosynthesis. Acts as a transformylase that incorporates a formyl group to the AMP analog AICAR (5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide) to produce the intermediate formyl-AICAR (FAICAR). Can use both 10-formyldihydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate as the formyl donor in this reaction. Also catalyzes the cyclization of FAICAR to IMP. Promotes insulin receptor/INSR autophosphorylation and is involved in INSR internalization.
Homodimer. Associates with internalized INSR complexes on Golgi/endosomal membranes. Interacts with INSR; ATIC together with PRKAA2/AMPK2 and HACD3/PTPLAD1 is proposed to be part of a signaling network regulating INSR autophosphorylation and endocytosis.
The IMP cyclohydrolase activity resides in the N-terminal region.
The de novo purine synthesis pathway includes 10 sequential steps, beginning with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and ending with inositol monophosphate (IMP), the first purin compound of the pathway.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Interacts with PJA2; the interaction is direct and recruits PJA2 to centrosomes. Interacts with OFD1; regulates its activity in cilium assembly. Interacts with PRKACA.
Molecular adapter which is involved in cilium biogenesis. Part of a functional complex including OFD1 a centriolar protein involved in cilium assembly. Could regulate the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of OFD1, and its subsequent ubiquitination by PJA2 which ultimately leads to its proteasomal degradation.
May be a substrate recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Interacts with SRF. Forms complexes with SRF and SRF cofactors ARID2, MYOCD and NKX2-5. Interacts with the N-terminus of SLC2A4 (By similarity).
May be involved in regulating transcriptional activation of cardiac genes during the aging process. May play a role in biosynthesis and/or processing of SLC2A4 in adipose cells (By similarity).
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Regulator required for centriole duplication, for proper bipolar spindle formation and chromosome congression in mitosis.
Belongs to the synaptophysin/synaptobrevin family.
Directly interacts with BCL2; this interaction prevents the formation of the anti-apoptotic BAX-BCL2 complex.
Promotes apoptosis by binding to BCL2, hence preventing the formation of protective BCL2-BAX heterodimers.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
May play a role in carrying and orienting carbohydrate, as well as having a more specific role.
Autoubiquitinated. Ubiquitinated by SH3RF2, leading to proteasome-mediated degradation.
Has E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. In the absence of an external substrate, it can catalyze self-ubiquitination. Stimulates ubiquitination of potassium channel KCNJ1, enhancing it's dynamin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis. Acts as a scaffold protein that coordinates with MAPK8IP1/JIP1 in organizing different components of the JNK pathway, including RAC1 or RAC2, MAP3K11/MLK3 or MAP3K7/TAK1, MAP2K7/MKK7, MAPK8/JNK1 and/or MAPK9/JNK2 into a functional multiprotein complex to ensure the effective activation of the JNK signaling pathway. Regulates the differentiation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells and promotes T-helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation. Regulates the activation of MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK9/JNK2 in CD4(+) T-cells and the activation of MAPK8/JNK1 in CD8(+) T-cells. Controls proper cortical neuronal migration and the formation of proximal cytoplasmic dilation in the leading process (PCDLP) in migratory neocortical neurons by regulating the proper localization of activated RAC1 and F-actin assembly.
Interacts with HERP1. Interacts with RAC1; in a GTP-dependent manner. Interacts with MAP3K10/MLK2 and MAP3K11/MLK3. Interacts with MAPK8IP; this interaction leads to the PJAC complex (POSH-JIP or SH3RF1/MAPK8IP apoptotic complex) with a 1:1 ratio. Interacts with SIAH1. Probably part of a signaling complex that may contain SH3RF1, MAPK8IP, DLK1, MAP2K4/MKK4, MAP2K7/MKK7, MAPK8/JNK1, MAPK9/JNK2, AKT1 and AKT2. Found in a complex with RAC2, MAP3K7/TAK1, MAP2K7/MKK7, MAPK8IP1/JIP1, MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK9/JNK2. Found in a complex with RAC1, MAP3K11/MLK3, MAP2K7/MKK7, MAPK8IP1/JIP1 and MAPK8/JNK1. Interacts with SH3RF2.
Phosphorylated at Ser-304 by AKT1 and AKT2. When phosphorylated, it has reduced ability to bind Rac.
The RING finger domain is required for ubiquitin ligase activity and autoubiquitination.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
In the hair cortex, hair keratin intermediate filaments are embedded in an interfilamentous matrix, consisting of hair keratin-associated proteins (KRTAP), which are essential for the formation of a rigid and resistant hair shaft through their extensive disulfide bond cross-linking with abundant cysteine residues of hair keratins. The matrix proteins include the high-sulfur and high-glycine-tyrosine keratins.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with CXADR. Interacts presynaptically with the glutamate receptors GRIA2, GRIA3, GRIK3, isoform 3 of GRIA4, isoform A of GRM4, GRM7 and GRM8; with NAPA and NAPB; and with BTG2. The interaction with NAPA and NAPB disrupts the interaction with GRIA2, conducting to the internalization of GRIA2. Interacts with PRKCA; with the amine transporters SLC6A2 and SLC6A3; with the channels ASIC1 and ASIC2; with the GTP-binding proteins ARF1 and ARF3; with the ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases EPHA7, EPHB1 and EPHB2; with ERBB2 and through its PDZ domain with the C-terminal tail of PRLHR. Interacts with UNC5A. Interacts (via AH domain) with NCS1/FREQ; in a calcium-dependent manner. Interacts with F-actin and associates with the ARP2/3 complex. Interacts (via PDZ domain) with ARF1 (activated); the interaction blocks Arp2/3 complex inhibition (By similarity).
Palmitoylation on Cys-413 is essential for long-term synaptic depression (LTD).
Phosphorylation at Thr-82 appears to inhibit the interaction with AMPA receptors.
Probable adapter protein that bind to and organize the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins containing some PDZ recognition sequence. Involved in the clustering of various receptors, possibly by acting at the receptor internalization level. Plays a role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the trafficking and internalization of AMPA receptors. May be regulated upon PRKCA activation. May regulate ASIC1/ASIC3 channel. Regulates actin polymerization by inhibiting the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex; the function is competitive with nucleation promoting factors and is linked to neuronal morphology regulation and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Via interaction with the Arp2/3 complex involved in regulation of synaptic plasicity of excitatory synapses and required for spine shrinkage during long-term depression (LTD). Involved in regulation of astrocyte morphology, antagonistic to Arp2/3 complex activator WASL/N-WASP function (By similarity).
Probable adapter protein that bind to and organize the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins containing some PDZ recognition sequence. Involved in the clustering of various receptors, possibly by acting at the receptor internalization level. Plays a role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the trafficking and internalization of AMPA receptors. May be regulated upon PRKCA activation. May regulate ASIC1/ASIC3 channel. Regulates actin polymerization by inhibiting the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex; the function is competitive with nucleation promoting factors and is linked to neuronal morphology regulation and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Via interaction with the Arp2/3 complex involved in regulation of synaptic plasicity of excitatory synapses and required for spine shrinkage during long-term depression (LTD). Involved in regulation of astrocyte morphology, antagonistic to Arp2/3 complex activator WASL/N-WASP function.
The AH domain mediates binding to F-actin.
The unoccupied PDZ domain is probably involved in allosteric modulation by forming an intramolecular bridge with the AH domain leading to a 'closed' formation. Binding of a PDZ ligand, such as GRIA2, allows enhanced interactions with F-actin and the Arp2/3 complex thus enhanced inhibition of actin polymerization (By similarity).
Belongs to the Arg-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Plays a role in regulating cardiac sodium current; decreased enzymatic activity with resulting increased levels of glycerol 3-phosphate activating the DPD1L-dependent SCN5A phosphorylation pathway, may ultimately lead to decreased sodium current; cardiac sodium current may also be reduced due to alterations of NAD(H) balance induced by DPD1L.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family.
Acetylated, promoting interaction with CUL4 (CUL4A or CUL4B) and subsequent formation of DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. Deacetylation by SIRT7 impairs the interaction with CUL4 (CUL4A or CUL4B) and formation of DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes.
Component of the UV-DDB complex which includes DDB1 and DDB2; the heterodimer dimerizes to give rise to a heterotetramer when bound to damaged DNA. The UV-DDB complex interacts with monoubiquitinated histone H2A and binds to XPC via the DDB2 subunit. Component of numerous DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which consist of a core of DDB1, CUL4A or CUL4B and RBX1. DDB1 may recruit specific substrate targeting subunits to the DCX complex. These substrate targeting subunits are generally known as DCAF (DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor) or CDW (CUL4-DDB1-associated WD40-repeat) proteins. Interacts with AMBRA1, ATG16L1, BTRC, CRBN, DCAF1, DCAF4, DCAF5, DCAF6, DCAF7, DCAF8, DCAF9, DCAF10, DCAF11, DCAF12, DCAF15, DCAF16, DCAF17, DDA1, DET1, DTL, ERCC8, FBXW5, FBXW8, GRWD1, KATNB1, NLE1, NUP43, PAFAH1B1, PHIP, PWP1, RBBP4, RBBP5, RBBP7, COP1, SNRNP40, DCAF1, WDR5, WDR5B, WDR12, WDR26, WDR39, WDR42, WDR53, WDR59, WDR61, WSB1, WSB2, LRWD1 and WDTC1. DCX complexes may associate with the COP9 signalosome, and this inhibits the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the complex. Interacts with NF2, TSC1 and TSC2. Interacts with AGO1 and AGO2. Associates with the E3 ligase complex containing DYRK2, EDD/UBR5, DDB1 and DCAF1 proteins (EDVP complex). Interacts directly with DYRK2. DCX(DTL) complex interacts with FBXO11; does not ubiquitinate and degradate FBXO11. Interacts with TRPC4AP (By similarity). Interacts with CRY1 and CRY2 (By similarity). The DDB1-CUL4A complex interacts with CRY1 (By similarity). May also interact with DCUN1D1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D3 and DCUN1D5 (By similarity). Component of the DCX(DCAF13) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL4 (CUL4A or CUL4B), DDB1, DCAF13 and RBX1. Interacts with DCAF13 (via WD40 domain) (By similarity).
Protein, which is both involved in DNA repair and protein ubiquitination, as part of the UV-DDB complex and DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) complexes, respectively. Core component of the UV-DDB complex (UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex), a complex that recognizes UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair. The UV-DDB complex preferentially binds to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP), apurinic sites and short mismatches. Also functions as a component of numerous distinct DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The functional specificity of the DCX E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is determined by the variable substrate recognition component recruited by DDB1. DCX(DDB2) (also known as DDB1-CUL4-ROC1, CUL4-DDB-ROC1 and CUL4-DDB-RBX1) may ubiquitinate histone H2A, histone H3 and histone H4 at sites of UV-induced DNA damage. The ubiquitination of histones may facilitate their removal from the nucleosome and promote subsequent DNA repair. DCX(DDB2) also ubiquitinates XPC, which may enhance DNA-binding by XPC and promote NER. DCX(DTL) plays a role in PCNA-dependent polyubiquitination of CDT1 and MDM2-dependent ubiquitination of TP53 in response to radiation-induced DNA damage and during DNA replication. DCX(ERCC8) (the CSA complex) plays a role in transcription-coupled repair (TCR). The DDB1-CUL4A-DTL E3 ligase complex regulates the circadian clock function by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of CRY1 (By similarity). DDB1-mediated CRY1 degradation promotes FOXO1 protein stability and FOXO1-mediated gluconeogenesis in the liver (By similarity). By acting on TET dioxygenses, essential for oocyte maintenance at the primordial follicle stage, hence essential for female fertility (By similarity). Maternal factor required for proper zygotic genome activation and genome reprogramming (By similarity).
The core of the protein consists of three WD40 beta-propeller domains.
Ubiquitinated by CUL4A. Subsequently degraded by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Belongs to the OHCU decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the stereoselective decarboxylation of 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) to (S)-allantoin.
Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.
Component of the probable ECS(PCMTD1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, at least composed of CUL5, ELOB, ELOC, RBX2 and PCMTD1. Interacts (via the BC-box) with ELOB and ELOC; the interaction is direct and stabilizes PCMTD1.
Substrate recognition component of an ECS (Elongin BC-CUL5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Specifically binds to the methyltransferase cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) via the N-terminal AdoMet binding motif, but does not display methyltransferase activity. May provide an alternate maintenance pathway for modified proteins by acting as a damage-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. CSF-1/PDGF receptor subfamily.
Interacts with homodimeric PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB. Monomer in the absence of bound ligand.
Present in an inactive conformation in the absence of bound ligand. Binding of PDGFA and/or PDGFB leads to dimerization and activation by autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues.
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival and chemotaxis. Depending on the context, promotes or inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration. Plays an important role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Required for normal skeleton development.
Component of the outer dense fibers (ODF) of spermatozoa. ODF are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail and may help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Plays an important role in the organization of the cytoskeleton. Binds to and sequesters actin monomers (G actin) and therefore inhibits actin polymerization.
RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of several post-transcriptional events. Involved in pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA translation and stability. Mediates exon inclusion and/or exclusion in pre-mRNA that are subject to tissue-specific and developmentally regulated alternative splicing. Specifically activates exon 5 inclusion of TNNT2 in embryonic, but not adult, skeletal muscle. Activates TNNT2 exon 5 inclusion by antagonizing the repressive effect of PTB. Acts as both an activator and repressor of a pair of coregulated exons: promotes inclusion of the smooth muscle (SM) exon but exclusion of the non-muscle (NM) exon in actinin pre-mRNAs. Promotes inclusion of exonS 21 and exclusion of exon 5 of the NMDA receptor R1 pre-mRNA. Involved in the apoB RNA editing activity. Increases COX2 mRNA stability and inhibits COX2 mRNA translation in epithelial cells after radiation injury. Modulates the cellular apoptosis program by regulating COX2-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression. Binds to (CUG)n triplet repeats in the 3'-UTR of transcripts such as DMPK. Binds to the muscle-specific splicing enhancer (MSE) intronic sites flanking the TNNT2 alternative exon 5. Binds preferentially to UG-rich sequences, in particular UG repeat and UGUU motifs. Binds to apoB mRNA, specifically to AU-rich sequences located immediately upstream of the edited cytidine. Binds AU-rich sequences in the 3'-UTR of COX2 mRNA. Binds to an intronic RNA element responsible for the silencing of exon 21 splicing. Binds to (CUG)n repeats (By similarity). May be a specific regulator of miRNA biogenesis. Binds to primary microRNA pri-MIR140 and, with CELF1, negatively regulates the processing to mature miRNA (By similarity).
Activated by phosphorylation at Ser-360, Thr-581 and Thr-700 by MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK14/p38-alpha, and by further autophosphorylation of Ser-212, Ser-376 and Ser-381 by the activated C-terminal kinase domain. The active N-terminal kinase domain finally phosphorylates downstream substrates, as well as Ser-750, Ser-752 and Ser-758 in its own C-terminal region (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Enzyme activity requires the presence of both kinase domains.
Forms a complex with either MAPK1/ERK2 or MAPK3/ERK1 in quiescent cells which transiently dissociates following mitogenic stimulation. Also associates with MAPK14/p38-alpha. Activated RPS6KA5 associates with and phosphorylates the NF-kappa-B p65 subunit RELA. Interacts with CREBBP and EP300 (By similarity).
Ser-376 and Thr-581 phosphorylation is required for kinase activity. Ser-376 and Ser-212 are autophosphorylated by the C-terminal kinase domain, and their phosphorylation is essential for the catalytic activity of the N-terminal kinase domain. Phosphorylated at Ser-360, Thr-581 and Thr-700 by MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK14/p38-alpha. Autophosphorylated at Ser-750, Ser-752 and Ser-758 by the N-terminal kinase domain (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that is required for the mitogen or stress-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factors CREB1 and ATF1 and for the regulation of the transcription factors RELA, STAT3 and ETV1/ER81, and that contributes to gene activation by histone phosphorylation and functions in the regulation of inflammatory genes. Phosphorylates CREB1 and ATF1 in response to mitogenic or stress stimuli such as UV-C irradiation, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and anisomycin. Plays an essential role in the control of RELA transcriptional activity in response to TNF and upon glucocorticoid, associates in the cytoplasm with the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 and contributes to RELA inhibition and repression of inflammatory gene expression. In skeletal myoblasts is required for phosphorylation of RELA at 'Ser-276' during oxidative stress. In erythropoietin-stimulated cells, is necessary for the 'Ser-727' phosphorylation of STAT3 and regulation of its transcriptional potential. Phosphorylates ETV1/ER81 at 'Ser-191' and 'Ser-216', and thereby regulates its ability to stimulate transcription, which may be important during development and breast tumor formation. Directly represses transcription via phosphorylation of 'Ser-1' of histone H2A. Phosphorylates 'Ser-10' of histone H3 in response to mitogenics, stress stimuli and EGF, which results in the transcriptional activation of several immediate early genes, including proto-oncogenes c-fos/FOS and c-jun/JUN. May also phosphorylate 'Ser-28' of histone H3. Mediates the mitogen- and stress-induced phosphorylation of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGN1/HMG14). In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary macrophages, acts downstream of the Toll-like receptor TLR4 to limit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Functions probably by inducing transcription of the MAP kinase phosphatase DUSP1 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL10), via CREB1 and ATF1 transcription factors. Plays a role in neuronal cell death by mediating the downstream effects of excitotoxic injury (By similarity). Phosphorylates TRIM7 at 'Ser-107' in response to growth factor signaling via the MEK/ERK pathway, thereby stimulating its ubiquitin ligase activity (By similarity).
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state. Cofactors B and E can form a heterodimer which binds to alpha-tubulin and enhances their ability to dissociate tubulin heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with TBCD (By similarity).
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the second step of the tubulin folding pathway and in the regulation of tubulin heterodimer dissociation. Required for correct organization of microtubule cytoskeleton and mitotic splindle, and maintenance of the neuronal microtubule network.
Involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism. Converts betaine and homocysteine to dimethylglycine and methionine, respectively. This reaction is also required for the irreversible oxidation of choline.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of histidine to the 3'-end of its cognate tRNA, via the formation of an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate (His-AMP). Plays a role in axon guidance.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRA2B sub-subfamily.
Interacts with CTTN/cortactin SH3 domain. Interacts with STRN, STRN4/zinedin and MOB4/phocein; this interaction may regulate dendritic spine distribution of STRN and STRN4 in hippocampal neurons. Activation of glutamate receptors weakens the interaction with STRN and STRN4.
Regulates the dendritic spine distribution of CTTN/cortactin in hippocampal neurons, thus controls dendritic spinogenesis and dendritic spine maintenance.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of 13 subunits: EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L and EIF3M. The eIF-3 complex appears to include 3 stable modules: module A is composed of EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3G and EIF3I; module B is composed of EIF3F, EIF3H, and EIF3M; and module C is composed of EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3L and EIF3K. EIF3C of module C binds EIF3B of module A and EIF3H of module B, thereby linking the three modules. EIF3J is a labile subunit that binds to the eIF-3 complex via EIF3B. The eIF-3 complex interacts with RPS6KB1 under conditions of nutrient depletion. Mitogenic stimulation leads to binding and activation of a complex composed of MTOR and RPTOR, leading to phosphorylation and release of RPS6KB1 and binding of EIF4B to eIF-3. Interacts with EIF4G1. Also interacts with KRT7 and PIWIL2.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation is enhanced upon serum stimulation.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis, and uses different modes of RNA stem-loop binding to exert either translational activation or repression.
Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the acyl group attached at the sn-1 position of phosphatidylserines (phospholipase A1 activity) and 1-acyl-2-lysophosphatidylserines (lysophospholipase activity) in the pathway of phosphatidylserines acyl chain remodeling (By similarity). Cleaves phosphatidylserines exposed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells producing 2-acyl-1-lysophosphatidylserines, which in turn enhance mast cell activation and histamine production. Has no activity toward other glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidic acids or phosphatidylinositols, or glycerolipids such as triolein (By similarity).
Neuroendocrine protein of the granin family that regulates the biogenesis of secretory granules.
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3. Component of the DCX(DCAF13) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL4 (CUL4A or CUL4B), DDB1, DCAF13 and RBX1. Interacts (via WD40 domain) with DDB1. Interacts with ESR1 and LATS1.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome. Participates in the 18S rRNA processing in growing oocytes, being essential for oocyte nonsurrounded nucleolus (NSN) to surrounded nucleolus (SN) transition.
Substrate-recognition component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that plays a key role in embryo preimplantation and is required for normal meiotic cycle progression in oocytes (By similarity). Acts as a maternal factor that regulates oocyte and zygotic chromatin tightness during maternal to zygotic transition (By similarity). Also involved in the transformation of the endometrium into the decidua, known as decidualization, providing a solid foundation for implantation of blastocysts. Recognizes the histone methyltransferases SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 and directs them to polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which facilitates the H3K9me3 removal and early zygotic gene expression, essential steps for progressive genome reprogramming and the establishment of pluripotency during preimplantation embryonic development. Supports the spindle assembly and chromosome condensation during oocyte meiotic division by targeting the polyubiquitination and degradation of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that inhibits PI3K pathway as well as oocyte growth and maturation (By similarity). Targets PMP22 for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
pH-dependent, voltage-insensitive, background potassium channel protein.
Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc (By similarity). Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner (By similarity). The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood (By similarity). The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium (By similarity). Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli (By similarity). Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin (By similarity).
Interacts with FCGRT; this interaction regulates ALB homeostasis (By similarity). Interacts with TASOR (By similarity). In plasma, occurs in a covalently-linked complex with chromophore-bound alpha-1-microglobulin; this interaction does not prevent fatty acid binding to ALB.
Phosphorylated by FAM20C in the extracellular medium.
A PH-like domain is involved in phosphatidylinositol phosphate binding.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of ITGB1. Could also interact with integrin ITGB2, ITGB3 and/or ITGB5. Interacts (via ANK repeats) with LIMS1 and LIMS2. Interacts with PARVA (via C-terminus) and PARVB; these compete for the same binding site (By similarity). Interacts probably also with TGFB1I1 (By similarity). Interacts (via ANK repeats) with EPHA1 (via SAM domain); stimulated by EFNA1 but independent of the kinase activity of EPHA1 (By similarity). Interacts with FERMT2 (By similarity). Interacts with LIMD2; leading to activate the protein kinase activity. Interacts with PXN/PAXILLIN (via LD motif 4). Interacts with CCDC25 (via cytoplasmic region); initiating the ILK-PARVB cascade to induce cytoskeleton rearrangement and directional migration of cells (By similarity).
Receptor-proximal protein kinase regulating integrin-mediated signal transduction. May act as a mediator of inside-out integrin signaling. Focal adhesion protein part of the complex ILK-PINCH. This complex is considered to be one of the convergence points of integrin- and growth factor-signaling pathway. Could be implicated in mediating cell architecture, adhesion to integrin substrates and anchorage-dependent growth in epithelial cells. Regulates cell motility by forming a complex with PARVB. Phosphorylates beta-1 and beta-3 integrin subunit on serine and threonine residues, but also AKT1 and GSK3B.
Stimulated rapidly but transiently by both cell fibronectin interactions, as well as by insulin, in a PI3-K-dependent manner, likely via the binding of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 with a PH-like domain of ILK. The protein kinase activity is stimulated by LIMD2.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, JUN, I-kappa-B-alpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively (By similarity).
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, JUN, I-kappa-B-alpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively.
Component of the CSN complex, composed of COPS1/GPS1, COPS2, COPS3, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B), COPS8 and COPS9. In the complex, it probably interacts directly with COPS1, COPS2, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6 and COPS8. Interacts with PMF1. Interacts with the translation initiation factor EIF3S6. Interacts with CK2 and PKD. Interacts directly with ID3.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.
Positive regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. BTN/MOG family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) family.
The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinones involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues in prothrombin synthesis.
Uses dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) rather than NAD(P)H as an electron donor.
Forms a complex with the monomeric form of beta-tryptase.
Inhibitor of cathepsin G, kallikrein-8 and thrombin. May play an important role in the inner ear in the protection against leakage of lysosomal content during stress. May be involved in the regulation of serine proteinases present in the brain or extravasated from the blood (By similarity).
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv2.2/KCNB2 sub-subfamily.
May function as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins. Negatively regulates the unfolded protein response (UPR) through binding to UPR sensors such as ERN1, which in turn inactivates ERN1 signaling. May also regulate the UPR via the EIF2AK3 UPR sensor. Plays a role in platelet aggregation and activation by agonists such as convulxin, collagen and thrombin.
Part of a large chaperone multiprotein complex comprising DNAJB11, HSP90B1, HSPA5, HYOU, PDIA2, PDIA4, PDIA6, PPIB, SDF2L1, UGGT1 and very small amounts of ERP29, but not, or at very low levels, CALR nor CANX. Interacts with MICA on the surface of tumor cells, leading to MICA disulfide bond reduction which is required for its release from tumor cells. Interacts with ITGB3 following platelet stimulation. Interacts with ERN1; the interaction is direct. Interacts with EIF2AK3.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Required to maintain SEC16A localization at discrete locations on the ER membrane perhaps by preventing its dissociation. SAR1A-GTP-dependent assembly of SEC16A on the ER membrane forms an organized scaffold defining endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) (By similarity).
Acetylation at Lys-162 decreases ATP production. Deacetylated by SIRT3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c. Component of an ATP synthase complex composed of ATP5PB, ATP5MC1, ATP5F1E, ATP5PD, ATP5ME, ATP5PF, ATP5MF, MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, ATP5F1A, ATP5F1B, ATP5F1D, ATP5F1C, ATP5PO, ATP5MG, ATP5MK and ATP5MJ (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements (By similarity).
Alpha1 catalytic subunit of the cytosolic type I platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH (I)) heterotetrameric enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolyze of the acetyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and its analogs and modulates the action of PAF. The activity and substrate specificity of PAF-AH (I) are affected by its subunit composition. Both alpha1/alpha1 homodimer (PAFAH1B3/PAFAH1B3 homodimer) and alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer(PAFAH1B3/PAFAH1B2 heterodimer) hydrolyze 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid (AAGPA) more efficiently than PAF, but they have little hydrolytic activity towards 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (AAGPE). Plays an important role during the development of brain.
Beta subunit (PAFAH1B1) inhibits the acetylhydrolase activity of the alpha1/alpha1 catalytic homodimer.
Forms a catalytic dimer which is either homodimer (alpha1/alpha1 homodimer) or heterodimer with PAFAH1B2 (alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer). Component of the cytosolic (PAF-AH (I)) heterotetrameric enzyme, which is composed of PAFAH1B1 (beta), PAFAH1B2 (alpha2) and PAFAH1B3 (alpha1) subunits. The catalytic activity of the enzyme resides in the alpha1 (PAFAH1B3) and alpha2 (PAFAH1B2) subunits, whereas the beta subunit (PAFAH1B1) has regulatory activity. Trimer formation is not essential for the catalytic activity (By similarity). Interacts with VLDLR; this interaction may modulate the Reelin pathway (By similarity).
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx5 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily.
Lymphotoxin beta-activated kinase which seems to be exclusively involved in the activation of NF-kappa-B and its transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase (DRMBL) family.
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
May have a potential role in hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.
During development, promotes the survival and differentiation of selected neuronal populations of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Participates in axonal growth, pathfinding and in the modulation of dendritic growth and morphology. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS.
Monomers and homodimers. Binds to NTRK2/TRKB.
Belongs to the P-Pant transferase superfamily. AcpS family.
Catalyzes the post-translational modification of target proteins by phosphopantetheine. Can transfer the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety from coenzyme A, regardless of whether the CoA is presented in the free thiol form or as an acetyl thioester, to a serine residue of a broad range of acceptors including the acyl carrier domain of FASN.
Appears to regulate cell growth through interactions with the extracellular matrix and cytokines. Binds calcium and copper, several types of collagen, albumin, thrombospondin, PDGF and cell membranes. There are two calcium binding sites; an acidic domain that binds 5 to 8 Ca(2+) with a low affinity and an EF-hand loop that binds a Ca(2+) ion with a high affinity (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase. May play a role in spermatogenesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. Plays a role during spermiogenesis in the development of the sperm tail midpiece and in the normal function of spermatozoa (By similarity). May play a role in the formation of the mitochondrial sheath formation in the developing spermatid midpiece (By similarity).
Oligomer composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. Associates with microtubulin in an ATP-dependent manner. Interacts with KIF5C. Interacts with ODF1. Interacts with LRGUK (By similarity). Interacts with VDAC2 (By similarity).
The heptad repeat (HR) motif is sufficient for interaction with kinesin heavy (KHL) chains and ODF1. The TPR region is involved in mitochondrial binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family.
Heterodimer with ARID3A. Interacts with unphosphorylated RB1.
Autoacetylation strongly increases tubulin acetylation.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase ATAT1 family.
Component of the BBSome complex. Interacts with AP2 alpha-adaptins, including AP2A2, but not with AP1 gamma-adaptin (AP1G1/AP1G2); this interaction is required for efficient alpha-tubulin acetylation, hence clathrin-coated pits are sites of microtubule acetylation.
Specifically acetylates 'Lys-40' in alpha-tubulin on the lumenal side of microtubules. Promotes microtubule destabilization and accelerates microtubule dynamics; this activity may be independent of acetylation activity. Acetylates alpha-tubulin with a slow enzymatic rate, due to a catalytic site that is not optimized for acetyl transfer. Enters the microtubule through each end and diffuses quickly throughout the lumen of microtubules. Acetylates only long/old microtubules because of its slow acetylation rate since it does not have time to act on dynamically unstable microtubules before the enzyme is released. Required for normal sperm flagellar function. Promotes directional cell locomotion and chemotaxis, through AP2A2-dependent acetylation of alpha-tubulin at clathrin-coated pits that are concentrated at the leading edge of migrating cells. May facilitate primary cilium assembly.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Monomer. Interacts with pre-ribosome complex. May bind to RNA. Interacts with NOL8. Interacts with FTSJ3 (By similarity).
Required for proper 34S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
Homodimer. The C-terminal section interacts with the C-terminal tail of OPRM1. Interacts also with SDIM1.
Probable chaperone. Stimulates ATP hydrolysis and the folding of unfolded proteins mediated by HSPA1A/B (in vitro).
Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase forming with the TGF-beta type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, TGFBR1, the non-promiscuous receptor for the TGF-beta cytokines TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3. Transduces the TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating a plethora of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, control of mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. The formation of the receptor complex composed of 2 TGFBR1 and 2 TGFBR2 molecules symmetrically bound to the cytokine dimer results in the phosphorylation and the activation of TGFRB1 by the constitutively active TGFBR2. Activated TGFBR1 phosphorylates SMAD2 which dissociates from the receptor and interacts with SMAD4. The SMAD2-SMAD4 complex is subsequently translocated to the nucleus where it modulates the transcription of the TGF-beta-regulated genes. This constitutes the canonical SMAD-dependent TGF-beta signaling cascade. Also involved in non-canonical, SMAD-independent TGF-beta signaling pathways.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the sequential decarboxylation of the four acetate side chains of uroporphyrinogen to form coproporphyrinogen and participates in the fifth step in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Isomer I or isomer III of uroporphyrinogen may serve as substrate, but only coproporphyrinogen III can ultimately be converted to heme. In vitro also decarboxylates pentacarboxylate porphyrinogen I.
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Catalyzes the reduction of saturated and unsaturated C16 or C18 fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols. It plays an essential role in the production of ether lipids/plasmalogens which synthesis requires fatty alcohols. In parallel, it is also required for wax monoesters production since fatty alcohols also constitute a substrate for their synthesis.
Interacts with PEX19; PEX19 mediates the targeting of FAR1 to peroxisomes.
Component of SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex that mediates transport of signal peptide-containing precursor polypeptides across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Forms a ribosome receptor and a gated pore in the ER membrane, both functions required for cotranslational translocation of nascent polypeptides. The SEC61 channel is also involved in ER membrane insertion of transmembrane proteins: it mediates membrane insertion of the first few transmembrane segments of proteins, while insertion of subsequent transmembrane regions of multi-pass membrane proteins is mediated by the multi-pass translocon (MPT) complex. The SEC61 channel cooperates with the translocating protein TRAM1 to import nascent proteins into the ER.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex consists of channel-forming core components SEC61A1, SEC61B and SEC61G and different auxiliary components such as SEC62 and SEC63 (By similarity). The SEC61 channel associates with the multi-pass translocon (MPT) complex. Interacts with TRAM1 (By similarity).
Scramblase that mediates the translocation of glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol (alpha-D-GlcN-(1-6)-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol, GlcN-PI) across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, from the cytosolic leaflet to the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane, where it participates in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). GPI is a lipid glycoconjugate involved in post-translational modification of proteins. Can also translocate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) (phosphatidylinositol or PI), as well as several other phospholipids (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), and N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI) in vitro.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere in ensuring correct chromosome alignment and segregation and is required for chromatin-induced microtubule stabilization and spindle assembly. In the complex, it may be required to direct the CPC to centromeric DNA (By similarity).
May form homooligomers and homodimers. Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) composed of at least BIRC5/survivin, CDCA8/borealin, INCENP, AURKB or AURKC; in the complex forms a triple-helix bundle-based subcomplex with INCENP and BIRC5. Interacts with SENP3, UBE2I and RANBP2. Interacts (phosphorylated) with SGO1 and SGO2; the association is dependent on CDK1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by TTK, essentially at Thr-88, Thr94, Thr-169 and Thr-230. Phosphorylation (probably by CDK1) promotes targeting of the CPC to centromeric DNA.
Sumoylated by UBE2I and RANBP2. Desumoylated by SENP3 through the removal of SUMO2 and SUMO3.
The C-terminal region (aa 207-280) represents the dimerization motif.
Acts as a Mg(2+) transporter. Can also transport other divalent cations such as Fe(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+), Cu(2+) and Co(2+) but to a much less extent than Mg(2+) (By similarity).
Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates mono-ADP-ribosylation of target proteins.
Specifically removes C-terminal basic residues (Arg or Lys) from peptides and proteins. It is believed to play important roles in the control of peptide hormone and growth factor activity at the cell surface, and in the membrane-localized degradation of extracellular proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL5 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators (By similarity). In conditions where the essential linoleic and alpha linoleic fatty acids are lacking it is also involved in the synthesis of Mead acid from oleic acid (By similarity).
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate to the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Biotransformation enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arene and aliphatic epoxides to less reactive and more water soluble dihydrodiols by the trans addition of water.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation (By similarity).
Can metabolize asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) via transamination to alpha-keto-delta-(NN-dimethylguanidino) valeric acid (DMGV). ADMA is a potent inhibitor of nitric-oxide (NO) synthase, and this activity provides mechanism through which the kidney regulates blood pressure (By similarity).
Acts as a component of the WASH core complex that functions as a nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization, playing a key role in the fission of tubules that serve as transport intermediates during endosome sorting. May be involved in axonal outgrowth. Involved in cellular localization of ADRB2. Involved in cellular trafficking of BLOC-1 complex cargos such as ATP7A and VAMP7 (By similarity).
Component of the WASH core complex also described as WASH regulatory complex (SHRC) composed of WASH (WASHC1, WASH2P or WASH3P), WASHC2 (WASHC2A or WASHC2C), WASHC3, WASHC4 and WASHC5. The WASH core complex associates via WASHC2 with the F-actin-capping protein dimer (formed by CAPZA1, CAPZA2 or CAPZA3 and CAPZB) in a transient or substoichiometric manner which was initially described as WASH complex. Interacts with VCP, PI4K2A (By similarity).
Activity of phosphorylase is controlled both by allosteric means (through the non-covalent binding of metabolites) and by covalent modification. Thus AMP allosterically activates, whereas ATP, ADP, and glucose-6-phosphate allosterically inhibit, phosphorylase B (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Glycogen phosphorylase that regulates glycogen mobilization. Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties.
Homodimer. Dimers associate into a tetramer to form the enzymatically active phosphorylase A (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Ser-15 converts phosphorylase B (unphosphorylated) to phosphorylase A.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Interacts with EIF4B, IMP8, PRMT5 and TNRC6B. Interacts with APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G and APOBEC3H.
Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Binds to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them. Lacks endonuclease activity and does not appear to cleave target mRNAs.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAC subfamily.
Homodimer (By similarity). The CSTF complex is composed of CSTF1 (50 kDa subunit), CSTF2 (64 kDa subunit) and CSTF3 (77 kDa subunit) (By similarity). Interacts (via repeats WD) directly with CSTF3 (By similarity). Interacts (via repeat WD6) with BARD1 (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3'-end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNAs (By similarity). May be responsible for the interaction of CSTF with other factors to form a stable complex on the pre-mRNA (By similarity).
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ACTR2/ARP2, ACTR3/ARP3, ARPC1B/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC.
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA. The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs).
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
Polyubiquitinated by RNF128 with 'Lys-63'-linked chains, leading to proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Contactin family.
Interacts with KIF16B. Interacts with ZFYVE20 (By similarity).
Involved in membrane trafficking between the Golgi complex and endosomes during early embryonic development. Regulates the Golgi to endosome transport of FGFR-containing vesicles during early development, a key process for developing basement membrane and epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages during early postimplantation development. May act by modulating the kinesin KIF16B-cargo association to endosomes. Regulates, together with its guanine nucleotide exchange factor DENND6A, the specific endocytic transport of ADAM10, N-cadherin/CDH2 shedding and cell-cell adhesion (By similarity).
Interacts with TP53, p73/TP73 and MAPK8. Interacts with MAPT/TAU, RUNX2 and HYAL2 (By similarity). Forms a ternary complex with TP53 and MDM2. Interacts with ERBB4, LITAF and WBP1. Interacts with DVL1, DVL2 and DVL3. May interact with FAM189B and SCOTIN. Interacts with TNK2. Interacts with TMEM207 (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domain) with VOPP1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated upon genotoxic stress. Phosphorylation of Tyr-33 regulates interaction with TP53, TP73 and MAPK8. May also regulate proapoptotic activity. Phosphorylation by TNK2 is associated with polyubiquitination and degradation (By similarity).
Putative oxidoreductase. Acts as a tumor suppressor and plays a role in apoptosis. May function synergistically with p53/TP53 to control genotoxic stress-induced cell death. Plays a role in TGFB1 signaling and TGFB1-mediated cell death. May also play a role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death. Required for normal bone development. Inhibits Wnt signaling, probably by sequestering DVL2 in the cytoplasm (By similarity).
The WW 1 domain mediates interaction with TP53, TP73, TFAP2C, LITAF and WBP1.
Ubiquitinated when phosphorylated by TNK2, leading to its degradation.
Ubiquitinated by the CRL2(APPBP2) complex, which recognizes the Arg-Xaa-Xaa-Gly sequence at the C-terminus, leading to its degradation.
Participates in at least several B-cell activation processes as well as of other cell types. It is a costimulator of DNA-synthesis. It induces the expression of class II MHC molecules on resting B-cells. It enhances both secretion and cell surface expression of IgE and IgG1. It also regulates the expression of the low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (CD23) on both lymphocytes and monocytes.
Heterotetramer of two PDHA1 and two PDHB subunits. The heterotetramer interacts with DLAT, and is part of the multimeric pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that contains multiple copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLAT, E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD, E3). These subunits are bound to an inner core composed of about 48 DLAT and 12 PDHX molecules. Interacts with DLAT.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.
Inhibits calcineurin-dependent transcriptional responses by binding to the catalytic domain of calcineurin A. Could play a role during central nervous system development.
Phosphorylation increases its ability to inhibit calcineurin and decreases protein half-life.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Component of the Golgi to ER traffic (GET) complex, which is composed of GET1/WRB, CAMLG/GET2 and GET3. Within the complex, GET1 and CAMLG form a heterotetramer which is stabilized by phosphatidylinositol binding and which binds to the GET3 homodimer. Interacts with CAMLG (via C-terminus). GET3 shows a higher affinity for CAMLG than for GET1.
Required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Together with CAMLG/GET2, acts as a membrane receptor for soluble GET3/TRC40, which recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. Required to ensure correct topology and ER insertion of CAMLG.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
Regulatory subunit of the DNA primase complex and component of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which play an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis. The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Homodimer. Component of a transmembrane domain recognition complex (TRC). Interacts with SERP1 and SEC61B. Interacts with WRB.
Belongs to the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase family.
Mediates the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamate residues to calcium-binding gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues with the concomitant conversion of the reduced hydroquinone form of vitamin K to vitamin K epoxide. Catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of various proteins, such as blood coagulation factors (F2, F7, F9 and F10), osteocalcin (BGLAP) or matrix Gla protein (MGP).
Monomer (By similarity). May interact with CALU (By similarity).
The vitamin K-dependent protein substrates of carboxylase have usually a propeptide that binds to a high-affinity site on the carboxylase. CO(2), O(2) and reduced vitamin K are cosubstrates.
Involved in intracellular signal transduction mediated by cytokines and growth factors. Upon IL-2 and GM-CSL stimulation, it plays a role in signaling leading to DNA synthesis and MYC induction. May also play a role in T-cell development. Involved in down-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase via multivesicular body (MVBs) when complexed with HGS (ESCRT-0 complex). The ESCRT-0 complex binds ubiquitin and acts as sorting machinery that recognizes ubiquitinated receptors and transfers them to further sequential lysosomal sorting/trafficking processes.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family.
Small GTP-binding protein which cycles between a GDP-bound inactive and a GTP-bound active form.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor that specifically activates the small GTPase SAR1B. Mediates the recruitment of SAR1B and other COPII coat components to endoplasmic reticulum membranes and is therefore required for the formation of COPII transport vesicles from the ER.
Interacts with SAR1B (GDP-bound form). Interacts with MIA2; recruits PREB to endoplasmic reticulum exit sites.
Was first identified based on its probable role in the regulation of pituitary gene transcription. Binds to the prolactin gene (PRL) promoter and seems to activate transcription.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase IV family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
Belongs to the natriuretic peptide family.
Endonuclease that mediates miRNA decay of both protein-free and AGO2-loaded miRNAs.
Calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signal transduction pathway by mediating the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins through calcium-binding. Calcium-binding is required for the activation of calmodulin. Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-calcium complex are a number of protein kinases, such as myosin light-chain kinases and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMK2), and phosphatases. Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis. Is a regulator of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels. Mediates calcium-dependent inactivation of CACNA1C. Positively regulates calcium-activated potassium channel activity of KCNN2. Forms a potassium channel complex with KCNQ1 and regulates electrophysiological activity of the channel via calcium-binding. Acts as a sensor to modulate the endoplasmic reticulum contacts with other organelles mediated by VMP1:ATP2A2.
Interacts with CEP97, CCP110, TTN/titin and SRY. Interacts with MYO5A and RRAD (By similarity). Interacts with USP6; the interaction is calcium dependent (By similarity). Interacts with CDK5RAP2. Interacts with SCN5A. Interacts with RYR1 and RYR2 (By similarity). Interacts with FCHO1. Interacts with MIP in a 1:2 stoichiometry; the interaction with the cytoplasmic domains from two MIP subunits promotes MIP water channel closure. Interacts with ORAI1; this may play a role in the regulation of ORAI1-mediated calcium transport. Interacts with SYT7 (By similarity). Interacts with MYO10 and MYO1C (By similarity). Interacts with SLC9A1 in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with HINT1; interaction increases in the presence of calcium ions (By similarity). Interacts with HINT3 (By similarity). Interacts with SLC26A5 (via STAS domain); this interaction is calcium-dependent and the STAS domain interacts with only one lobe of CALM which is an elongated conformation (By similarity).
Phosphorylation results in a decreased activity.
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites.
Ubiquitination results in a strongly decreased activity.
Mediates spermatid-Sertoli adhesion during spermatogenesis.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 15 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, which is composed of MED1, MED4, MED6, MED7, MED8, MED9, MED10, MED11, MED12, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED18, MED19, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED26, MED27, MED29, MED30, MED31, CCNC, CDK8 and CDC2L6/CDK11. The MED12, MED13, CCNC and CDK8 subunits form a distinct module termed the CDK8 module. Mediator containing the CDK8 module is less active than Mediator lacking this module in supporting transcriptional activation. Individual preparations of the Mediator complex lacking one or more distinct subunits have been variously termed ARC, CRSP, DRIP, PC2, SMCC and TRAP.
Binds DNA through the consensus sequence 5'-CAATG-3'. May be involved in transcriptional regulation and may play a role in tooth formation (By similarity).
AMPK is a heterotrimer of an alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2), a beta (PRKAB1 or PRKAB2) and a gamma non-catalytic subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3). Interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2.
Activated by phosphorylation on Thr-183. Binding of AMP to non-catalytic gamma subunit (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3) results in allosteric activation, inducing phosphorylation on Thr-183. AMP-binding to gamma subunit also sustains activity by preventing dephosphorylation of Thr-183. ADP also stimulates Thr-183 phosphorylation, without stimulating already phosphorylated AMPK. ATP promotes dephosphorylation of Thr-183, rendering the enzyme inactive. Under physiological conditions AMPK mainly exists in its inactive form in complex with ATP, which is much more abundant than AMP. Selectively inhibited by compound C (6-[4-(2-Piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine. Activated by resveratrol, a natural polyphenol present in red wine, and S17834, a synthetic polyphenol (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators (By similarity). Regulates lipid synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating lipid metabolic enzymes such as ACACA, ACACB, GYS1, HMGCR and LIPE; regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA and ACACB) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) enzymes, respectively (By similarity). Promotes lipolysis of lipid droplets by mediating phosphorylation of isoform 1 of CHKA (CHKalpha2) (By similarity). Regulates insulin-signaling and glycolysis by phosphorylating IRS1, PFKFB2 and PFKFB3 (By similarity). AMPK stimulates glucose uptake in muscle by increasing the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, possibly by mediating phosphorylation of TBC1D4/AS160 (By similarity). Regulates transcription and chromatin structure by phosphorylating transcription regulators involved in energy metabolism such as CRTC2/TORC2, FOXO3, histone H2B, HDAC5, MEF2C, MLXIPL/ChREBP, EP300, HNF4A, p53/TP53, SREBF1, SREBF2 and PPARGC1A (By similarity). Acts as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver by phosphorylating CRTC2/TORC2, leading to CRTC2/TORC2 sequestration in the cytoplasm. In response to stress, phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of histone H2B (H2BS36ph), leading to promote transcription (By similarity). Acts as a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation by phosphorylating FNIP1, TSC2, RPTOR, WDR24 and ATG1/ULK1: in response to nutrient limitation, negatively regulates the mTORC1 complex by phosphorylating RPTOR component of the mTORC1 complex and by phosphorylating and activating TSC2. Also phosphorylates and inhibits GATOR2 subunit WDR24 in response to nutrient limitation, leading to suppress glucose-mediated mTORC1 activation (By similarity). In response to energetic stress, phosphorylates FNIP1, inactivating the non-canonical mTORC1 signaling, thereby promoting nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3, and inducing transcription of lysosomal or autophagy genes (By similarity). In response to nutrient limitation, promotes autophagy by phosphorylating and activating ATG1/ULK1. In that process also activates WDR45/WIPI4. Phosphorylates CASP6, thereby preventing its autoprocessing and subsequent activation (By similarity). In response to nutrient limitation, phosphorylates transcription factor FOXO3 promoting FOXO3 mitochondrial import (By similarity). Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin (By similarity). AMPK also acts as a regulator of circadian rhythm by mediating phosphorylation of CRY1, leading to destabilize it. May regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by phosphorylating CTNNB1, leading to stabilize it (By similarity). Also has tau-protein kinase activity: in response to amyloid beta A4 protein (APP) exposure, activated by CAMKK2, leading to phosphorylation of MAPT/TAU; however the relevance of such data remains unclear in vivo (By similarity). Also phosphorylates CFTR, EEF2K, KLC1, NOS3 and SLC12A1 (By similarity). Regulates hepatic lipogenesis. Activated via SIRT3, represses sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcriptional activities and ATP-consuming lipogenesis to restore cellular energy balance.
Phosphorylated at Thr-183 by STK11/LKB1 in complex with STE20-related adapter-alpha (STRADA) pseudo kinase and CAB39. Also phosphorylated at Thr-183 by CAMKK2; triggered by a rise in intracellular calcium ions, without detectable changes in the AMP/ATP ratio. CAMKK1 can also phosphorylate Thr-183, but at a much lower level. Dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A and 2C (PP2A and PP2C). Phosphorylated by ULK1 and ULK2; leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity and suggesting the existence of a regulatory feedback loop between ULK1, ULK2 and AMPK (By similarity). Dephosphorylated by PPM1A and PPM1B (By similarity).
Arg-186 is the main determinant for regioselectivity, which segregates between initiases and elongases in all tubulin--tyrosine ligase family. A glutamine residue at this position is found in elongases TTLL6, TTLL9, TTLL11, TTLL13, TTLL10 and favors glutamate-chain elongation, whereas an arginine residue is found in initiases TTLL2, TTLL4, TTLL5, TTLL3, TTLL8 and favors initiation.
Belongs to the tubulin--tyrosine ligase family.
Interacts with the transcriptional coactivators NCOA1/SRC-1 and NCOA2/TIF2.
Polyglutamylase which modifies tubulin, generating polyglutamate side chains on the gamma-carboxyl group of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of tubulin. Preferentially mediates ATP-dependent initiation step of the polyglutamylation reaction over the elongation step. Preferentially modifies the alpha-tubulin tail over a beta-tail (By similarity). Required for CCSAP localization to both polyglutamylated spindle and cilia microtubules. Increases the effects of transcriptional coactivator NCOA2/TIF2 in glucocorticoid receptor-mediated repression and induction and in androgen receptor-mediated induction (By similarity).
The flexible c-MTBD (cationic microtubule binding domain) region mediates binding to microtubules. It is positively charged and becomes ordered when bound to microtubules: it interacts with a negatively charged patch on tubulin. The presence of positive charges in the c-MTBD region is essential for proper binding.
Catalytic component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Specifically cleaves N-terminal signal peptides that contain a hydrophobic alpha-helix (h-region) shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Component of the signal peptidase complex paralog C (SPC-C) composed of a catalytic subunit SEC11C and three accessory subunits SPCS1, SPCS2 and SPCS3. Within the complex, interacts with SPCS2 and SPCS3. The complex induces a local thinning of the ER membrane which is used to measure the length of the signal peptide (SP) h-region of protein substrates. This ensures the selectivity of the complex towards h-regions shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Component of the signal peptidase complex.
May undergo processing at the N-terminus.
The C-terminal short (CTS) helix is essential for catalytic activity. It may be accommodated as a transmembrane helix in the thinned membrane environment of the complex, similarly to the signal peptide in the complex substrates.
Homotetramer. Identified in complex with ABRAXAS2 and the other subunits of the BRISC complex, at least composed of ABRAXAS2, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1.
In eukaryotes there are two forms of the enzymes: a cytosolic one and a mitochondrial one.
Belongs to the beta/gamma-crystallin family.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Component of the PeBoW complex, composed of BOP1, PES1 and WDR12. Within the PeBoW complex BOP1 interacts directly with PES1 and WDR12. The PeBoW complex also associates with the 66S pre-ribosome. Interacts with IRS1 and UBTF. May interact with MAP1B.
Component of the PeBoW complex, which is required for maturation of 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs and formation of the 60S ribosome.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit AP2A1 or AP2A2 and beta-type subunit AP2B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP2M1) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP2S1).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Component of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes are considered to be the major clathrin adaptors contributing the CCV formation. AP-2 also serves as a cargo receptor to selectively sort the membrane proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. AP-2 seems to play a role in the recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes from the presynaptic surface. AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-[FILMV] (Y-X-X-Phi) and [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] endocytosis signal motifs within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-2 may also play a role in maintaining normal post-endocytic trafficking through the ARF6-regulated, non-clathrin pathway. The AP-2 alpha subunit binds polyphosphoinositide-containing lipids, positioning AP-2 on the membrane. The AP-2 alpha subunit acts via its C-terminal appendage domain as a scaffolding platform for endocytic accessory proteins. The AP-2 alpha and AP-2 sigma subunits are thought to contribute to the recognition of the [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] motif.
Mediates high-affinity intracellular uptake of the rare oligo-element molybdenum.
Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family.
Component of the TIM23 complex at least composed of TIMM23, TIMM17 (TIMM17A or TIMM17B) and TIMM50.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis upon induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Involved in response to hydrogen peroxide and regulation of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Acts as a very efficient catalyst of monothiol reactions because of its high affinity for protein glutathione-mixed disulfides. Can receive electrons not only from glutathione (GSH), but also from thioredoxin reductase supporting both monothiol and dithiol reactions. Efficiently catalyzes both glutathionylation and deglutathionylation of mitochondrial complex I, which in turn regulates the superoxide production by the complex. Overexpression decreases the susceptibility to apoptosis and prevents loss of cardiolipin and cytochrome c release (By similarity).
Monomer; active form. Homodimer; inactive form. The homodimer is probably linked by 1 2Fe-2S cluster (By similarity).
The 2Fe-2S present in the homodimer leads to inactivation of the enzyme. The 2Fe-2S may serve as a redox sensor: the presence of one-electron oxidants or reductants leading to the loss of the 2Fe-2S cluster, subsequent monomerization and activation of the enzyme (By similarity).
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A15 subfamily.
Functions as a sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. Exhibits preference for the branched-chain amino acids, particularly leucine, valine and isoleucine and methionine. Can also transport low-affinity substrates such as alanine, phenylalanine, glutamine and pipecolic acid. Mediates the saturable, pH-sensitive and electrogenic cotransport of proline and sodium ions with a stoichiometry of 1:1. May have a role as transporter for neurotransmitter precursors into neurons. In contrast to other members of the neurotransmitter transporter family, does not appear to be chloride-dependent.
Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family.
Belongs to the cytochrome b5 family. MAPR subfamily.
Component of a progesterone-binding protein complex. Binds progesterone. Has many reported cellular functions (heme homeostasis, interaction with CYPs). Required for the maintenance of uterine histoarchitecture and normal female reproductive lifespan. Intracellular heme chaperone. Regulates heme synthesis via interactions with FECH and acts as a heme donor for at least some hemoproteins.
Homodimer. Forms stable homodimer through hydrophobic heme-heme stacking interactions. Interacts with FECH; the interaction results in decreased FECH activity (By similarity). Interacts with EGFR, CYP1A1 and CYP3A4; the interactions require PGRMC1 homodimerization (By similarity).
Non-classical progesterone receptors involved in extranuclear signaling are classified in 2 groups: the class II progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family (also called mPRs) (PAQR5, PAQR6, PAQR7, PAQR8 and PAQR9) and the b5-like heme/steroid-binding protein family (also called MAPRs) (PGRMC1, PGRMC2, NENF and CYB5D2).
O-glycosylated; contains chondroitin sulfate attached to Ser-54. Ser-54 is in the cytoplasmic domain but the glycosylated form was detected in urine, suggesting that the membrane-bound form is cleaved, allowing for production of a secreted form which is glycosylated.
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at positions 107 and 131.
Mediates the transport of organic anions such as steroids (estrone 3-sulfate, chenodeoxycholate, glycocholate) and thyroid hormones (3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), L-thyroxine (T4)), in the kidney. Capable of transporting cAMP and pharmacological substances such as digoxin, ouabain and methotrexate. Transport is independent of sodium, chloride ion, and ATP. Transport activity is stimulated by an acidic extracellular environment due to increased substrate affinity to the transporter (By similarity). The driving force for this transport activity is currently not known (By similarity). The role of hydrogencarbonate (HCO3(-), bicarbonate) as the probable counteranion that exchanges for organic anions is still not well defined (By similarity). Functions as an uptake transporter at the apical membrane, suggesting a role in renal reabsorption (By similarity). Involved in the renal secretion of the uremic toxin ADMA (N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine or asymmetrical dimethylarginine), which is associated to cardiovascular events and mortality, and the structurally related amino acids L-arginine and L-homoarginine (a cardioprotective biomarker). Can act bidirectionally, suggesting a dual protective role of this transport protein; exporting L-homoarginine after being synthesized in proximal tubule cells, and mediating uptake of ADMA from the blood into proximal tubule cells where it is degraded by the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) (By similarity). May be involved in sperm maturation by enabling directed movement of organic anions and compounds within or between cells. This ion-transporting process is important to maintain the strict epididymal homeostasis necessary for sperm maturation. May have a role in secretory functions since seminal vesicle epithelial cells are assumed to secrete proteins involved in decapacitation by modifying surface proteins to facilitate the acquisition of the ability to fertilize the egg (By similarity).
Possible role in axon guidance through interaction with RTN4R.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX21/DDX50 subfamily.
Inhibitory receptor acting as a major negative regulator of T-cell responses. The affinity of CTLA4 for its natural B7 family ligands, CD80 and CD86, is considerably stronger than the affinity of their cognate stimulatory coreceptor CD28.
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first commited step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
Serves as a reserve supply of oxygen and facilitates the movement of oxygen within muscles.
Palmitoyltransferase that could catalyze the addition of palmitate onto various protein substrates. The ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex is a palmitoyltransferase specific for HRAS and NRAS. May have a palmitoyltransferase activity toward the beta-2 adrenergic receptor/ADRB2 and therefore regulate G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Interacts with ATM, BRCA1, PRKDC and TP53BP1. Also exhibits ATM- and phosphorylation-dependent interaction with the MRN complex, composed of MRE11, RAD50, and NBN (By similarity).
Phosphorylation on undefined residues by PRKDC may stimulate endonucleolytic activity on 5' and 3' hairpins and overhangs. PRKDC must remain present, even after phosphorylation, for efficient hairpin opening. Also phosphorylated by ATM in response to ionizing radiation (IR) and by ATR in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (By similarity).
Required for V(D)J recombination, the process by which exons encoding the antigen-binding domains of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptor proteins are assembled from individual V, (D), and J gene segments. V(D)J recombination is initiated by the lymphoid specific RAG endonuclease complex, which generates site specific DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). These DSBs present two types of DNA end structures: hairpin sealed coding ends and phosphorylated blunt signal ends. These ends are independently repaired by the non homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to form coding and signal joints respectively. This protein exhibits single-strand specific 5'-3' exonuclease activity in isolation, and acquires endonucleolytic activity on 5' and 3' hairpins and overhangs when in a complex with PRKDC. The latter activity is required specifically for the resolution of closed hairpins prior to the formation of the coding joint. May also be required for the repair of complex DSBs induced by ionizing radiation, which require substantial end-processing prior to religation by NHEJ (By similarity).
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Heteromer composed of three CRYAA and one CRYAB subunits. Aggregates with homologous proteins, including the small heat shock protein HSPB1, to form large heteromeric complexes. Inter-subunit bridging via zinc ions enhances stability, which is crucial as there is no protein turn over in the lens. Interacts with HSPBAP1 and TTN/titin. Interacts with TMEM109; in the cellular response to DNA damage. Interacts with DES; binds rapidly during early stages of DES filament assembly and a reduced binding seen in the later stages. Interacts with TMED10; the interaction mediates the translocation from the cytoplasm into the ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment) and thereby secretion. Interacts with ATP6V1A and with MTOR, forming a ternary complex (By similarity).
May contribute to the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Has chaperone-like activity, preventing aggregation of various proteins under a wide range of stress conditions.
May contribute to the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Has chaperone-like activity, preventing aggregation of various proteins under a wide range of stress conditions. In lens epithelial cells, stabilizes the ATP6V1A protein, preventing its degradation by the proteasome (By similarity).
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Flavin-containing quinone reductase that catalyzes two-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones using either NADH or NADPH as electron donors. In a ping-pong kinetic mechanism, the electrons are sequentially transferred from NAD(P)H to flavin cofactor and then from reduced flavin to the quinone, bypassing the formation of semiquinone and reactive oxygen species (By similarity). Regulates cellular redox state primarily through quinone detoxification. Reduces components of plasma membrane redox system such as coenzyme Q and vitamin quinones, producing antioxidant hydroquinone forms. In the process may function as superoxide scavenger to prevent hydroquinone oxidation and facilitate excretion (By similarity). Alternatively, can activate quinones and their derivatives by generating redox reactive hydroquinones with DNA cross-linking antitumor potential (By similarity). Acts as a gatekeeper of the core 20S proteasome known to degrade proteins with unstructured regions. Upon oxidative stress, interacts with tumor suppressors TP53 and TP73 in a NADH-dependent way and inhibits their ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 20S proteasome (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with PDLIM4 isoform 2; this interaction stabilizes PDLIM4 isoform 2 in response to oxidative stress and protects it from ubiquitin-independent degradation by the core 20S proteasome. Interacts with TP73 (via SAM domain); this interaction is NADH-dependent, stabilizes TP73 in response to oxidative stress and protects it from ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 20S proteasome. Interacts with TP53; this interaction is NADH-dependent, stabilizes TP53 in response to oxidative stress and protects it from ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 20S proteasome.
Belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
Potential role in vesicular protein trafficking, mainly in the early secretory pathway. Required for the maintenance of the Golgi apparatus; involved in protein exchange between Golgi stacks during assembly. Probably not required for COPI-vesicle-mediated retrograde transport (By similarity).
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. NP60 subfamily.
Cytokine-like nuclear factor with chromatin gene reader activity involved in chromatin modification and regulation of gene expression. Acts as a nucleosome-destabilizing factor that is recruited to genes during transcriptional activation. Recognizes and binds histone H3 without a preference for specific epigenetic markers and also binds DNA. Interacts with KDM1B and promotes its histone demethylase activity by facilitating the capture of H3 tails, they form a multifunctional enzyme complex that modifies transcribed chromatin and facilitates Pol II transcription through nucleosomes. Stimulates the acetylation of 'Lys-56' of nucleosomal histone H3 (H3K56ac) by EP300. With GATA4, co-binds a defined set of heart development genes and coregulates their expression during cardiomyocyte differentiation. Regulates p38 MAP kinase activity by mediating stress activation of MAPK14/p38alpha and specifically regulating MAPK14 signaling. Indirectly promotes phosphorylation of MAPK14 and activation of ATF2. The phosphorylation of MAPK14 requires upstream activity of MAP2K4 and MAP2K6.
Homotetramere. Interacts with MAPK14. Interacts with KDM1B at nucleosomes; this interaction stimulates H3K4me1 and H3K4me2 demethylation. Binds to mononucleosomes. Interacts with GATA4; the interaction is required for a synergistic activation of GATA4 target genes transcription.
In the dehydrogenase domain, the conserved NAD(P)H-binding sites and sequence similarity to plant dehydrogenases suggest that this protein may have oxidoreductase activity. However, since the active site is not conserved, the dehydrogenase domain seems to serve as a catalytically inert oligomerization module.
The A.T hook DNA-binding domain is required for the interaction with MAPK14.
The PWWP domain is a H3 reader and strongly binds DNA.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIA subfamily.
Can form homooligomers. Interacts with PARsylated AXIN1, AXIN2, BLZF1, CASC3, H1-2, IPO7, LIG3, NCL, PARP1, XRCC1, XRCC5 and XRCC6. Interacts with DDB1, DHX15, IQGAP1, LRPPRC, PARP2, PRKDC, RUVBL2, TNKS1 and TNKS2. Binding often leads to interactor ubiquitination, in the presence of the appropriate E1 and E2 enzymes, and proteasomal degradation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically binds poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins and mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
The WWE domain mediates non-covalent poly(ADP-ribose)-binding.
Activity is divalent cation-dependent. It is stimulated by manganese, magnesium or calcium ions and reversibly inhibited by zinc, cobalt and iron (By similarity).
Cleaves proteins, imported into the mitochondrion, to their mature size.
C-type lectin domains 3-5 mediate the interaction with phospholipase PLA2G1B.
Interacts with sPLA2-IB/PLA2G1B; this interaction mediates intracellular signaling as well as clearance of extracellular sPLA2-IB/PLA2G1B via endocytotic pathway (By similarity). Interacts with sPLA2-X/PLA2G10; this interaction mediates sPLA2-X/PLA2G10 clearance and inactivation (By similarity).
Receptor for secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). Also able to bind to snake PA2-like toxins. Although its precise function remains unclear, binding of sPLA2 to its receptor participates in both positive and negative regulation of sPLA2 functions as well as clearance of sPLA2. Binding of sPLA2-IB/PLA2G1B induces various effects depending on the cell type, such as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade to induce cell proliferation, the production of lipid mediators, selective release of arachidonic acid in bone marrow-derived mast cells. In neutrophils, binding of sPLA2-IB/PLA2G1B can activate p38 MAPK to stimulate elastase release and cell adhesion. May be involved in responses in pro-inflammatory cytokine productions during endotoxic shock. Also has endocytic properties and rapidly internalizes sPLA2 ligands, which is particularly important for the clearance of extracellular sPLA2s to protect their potent enzymatic activities. The soluble secretory phospholipase A2 receptor form is circulating and acts as a negative regulator of sPLA2 functions by blocking the biological functions of sPLA2-IB/PLA2G1B and sPLA2-X/PLA2G10 (By similarity).
The endocytosis signal probably mediates endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits.
The secretory phospholipase A2 receptor form may be produced by the action of metalloproteinases. It contains all extracellular domains and only lacks transmembrane and cytosolic regions. It is however unclear whether this form is produced by proteolytic cleavage as suggested by some experiments, or by alternative splicing (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Belongs to the CMP-NeuNAc synthase family.
Catalyzes the activation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) to cytidine 5'-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuNAc), a substrate required for the addition of sialic acid. Has some activity toward NeuNAc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) or 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) (By similarity).
Catalyzes the activation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) to cytidine 5'-monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuNAc), a substrate required for the addition of sialic acid. Has some activity toward NeuNAc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) or 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN).
Homotetramer; the active enzyme is formed by a dimer of dimers.
The BC2 (basic cluster 2) motif is necessary and sufficient for the nuclear localization and contains the catalytic active site. The localization in the nucleus is however not required for the enzyme activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Belongs to the bZIP family. PAR subfamily.
Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family.
Interacts with kinesin, dynein, APLP1, APLP2, TENT2/GLD2 and APP. Both phosphorylated and non phosphorylated forms interact with APLP1 (By similarity). Interacts with TENT4B; the interaction is required for TENT4B-mediated translational control (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on serine/threonine residues by AURKA within positions 91 and 122. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on Thr-97 regulates cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation of CPE-containing mRNAs. Phosphorylation on Thr-97 by AURKA and CAMK2A activates CPEB1. Phosphorylation on Thr-97 may be promoted by APLP1. Phosphorylation increases binding to RNA (By similarity).
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that regulates mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation initiation during oocyte maturation, early development and at postsynapse sites of neurons. Binds to the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), an uridine-rich sequence element (consensus sequence 5'-UUUUUAU-3') within the mRNA 3'-UTR. In absence of phosphorylation and in association with TACC3 is also involved as a repressor of translation of CPE-containing mRNA; a repression that is relieved by phosphorylation or degradation. Involved in the transport of CPE-containing mRNA to dendrites; those mRNAs may be transported to dendrites in a translationally dormant form and translationally activated at synapses. Its interaction with APLP1 promotes local CPE-containing mRNA polyadenylation and translation activation. Induces the assembly of stress granules in the absence of stress. Required for cell cycle progression, specifically for prophase entry.
The 2 RRM domains and the C-terminal region mediate interaction with CPE-containing RNA. The interdomain linker (411-429) acts as a hinge to fix the relative orientation of the 2 RRMs. The ZZ domain (509-566) coordinates 2 Zn ions and is probably implicated in mediating interactions with other proteins in addition to increasing the affinity of the RRMs for the CPEs. A continuous hydrophobic interface is formed between the 2 RRM.
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins, a medium adaptin and a small adaptin.
Component of the adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4). Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components involved both in vesicle formation and cargo selection. They control the vesicular transport of proteins in different trafficking pathways. AP-4 forms a non clathrin-associated coat on vesicles departing the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and may be involved in the targeting of proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal-lysosomal system.
Its interaction with PHYH suggests a role in the development of the central system.
As part of a cytosolic protein quality control complex, the BAG6/BAT3 complex, maintains misfolded and hydrophobic patches-containing proteins in a soluble state and participates in their proper delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum or alternatively can promote their sorting to the proteasome where they undergo degradation. The BAG6/BAT3 complex is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored/type II transmembrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Recruited to ribosomes, it interacts with the transmembrane region of newly synthesized tail-anchored proteins and together with SGTA and ASNA1 mediates their delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum. Client proteins that cannot be properly delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum are ubiquitinated and sorted to the proteasome. Similarly, the BAG6/BAT3 complex also functions as a sorting platform for proteins of the secretory pathway that are mislocalized to the cytosol either delivering them to the proteasome for degradation or to the endoplasmic reticulum. The BAG6/BAT3 complex also plays a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), a quality control mechanism that eliminates unwanted proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum through their retrotranslocation to the cytosol and their targeting to the proteasome. It maintains these retrotranslocated proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition in the cytosol to ensure their proper delivery to the proteasome.
Component of the BAG6/BAT3 complex, at least composed of BAG6, UBL4A and GET4/TRC35. Interacts with BAG6; the interaction is direct and required for UBL4A protein stability. Interacts with USP13; may be indirect via BAG6.
Polyubiquitinated. Ubiquitination by AMFR and deubiquitination by USP13 may regulate the interaction between the BAG6/BAT complex and SGTA and therefore may regulate client proteins fate.
Component of a complex, at least composed of TSPAN12, FZD4 and norrin (NDP) (By similarity). Interacts (when palmitoylated) with ADAM10. Interacts with MMP14/MT1-MMP (By similarity).
Palmitoylated; required for interaction with ADAM10. The precise position of palmitoylated residues is unclear and occurs either on Cys-9, Cys-12 and/or Cys-83 (By similarity).
Regulator of cell surface receptor signal transduction. Plays a central role in retinal vascularization by regulating norrin (NDP) signal transduction. Acts in concert with norrin (NDP) to promote FZD4 multimerization and subsequent activation of FZD4, leading to promote accumulation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and stimulate LEF/TCF-mediated transcriptional programs. Suprisingly, it only activates the norrin (NDP)-dependent activation of FZD4, while it does not activate the Wnt-dependent activation of FZD4, suggesting the existence of a Wnt-independent signaling that also promote accumulation the beta-catenin (CTNNB1). Acts as a regulator of membrane proteinases such as ADAM10 and MMP14/MT1-MMP. Activates ADAM10-dependent cleavage activity of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Activates MMP14/MT1-MMP-dependent cleavage activity (By similarity).
Nucleolar protein that acts as a modulator of rRNA synthesis. Plays a central role during organogenesis (By similarity).
May be involved in vesicle transport between the ER and the Golgi complex.
5'->3' DNA exonuclease which digests single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (By similarity). Regulates inflammatory cytokine responses via the degradation of nucleic acids, by reducing the concentration of ssDNA able to stimulate TLR9, a nucleotide-sensing receptor in collaboration with PLD4 (By similarity). May be important in myotube formation. Plays a role in lysosomal homeostasis. Involved in the regulation of endosomal protein sorting (By similarity).
It was initially thought that PDL3 has phospholipase D activity due to its HKD motifs. The second HKD motif contains Glu instead of the canonical Asp. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure. Catalytic phospholipase D activity is still controversial (By similarity). Its closest homolog PLD4, exhibits no phospholipase activity (By similarity).
Proteolytically processed to a soluble form that is stable within endosomes and lysosomes. During transport through the secretory pathway becomes proteolysed by cysteine proteases, thereby releasing a stable soluble lysosomal lumenal polypeptide, whereas the transmembrane-bound fragment is rapidly degraded. Its transport route to lysosomes involves ubiquitination and the ESCRT complex.
Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination mediates sorting into lysosomes.
Plays a role in establishing and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase pfkB family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
May induce G2 arrest and apoptosis. May also increase cell sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
Homodimer. Part of a multisubunit complex that groups tRNA ligases for Arg (RARS1), Asp (DARS1), Gln (QARS1), Ile (IARS1), Leu (LARS1), Lys (KARS1), Met (MARS1) the bifunctional ligase for Glu and Pro (EPRS1) and the auxiliary subunits AIMP1/p43, AIMP2/p38 and EEF1E1/p18.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein C4 family.
May participate in lipoprotein metabolism.
Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92.
May play a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding.
Homooligomer. Interacts with M6PR (via the cytoplasmic domain). Interacts with IGF2R (via the cytoplasmic domain).
Phosphorylation at Tyr-251 by isoform 1 of CHKA (CHKalpha2) promotes dissociation from lipid droplets: dissociation is followed by recruitment of autophagosome machinery to lipid droplets and subsequent lipid droplet lipolysis.
Structural component of lipid droplets, which is required for the formation and maintenance of lipid storage droplets. Required for the transport of mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPR) from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC8 subfamily.
May play an important role in spermatogenesis and/or testis development.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family.
Binds to the intracellular domain of tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor. The binding domain of TRAP1 and TRAP2 resides outside the death domain of TNFR1.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components including PSMD2 (By similarity). Interacts with RPGRIP1L (By similarity). Interacts with CRY1 in a KDM8-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with phosphatase UBLCP1 (via ubiquitin-like domain); the interaction recruits UBLCP1 to the 19S regulatory particle where it dephosphorylates 19S subunit PSMC2/RPT1 which impairs PSMC2 ATPase activity and disrupts 26S proteasome assembly (By similarity).
Part of the tectonic-like complex (also named B9 complex).
Anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by a transmembrane hairpin structure; both N-terminus and C-terminus are cytoplasmic.
Belongs to the extended synaptotagmin family.
Binds glycerophospholipids in a barrel-like domain and may play a role in cellular lipid transport (By similarity). Binds calcium (via the C2 domains) and translocates to sites of contact between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels. Helps tether the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane and promotes the formation of appositions between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane (By similarity).
Interacts with ESYT2 and ESYT3. Interacts (phosphorylated form) with SLC2A4 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Ser residues in insulin-treated adipocytes (in vitro); this promotes interaction with SLC2A4.
The C2 domains mediate lipid and calcium binding. The N-terminal C2 domain binds calcium ions and is important for calcium-dependent lipid binding and interaction with membranes. Two calcium ions are bound at a high-affinity site and a third calcium ion is bound with lower affinity. May bind up to four calcium ions. In contrast, the second C2 domain apparently does not bind calcium. The third C2 domain mediates interaction with membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and is required for translocation to the cell membrane in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels (By similarity).
The SMP-LTD domain is a barrel-like domain that binds glycerophospholipids in its interior (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKD subfamily.
Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family.
Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells.
The inactive holoenzyme is composed of two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains. Activation by cAMP releases the two active catalytic monomers and the regulatory dimer. Interacts with PRKACA and PRKACB (By similarity). PRKAR1A also interacts with RFC2; the complex may be involved in cell survival. Interacts with AKAP4. Interacts with RARA; the interaction occurs in the presence of cAMP or FSH and regulates RARA transcriptional activity. Interacts with the phosphorylated form of PJA2. Interacts with CBFA2T3. Interacts with PRKX; regulates this cAMP-dependent protein kinase (By similarity). Interacts with smAKAP; this interaction may target PRKAR1A to the plasma membrane. Interacts with AICDA (By similarity).
The pseudophosphorylation site binds to the substrate-binding region of the catalytic chain, resulting in the inhibition of its activity.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Component of the pre-catalytic and catalytic spliceosome complexes. Component of the postcatalytic spliceosome P complex. Interacts with PDCD6; the interaction induces translocation of PDCD6 in the cytoplasm. Interacts with PPIL1 (By similarity).
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the activated spliceosome. Involved in the first step of pre-mRNA splicing. Binds directly to the internal stem-loop (ISL) domain of the U6 snRNA and to the pre-mRNA intron near the 5' splice site during the activation and catalytic phases of the spliceosome cycle. Involved in both translocations of the nuclear SLU7 to the cytoplasm and the cytosolic calcium-binding protein PDCD6 to the nucleus upon cellular stress responses.
The C-terminal RRM domain and the zinc finger motif are necessary for RNA-binding.
Increases DNTT terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity (in vitro). Also acts as a transcriptional regulator, binding to the consensus sequence 5'-GNTGCATG-3' following an AT-tract. Associates with RAB20 promoter and positively regulates its transcription. Binds DNA and nucleosomes; may recruit HDAC1 complexes to nucleosomes or naked DNA.
Monomer and homodimer. A minor proportion may form homotrimers. Interacts with ZNF541. Interacts with the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase DNTT. Interacts with TRERF1. Identified in a histone deacetylase complex that contains DNTTIP1, HDAC1 and MIDEAS; this complex assembles into a tetramer that contains four copies of each protein chain. Component of a histone deacetylase complex containing DNTTIP1, ZNF541, HDAC1 and HDAC2. Identified in a complex with KCTD19, HDAC1, HDAC2 and ZNF541.
The C-terminal domain mediates interaction with DNA and nucleosomes. It contains a HTH motif that mediates recognition of the consensus sequence.
The N-terminal domain mediates dimerization.
Neurotensin may play an endocrine or paracrine role in the regulation of fat metabolism. It causes contraction of smooth muscle.
May be involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression. Exhibits H3K4me3-binding activity.
Found in a ternary complex with CX3CL1 and ITGAV:ITGB3 or ITGA4:ITGB1.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation. May play a role in spermatogenesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta family.
Acetylated on Lys-5, Lys-8, Lys-12 and Lys-14 by KAT2A; KAT2A is recruited by the XPC complex in absence of DNA damage (By similarity). Acetylated on Lys-5, Lys-8 and Lys-12 during interphase; acetylation disappears at mitosis (By similarity). Acetylation by the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex is required for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance (By similarity).
Monomethylated on Lys-5 and Lys-8 by SETD6. SETD6 predominantly methylates Lys-8, lys-5 being a possible secondary site.
Monoubiquitination of Lys-122 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. H2A or its variant H2AZ1 forms a heterodimer with H2B. H2AZ1 interacts with INCENP. Interacts (via M6 cassette) with ANP32E; leading to removal of H2A.Z/H2AZ1 from the nucleosome. Interacts with VPS72 (via N-terminal domain); the interaction is enhanced by VPS72 phosphorylation which is promoted by ZNHIT1. Interacts with PWWP2A. Interacts with FH (when phosphorylated by PRKDC). Interacts with ZNHIT1; the interaction results in recruitment of H2AZ1 to the MYOG promoter region which is required for muscle-specific gene expression (By similarity).
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B.
Hydrolyzes 2-acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol), the penultimate precursor of the pathway for de novo synthesis of platelet-activating factor (By similarity). May be responsible for the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters (such as cholesteryl (9Z-octadecenoate)) in macrophages (By similarity). Also involved in organ detoxification by hydrolyzing exogenous organophosphorus compounds (By similarity).
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. Behaves as a stimulatory translation initiation factor downstream insulin/growth factors. Is also involved in ribosome biogenesis. Associates with pre-60S subunits in the nucleus and is involved in its nuclear export. Cytoplasmic release of TIF6 from 60S subunits and nuclear relocalization is promoted by a RACK1 (RACK1)-dependent protein kinase C activity. In tissues responsive to insulin, controls fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis by exerting translational control of adipogenic transcription factors such as CEBPB, CEBPD and ATF4 that have G/C rich or uORF in their 5'UTR. Required for ROS-dependent megakaryocyte maturation and platelets formation, controls the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis. Involved in miRNA-mediated gene silencing by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Required for both miRNA-mediated translational repression and miRNA-mediated cleavage of complementary mRNAs by RISC. Modulates cell cycle progression and global translation of pre-B cells, its activation seems to be rate-limiting in tumorigenesis and tumor growth.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit. Interacts with RACK1. Interacts with DICER1, AGO2, TARBP2, MOV10 and RPL7A; they form a large RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
Phosphorylation at Ser-174 and Ser-175 promotes nuclear export.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 65 family.
Has glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9 (By similarity). Interacts with RNPS1 (By similarity). Interacts with the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA (By similarity).
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9. Interacts with RNPS1. Interacts with the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (By similarity). Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes (By similarity). Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA (By similarity). Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA (By similarity). SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA (By similarity). Plays a role in proliferation and differentiation of granulocytic cells, neutrophils migration capacity and exocrine pancreas development (By similarity).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes. Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA. Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA. SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER. Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA. Plays a role in proliferation and differentiation of granulocytic cells, neutrophils migration capacity and exocrine pancreas development.
The M domain binds the 7SL RNA in presence of SRP19 and binds the signal sequence of presecretory proteins.
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which binds GTP and forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA (By similarity). The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another (By similarity). SRP receptor compaction upon binding with cargo-loaded SRP and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity).
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which binds GTP and forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA. The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another. SRP receptor compaction upon binding with cargo-loaded SRP and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER.
Inhibits human amidolytic and kininogenase activities of tissue kallikrein.
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. Preferentially accommodates proteins with transmembrane domains that are weakly hydrophobic or contain destabilizing features such as charged and aromatic residues. Involved in the cotranslational insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become ER membrane spanning helices. It is also required for the post-translational insertion of tail-anchored/TA proteins in endoplasmic reticulum membranes. By mediating the proper cotranslational insertion of N-terminal transmembrane domains in an N-exo topology, with translocated N-terminus in the lumen of the ER, controls the topology of multi-pass membrane proteins like the G protein-coupled receptors (By similarity). By regulating the insertion of various proteins in membranes, it is indirectly involved in many cellular processes. May be involved in Mg(2+) transport (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Essential for the degradation of glycogen in lysosomes. Has highest activity on alpha-1,4-linked glycosidic linkages, but can also hydrolyze alpha-1,6-linked glucans.
Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-2, respectively.
Activated by divalent cations. Activated by bile acids.
Binds 2 zinc divalent cations per subunit.
D-type phospholipase that hydrolyzes N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) to produce bioactive N-acylethanolamines/fatty acid ethanolamides (NAEs/FAEs) and phosphatidic acid (By similarity). Cleaves the terminal phosphodiester bond of diacyl- and alkenylacyl-NAPEs, primarily playing a role in the generation of long-chain saturated and monounsaturated NAEs in the brain (By similarity). May control NAPE homeostasis in dopaminergic neuron membranes and regulate neuron survival, partly through RAC1 activation (By similarity). As a regulator of lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue, mediates the crosstalk between adipocytes, gut microbiota and immune cells to control body temperature and weight. In particular, regulates energy homeostasis by promoting cold-induced brown or beige adipocyte differentiation program to generate heat from fatty acids and glucose. Has limited D-type phospholipase activity toward N-acyl lyso-NAPEs (By similarity).
Homodimer. Bile acids promote the assembly of inactive monomers into an active dimer and enable catalysis.
Widely expressed. Highest expression in brain, kidney and testis (at protein level). Expressed in adipose tissue (at protein level).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3. Interacts with RPS19BP1; the interaction is direct and mediates the integration of RPS19 in state post-A1 (By similarity). Interacts with RPS19BP1 (By similarity).
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. Required for pre-rRNA processing and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (By similarity).
Activated by micromolar concentrations of calcium and inhibited by calpastatin.
Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease which catalyzes limited proteolysis of substrates involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and signal transduction. Proteolytically cleaves CTBP1. Cleaves and activates caspase-7 (CASP7).
Forms a heterodimer with a small (regulatory) subunit CAPNS1.
Undergoes calcium-induced successive autoproteolytic cleavages that generate a membrane-bound 78 kDa active form and an intracellular 75 kDa active form. Calpastatin reduces with high efficiency the transition from 78 kDa to 75 kDa calpain forms (By similarity).
May play a role in cell growth and maintenance of cell morphology.
Binds DNA. Interacts with SUMO conjugating enzyme UBC9/UBE2I. Interacts with the telomeric protein TERF2IP (By similarity).
Autophosphorylated, leading to regulate its activity. Leptin promotes phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, including phosphorylation on Tyr-813. Autophosphorylation on Tyr-119 in response to EPO down-regulates its kinase activity. Autophosphorylation on Tyr-868, Tyr-966 and Tyr-972 in response to growth hormone (GH) are required for maximal kinase activity. Also phosphorylated by TEC (By similarity). Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to interferon gamma signaling. Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to a signaling cascade that is activated by increased cellular retinol (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. JAK subfamily.
Interacts with IL23R, SKB1 and STAM2 (By similarity). Interacts with EPOR. Interacts with LYN. Interacts with SIRPA. Interacts with SH2B1. Interacts with TEC (By similarity). Interacts with IFNGR2 (via intracellular domain) (By similarity). Interacts with LEPR (Isoform B) (By similarity). Interacts with HSP90AB1; promotes functional activation in a heat shock-dependent manner. Interacts with STRA6 (By similarity). Interacts with RHEX; this interaction occurs in a erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with ASB2; the interaction targets JAK2 for Notch-induced proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
Mn(2+) was used in the in vitro kinase assay but Mg(2+) is likely to be the in vivo cofactor.
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins. Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors, phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues on the cytoplasmic tails of the receptor, creating docking sites for STATs proteins. Subsequently, phosphorylates the STATs proteins once they are recruited to the receptor. Phosphorylated STATs then form homodimer or heterodimers and translocate to the nucleus to activate gene transcription. For example, cell stimulation with erythropoietin (EPO) during erythropoiesis leads to JAK2 autophosphorylation, activation, and its association with erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) that becomes phosphorylated in its cytoplasmic domain. Then, STAT5 (STAT5A or STAT5B) is recruited, phosphorylated and activated by JAK2. Once activated, dimerized STAT5 translocates into the nucleus and promotes the transcription of several essential genes involved in the modulation of erythropoiesis. Part of a signaling cascade that is activated by increased cellular retinol and that leads to the activation of STAT5 (STAT5A or STAT5B). In addition, JAK2 mediates angiotensin-2-induced ARHGEF1 phosphorylation. Plays a role in cell cycle by phosphorylating CDKN1B. Cooperates with TEC through reciprocal phosphorylation to mediate cytokine-driven activation of FOS transcription. In the nucleus, plays a key role in chromatin by specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Tyr-41' of histone H3 (H3Y41ph), a specific tag that promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin.
Regulated by autophosphorylation, can both activate or decrease activity. Heme regulates its activity by enhancing the phosphorylation on Tyr-1007 and Tyr-1008.
The N-terminal domain of JAKs mediates their interaction with cytokine/interferon/growth hormone receptors. Possesses 2 protein kinase domains. The second one probably contains the catalytic domain, while the presence of slight differences suggest a different role for protein kinase 1 (By similarity).
Undergoes Notch-induced ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation which is mediated by ASB1 or ASB2, the substrate-recognition components of probable ECS E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes.
RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events by binding to 5'-UGCAUGU-3' elements. Prevents binding of U2AF2 to the 3'-splice site. Regulates alternative splicing of tissue-specific exons and of differentially spliced exons during erythropoiesis (By similarity).
Interacts with IKBKE and TBK1 via its coiled coil region. Interaction with TBK1 is disrupted upon viral infection or TLR3 stimulation. Interacts with CDC42BPB.
Physiological suppressor of IKK-epsilon and TBK1 that plays an inhibitory role in virus- and TLR3-triggered IRF3. Inhibits TLR3-mediated activation of interferon-stimulated response elements (ISRE) and the IFN-beta promoter. May act by disrupting the interactions of IKBKE or TBK1 with TICAM1/TRIF, IRF3 and RIGI. Does not inhibit NF-kappa-B activation pathways (By similarity).
Belongs to the dynein light chain Tctex-type family.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family. CHP subfamily.
Both N-myristoylation and calcium-mediated conformational changes are essential for its function in exocytic traffic. N-myristoylation is required for its association with microtubules and interaction with GAPDH, but not for the constitutive association to membranes (By similarity).
Calcium-binding protein involved in different processes such as regulation of vesicular trafficking, plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and gene transcription. Involved in the constitutive exocytic membrane traffic. Mediates the association between microtubules and membrane-bound organelles of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and is also required for the targeting and fusion of transcytotic vesicles (TCV) with the plasma membrane. Functions as an integral cofactor in cell pH regulation by controlling plasma membrane-type Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity. Affects the pH sensitivity of SLC9A1/NHE1 by increasing its sensitivity at acidic pH. Required for the stabilization and localization of SLC9A1/NHE1 at the plasma membrane. Inhibits serum- and GTPase-stimulated Na(+)/H(+) exchange. Plays a role as an inhibitor of ribosomal RNA transcription by repressing the nucleolar UBF1 transcriptional activity. May sequester UBF1 in the nucleoplasm and limit its translocation to the nucleolus. Associates to the ribosomal gene promoter. Acts as a negative regulator of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway. Inhibits NFAT nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity by suppressing the calcium-dependent calcineurin phosphatase activity. Also negatively regulates the kinase activity of the apoptosis-induced kinase STK17B. Inhibits both STK17B auto- and substrate-phosphorylations in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
Monomer. Interacts with STK17B; the interaction occurs in a calcium-independent manner and induces the translocation of CHP1 from the Golgi to the nucleus. Interacts with GAPDH; the interaction is direct, occurs in a N-myristoylation-dependent manner and facilitates the ability of CHP1 to bind microtubules. Interacts with KIF1B (via the C-terminal end of the kinesin-motor domain); the interaction occurs in a calcium-dependent manner. Associates (via C-terminal domain) with microtubules; the association occurs with polymerized microtubules during the cell cycle in a myristoylation- and calcium-independent manner and is enhanced by GAPDH. Interacts with PPP3CA. Interacts with SLC9A1/NHE1 (via the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain); the interaction occurs at the plasma membrane in a calcium-dependent manner and at a domain that is critical for growth factor stimulation of the exchanger (By similarity). Interacts with SLC9A3; increases SLC9A3 trafficking and activity at the plasma membrane (By similarity).
Phosphorylated; decreased phosphorylation is associated with an increase in SLC9A1/NHE1 Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity. Phosphorylation occurs in serum-dependent manner. The phosphorylation state may regulate the binding to SLC9A1/NHE1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the nucleoporin NSP1/NUP62 family.
Monovalent cation channel required for maintenance of rapid intracellular calcium release. May act as a potassium counter-ion channel that functions in synchronization with calcium release from intracellular stores.
May be involved in the digestion of phagocytosed particles in the lysosome, participation in an inflammatory protease cascade, and trimming of peptides for antigen presentation.
Interacts with STAT2; the interaction is direct. Interacts with IFNAR2; indirectly via STAT2, it negatively regulates the assembly of the ternary interferon-IFNAR1-IFNAR2 complex and inhibits type I interferon signaling. Interacts with STING1. Interacts with USP20.
Interferon-induced ISG15-specific protease that plays a crucial role for maintaining a proper balance of ISG15-conjugated proteins in cells. Regulates protein ISGylation by efficiently cleaving ISG15 conjugates linked via isopeptide bonds. Regulates T-cell activation and T-helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation by deubiquitinating TAK1, likely to keep TAK1-TAB complexes in steady conditions. In turn, restricts activation of NF-kappa-B, NFAT, and JNK as well as expression of IL2 in T-cells after TCR activation. Acts as a molecular adapter with USP20 to promote innate antiviral response through deubiquitinating STING1. Involved also in the negative regulation of the inflammatory response triggered by type I interferon. Upon recruitment by STAT2 to the type I interferon receptor subunit IFNAR2 interferes with the assembly of the ternary interferon-IFNAR1-IFNAR2 complex and acts as a negative regulator of the type I interferon signaling pathway.
Autophagy factor required for autophagosome formation and mitophagy. Target of the TOR kinase signaling pathway that regulates autophagy through the control of the phosphorylation status of ATG13 and ULK1, and the regulation of the ATG13-ULK1-RB1CC1 complex. Through its regulation of ULK1 activity, plays a role in the regulation of the kinase activity of mTORC1 and cell proliferation (By similarity).
Autophagy factor required for autophagosome formation and mitophagy. Target of the TOR kinase signaling pathway that regulates autophagy through the control of the phosphorylation status of ATG13 and ULK1, and the regulation of the ATG13-ULK1-RB1CC1 complex. Through its regulation of ULK1 activity, plays a role in the regulation of the kinase activity of mTORC1 and cell proliferation.
Belongs to the ATG13 family. Metazoan subfamily.
Part of a complex consisting of ATG13, ULK1 and RB1CC1. Interacts with ATG101. Interacts with ULK1 (via C-terminus). Interacts with ULK2 (via C-terminus). Interacts (via the LIR motif) with GABARAP, GABARAPL, GABARAPL2, and LC3A. Interacts with TAB2 and TAB3. Interacts with C9orf72.
Phosphorylated by ULK1, ULK2 and mTOR. Phosphorylation status depends on nutrient-rich conditions; dephosphorylated during starvation or following treatment with rapamycin. ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of ATG13 at Ser-355 is required for efficient clearance of depolarized mitochondria.
The LIR motif (LC3-interacting region) is required for the interaction with the ATG8 family proteins GABARAP, GABARAPL, GABARAPL2, and LC3A.
As a component of the GATOR2 complex, functions as an activator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the mTORC1 signaling pathway. The GATOR2 complex indirectly activates mTORC1 through the inhibition of the GATOR1 subcomplex. GATOR2 probably acts as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase toward GATOR1. In the presence of abundant amino acids, the GATOR2 complex mediates ubiquitination of the NPRL2 core component of the GATOR1 complex, leading to GATOR1 inactivation. In the absence of amino acids, GATOR2 is inhibited, activating the GATOR1 complex. Within the GATOR2 complex, SEC13 and SEH1L are required to stabilize the complex.
Component of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The Nup107-160 subcomplex includes NUP160, NUP133, NUP107, NUP98, NUP85, NUP43, NUP37, SEH1 and SEC13. The SEH1 subunit appears to be only weakly associated with the Nup107-160 subcomplex. Component of the GATOR2 subcomplex, composed of MIOS, SEC13, SEH1L, WDR24 and WDR59. The GATOR2 complex interacts with CASTOR1 and CASTOR2; the interaction is negatively regulated by arginine. The GATOR2 complex interacts with SESN1, SESN2 and SESN3; the interaction is negatively regulated by amino acids. SESN1, SESN2 and SESN3 convey leucine availability via direct interaction with SEH1L and WDR24.
Component of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The Nup107-160 subcomplex is required for the assembly of a functional NPC. The Nup107-160 subcomplex is also required for normal kinetochore microtubule attachment, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. This subunit plays a role in recruitment of the Nup107-160 subcomplex to the kinetochore.
The GATOR2 complex is negatively regulated by the upstream amino acid sensors CASTOR1 and SESN2, which sequester the GATOR2 complex in absence of amino acids. In the presence of abundant amino acids, GATOR2 is released from CASTOR1 and SESN2 and activated.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Found in a pre-mRNA splicing complex with SFRS4, SFRS5, SNRP70, SNRPA1, SRRM1 and SRRM2. Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns (By similarity). Found in a pre-mRNA exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) complex with SNRP70, SNRPA1, SRRM1 and TRA2B/SFRS10. Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) with DEK, PRPF8, NCBP1, RBM8A, RNPS1, SRRM1 and ALYREF/THOC4. Interacts with DDX39B, CPSF1, RBM8A, RNPS1, and ALYREF/THOC4. Seems to be a compound of RNA export complexes that are released from speckles in a ATP-dependent manner.
Part of pre- and post-splicing multiprotein mRNP complexes. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs (By similarity). Involved in numerous pre-mRNA processing events. Promotes constitutive and exonic splicing enhancer (ESE)-dependent splicing activation by bridging together sequence-specific (SR family proteins, SFRS4, SFRS5 and TRA2B/SFRS10) and basal snRNP (SNRP70 and SNRPA1) factors of the spliceosome. Stimulates mRNA 3'-end cleavage independently of the formation of an exon junction complex. Binds both pre-mRNA and spliced mRNA 20-25 nt upstream of exon-exon junctions. Binds RNA and DNA with low sequence specificity and has similar preference for either double- or single-stranded nucleic acid substrates.
Phosphorylated on multiple serine and threonine residues by DYRK3 during the G2-to-M transition, after the nuclear-envelope breakdown. Phosphorylation by DYRK3 promotes disassembly of nuclear speckles.
Homodimer. Interacts with DNM1L. Interacts with C11orf65/MFI; the interaction inhibits MFF interaction with DNM1L.
Plays a role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface.
Plays a role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface. May be involved in regulation of synaptic vesicle membrane dynamics by recruitment of DNM1L to clathrin-containing vesicles.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively. In RNA Pol II, this subunit is present in 2-fold molar excess over the other subunits. Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92. Interacts with URI1.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2E/RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Functions as an RNA ligase, in vitro. The ligation reaction entails three nucleotidyl transfer steps. In the first step, the RNA ligase reacts with ATP in the absence of nucleic acid to form a covalent ligase-AMP intermediate and release pyrophosphate. In step 2, the ligase-AMP binds to the nucleic acid and transfers the adenylate to the 5'-PO4 terminus to form an adenylylated intermediate. In step 3, the RNA ligase directs the attack of the 3'-OH on the 5'-phosphoanhydride linkage, resulting in a repaired 3'-5' phosphodiester and release of AMP. Exhibits selectivity for single-stranded RNA substrates and may not have nick-sealing activity on double-stranded DNA-RNA hybrids. May play a role in maintaining RNA integrity under stress conditions, for example in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover.
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Bifunctional DNA N-glycosylase with associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase function that catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER), the primary repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases the damaged DNA base from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP site. The AP lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination. Primarily recognizes and repairs oxidative base damage of pyrimidines.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster does not appear to play a role in catalysis, but is probably involved in the proper positioning of the enzyme along the DNA strand.
Plays a role in a late step of leukocyte extravasation helping cells to overcome the endothelial basement membrane. Acts at the same site as, but independently of, PECAM1 (By similarity). Homophilic adhesion molecule, but these interactions may not be required for cell aggregation (By similarity).
Associates with the cytoplasmic CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex to trigger ARE-containing mRNA deadenylation and decay processes.
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as a 3'-untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery. Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and probably other components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE-containing mRNAs, and hence promotes ARE-mediated mRNA deadenylation and decay processes. Binds to 3'-UTR ARE of numerous mRNAs.
Homodimer. Interacts with NRIP1, NCOA1 and NCOR2. Binds TLE1, PNRC1 and PNRC2. Binds GRIP1 (By similarity).
No physiological activating ligand is known for this orphan receptor, but 4-hydroxytamoxifen and diethylstilbestrol act as inverse agonists and deactivate ESRRG.
Orphan receptor that acts as transcription activator in the absence of bound ligand. Binds specifically to an estrogen response element and activates reporter genes controlled by estrogen response elements. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle (By similarity).
Belongs to the small membrane AKAP family.
Has a helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) structural motif conserved among proteins that bind non-specifically to DNA.
Homodimer. Heterodimerizes with BANF2. Interacts with ANKLE2/LEM4, leading to decreased phosphorylation by VRK1 and promoting dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Binds non-specifically to double-stranded DNA, and is found as a hexamer or dodecamer upon DNA binding. Binds to LEM domain-containing nuclear proteins such as LEMD3/MAN1, TMPO/LAP2 and EMD (emerin). Interacts with ANKLE1 (via LEM domain); the interaction may favor BANF1 dimerization. Interacts with CRX and LMNA (lamin-A). Binds linker histone H1.1 and core histones H3. Interacts with LEMD2 (via LEM domain). Interacts with PARP1; interaction takes place in response to oxidative DNA damage.
LEM domain proteins bind centrally on the BAF dimer.
Non-specific DNA-binding protein that plays key roles in mitotic nuclear reassembly, chromatin organization, DNA damage response, gene expression and intrinsic immunity against foreign DNA. Contains two non-specific double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-binding sites which promote DNA cross-bridging. Plays a key role in nuclear membrane reformation at the end of mitosis by driving formation of a single nucleus in a spindle-independent manner. Transiently cross-bridges anaphase chromosomes via its ability to bridge distant DNA sites, leading to the formation of a dense chromatin network at the chromosome ensemble surface that limits membranes to the surface. Also acts as a negative regulator of innate immune activation by restricting CGAS activity toward self-DNA upon acute loss of nuclear membrane integrity. Outcompetes CGAS for DNA-binding, thereby preventing CGAS activation and subsequent damaging autoinflammatory responses. Also involved in DNA damage response: interacts with PARP1 in response to oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PARP1. Involved in the recognition of exogenous dsDNA in the cytosol: associates with exogenous dsDNA immediately after its appearance in the cytosol at endosome breakdown and is required to avoid autophagy. In case of poxvirus infection, has an antiviral activity by blocking viral DNA replication.
Ser-4 is the major site of phosphorylation as compared to Thr-2 and Thr-3. Phosphorylation on Thr-2; Thr-3 and Ser-4 disrupts its ability to bind DNA and reduces its ability to bind LEM domain-containing proteins. Non phosphorylated BAF seems to enhance binding between EMD and LMNA. Dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) following interaction with ANKLE2/LEM4 during mitotic exit, leading to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.
Plasma membrane reductase that uses cytoplasmic ascorbate as an electron donor to reduce extracellular Fe(3+) into Fe(2+). Probably functions in dietary iron absorption at the brush border of duodenal enterocytes by producing Fe(2+), the divalent form of iron that can be transported into enterocytes. It is also able to reduce extracellular monodehydro-L-ascorbate and may be involved in extracellular ascorbate regeneration by erythrocytes in blood. May also act as a ferrireductase in airway epithelial cells (By similarity). May also function as a cupric transmembrane reductase (By similarity).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
May regulate a number of protein-protein interactions by competing for PDZ domain binding sites.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma (By similarity). The heterodimer formed by GNB1 and GNG2 interacts with ARHGEF5 (By similarity). The heterodimer formed by GNB1 and GNG2 interacts with GRK2 (By similarity). Forms a complex with GNAO1 and GNG3. Interacts with ARHGEF18 and RASD2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at His-266 by NDKB contributes to G protein activation by increasing the high energetic phosphate transfer onto GDP.
COPII is composed of at least 5 proteins: the SEC23/24 complex, the SEC13/31 complex and SAR1. SEC13 and SEC31 make a 2:2 tetramer that forms the edge element of the COPII outer coat. The tetramer self-assembles in multiple copies to form the complete polyhedral cage. Interacts (via WD 8) with SEC13 (By similarity). Interacts with PDCD6; interaction takes place in response to cytosolic calcium increase and leads to bridge together the BCR(KLHL12) complex and SEC31A, leading to monoubiquitination. Interacts with KLHL12 (By similarity).
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules (By similarity).
Monoubiquitinated by the BCR(KLHL12) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, leading to regulate the size of COPII coats.
The ALG-2-binding site motif-2 (ABS-2) contains a PXPGF sequence that binds hydrophobic pocket 3 of PDCD6.
Component of the circadian clock oscillator which includes the CRY proteins, CLOCK or NPAS2, BMAL1 or BMAL2, CSNK1D and/or CSNK1E, TIMELESS and the PER proteins (By similarity). Forms a heterodimer with BMAL1 (By similarity). The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer is required for E-box-dependent transactivation, for CLOCK nuclear translocation and degradation, and for phosphorylation of both CLOCK and BMAL1 (By similarity). Interacts with NR3C1 in a ligand-dependent fashion (By similarity). Interacts with ESR1 and estrogen stimulates this interaction (By similarity). Interacts with the complex p35/CDK5 (By similarity). Interacts with RELA/p65 (By similarity). Interacts with KAT2B, CREBBP and EP300 (By similarity). Interacts with ID1 and ID3 (By similarity). Interacts with ID2 (By similarity). Interacts with MTA1 (By similarity). Interacts with OGA (By similarity). Interacts with SIRT1 (By similarity). Interacts with CIPC (By similarity). Interacts with EZH2 (By similarity). Interacts with EIF4E, PIWIL1 and DDX4 (By similarity). Interacts with PER1, PER2, CRY1 and CRY2 and this interaction requires a translocation to the nucleus (By similarity). Interaction of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer with PER or CRY inhibits transcription activation (By similarity). Interaction of the CLOCK-BMAL1 with CRY1 is independent of DNA but with PER2 is off DNA (By similarity). The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer interacts with GSK3B (By similarity). Interacts with KDM5A (By similarity). Interacts with KMT2A; in a circadian manner (By similarity). Interacts with MYBBP1A (By similarity). Interacts with THRAP3 (By similarity). Interacts with MED1; this interaction requires the presence of THRAP3 (By similarity). Interacts with NCOA2 (By similarity). The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer interacts with PASD1. Interacts with ASS1 and IMPDH2; in a circadian manner. Interacts with NDUFA9 (By similarity). Interacts with PIWIL2 (via PIWI domain) (By similarity). Interacts with HNF4A (By similarity).
O-glycosylated; contains O-GlcNAc. O-glycosylation by OGT prevents protein degradation by inhibiting ubiquitination. It also stabilizes the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer thereby increasing CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated transcriptional activation of PER1/2/3 and CRY1/2.
Phosphorylation is dependent on the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer formation. Phosphorylation enhances the transcriptional activity, alters the subcellular localization and decreases the stability of the heterodimer by promoting its degradation. Phosphorylation shows circadian variations in the liver. May be phosphorylated by CSNK1D and CKSN1E (By similarity).
Sumoylation enhances its transcriptional activity and interaction with ESR1, resulting in up-regulation of ESR1 activity. Estrogen stimulates sumoylation. Desumoylation by SENP1 negatively regulates its transcriptional activity.
Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, and renal function. Consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can be reset by environmental cues, also known as Zeitgebers (German for 'timegivers'). The predominant Zeitgeber for the central clock is light, which is sensed by retina and signals directly to the SCN. The central clock entrains the peripheral clocks through neuronal and hormonal signals, body temperature and feeding-related cues, aligning all clocks with the external light/dark cycle. Circadian rhythms allow an organism to achieve temporal homeostasis with its environment at the molecular level by regulating gene expression to create a peak of protein expression once every 24 hours to control when a particular physiological process is most active with respect to the solar day. Transcription and translation of core clock components (CLOCK, NPAS2, BMAL1, BMAL2, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1 and CRY2) plays a critical role in rhythm generation, whereas delays imposed by post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important for determining the period (tau) of the rhythms (tau refers to the period of a rhythm and is the length, in time, of one complete cycle). A diurnal rhythm is synchronized with the day/night cycle, while the ultradian and infradian rhythms have a period shorter and longer than 24 hours, respectively. Disruptions in the circadian rhythms contribute to the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndromes and aging. A transcription/translation feedback loop (TTFL) forms the core of the molecular circadian clock mechanism. Transcription factors, CLOCK or NPAS2 and BMAL1 or BMAL2, form the positive limb of the feedback loop, act in the form of a heterodimer and activate the transcription of core clock genes and clock-controlled genes (involved in key metabolic processes), harboring E-box elements (5'-CACGTG-3') within their promoters. The core clock genes: PER1/2/3 and CRY1/2 which are transcriptional repressors form the negative limb of the feedback loop and interact with the CLOCK|NPAS2-BMAL1|BMAL2 heterodimer inhibiting its activity and thereby negatively regulating their own expression. This heterodimer also activates nuclear receptors NR1D1/2 and RORA/B/G, which form a second feedback loop and which activate and repress BMAL1 transcription, respectively. Regulates the circadian expression of ICAM1, VCAM1, CCL2, THPO and MPL and also acts as an enhancer of the transactivation potential of NF-kappaB. Plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer regulates the circadian expression of SERPINE1/PAI1, VWF, B3, CCRN4L/NOC, NAMPT, DBP, MYOD1, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, SIRT1, GYS2, F7, NGFR, GNRHR, BHLHE40/DEC1, ATF4, MTA1, KLF10 and also genes implicated in glucose and lipid metabolism. Promotes rhythmic chromatin opening, regulating the DNA accessibility of other transcription factors. The CLOCK-BMAL2 heterodimer activates the transcription of SERPINE1/PAI1 and BHLHE40/DEC1. The preferred binding motif for the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer is 5'-CACGTGA-3', which contains a flanking adenine nucleotide at the 3-prime end of the canonical 6-nucleotide E-box sequence. CLOCK specifically binds to the half-site 5'-CAC-3', while BMAL1 binds to the half-site 5'-GTGA-3'. The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer also recognizes the non-canonical E-box motifs 5'-AACGTGA-3' and 5'-CATGTGA-3'. CLOCK has an intrinsic acetyltransferase activity, which enables circadian chromatin remodeling by acetylating histones and nonhistone proteins, including its own partner BMAL1. Represses glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1/GR-induced transcriptional activity by reducing the association of NR3C1/GR to glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) via the acetylation of multiple lysine residues located in its hinge region. The acetyltransferase activity of CLOCK is as important as its transcription activity in circadian control. Acetylates metabolic enzymes IMPDH2 and NDUFA9 in a circadian manner. Facilitated by BMAL1, rhythmically interacts and acetylates argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) leading to enzymatic inhibition of ASS1 as well as the circadian oscillation of arginine biosynthesis and subsequent ureagenesis (By similarity). Drives the circadian rhythm of blood pressure through transcriptional activation of ATP1B1 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated, leading to its proteasomal degradation.
Undergoes lysosome-mediated degradation in a time-dependent manner in the liver.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
Interacts with PPP1CA, PPP1CB and PPP1CC/PPP1G.
Regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1.
ADP-ribosylated by PARP1 or PARP2 on Ser-7 (H2BS6ADPr) in response to DNA damage (By similarity). H2BS6ADPr promotes recruitment of CHD1L (By similarity). Mono-ADP-ribosylated on Glu-3 (H2BE2ADPr) by PARP3 in response to single-strand breaks (By similarity). Poly ADP-ribosylation on Glu-36 (H2BE35ADPr) by PARP1 regulates adipogenesis: it inhibits phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph), thereby blocking expression of pro-adipogenetic genes (By similarity).
GlcNAcylation at Ser-113 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-121. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (By similarity).
Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid (By similarity).
Monoubiquitination at Lys-35 (H2BK34Ub) by the MSL1/MSL2 dimer is required for histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-79' (H3K79me) methylation and transcription activation at specific gene loci, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1 loci. Similarly, monoubiquitination at Lys-121 (H2BK120Ub) by the RNF20/40 complex gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It also functions cooperatively with the FACT dimer to stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. H2BK120Ub also acts as a regulator of mRNA splicing: deubiquitination by USP49 is required for efficient cotranscriptional splicing of a large set of exons (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Ser-15 (H2BS14ph) by STK4/MST1 during apoptosis; which facilitates apoptotic chromatin condensation. Also phosphorylated on Ser-15 in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and in correlation with somatic hypermutation and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination. Phosphorylation at Ser-37 (H2BS36ph) by AMPK in response to stress promotes transcription (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB6 subunit family.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus.
Homotetramer. Interacts with HSC70 as well as DNAJ homologs and HSP90 (By similarity). Interacts (via the C-terminus 303- 319 AA) with GRK5 (By similarity).
One HIP oligomer binds the ATPase domains of at least two HSC70 molecules dependent on activation of the HSC70 ATPase by HSP40. Stabilizes the ADP state of HSC70 that has a high affinity for substrate protein. Through its own chaperone activity, it may contribute to the interaction of HSC70 with various target proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Probable hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB1 subunit family.
DNA-binding component of the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex. Required for the normal activation of the FA pathway, leading to monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 complex in response to DNA damage, cellular resistance to DNA cross-linking drugs, and prevention of chromosomal breakage. In complex with CENPS (MHF heterodimer), crucial cofactor for FANCM in both binding and ATP-dependent remodeling of DNA. Stabilizes FANCM. In complex with CENPS and FANCM (but not other FANC proteins), rapidly recruited to blocked forks and promotes gene conversion at blocked replication forks. In complex with CENPS, CENPT and CENPW (CENP-T-W-S-X heterotetramer), involved in the formation of a functional kinetochore outer plate, which is essential for kinetochore-microtubule attachment and faithful mitotic progression. As a component of MHF and CENP-T-W-S-X complexes, binds DNA and bends it to form a nucleosome-like structure. DNA-binding function is fulfilled in the presence of CENPS, with the following preference for DNA substates: Holliday junction > double-stranded > splay arm > single-stranded. Does not bind DNA on its own.
Heterodimer with CENPX, sometimes called MHF; this interaction stabilizes both partners. MHF heterodimers can assemble to form tetrameric structures. MHF also coassemble with CENPT-CENPW heterodimers at centromeres to form the tetrameric CENP-T-W-S-X complex. Forms a discrete complex with FANCM and CENPX, called FANCM-MHF; this interaction, probably mediated by direct binding between CENPS and FANCM, leads to synergistic activation of double-stranded DNA binding and strongly stimulates FANCM-mediated DNA remodeling. Recruited by FANCM to the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex, which consists of CENPS, CENPX, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL, FANCM, FAAP24 and FAAP100. The FA core complex associates with Bloom syndrome (BLM) complex, which consists of at least BLM, DNA topoisomerase 3-alpha (TOP3A), RMI1/BLAP75, RPA1/RPA70 and RPA2/RPA32. The super complex between FA and BLM is called BRAFT.
Interacts via its C-terminus with spectrin repeats 3 and 4 of ACTN2. Interacts with ACTN1, LDB3, MYOT and PPP3CA (By similarity).
Myozenins may serve as intracellular binding proteins involved in linking Z line proteins such as alpha-actinin, gamma-filamin, TCAP/telethonin, LDB3/ZASP and localizing calcineurin signaling to the sarcomere. Plays an important role in the modulation of calcineurin signaling. May play a role in myofibrillogenesis (By similarity).
Binds directly to CHAF1A. Interacts with histone H3 methylated at 'Lys-9'. Part of the E2F6.com-1 complex in G0 phase composed of E2F6, MGA, MAX, TFDP1, CBX3, BAT8, EUHMTASE1, RING1, RNF2, MBLR, L3MBTL2 and YAF2. Interacts with INCENP, TRIM28/TIF1B and SP100 (By similarity). Interacts with TIF1/TIF1A (By similarity). Interacts with MIS12 and DSN1. Can interact directly with CBX5 via the chromoshadow domain (By similarity). Interacts with KMT5B and KMT5C (By similarity). Interacts with POGZ. Interacts with CHAMP1. The large PER complex involved in the histone methylation is composed of at least PER2, CBX3, TRIM28, SUV39H1 and/or SUV39H2; CBX3 mediates the formation of the complex (By similarity). Interacts with INCENP. Interacts with NIPBL (via PxVxL motif). Interacts with LRIF1 (via PxVxL motif) (By similarity). Interacts with TTLL12 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF263; recruited to the SIX3 promoter along with other proteins involved in chromatin modification and transcriptional corepression where it contributes to transcriptional repression (By similarity). Interacts with CHD3 (By similarity). Interacts with CHD4 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by PIM1. Phosphorylated during interphase and possibly hyper-phosphorylated during mitosis.
Seems to be involved in transcriptional silencing in heterochromatin-like complexes. Recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', leading to epigenetic repression. May contribute to the association of the heterochromatin with the inner nuclear membrane through its interaction with lamin B receptor (LBR). Involved in the formation of functional kinetochore through interaction with MIS12 complex proteins. Contributes to the conversion of local chromatin to a heterochromatin-like repressive state through H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation, mediates the recruitment of the methyltransferases SUV39H1 and/or SUV39H2 by the PER complex to the E-box elements of the circadian target genes such as PER2 itself or PER1. Mediates the recruitment of NIPBL to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs).
'Asrij' stands for 'blood' in Sanskrit as this protein is strongly expressed in blood vessels.
Maintains stem cell potency (By similarity). Increases STAT3 phosphorylation and controls ERK phosphorylation (By similarity). May act as a scaffold, increasing STAT3 recruitment onto endosomes (By similarity).
Maintains stem cell potency. Increases STAT3 phosphorylation and controls ERK phosphorylation. May act as a scaffold, increasing STAT3 recruitment onto endosomes.
The OCIA domain is necessary and sufficient for endosomal localization.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU). Part of a LSU subcomplex, the 5S RNP which is composed of the 5S RNA, RPL5 and RPL11. Interacts with PML. Interacts with MDM2; negatively regulates MDM2-mediated TP53 ubiquitination and degradation. Interacts with NOP53; retains RPL11 into the nucleolus.
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. As part of the 5S RNP/5S ribonucleoprotein particle it is an essential component of the LSU, required for its formation and the maturation of rRNAs. It also couples ribosome biogenesis to p53/TP53 activation. As part of the 5S RNP it accumulates in the nucleoplasm and inhibits MDM2, when ribosome biogenesis is perturbed, mediating the stabilization and the activation of TP53. Promotes nucleolar location of PML.
Associates with the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit; the association occurs in a GTP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Plays a role in the regulation of the mitochondrial ribosome assembly and of translational activity. Displays GTPase activity. Involved in the ribosome maturation process (By similarity).
Acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSL) activates long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (By similarity). ACSL3 is required for the incorporation of fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid located on the surface of VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) (By similarity). Has mainly an anabolic role in energy metabolism. Mediates hepatic lipogenesis. Preferentially uses myristate, laurate, arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. Both isoforms exhibit the same level of activity (By similarity).
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling, thereby playing a key role in calcium homeostasis. In response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) overloading, assembles into a homotetramer, forming a functional calcium-selective channel, regulating the calcium content in endoplasmic reticulum store. Component of the multi-pass translocon (MPT) complex that mediates insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins into the lipid bilayer of membranes. The MPT complex takes over after the SEC61 complex: following membrane insertion of the first few transmembrane segments of proteins by the SEC61 complex, the MPT complex occludes the lateral gate of the SEC61 complex to promote insertion of subsequent transmembrane regions. Within the MPT complex, the GEL subcomplex may mediate insertion of transmembrane regions into the membrane.
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Homodimer and homotetramer. Homodimer under resting conditions; forms homotetramers following and ER calcium overload.
Homodimer and homotetramer. Homodimer under resting conditions; forms homotetramers following and ER calcium overload. Component of the GET- and EMC-like (GEL) complex, composed of RAB5IF/OPTI and TMCO1. The GEL complex is part of the multi-pass translocon (MPT) complex, composed of three subcomplexes, the GEL complex (composed of RAB5IF/OPTI and TMCO1), the BOS complex (composed of NCLN/Nicalin, NOMO1 and TMEM147) and the PAT complex (composed of WDR83OS/Asterix and CCDC47). The MPT complex associates with the SEC61 complex.
Forms a SNARE complex composed of VAMP8, SNAP29 and STX17 involved in fusion of autophagosome with lysosome (By similarity). Found in a number of SNARE complexes with NAPA, SNAP23, SNAP25, STX1A, STX4, STX7, STX8 and VTI1B (By similarity). Interacts with PICALM (By similarity). SNARE complex formation and binding by PICALM are mutually exclusive processes for VAMP8 (By similarity). Interacts with SBF2/MTMR13 (By similarity). Interacts with RAB21 (in GTP-bound form) in response to starvation; the interaction probably regulates VAMP8 endolysosomal trafficking (By similarity). Interacts with STX17; this interaction is increased in the absence of TMEM39A (By similarity). Interacts with TRIM6 (By similarity).
SNAREs, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors, are essential proteins for fusion of cellular membranes. SNAREs localized on opposing membranes assemble to form a trans-SNARE complex, an extended, parallel four alpha-helical bundle that drives membrane fusion. VAMP8 is a SNARE involved in autophagy through the direct control of autophagosome membrane fusion with the lysososome membrane via its interaction with the STX17-SNAP29 binary t-SNARE complex. Also required for dense-granule secretion in platelets. Also plays a role in regulated enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. Involved in the abscission of the midbody during cell division, which leads to completely separate daughter cells. Involved in the homotypic fusion of early and late endosomes. Participates also in the activation of type I interferon antiviral response through a TRIM6-dependent mechanism (By similarity).
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
Interacts with PCM1. Interacts with TTLL1, TPGS1, TPGS2 and LRRC49; the interactions link CSTPP1 to the complex TPGC. Binds to alpha-tubulin.
Regulator of the tubulin polyglutamylase complex (TPGC) that controls cytoskeletal organization, nuclear shape, and cilium disassembly by balancing microtubule and actin assembly. Regulates the assembly and stability of the TPGC and thereby modulates polyglutamylation of the microtubule, which antagonizes MAP4 binding.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Component of the methylosome, a 20S complex containing at least PRMT5/SKB1, WDR77/MEP50 and CLNS1A/pICln. May mediate SNRPD1 and SNRPD3 methylation. Forms a 6S pICln-Sm complex composed of CLNS1A/pICln, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG; ring-like structure where CLNS1A/pICln mimics additional Sm proteins and which is unable to assemble into the core snRNP. Interacts with LSM10 and LSM11 (By similarity).
Involved in both the assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs and the methylation of Sm proteins (By similarity). Chaperone that regulates the assembly of spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs (By similarity). Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP (Sm core) (By similarity). In the cytosol, the Sm proteins SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG are trapped in an inactive 6S pICln-Sm complex by the chaperone CLNS1A that controls the assembly of the core snRNP (By similarity). Dissociation by the SMN complex of CLNS1A from the trapped Sm proteins and their transfer to an SMN-Sm complex triggers the assembly of core snRNPs and their transport to the nucleus (By similarity).
Increases the transcriptional activity of NFKB1 by facilitating its nuclear translocation, DNA-binding and associated apoptotic response, when overexpressed. May sequester WWOX in lysosomal vesicles and thereby regulate WWOX role as tumor suppressor.
Co-chaperone that binds to numerous proteins and promotes their interaction with Hsp70 and Hsp90.
Self-associates. Forms complexes with Hsp70 and Hsp90. Interacts with CDC37, FKBP4, PPID and STIP1.
May be involved in the intracellular transport of sterols or other lipids. May bind cholesterol or other sterols (By similarity).
Transfers N-acetylgalactosamine onto globotriaosylceramide. Plays a critical role in preimplantation stage embryonic development.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators in vesicle trafficking (By similarity). Essential for maintaining the integrity of endosome-trans-Golgi network structure (By similarity). Together with LRRK2, plays a role in the retrograde trafficking pathway for recycling proteins, such as mannose 6 phosphate receptor (M6PR), between lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus in a retromer-dependent manner (By similarity). Recruits LRRK2 to the Golgi apparatus and stimulates LRRK2 kinase activity (By similarity). Regulates also neuronal process morphology in the intact central nervous system (CNS) (By similarity).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators in vesicle trafficking.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two divalent metal cations.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair. Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents (By similarity).
Monomer. Interacts with the DNA polymerase zeta which is composed of REV3L and MAD2L2; the interaction with MAD2L2 is direct and requires that REV3L is in its closed conformation. Interacts with POLH, POLI and POLK. Interacts with FAAP20 (By similarity).
The C-terminal domain is necessary for protein interactions.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Although homologous to serine proteases, it has lost all essential catalytic residues and has no enzymatic activity.
As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway (By similarity).
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains; disulfide-linked (By similarity). The hemoglobin/haptoglobin complex is composed of a haptoglobin dimer bound to two hemoglobin alpha-beta dimers (By similarity). Interacts with CD163 (By similarity). Interacts with ERGIC3 (By similarity).
The beta chain mediates most of the interactions with both subunits of hemoglobin, while the alpha chain forms the homodimeric interface.
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Thought to encode a transcription factor. It may have a role in kidney cell differentiation. May play a regulatory role in mammalian development (By similarity).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily.
GTP-hydrolysis activating protein (GAP) for small GTPase RAB22A, converting active RAB22A-GTP to the inactive form RAB22A-GDP (By similarity). Plays a role in endocytosis and intracellular protein transport. Recruited by ANK2 to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P)-positive early endosomes, where it inactivates RAB22A, and promotes polarized trafficking to the leading edge of the migrating cells. Part of the ANK2/RABGAP1L complex which is required for the polarized recycling of fibronectin receptor ITGA5 ITGB1 to the plasma membrane that enables continuous directional cell migration (By similarity).
Interacts (via Rab-GAP TBC domain) with ANK2 (via death domain).
The arginine and glutamine fingers are critical for the GTPase-activating mechanism, they pull out Rab's 'switch 2' glutamine and insert in Rab's active site.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Functions as a zinc transporter transporting Zn(2+) from the Golgi apparatus to the cytosol and thus influences the zinc level at least in areas of the cytosol. May regulate beige adipocyte differentiation.
Catalyzes the reduction of the C14-unsaturated bond of lanosterol, as part of the metabolic pathway leading to cholesterol biosynthesis (By similarity). Plays a critical role in myeloid cell cholesterol biosynthesis which is essential to both myeloid cell growth and functional maturation (By similarity). Mediates the activation of NADPH oxidases, perhaps by maintaining critical levels of cholesterol required for membrane lipid raft formation during neutrophil differentiation (By similarity). Anchors the lamina and the heterochromatin to the inner nuclear membrane (By similarity).
Interacts with CBX5. Interacts with DNA. Interaction with DNA is sequence independent with higher affinity for supercoiled and relaxed circular DNA than linear DNA. Interacts with lamin B. Interacts with CLNK. Interacts with TMEM147; promoting LBR localization to the nucleus inner membrane.
Phosphorylated by CDK1 in mitosis when the inner nuclear membrane breaks down into vesicles that dissociate from the lamina and the chromatin (By similarity). It is phosphorylated by different protein kinases in interphase when the membrane is associated with these structures (By similarity). Phosphorylation of LBR and HP1 proteins may be responsible for some of the alterations in chromatin organization and nuclear structure which occur at various times during the cell cycle (By similarity). Phosphorylated by SRPK1 (By similarity). In late anaphase LBR is dephosphorylated, probably by PP1 and/or PP2A, allowing reassociation with chromatin (By similarity).
The Tudor domain may not recognize methylation marks, but rather bind unassembled free histone H3.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
Autophosphorylated. Ligand-binding increases phosphorylation on tyrosine residues and promotes its association with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. EGF receptor subfamily.
Monomer and homodimer. Heterodimer with each of the other ERBB receptors (Potential). Interacts with CSPG5, PA2G4, GRB7, MYOC and MUC1. Found in a ternary complex with NRG1 and ITGAV:ITGB3 or ITGA6:ITGB4 (By similarity).
The cytoplasmic part of the receptor may interact with the SH2 or SH3 domains of many signal-transducing proteins.
Tyrosine-protein kinase that plays an essential role as cell surface receptor for neuregulins. Binds to neuregulin-1 (NRG1) and is activated by it; ligand-binding increases phosphorylation on tyrosine residues and promotes its association with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. May also be activated by CSPG5. Involved in the regulation of myeloid cell differentiation.
Binds to SUMO2 and SUMO3. Interacts with the C-terminal domain of NUP153 via its N-terminus. Interacts with MTA1.
Polyubiquitinated; which leads to proteasomal degradation.
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the SUMO pathway. The first is the hydrolysis of an alpha-linked peptide bond at the C-terminal end of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) propeptides, SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 leading to the mature form of the proteins. The second is the deconjugation of SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 from targeted proteins, by cleaving an epsilon-linked peptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of the mature SUMO and the lysine epsilon-amino group of the target protein (By similarity). May down-regulate CTNNB1 levels and thereby modulate the Wnt pathway (By similarity). Deconjugates SUMO2 from MTA1. Plays a dynamic role in adipogenesis by desumoylating and promoting the stabilization of CEBPB (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of the cGAS-STING pathway by catalyzing desumoylation of CGAS and STING1 during the late phase of viral infection (By similarity).
The N-terminus is necessary and sufficient for nuclear envelope targeting.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Acts as component of the retriever complex. The retriever complex is a heterotrimeric complex related to retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) and essential for retromer-independent retrieval and recycling of numerous cargos such as integrin alpha-5/beta-1 (ITGA5:ITGB1). The recruitment of the retriever complex to the endosomal membrane involves CCC and WASH complexes. In the endosomes, drives the retriever and recycling of NxxY-motif-containing cargo proteins by coupling to SNX17, a cargo essential for the homeostatic maintenance of numerous cell surface proteins associated with processes that include cell migration, cell adhesion, nutrient supply and cell signaling.
Component of the heterotrimeric retriever complex formed by VPS26C, VPS29 and VPS35L. Interacts with SNX17; the interaction is direct and associates SNX17 with the retriever complex. Interacts with SNX31; the interaction is direct.
Interacts with TOGARAM1, CCDC66, CEP104, CSPP1 and CEP290.
Involved in ciliogenesis. It is required for appropriate acetylation and polyglutamylation of ciliary microtubules, and regulation of cilium length (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of hedgehog (Hh)signaling (By similarity). May participate in the trafficking and/or retention of GLI2 and GLI3 proteins at the ciliary tip (By similarity).
Belongs to the riboflavin transporter family.
Plasma membrane transporter mediating the uptake by cells of the water soluble vitamin B2/riboflavin that plays a key role in biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of the carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily.
The sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit. Interacts with regulatory subunit FXYD1.
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients (By similarity).
Component of the HAUS augmin-like complex. The complex interacts with the gamma-tubulin ring complex and this interaction is required for spindle assembly (By similarity). Interacts with EML3 (phosphorylated form) (By similarity).
Interacts with CENPU. Also interacts with NRBP1/MADM, YWHAZ/14-3-3-zeta and HNRPUL2/MANP. NRBP1 recruits a serine kinase which phosphorylates both itself and MLF1. Phosphorylated MLF1 then binds to YWHAZ and is retained in the cytoplasm. Retained in the nucleus by binding to HNRPUL2. Binds to COPS3/CSN3 which is required for suppression of COP1 and activation of p53 (By similarity).
Involved in lineage commitment of primary hemopoietic progenitors by restricting erythroid formation and enhancing myeloid formation. Interferes with erythropoietin-induced erythroid terminal differentiation by preventing cells from exiting the cell cycle through suppression of CDKN1B/p27Kip1 levels. Suppresses COP1 activity via CSN3 which activates p53 and induces cell cycle arrest. Binds DNA and affects the expression of a number of genes so may function as a transcription factor in the nucleus (By similarity).
Phosphorylation is required for binding to YWHAZ.
Directly interacts with GOLGA1 and GOLGA4. Interacts with FAM91A1, C17ORF75 and WDR11; the interaction recruits TBC1D23 to AP-1-derived vesicles. Directly interacts with WASHC1 and WASHC2A/FAM21A. Interacts with FKBP15.
Putative Rab GTPase-activating protein which plays a role in vesicular trafficking. Involved in endosome-to-Golgi trafficking. Acts as a bridging protein by binding simultaneously to golgins, including GOLGA1 and GOLGA4, located at the trans-Golgi, and to the WASH complex, located on endosome-derived vesicles. Together with WDR11 complex facilitates the golgin-mediated capture of vesicles generated using AP-1 (By similarity). Plays a role in brain development, including in cortical neuron positioning (By similarity). May also be important for neurite outgrowth, possibly through its involvement in membrane trafficking and cargo delivery, 2 processes that are essential for axonal and dendritic growth (By similarity). May act as a general inhibitor of innate immunity signaling, strongly inhibiting multiple TLR and dectin/CLEC7A-signaling pathways. Does not alter initial activation events, but instead affects maintenance of inflammatory gene expression several hours after bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays an essential role in the organization of autophagic response and ubiquitination upon lysosomal and phagosomal damages. Plays a role in the stress-induced biogenesis and degradation of protein aggresomes by regulating the p62-KEAP1-NRF2 signaling and particularly by modulating the ubiquitination levels and thus stability of NRF2. Acts as a scaffold protein and facilitates autophagic degradation of protein aggregates by interacting with p62/SQSTM, ATG16L1 and LC3B/MAP1LC3B. In turn, protects the cell against oxidative stress-induced cell death as a consequence of endomembrane damage.
Homodimerizes via its coiled-coil domain. Heterodimerizes with MID1, TRIM24 and PML. Interacts with Galectin-3/LGALS3 in a ULK1-dependent manner; this interaction mediates autophagy of damage endomembranes. Interacts with BECN1. Interacts with ATG16L1. Interacts with p62/SQSTM and LC3B/MAP1LC3B.
Essential regulator of neutrophil polarity. Regulates neutrophil polarization by regulating AKT1 phosphorylation through a mechanism that is independent of PIK3CG activity (By similarity).
Essential regulator of neutrophil polarity. Regulates neutrophil polarization by regulating AKT1 phosphorylation through a mechanism that is independent of PIK3CG activity.
Heterodimer with PALS1. Interacts with DLG5 and NF2. Interacts (via guanylate kinase-like domain) with WHRN (via third PDZ domain) (By similarity).
Belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter. Interacts with PACRG (By similarity).
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin (By similarity).
May be involved in wound healing pathway.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. AMIGO family.
Involved in the transfer of neutral lipids, including cholesteryl ester and triglyceride, among lipoprotein particles. Allows the net movement of cholesteryl ester from high density lipoproteins/HDL to triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins/VLDL, and the equimolar transport of triglyceride from VLDL to HDL.
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway. The recruitment of the CSC to the endosomal membrane involves RAB7A and SNX3. The SNX-BAR retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and is involved in endosome-to-plasma membrane transport for cargo protein recycling. The SNX3-retromer mediates the retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport of WLS distinct from the SNX-BAR retromer pathway. The SNX27-retromer is believed to be involved in endosome-to-plasma membrane trafficking and recycling of a broad spectrum of cargo proteins. The CSC seems to act as recruitment hub for other proteins, such as the WASH complex and TBC1D5. Required to regulate transcytosis of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR-pIgA). Acts also as component of the retriever complex. The retriever complex is a heterotrimeric complex related to retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) and essential for retromer-independent retrieval and recycling of numerous cargos such as integrin alpha-5/beta-1 (ITGA5:ITGB1). In the endosomes, retriever complex drives the retrieval and recycling of NxxY-motif-containing cargo proteins by coupling to SNX17, a cargo essential for the homeostatic maintenance of numerous cell surface proteins associated with processes that include cell migration, cell adhesion, nutrient supply and cell signaling. The recruitment of the retriever complex to the endosomal membrane involves CCC and WASH complexes. Involved in GLUT1 endosome-to-plasma membrane trafficking; the function is dependent of association with ANKRD27.
Component of the heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC), also described as vacuolar protein sorting subcomplex (VPS), formed by VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS29 and VPS35 (By similarity). The CSC has a highly elongated structure with VPS26 and VPS29 binding independently at opposite distal ends of VPS35 as central platform (By similarity). The CSC is believed to associate with variable sorting nexins to form functionally distinct retromer complex variants. The originally described retromer complex (also called SNX-BAR retromer) is a pentamer containing the CSC and a heterodimeric membrane-deforming subcomplex formed between SNX1 or SNX2 and SNX5 or SNX6 (also called SNX-BAR subcomplex); the respective CSC and SNX-BAR subcomplexes associate with low affinity. The CSC associates with SNX3 to form a SNX3-retromer complex. The CSC associates with SNX27, the WASH complex and the SNX-BAR subcomplex to form the SNX27-retromer complex. Component of the heterotrimeric retriever complex formed by VPS26C, VPS29 and VPS35L. Interacts with VPS35L (By similarity). Interacts with VPS26A, VPS35, SNX1, SNX2, SNX27, WASHC5, TBC1D5 (By similarity). Interacts with VPS26B and ANKRD27 (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and transfers it to substrates, generally promoting their degradation by the proteasome.
Interacts with UBE2C/UbcH10 (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme).
The C-terminal half (AA 188-389) is able to bind cyclin-B and shows a self-ubiquitination activity (mono-, poly, or multi-ubiquitination) in a HECT-like sequence dependent manner.
Ubiquitinated by UBCH10 (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme).
Do not confuse myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) with oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMG).
Minor component of the myelin sheath. May be involved in completion and/or maintenance of the myelin sheath and in cell-cell communication. Mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion (By similarity).
Belongs to the DOK family. Type B subfamily.
DOK proteins are enzymatically inert adaptor or scaffolding proteins. They provide a docking platform for the assembly of multimolecular signaling complexes. DOK4 functions in RET-mediated neurite outgrowth and plays a positive role in activation of the MAP kinase pathway (By similarity). Putative link with downstream effectors of RET in neuronal differentiation. May be involved in the regulation of the immune response induced by T-cells (By similarity).
Interacts with RET and TEK/TIE2. Interaction with RET is mediated through the PTB domain and requires phosphorylation of RET (By similarity).
PTB domain mediates receptor interaction.
Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to insulin, IGF1 or RET stimulation.
Ethanolaminephosphotransferase that catalyzes the transfer of phosphoethanolamine/PE from CDP-ethanolamine to lipid acceptors, the final step in the synthesis of PE via the 'Kennedy' pathway. PE is the second most abundant phospholipid of membranes in mammals and is involved in various membrane-related cellular processes. The enzyme is critical for the synthesis of several PE species and could also catalyze the synthesis of ether-linked phospholipids like plasmanyl- and plasmenyl-PE which could explain it is required for proper myelination and neurodevelopment.
Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Contains approximately 16 iron atoms per subunit.
Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine. Also involved the degradation of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil.
Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL41 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell (By similarity). Interacts with the beta subunit of protein kinase CKII and stimulates phosphorylation of DNA topoisomerase II alpha by CKII (By similarity).
Enzyme that can either act as an ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase in absence of diphosphate or catalyze the synthesis of ATP in presence of diphosphate. In absence of diphosphate, hydrolyzes with similar activities various modified nucleoside diphosphates such as ADP-ribose, ADP-mannose, ADP-glucose, 8-oxo-GDP and 8-oxo-dGDP. Can also hydrolyze other nucleotide sugars with low activity. In presence of diphosphate, mediates the synthesis of ATP in the nucleus by catalyzing the conversion of ADP-ribose to ATP and ribose 5-phosphate. Nuclear ATP synthesis takes place when dephosphorylated at Thr-45. Nuclear ATP generation is required for extensive chromatin remodeling events that are energy-consuming. Does not play a role in U8 snoRNA decapping activity. Binds U8 snoRNA.
Phosphorylation at Thr-45 is required for homodimer stability; dephosphorylation results in destabilization of the homodimer. Dephosphorylation at Thr-45 promotes the ATP-synthesis activity.
Involved in the synthesis of sialyl-paragloboside, a precursor of sialyl-Lewis X determinant. Has a alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity toward Gal-beta1,4-GlcNAc structure on glycoproteins and glycolipids. Has a restricted substrate specificity, it utilizes Gal-beta1,4-GlcNAc on glycoproteins, and neolactotetraosylceramide and neolactohexaosylceramide, but not lactotetraosylceramide, lactosylceramide or asialo-GM1 (By similarity).
Chromatin-interacting protein that forms a stable heterodimer with interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3/ILF3 and plays a role in several biological processes including transcription, innate immunity or cell growth. Essential for the efficient reshuttling of ILF3 (isoform 1 and isoform 2) into the nucleus. Together with ILF3, forms an RNA-binding complex that is required for mitotic progression and cytokinesis by regulating the expression of a cluster of mitotic genes. Mechanistically, competes with STAU1/STAU2-mediated mRNA decay. Plays also a role in the inhibition of various viruses including Japanese encephalitis virus or enterovirus 71.
Forms heterodimers with ILF3. ILF2-ILF3 heterodimers may also bind to PRKDC/XRCC7: this may stabilize the interaction of PRKDC/XRCC7 and the heterodimeric complex of G22P1/KU70 and XRCC5/KU80. Forms a complex with ILF3, YLPM1, KHDRBS1, RBMX, NCOA5 and PPP1CA. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Interacts with IGF2BP1. Interacts with CRBN; this interaction promotes ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of ILF2.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-45 by CRBN with polyubiquitin chains by the CUL4-RING E3 ligase (CRL4-CRBN) and then degraded by the proteasome.
Homodimer; in the catalytically active form. Monomer in the secreted form.
In the cytoplasm, catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, the second step in glycolysis, and the reverse reaction during gluconeogenesis (By similarity). Besides it's role as a glycolytic enzyme, also acts as a secreted cytokine: acts as an angiogenic factor (AMF) that stimulates endothelial cell motility. Acts as a neurotrophic factor, neuroleukin, for spinal and sensory neurons. It is secreted by lectin-stimulated T-cells and induces immunoglobulin secretion (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-185 by CK2 has been shown to decrease enzymatic activity and may contribute to secretion by a non-classical secretory pathway.
The protein contains a transactivation domain (TAD) which may be required for transcriptional activation of a subset of target genes.
Transcription regulator that may syncronize transcriptional and translational programs.
Interacts with PRAF2. Efficient ligand binding to CCL3/MIP-1alpha and CCL4/MIP-1beta requires sulfation, O-glycosylation and sialic acid modifications. Glycosylation on Ser-6 is required for efficient binding of CCL4. Interacts with GRK2. Interacts with ARRB1 and ARRB2. Interacts with CNIH4. Interacts with S100A4; this interaction stimulates T-lymphocyte chemotaxis.
O-glycosylated, but not N-glycosylated. Ser-6 appears to be the major site even if Ser-7 may be also O-glycosylated. Also sialylated glycans present which contribute to chemokine binding. Thr-16 and Ser-17 may also be glycosylated and, if so, with small moieties such as a T-antigen.
Palmitoylation in the C-terminal is important for cell surface expression.
Phosphorylation on serine residues in the C-terminal is stimulated by binding CC chemokines especially by APO-RANTES.
Receptor for a number of inflammatory CC-chemokines including CCL3/MIP-1-alpha, CCL4/MIP-1-beta and RANTES and subsequently transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular calcium ion level. May play a role in the control of granulocytic lineage proliferation or differentiation. Participates in T-lymphocyte migration to the infection site by acting as a chemotactic receptor.
Sulfated on at least 2 of the N-terminal tyrosines. Sulfation is required for efficient binding of the chemokines, CCL3 and CCL4 (By similarity).
Identified in the spliceosome B complex. Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Associates with the U5 snRNP particle. Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, SNRNP40, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39, LSm proteins LSm2-8 and Sm proteins. Interacts with ARAF1. Interacts with AR and NR3C1, but not ESR1, independently of the presence of hormones. Interacts with USH1G.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, one of the building blocks of the spliceosome. Enhances dihydrotestosterone-induced transactivation activity of AR, as well as dexamethasone-induced transactivation activity of NR3C1, but does not affect estrogen-induced transactivation.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit AP2A1 or AP2A2 and beta-type subunit AP2B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP2M1) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP2S1). Interacts with CCDC32; the interaction is direct and mediates association of CCDC32 with adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2).
Component of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein Transport via Transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes are considered to be the major clathrin adaptors contributing the CCV formation. AP-2 also serves as a cargo receptor to selectively sort the membrane proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. AP-2 seems to play a role in the recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes from the presynaptic surface. AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-[FILMV] (Y-X-X-Phi) and [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] endocytosis signal motifs within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-2 may also play a role in maintaining normal post-endocytic trafficking through the ARF6-regulated, non-clathrin pathway. The AP-2 alpha and AP-2 sigma subunits are thought to contribute to the recognition of the [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] motif. May also play a role in extracellular calcium homeostasis (By similarity).
Auto-ubiquitinated by the BCR(KEAP1) complex. Quinone-induced oxidative stress, but not sulforaphane, increases its ubiquitination. Ubiquitination and subsequent degradation is most pronounced following prolonged exposure of cells to oxidative stress, particularly in glutathione-deficient cells that are highly susceptible to oxidative stress.
Component of the BCR(KEAP1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of 2 molecules of CUL3, 2 molecules of KEAP1, and RBX1. Interacts with NFE2L2/NRF2; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Forms a ternary complex with NFE2L2/NRF2 and PGAM5 (By similarity). Interacts with (phosphorylated) SQSTM1/p62; the interaction is direct and inactivates the BCR(KEAP1) complex by sequestering it in inclusion bodies, promoting its degradation (By similarity). Interacts with NFE2L1. Interacts with BPTF and PTMA. Interacts with MAP1LC3B. Interacts indirectly with ENC1. Interacts with SESN1 and SESN2. Interacts with HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 (By similarity).
Degraded via a proteasomal-independent process during selective autophagy: interaction with phosphorylated SQSTM1/p62 sequesters KEAP1 in inclusion bodies, leading to its degradation.
KEAP1 contains reactive cysteine residues that act as sensors for endogenously produced and exogenously encountered small molecules, which react with sulfhydryl groups and modify the cysteine sensors, leading to impair ability of the BCR(KEAP1) complex to ubiquitinate target proteins.
Non-enzymatic covalent modifications of reactive cysteines by electrophile metabolites inactivate the BCR(KEAP1) complex. Accumulation of fumarate promotes the formation of cysteine S-succination (S-(2-succinyl)cysteine), leading to inactivate the BCR(KEAP1) complex and promote NFE2L2/NRF2 nuclear accumulation and activation. Nitric oxide-dependent 8-Nitro-cGMP formation promotes cysteine guanylation (S-cGMP-cysteine), leading to NFE2L2/NRF2 nuclear accumulation and activation. Itaconate, an anti-inflammatory metabolite generated in response to lipopolysaccharide, alkylates cysteines, activating NFE2L2/NRF2 (By similarity). Methylglyoxal, a reactive metabolite that accumulates when the glycolytic enzyme PGK1 is inhibited, promotes formation of a methylimidazole cross-link between proximal Cys-151 and Arg-135 on another KEAP1 molecule, resulting in an inactive dimer that inactivates the BCR(KEAP1) complex (By similarity).
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates the response to oxidative stress by targeting NFE2L2/NRF2 for ubiquitination. KEAP1 acts as a key sensor of oxidative and electrophilic stress: in normal conditions, the BCR(KEAP1) complex mediates ubiquitination and degradation of NFE2L2/NRF2, a transcription factor regulating expression of many cytoprotective genes. In response to oxidative stress, different electrophile metabolites trigger non-enzymatic covalent modifications of highly reactive cysteine residues in KEAP1, leading to inactivate the ubiquitin ligase activity of the BCR(KEAP1) complex, promoting NFE2L2/NRF2 nuclear accumulation and expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes. In response to selective autophagy, KEAP1 is sequestered in inclusion bodies following its interaction with SQSTM1/p62, leading to inactivation of the BCR(KEAP1) complex and activation of NFE2L2/NRF2. The BCR(KEAP1) complex also mediates ubiquitination of SQSTM1/p62, increasing SQSTM1/p62 sequestering activity and degradation (By similarity). The BCR(KEAP1) complex also targets BPTF and PGAM5 for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome (By similarity).
The Kelch repeats mediate interaction with NFE2L2/NRF2, BPTF and PGAM5.
Ubiquitin ligase activity of the BCR(KEAP1) complex is inhibited by oxidative stress and electrophile metabolites such as sulforaphane. Electrophile metabolites react with reactive cysteine residues in KEAP1 and trigger non-enzymatic covalent modifications of these cysteine residues, leading to inactivate the ubiquitin ligase activity of the BCR(KEAP1) complex. Selective autophagy also inactivates the BCR(KEAP1) complex via interaction between KEAP1 and SQSTM1/p62, which sequesters the complex in inclusion bodies and promotes its degradation.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with NR1D1, THRA, THRB, NCOR1 and NCOR2. Interacts with EXOSC10. Forms a heterotrimeric complex with EXOSC10 and MPHOSPH6 in vitro. The homodimeric form interacts with TSNAX following gamma-radiation. Interacts with RAC3 (By similarity).
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA. Forms a multi-subunit complex with MPHOSPH6 and EXOSC10 and this complex along with MTR4 is required for the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA. Can activate PRKDC not only in the presence of linear DNA but also in the presence of supercoiled DNA. Can induce apoptosis in a p53/TP53 dependent manner. May regulate the TRAX/TSN complex formation. Potentiates transcriptional repression by NR1D1 and THRB (By similarity).
Functional component of the Nogo receptor signaling complex (RTN4R/NGFR) in RhoA activation responsible for some inhibition of axonal regeneration by myelin-associated factors. Is also an important negative regulator of oligodentrocyte differentiation and axonal myelination. Acts in conjunction with RTN4 and RTN4R in regulating neuronal precursor cell motility during cortical development (By similarity).
Homotetramer. Forms a ternary complex with RTN4R/NGFR and RTN4R/TNFRSF19 (By similarity). Interacts with NGRF, RTN4R and MYT1L (By similarity).
N-glycosylated. Contains predominantly high-mannose glycans (By similarity).
The intracellular domain of LINGO1 interacts with MYT1L.
Displays low metallophosphoesterase activity (in vitro). May play a role in the development of the nervous system.
Inhibited by nmolar levels of AMP and GMP.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. In the homodimer, two zinc ions are bound between subunits.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Component of an EIF2 complex at least composed of CELF1/CUGBP1, CALR, CALR3, EIF2S1, EIF2S2, HSP90B1 and HSPA5 (By similarity). Part of a large chaperone multiprotein complex comprising DNAJB11, HSP90B1, HSPA5, HYOU, PDIA2, PDIA4, PDIA6, PPIB, SDF2L1, UGGT1 and very small amounts of ERP29, but not, or at very low levels, CALR nor CANX. Interacts with AIMP1; regulates its retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Interacts with OS9 (By similarity). Interacts with CNPY3; this interaction is disrupted in the presence of ATP. Interacts with several TLRs, including TLR4 and TLR9, but not with TLR3 (By similarity). Interacts with MZB1 in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with METTL23 (By similarity). Interacts with IL1B; the interaction facilitates cargo translocation into the ERGIC (By similarity).
Molecular chaperone that functions in the processing and transport of secreted proteins. When associated with CNPY3, required for proper folding of Toll-like receptors. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD). Has ATPase activity. May participate in the unfolding of cytosolic leaderless cargos (lacking the secretion signal sequence) such as the interleukin 1/IL-1 to facilitate their translocation into the ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment) and secretion; the translocation process is mediated by the cargo receptor TMED10 (By similarity).
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Binds to actin and to fibronectin. Identified in a complex composed of ACTA1, COBL, GSN and TMSB4X. Interacts with the inactive form of EIF2AK2/PKR.
Calcium-regulated, actin-modulating protein that binds to the plus (or barbed) ends of actin monomers or filaments, preventing monomer exchange (end-blocking or capping). It can promote the assembly of monomers into filaments (nucleation) as well as sever filaments already formed. Plays a role in ciliogenesis.
Interacts (via GBA motif) with guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) alpha subunits GNAI1, GNAI2 and GNAI3 with higher affinity for GNAI1 and GNAI3 than for GNAI2. Preferentially interacts with inactive rather than active GNAI3. Interaction with GNAI3 is inhibited when NUCB1 binds calcium, probably due to a conformational change which renders the GBA motif inaccessible.
Major calcium-binding protein of the Golgi which may have a role in calcium homeostasis (By similarity). Acts as a non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor which binds to and activates alpha subunits of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) (By similarity).
The EF-hand domains are unfolded in the absence of Ca(2+) and fold upon Ca(2+) addition.
Associates with the organic matrix of bone and cartilage. Thought to act as an inhibitor of bone formation (By similarity).
Belongs to the osteocalcin/matrix Gla protein family.
Requires vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation for its function.
Interacts with HCFC1. Homodimer. Component of the SIN3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) corepressor complex. Interacts with SIN3A. Interaction with SIN3B enhances the interaction between SIN3B and HDAC1 to form a complex. Component of a mSin3A corepressor complex that contains SIN3A, SAP130, SUDS3/SAP45, ARID4B/SAP180, HDAC1 and HDAC2. Interacts with USP17L2; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with FOXK2 (By similarity).
Polyubiquitinated. 'Lys-63'-polyubiquitinated SUDS3 positively regulates histone deacetylation. Regulated through deubiquitination by USP17L2/USP17 that cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains (By similarity).
Regulatory protein which represses transcription and augments histone deacetylase activity of HDAC1. May have a potential role in tumor suppressor pathways through regulation of apoptosis. May function in the assembly and/or enzymatic activity of the mSin3A corepressor complex or in mediating interactions between the complex and other regulatory complexes (By similarity).
The C-terminus is involved in transcriptional repression by HDAC-independent mechanisms.
Atypical PKCs (PRKCI and PRKCZ) exhibit an elevated basal enzymatic activity (that may be due to the interaction with SMG1 or SQSTM1) and are not regulated by diacylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phorbol esters or calcium ions. Two specific sites, Thr-412 (activation loop of the kinase domain) and Thr-564 (turn motif), need to be phosphorylated for its full activation (By similarity). Might also be a target for novel lipid activators that are elevated during nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion.
Calcium- and diacylglycerol-independent serine/ threonine-protein kinase that plays a general protective role against apoptotic stimuli, is involved in NF-kappa-B activation, cell survival, differentiation and polarity, and contributes to the regulation of microtubule dynamics in the early secretory pathway. Is necessary for BCR-ABL oncogene-mediated resistance to apoptotic drug in leukemia cells, protecting leukemia cells against drug-induced apoptosis. In cultured neurons, prevents amyloid beta protein-induced apoptosis by interrupting cell death process at a very early step. In glioblastoma cells, may function downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) and PDPK1 in the promotion of cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting the pro-apoptotic factor BAD. Can form a protein complex in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with PARD6A and ECT2 and regulate ECT2 oncogenic activity by phosphorylation, which in turn promotes transformed growth and invasion. In response to nerve growth factor (NGF), acts downstream of SRC to phosphorylate and activate IRAK1, allowing the subsequent activation of NF-kappa-B and neuronal cell survival. Functions in the organization of the apical domain in epithelial cells by phosphorylating EZR. This step is crucial for activation and normal distribution of EZR at the early stages of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation. Forms a protein complex with LLGL1 and PARD6B independently of PARD3 to regulate epithelial cell polarity. Plays a role in microtubule dynamics in the early secretory pathway through interaction with RAB2A and GAPDH and recruitment to vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs). In human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), is activated by saturated fatty acids and mediates lipid-induced apoptosis (By similarity). Involved in early synaptic long term potentiation phase in CA1 hippocampal cells and short term memory formation (By similarity).
Forms a complex with SQSTM1 and MP2K5 (By similarity). Interacts directly with SQSTM1 (Probable). Interacts with IKBKB. Interacts with PARD6A, PARD6B and PARD6G. Part of a quaternary complex containing aPKC, PARD3, a PARD6 protein (PARD6A, PARD6B or PARD6G) and a GTPase protein (CDC42 or RAC1). Part of a complex with LLGL1 and PARD6B. Interacts with ADAP1/CENTA1. Interaction with SMG1, through the ZN-finger domain, activates the kinase activity. Interacts with CDK7. Forms a complex with RAB2A and GAPDH involved in recruitment onto the membrane of vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs). Interacts with ECT2 ('Thr-359' phosphorylated form). Interacts with VAMP2. Interacts with WDFY2 (via WD repeats 1-3) (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Thr-412 in the activation loop is not mandatory for activation (By similarity). Upon neuronal growth factor (NGF) stimulation, phosphorylated by SRC at Tyr-265, Tyr-280 and Tyr-334 (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Tyr-265 facilitates binding to KPNB1/importin-beta regulating entry of PRKCI into the nucleus (By similarity). Phosphorylation on Tyr-334 is important for NF-kappa-B stimulation (By similarity). Phosphorylated at Thr-564 during the initial phase of long term potentiation (By similarity).
The C1 zinc finger does not bind diacylglycerol (DAG).
The PB1 domain mediates interaction with SQSTM1.
The pseudosubstrate motif resembles the sequence around sites phosphorylated on target proteins, except the presence of a non-phosphorylatable residue in place of Ser, it modulates activity by competing with substrates.
Seems to play a negative regulatory role in 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate synthesis.
Receptor for relaxins. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins leading to stimulation of adenylate cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Binding of the ligand may also activate a tyrosine kinase pathway that inhibits the activity of a phosphodiesterase that degrades cAMP (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Co-chaperone for Hsp70 protein HSPA5/BiP that acts as a key repressor of the ERN1/IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) (By similarity). J domain-containing co-chaperones stimulate the ATPase activity of Hsp70 proteins and are required for efficient substrate recognition by Hsp70 proteins (By similarity). In the unstressed endoplasmic reticulum, interacts with the luminal region of ERN1/IRE1 and selectively recruits HSPA5/BiP: HSPA5/BiP disrupts the dimerization of the active ERN1/IRE1 luminal region, thereby inactivating ERN1/IRE1 (By similarity). Also involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of misfolded proteins. Required for survival of B-cell progenitors and normal antibody production (By similarity).
Interacts with HSPA5/BiP; interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with ERN1/IRE1 (via the luminal region) (By similarity). Interacts with DERL1 (By similarity).
The J domain stimulates the ATPase activity of HSPA5/BiP, while the divergent targeting domain is required for efficient substrate recognition by HSPA5/BiP. The divergent targeting domain specifically recognizes and binds to aggregation-prone sequences.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into two triose phosphate and plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (By similarity). In addition, may also function as scaffolding protein (By similarity).
Homotetramer. Interacts with SNX9 and WAS. Interacts with FBP2; the interaction blocks FBP2 inhibition by physiological concentrations of AMP and reduces inhibition by Ca(2+) (By similarity).
In vertebrates, three forms of this ubiquitous glycolytic enzyme are found, aldolase A in muscle, aldolase B in liver and aldolase C in brain.
Required for recruitment of CENPA to centromeres and normal chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Forms homodimers (By similarity). Interacts with PACS1 (By similarity). Interacts with PACS2 (By similarity).
Required for normal ER Ca2+ handling in lymphocytes. Together with PACS1, it plays an essential role in stabilizing peripheral lymphocyte populations.
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the TOM40 translocation pore (By similarity). Required for the translocation across the mitochondrial outer membrane of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) which consists of at least 7 different proteins (TOMM5, TOMM6, TOMM7, TOMM20, TOMM22, TOMM40 and TOMM70). Interacts with TOM22. Interacts with APEX1 (By similarity). Interacts with TBC1D21 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by PRKN during mitophagy, leading to its degradation and enhancement of mitophagy. Deubiquitinated by USP30.
Component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) protein ligase complex, at least composed of CRBN, CUL4A, DDB1 and RBX1. Interacts directly with DDB1 (By similarity). Interacts with KCNT1 (By similarity). Interacts with ILF2 (By similarity). Interacts with TRAF6 and ECSIT (By similarity).
Substrate recognition component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 protein ligase complex that mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, such as MEIS2 or ILF2. Normal degradation of key regulatory proteins is required for normal limb outgrowth and expression of the fibroblast growth factor FGF8. Maintains presynaptic glutamate release and consequently cognitive functions, such as memory and learning, by negatively regulating large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels in excitatory neurons. Likely to function by regulating the assembly and neuronal surface expression of BK channels via its interaction with KCNT1 (By similarity). May also be involved in regulating anxiety-like behaviors via a BK channel-independent mechanism (By similarity). Plays a negative role in TLR4 signaling by interacting with TRAF6 and ECSIT, leading to inhibition of ECSIT ubiquitination, an important step of the signaling (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated, ubiquitination is mediated by its own DCX protein ligase complex.
Belongs to the complement C6/C7/C8/C9 family.
Mediates the endocytosis of plasma glycoproteins to which the terminal sialic acid residue on their complex carbohydrate moieties has been removed. The receptor recognizes terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine units. After ligand binding to the receptor, the resulting complex is internalized and transported to a sorting organelle, where receptor and ligand are disassociated. The receptor then returns to the cell membrane surface (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on a cytoplasmic Ser residue.
Component of multiple ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed of CUL2, Elongin BC (ELOB and ELOC), RBX1 and a variable substrate-specific adapter. Component of the ECS(VHL) or CBC(VHL) complex containing VHL. Component of the ECS(MED8) complex with the probable substrate recognition component MED8. Component of multiple ECS complexes part of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which contain either KLHDC2, KLHDC3, KLHDC10, APPBP2, FEM1A, FEM1B or FEM1C as substrate-recognition component. Component of the ECS(LRR1) complex with the probable substrate recognition component LRR1. Component of a probable ECS E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex containing CUL2, RBX1, ELOB, ELOC and FEM1B. Part of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex including ZYG11B, CUL2 and Elongin BC. Part of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex including ZER1, CUL2 and Elongin BC. Interacts with RBX1, RNF7, FEM1B and TIP120A/CAND1. Found in a complex composed of LIMD1, VHL, EGLN1/PHD2, ELOB and CUL2. Interacts (when neddylated) with ARIH1; leading to activate the E3 ligase activity of ARIH1. Interacts (unneddylated form) with DCUN1D1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D3, DCUN1D4 and DCUN1D5; these interactions promote the cullin neddylation. Component of VCB (elongins BC/CUL2/VHL) complex that contains at least DCUN1D1, CUL2 and VHL; this complex triggers CUL2 neddylation and consequently cullin ring ligase (CRL) substrates polyubiquitylation.
Core component of multiple cullin-RING-based ECS (ElonginB/C-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination of target proteins. CUL2 may serve as a rigid scaffold in the complex and may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the complex is dependent on the neddylation of the cullin subunit and is inhibited by the association of the deneddylated cullin subunit with TIP120A/CAND1. The functional specificity of the ECS complex depends on the substrate recognition component. ECS(VHL) mediates the ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). A number of ECS complexes (containing either KLHDC2, KLHDC3, KLHDC10, APPBP2, FEM1A, FEM1B or FEM1C as substrate-recognition component) are part of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which recognizes a C-degron located at the extreme C terminus of target proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation. ECS complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins (By similarity). ECS(LRR1) ubiquitinates MCM7 and promotes CMG replisome disassembly by VCP and chromatin extraction during S-phase (By similarity).
Neddylated; which enhances the ubiquitination activity of ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. CBC(VHL) complex formation seems to promote neddylation. Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex (By similarity).
ISGylated in a CHMP5-dependent manner. Isgylation weakens its interaction with VPS4A (By similarity).
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. The MVB pathway appears to require the sequential function of ESCRT-O, -I,-II and -III complexes. ESCRT-III proteins mostly dissociate from the invaginating membrane before the ILV is released. The ESCRT machinery also functions in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, such as the terminal stages of cytokinesis and the budding of enveloped viruses (lentiviruses). ESCRT-III proteins are believed to mediate the necessary vesicle extrusion and/or membrane fission activities, possibly in conjunction with the AAA ATPase VPS4. In the ESCRT-III complex, it probably serves as an acceptor for the ESCRT-II complex on endosomal membrane (By similarity).
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III). ESCRT-III components are thought to multimerize to form a flat lattice on the perimeter membrane of the endosome. Several assembly forms of ESCRT-III may exist that interact and act sequentially. Interacts with VPS4A; the interaction is direct. Interacts with VPS4B; the interaction is direct. Interacts with CHMP4A, CHMP4B and CHMP4C. Interacts with SNF8, VPS25 and VPS36 (By similarity).
The acidic C-terminus and the basic N-termminus are thought to render the protein in a closed, soluble and inactive conformation through an autoinhibitory intramolecular interaction. The open and active conformation, which enables membrane binding and oligomerization, is achieved by interaction with other cellular binding partners, probably including other ESCRT components (By similarity).
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Activity on G(z)-alpha is inhibited by phosphorylation of the G-protein. Activity on G(z)-alpha and G(i)-alpha-1 is inhibited by palmitoylation of the G-protein (By similarity).
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Activity on G(z)-alpha is inhibited by phosphorylation of the G-protein. Activity on G(z)-alpha and G(i)-alpha-1 is inhibited by palmitoylation of the G-protein.
Phosphorylated by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase.
Forms a well-packed pentamer with an overall cylindrical shape. The inner core of the pentamer is formed with the second transmembrane region and the second coiled-coil region: while the transmembrane regions pack into a five-helix bundle having a largely polar pore across the membrane, the coiled-coil outside the membrane forms a pentamer with a hydrophobic core. The inner core is wrapped by the first transmembrane region through contacts between the first and the second transmembrane regions. The second transmembrane is followed by the inner juxtamembrane region (IJMH) that orients at a wide angle relative to the second transmembrane. The two core domains are held together on the periphery by the outer juxtamembrane helix (OJMH).
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
Displays temperature-dependent chaperone activity.
Monomer. Interacts with HSPB1 (By similarity). Interacts with DNAJB6 (By similarity). Interacts with BAG3 (By similarity).
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1. Interacts with ZIC3 (By similarity).
Functions in nuclear protein import as an adapter protein for nuclear receptor KPNB1. Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated by KPNB1 through binding to nucleoporin FxFG repeats and the complex is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring, Ran-dependent mechanism. At the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC, Ran binds to importin-beta and the three components separate and importin-alpha and -beta are re-exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where GTP hydrolysis releases Ran from importin. The directionality of nuclear import is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus (By similarity).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the reversible epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose and the reversible epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. The reaction with UDP-Gal plays a critical role in the Leloir pathway of galactose catabolism in which galactose is converted to the glycolytic intermediate glucose 6-phosphate. It contributes to the catabolism of dietary galactose and enables the endogenous biosynthesis of both UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc when exogenous sources are limited. Both UDP-sugar interconversions are important in the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Binds both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA with higher affinity for the single-stranded form. Specifically binds to scaffold/matrix attachment region DNA. Also binds single-stranded RNA. Enhances RNA unwinding activity of DDX39A. May participate in important transcriptional or translational control of cell growth, metabolism and carcinogenesis. Component of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export, and specifically associates with spliced mRNA and not with unspliced pre-mRNA. TREX is recruited to spliced mRNAs by a transcription-independent mechanism, binds to mRNA upstream of the exon-junction complex (EJC) and is recruited in a splicing- and cap-dependent manner to a region near the 5' end of the mRNA where it functions in mRNA export to the cytoplasm via the TAP/NFX1 pathway (By similarity).
Interacts with DDX39A. Interacts with FUS. Component of the transcription/export (TREX) complex at least composed of ALYREF/THOC4, DDX39B, SARNP/CIP29, CHTOP and the THO subcomplex; TREX seems to have dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling; in the complex interacts directly with DDX39B in a ATP-dependent manner which bridges it to ALYREF/THOC4.
After endoproteolysis, the C-terminal fragment (CTF) is phosphorylated on serine residues by PKA and/or PKC. Phosphorylation on Ser-346 inhibits endoproteolysis.
Catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). Requires the presence of the other members of the gamma-secretase complex for protease activity. Plays a role in Notch and Wnt signaling cascades and regulation of downstream processes via its role in processing key regulatory proteins, and by regulating cytosolic CTNNB1 levels. Stimulates cell-cell adhesion via its interaction with CDH1; this stabilizes the complexes between CDH1 (E-cadherin) and its interaction partners CTNNB1 (beta-catenin), CTNND1 and JUP (gamma-catenin). Under conditions of apoptosis or calcium influx, cleaves CDH1. This promotes the disassembly of the complexes between CDH1 and CTNND1, JUP and CTNNB1, increases the pool of cytoplasmic CTNNB1, and thereby negatively regulates Wnt signaling (By similarity). Required for normal embryonic brain and skeleton development, and for normal angiogenesis (By similarity). Mediates the proteolytic cleavage of EphB2/CTF1 into EphB2/CTF2 (By similarity). The holoprotein functions as a calcium-leak channel that allows the passive movement of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol and is therefore involved in calcium homeostasis. Involved in the regulation of neurite outgrowth (By similarity). Is a regulator of presynaptic facilitation, spike transmission and synaptic vesicles replenishment in a process that depends on gamma-secretase activity. It acts through the control of SYT7 presynaptic expression (By similarity).
Heterogeneous proteolytic processing generates N-terminal (NTF) and C-terminal (CTF) fragments of approximately 35 and 20 kDa, respectively. During apoptosis, the C-terminal fragment (CTF) is further cleaved by caspase-3 to produce the fragment, PS1-CTF12.
Homodimer. The functional gamma-secretase complex is composed of at least four polypeptides: a presenilin homodimer (PSEN1 or PSEN2), nicastrin (NCSTN), APH1 (APH1A or APH1B) and PEN2. Such minimal complex is sufficient for secretase activity. Other components which are associated with the complex include SLC25A64, SLC5A7 and PHB. As part of the gamma-secretase complex, interacts with CRB2 (via transmembrane domain) (By similarity). Predominantly heterodimer of a N-terminal (NTF) and a C-terminal (CTF) endoproteolytical fragment. Associates with proteolytic processed C-terminal fragments C83 and C99 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Associates with NOTCH1. Associates with cadherin/catenin adhesion complexes through direct binding to CDH1 or CDH2. Interaction with CDH1 stabilizes the complex and stimulates cell-cell aggregation. Interaction with CDH2 is essential for trafficking of CDH2 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. Interacts with CTNND2, CTNNB1, CTNND1, JUP, HERPUD1, FLNA, FLNB, MTCH1, PKP4 and PARL. Interacts through its N-terminus with GFAP (By similarity). Interacts with DOCK3 (By similarity). Interacts with UBQLN1 (By similarity).
Substrates, such as NOTCH1 and APP peptides, are bound between PSEN1 transmembrane domains and via the first lumenal loop and the cytoplasmic loop between the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains. Substrate binding causes a conformation change and formation of an intermolecular antiparallel beta-sheet between PSEN1 and its substrates.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of 13 subunits: EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L and EIF3M. The eIF-3 complex appears to include 3 stable modules: module A is composed of EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3G and EIF3I; module B is composed of EIF3F, EIF3H, and EIF3M; and module C is composed of EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3K and EIF3L. EIF3C of module C binds EIF3B of module A and EIF3H of module B, thereby linking the three modules. EIF3J is a labile subunit that binds to the eIF-3 complex via EIF3B. The eIF-3 complex interacts with RPS6KB1 under conditions of nutrient depletion. Mitogenic stimulation leads to binding and activation of a complex composed of MTOR and RPTOR, leading to phosphorylation and release of RPS6KB1 and binding of EIF4B to eIF-3.
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, a complex required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis, and uses different modes of RNA stem-loop binding to exert either translational activation or repression. In the eIF-3 complex, EIF3D specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs into free fatty acids and coenzyme A (CoASH), regulating their respective intracellular levels (By similarity). Has acyl-CoA thioesterase activity towards medium (C12) and long-chain (C18) fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Can also hydrolyze 3-hydroxyphenylacetyl-CoA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetyl-CoA (in vitro) (By similarity). May play a role in controlling adaptive thermogenesis (By similarity).
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with PCTP (By similarity).
Initiates the repair of damaged proteins by catalyzing methyl esterification of L-isoaspartyl and D-aspartyl residues produced by spontaneous isomerization and racemization of L-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues in aging peptides and proteins (By similarity). Acts on EIF4EBP2, microtubule-associated protein 2, calreticulin, clathrin light chains a and b, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1, stathmin, beta-synuclein and alpha-synuclein (By similarity).
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. NDST subfamily.
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial trafficking.
Interacts with renin. Accessory component of the multisubunit proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump. Interacts (via N-terminus) with ATP6AP1 (via N-terminus). Interacts with ATP6V0D1; ATP6V0D1 is a V-ATPase complex subunit and the interaction promotes V-ATPase complex assembly. Interacts with TMEM9; TMEM9 is a V-ATPase assembly regulator and the interaction induces the interaction with ATP6V0D1. Interacts with VMA21 (via N-terminus); VMA21 is a V-ATPase accessory component.
Multifunctional protein which functions as a renin, prorenin cellular receptor and is involved in the assembly of the lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase (V-ATPase) and the acidification of the endo-lysosomal system. May mediate renin-dependent cellular responses by activating ERK1 and ERK2. By increasing the catalytic efficiency of renin in AGT/angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I, may also play a role in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (By similarity). Through its function in V-type ATPase (v-ATPase) assembly and acidification of the lysosome it regulates protein degradation and may control different signaling pathways important for proper brain development, synapse morphology and synaptic transmission (By similarity).
Proteolytically cleaved by a furin-like convertase in the trans-Golgi network to generate N- and C-terminal fragments.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II), responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Possible role in EGF receptor signaling.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for the entry in S phase and for cell division.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Component of the MCM2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order MCM2-MCM6-MCM4-MCM7-MCM3-MCM5. Component of the CMG helicase complex, a hexameric ring of related MCM2-7 subunits stabilized by CDC45 and the tetrameric GINS complex (By similarity). Associated with the replication-specific DNA polymerase alpha (By similarity). Interacts with MCMBP. Interacts with ANKRD17. Interacts with MCM3AP isoform MCM3AP; this interaction leads to MCM3 acetylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Monomer. Interacts with TBC1D32 and MAK.
Required for high-level Shh responses in the developing neural tube. Together with TBC1D32, controls the structure of the primary cilium by coordinating assembly of the ciliary membrane and axoneme, allowing GLI2 to be properly activated in response to SHH signaling. Involved in cell growth. Activates CDK2, a kinase involved in the control of the cell cycle, by phosphorylating residue 'Thr-160' (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL52 family.
Belongs to the dynactin subunit 4 family.
Part of the dynactin complex that activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules.
Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex part of a tripartite complex with dynein and a adapter, such as BICDL1, BICD2 or HOOK3. The dynactin complex is built around ACTR1A/ACTB filament and consists of an actin-related filament composed of a shoulder domain, a pointed end and a barbed end. Its length is defined by its flexible shoulder domain. The soulder is composed of 2 DCTN1 subunits, 4 DCTN2 and 2 DCTN3. The 4 DCNT2 (via N-terminus) bind the ACTR1A filament and act as molecular rulers to determine the length. The pointed end is important for binding dynein-dynactin cargo adapters. Consists of 4 subunits: ACTR10, DCNT4, DCTN5 and DCTN6. The barbed end is composed of a CAPZA1:CAPZB heterodimers, which binds ACTR1A/ACTB filament and dynactin and stabilizes dynactin (By similarity). Interacts with ATP7B, but not ATP7A, in a copper-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with ANK2; this interaction is required for localization at costameres (By similarity).
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Probable developmental protein. May be a signaling molecule which affects the development of discrete regions of tissues. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters (By similarity).
Converts O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) required for selenoprotein biosynthesis.
Homotetramer formed by a catalytic dimer and a non-catalytic dimer serving as a binding platform that orients tRNASec for catalysis. Each tetramer binds the CCA ends of two tRNAs which point to the active sites of the catalytic dimer.
May be involved in 20S pre-rRNA processing.
Interacts (via COMM domain) with COMMD1 (via COMM domain). Interacts with RELA, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB2/p100. Interacts with CCDC22, CCDC93, SCNN1B, CUL3, CUL4B, CUL5, CUL7.
May modulate activity of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes. May down-regulate activation of NF-kappa-B.
Interacts with ATP1B4. Interacts with TOR1A (ATP-bound). Interacts with TOR1B, TOR2A and TOR3A (By similarity).
Required for nuclear membrane integrity. Induces TOR1A and TOR1B ATPase activity and is required for their location on the nuclear membrane. Binds to A- and B-type lamins. Possible role in membrane attachment and assembly of the nuclear lamina (By similarity).
Catalyzes the peptide bond hydrolysis in dipeptides, displaying a non-redundant activity toward threonyl dipeptides. Mediates threonyl dipeptide catabolism in a tissue-specific way (By similarity). Has high dipeptidase activity toward cysteinylglycine, an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism. Metabolizes N-lactoyl-amino acids, both through hydrolysis to form lactic acid and amino acids, as well as through their formation by reverse proteolysis. Plays a role in the regulation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (By similarity).
Plays a role in maintaining normal neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. May be involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking.
Belongs to the anion channel-forming bestrophin (TC 1.A.46) family. Calcium-sensitive chloride channel subfamily.
Forms calcium-sensitive chloride channels. Permeable to bicarbonate.
Major acute phase reactant. Apolipoprotein of the HDL complex.
As a component of the outer core of AMPAR complex, may be involved in synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. In hippocampal neurons, in presynaptic terminals, plays an important role in the final steps of neurotransmitter release, possibly by regulating Ca(2+)-sensing. In the cerebellum, may inhibit SNARE complex formation and down-regulate short-term facilitation.
Component of the outer core of AMPAR complex (By similarity). AMPAR complex consists of an inner core made of 4 pore-forming GluA/GRIA proteins (GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIA3 and GRIA4) and 4 major auxiliary subunits arranged in a twofold symmetry. One of the two pairs of distinct binding sites is occupied either by CNIH2, CNIH3 or CACNG2, CACNG3. The other harbors CACNG2, CACNG3, CACNG4, CACNG8 or GSG1L. This inner core of AMPAR complex is complemented by outer core constituents binding directly to the GluA/GRIA proteins at sites distinct from the interaction sites of the inner core constituents. Outer core constituents include at least PRRT1, PRRT2, CKAMP44/SHISA9, FRRS1L and NRN1. The proteins of the inner and outer core serve as a platform for other, more peripherally associated AMPAR constituents. Alone or in combination, these auxiliary subunits control the gating and pharmacology of the AMPAR complex and profoundly impact their biogenesis and protein processing (By similarity). Interacts with intersectin 1/ITSN1. Interacts with SNARE complex components, including SNAP25, STX1A, SYT1 and SYT2; this interaction may inhibit SNARE complex formation (By similarity).
Involved in the regulation of the cytoskeletal dynamics, plays a role in actin stress fiber formation.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and participates in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by triming the ubiquitin chain on the associated substrate to facilitate their threading through the VCP/p97 pore. Cleaves both polyubiquitin and di-ubiquitin.
Transcription factor involved in unfolded protein response (UPR). In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inserted into ER membranes, with N-terminal DNA-binding and transcription activation domains oriented toward the cytosolic face of the membrane. In response to ER stress, transported to the Golgi, where it is cleaved in a site-specific manner by resident proteases S1P/MBTPS1 and S2P/MBTPS2. The released N-terminal cytosolic domain is translocated to the nucleus to effect transcription of specific target genes. Plays a critical role in chondrogenesis by activating the transcription of SEC23A, which promotes the transport and secretion of cartilage matrix proteins, and possibly that of ER biogenesis-related genes (By similarity). In a neuroblastoma cell line, protects cells from ER stress-induced death. In vitro activates transcription of target genes via direct binding to the CRE site (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by HRD1/SYVN1; undergoes 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination, followed by rapid proteasomal degradation under normal conditions. Upon ER stress, SYVN1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase dissociates from its substrate, ubiquitination does not occur and CREB3L2 is stabilized.
Upon ER stress, translocated to the Golgi apparatus, where it is processed by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) to release the cytosol-facing N-terminal transcription factor domain. The cleavage is performed sequentially by site-1 and site-2 proteases (S1P/MBTPS1 and S2P/MBTPS2).
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family.
Binds ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). In vitro, interacts with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UBE2D2. The phosphorylated form interacts with PRKAR1A, PRKAR2A and PRKAR2B. Binds the catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Interacts with MFHAS1. Interacts with TBC1D31; the interaction is direct and recruits PJA2 to centrosomes.
Has E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Responsible for ubiquitination of cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I and type II-alpha/beta regulatory subunits and for targeting them for proteasomal degradation. Essential for PKA-mediated long-term memory processes. Through the ubiquitination of MFHAS1, positively regulates the TLR2 signaling pathway that leads to the activation of the downstream p38 and JNK MAP kinases and promotes the polarization of macrophages toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. Plays a role in ciliogenesis by ubiquitinating OFD1.
Calcium-binding protein that may play a role in the adhesion of neutrophils to fibronectin. May play a role in the formation of focal adhesions (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with SRI and LCP1 (By similarity).
This protein has been shown to bind calcium with high affinity.
Endoplasmic reticulum cargo receptor that mediates the export of lipoproteins by recruiting cargos into COPII vesicles to facilitate their secretion. Acts as a cargo receptor for lipoproteins bearing both APOB and APOA1, thereby regulating lipoprotein delivery and the maintenance of lipid homeostasis. Synergizes with the GTPase SAR1B to mediate transport of circulating lipoproteins. Promotes the secretion of PCSK9. Also mediates the efficient secretion of erythropoietin (EPO). May also play a role in the maintenance of the architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and of the Golgi.
Found in a complex composed at least of SURF4, TMED2 and TMED10. May interact with LMAN1 (By similarity). Interacts with ZFYVE27 and with KIF5A in a ZFYVE27-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with STING1. Interacts with SAR1B. Interacts with TMEM41B (By similarity).
The di-lysine motif confers endoplasmic reticulum localization for type I membrane proteins.
The SET domain is degenerated, suggesting that it has lost methyltransferase activity.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP.
May function as a substrate receptor for CUL4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
The mammalian APC/C is composed at least of 14 distinct subunits ANAPC1, ANAPC2, CDC27/APC3, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, CDC16/APC6, ANAPC7, CDC23/APC8, ANAPC10, ANAPC11, CDC26/APC12, ANAPC13, ANAPC15 and ANAPC16 that assemble into a complex of at least 19 chains with a combined molecular mass of around 1.2 MDa; APC/C interacts with FZR1 and FBXO5. In the context of the APC/C complex, directly interacts with UBE2S.
Inhibitor of serine proteases. Its primary target is elastase, but it also has a moderate affinity for plasmin and thrombin. Inhibits trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasminogen activator (By similarity).
Interacts with CELA2A (By similarity). Interacts with ERGIC3 and LMAN1/ERGIC53 (By similarity). Interacts with PRSS1/Trypsin (By similarity).
The reactive center loop (RCL) extends out from the body of the protein and directs binding to the target protease. The protease cleaves the serpin at the reactive site within the RCL, establishing a covalent linkage between the carboxyl group of the serpin reactive site and the serine hydroxyl of the protease. The resulting inactive serpin-protease complex is highly stable (By similarity).
Belongs to the syndecan proteoglycan family.
Cell surface proteoglycan which regulates exosome biogenesis in concert with SDCBP and PDCD6IP.
Homodimer. Interacts with CDCP1 and SDCBP. Interacts (via its cytoplasmic domain) with GIPC (via its PDZ domain). Interacts (via its cytoplasmic domain) with NUDT16L1 (By similarity).
O-glycosylated; contains both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. Ser-39, Ser-61 and Ser-63 can all be modified by either chondroitin sulfate or heparan sulfate, and the protein exists in forms that contain only chondroitin sulfate, only heparan sulfate and both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate.
Shedding is enhanced by a number of factors such as heparanase, thrombin or EGF. Also by stress and wound healing. PMA-mediated shedding is inhibited by TIMP3 (By similarity).
Functional ligand of integrin alpha-8/beta-1 in kidney development. Regulates the expression of GDNF with integrin alpha-8/beta-1 which is essential for kidney development. May also play a role in the development and function of various tissues, regulating cell adhesion, spreading and survival through the binding of several integrins (By similarity).
The MAM domain is required for localization at the cell surface.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. S (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv9.1/KCNS1 sub-subfamily.
Heteromultimer with KCNB1 and KCNB2. Does not form homomultimers.
Potassium channel subunit that does not form functional channels by itself. Can form functional heterotetrameric channels with KCNB1 and KCNB2; modulates the delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channel activation and deactivation rates of KCNB1 and KCNB2.
The transmembrane segment S4 functions as voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position. Channel opening and closing is effected by a conformation change that affects the position and orientation of the voltage-sensor paddle formed by S3 and S4 within the membrane. A transmembrane electric field that is positive inside would push the positively charged S4 segment outwards, thereby opening the pore, while a field that is negative inside would pull the S4 segment inwards and close the pore. Changes in the position and orientation of S4 are then transmitted to the activation gate formed by the inner helix bundle via the S4-S5 linker region.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Catalytic component of the RAG complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the DNA cleavage phase during V(D)J recombination. V(D)J recombination assembles a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in developing B and T-lymphocytes through rearrangement of different V (variable), in some cases D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments. In the RAG complex, RAG1 mediates the DNA-binding to the conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) and catalyzes the DNA cleavage activities by introducing a double-strand break between the RSS and the adjacent coding segment. RAG2 is not a catalytic component but is required for all known catalytic activities. DNA cleavage occurs in 2 steps: a first nick is introduced in the top strand immediately upstream of the heptamer, generating a 3'-hydroxyl group that can attack the phosphodiester bond on the opposite strand in a direct transesterification reaction, thereby creating 4 DNA ends: 2 hairpin coding ends and 2 blunt, 5'-phosphorylated ends.
The NBD (nonamer binding) DNA-binding domain mediates the specific binding to the nonamer RSS motif by forming a tightly interwoven homodimer that binds and synapses 2 nonamer elements, with each NBD making contact with both DNA molecules. Each RSS is composed of well-conserved heptamer (consensus 5'-CACAGTG-3') and nonamer (consensus 5'-ACAAAAACC-3') sequences separated by a spacer of either 12 bp or 23 bp.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
Although related to peptidase S1 family, lacks the conserved active Ser residue in position 665 which is replaced by a Thr, suggesting that it has no protease activity.
May play a role in regeneration of skeletal muscle.
Essential for elastic fiber formation, is involved in the assembly of continuous elastin (ELN) polymer and promotes the interaction of microfibrils and ELN. Stabilizes and organizes elastic fibers in the skin, lung and vasculature. Promotes adhesion of endothelial cells through interaction of integrins and the RGD motif. Vascular ligand for integrin receptors which may play a role in vascular development and remodeling. May act as an adapter that mediates the interaction between FBN1 and ELN.
Homodimer. Monomer, homodimerizes in presence of Ca(2+). Interacts with ELN. Interacts (via N-terminus) with the integrins ITGAV/ITGB3, ITGAV/ITGB5 and ITGA9/ITGB1. Interacts with FBN1 (via N-terminal domain). Forms a ternary complex with ELN and FBN1. Interacts with EFEMP2 with moderate affinity (By similarity).
Disulfide-linked heterodimer with the amino acid transport protein SLC3A2/4F2hc; this interaction mediates cell membrane localization.
Heterodimer with SLC3A2, that functions as an antiporter by mediating the exchange of extracellular anionic L-cystine and intracellular L-glutamate across the cellular plasma membrane (By similarity). Provides L-cystine for the maintenance of the redox balance between extracellular L-cystine and L-cysteine and for the maintenance of the intracellular levels of glutathione that is essential for cells protection from oxidative stress (By similarity). The transport is sodium-independent, electroneutral with a stoichiometry of 1:1, and is drove by the high intracellular concentration of L-glutamate and the intracellular reduction of L-cystine. In addition, mediates the import of L-kynurenine leading to anti-ferroptotic signaling propagation required to maintain L-cystine and glutathione homeostasis. Moreover, mediates N-acetyl-L-cysteine uptake into the placenta leading to subsequently down-regulation of pathways associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. In vitro can also transport L-aspartate (By similarity). May participate in astrocyte and meningeal cell proliferation during development and can provide neuroprotection by promoting glutathione synthesis and delivery from non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes and meningeal cells to immature neurons. Controls the production of pheomelanin pigment directly (By similarity).
Acts as a ventralizing factor during embryogenesis. Inhibits axin-mediated JNK activation by binding axin and disrupting axin homodimerization. This in turn antagonizes a Wnt/beta-catenin-independent dorsalization pathway activated by AXIN/JNK-signaling (By similarity).
Coactivates PAX5-dependent transcription together with either SMARCA4 or GCN5L2.
Interacts with GCN5L2, SMARCA4, SMARCE1 and PAX5. Component of the TFTC-HAT complex (By similarity).
Component of a complex composed of RGS9 (isoform RGS9-1), GNB5 and RGS9BP; within this complex, the presence of GNB5 stabilizes both itself and RGS9 and increases RGS9 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity. Interacts with RGS7, forming the RGS7-GNB5 complex; within this complex, the presence of GNB5 increases RGS7 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity. Interacts with GPR158; promotes the GTPase activator activity of the RGS7-GNB5 complex in absence of glycine, in contrast GTPase activator activity of the RGS7-GNB5 complex is inhibited in presence of glycine. Interacts with RGS6.
Enhances GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins, such as RGS7 and RGS9, hence involved in the termination of the signaling initiated by the G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by accelerating the GTP hydrolysis on the G-alpha subunits, thereby promoting their inactivation (By similarity). Increases RGS7 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, thereby regulating mood and cognition (By similarity). Increases RGS9 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, hence contributes to the deactivation of G protein signaling initiated by D(2) dopamine receptors (By similarity). May play an important role in neuronal signaling, including in the parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, control of heart rate (By similarity).
Belongs to the eIF4E-binding protein family.
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR12/YTM1 family.
Component of the PeBoW complex, composed of BOP1, PES1 and WDR12. The complex is held together by BOP1, which interacts with PES1 via its N-terminal domain and with WDR12 via a high-affinity interaction between the seven-bladed beta-propeller domains of the 2 proteins. The PeBoW complex associates with the 66S pre-ribosome. Interacts (via UBL domain) with MDN1 (via VWFA/MIDAS domain).
Component of the PeBoW complex, composed of BOP1, PES1 and WDR12. Within the PeBoW complex BOP1 interacts directly with PES1 and WDR12. The PeBoW complex also associates with the 66S pre-ribosome.
May be involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation.
Probably binds two or three calcium ions.
Aminopeptidase that plays a central role in peptide trimming, a step required for the generation of most HLA class I-binding peptides. Peptide trimming is essential to customize longer precursor peptides to fit them to the correct length required for presentation on MHC class I molecules. Preferentially hydrolyzes the basic residues Arg and Lys (By similarity).
Cytosolic prostaglandin synthase that catalyzes the oxidoreduction of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Molecular chaperone that localizes to genomic response elements in a hormone-dependent manner and disrupts receptor-mediated transcriptional activation, by promoting disassembly of transcriptional regulatory complexes. Facilitates HIF alpha proteins hydroxylation via interaction with EGLN1/PHD2, leading to recruit EGLN1/PHD2 to the HSP90 pathway.
Cytosolic prostaglandin synthase that catalyzes the oxidoreduction of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Molecular chaperone that localizes to genomic response elements in a hormone-dependent manner and disrupts receptor-mediated transcriptional activation, by promoting disassembly of transcriptional regulatory complexes. Facilitates HIF alpha proteins hydroxylation.
Forms a complex with HSP70, HSP90 and other chaperones.
Probably forms a complex composed of chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, co-chaperones STIP1/HOP, CDC37, PPP5C, PTGES3/p23, TSC1 and client protein TSC2. Binds to the progesterone receptor. Interacts with TERT; the interaction, together with HSP90AA1, is required for correct assembly and stabilization of the telomerase holoenzyme complex. Interacts (via PXLE motif) with EGLN1/PHD2, recruiting EGLN1/PHD2 to the HSP90 pathway to facilitate HIF alpha proteins hydroxylation. Interacts with HSP90AA1, FLCN, FNIP1 and FNIP2.
Proteolytically cleaved by caspase-7 (CASP7) in response to apoptosis, leading to its inactivation.
Homohexamer. Associates with heptad repeats of HSF1 trimers and probably also HSF1 monomers, and with HSP70. Association with HSF1 trimers and HSP70 coincides with attenuation of heat shock response and the conversion of HSF1 trimer to monomer (By similarity).
Negative regulator of the heat shock response. Negatively affects HSF1 DNA-binding activity. May have a role in the suppression of the activation of the stress response during the aging process (By similarity).
Mediates feedback control of cholesterol synthesis.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. The protease activity is required for proteolytic activation of ATG8 family proteins: cleaves the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 proteins to reveal a C-terminal glycine. Exposure of the glycine at the C-terminus is essential for ATG8 proteins conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy. Preferred substrate is GABARAPL2 followed by MAP1LC3A and GABARAP. Protease activity is also required to counteract formation of high-molecular weight conjugates of ATG8 proteins (ATG8ylation): acts as a deubiquitinating-like enzyme that removes ATG8 conjugated to other proteins, such as ATG3. In addition to the protease activity, also mediates delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. Catalyzes delipidation of PE-conjugated forms of ATG8 proteins during macroautophagy. Compared to ATG4B, the major protein for proteolytic activation of ATG8 proteins, shows weaker ability to cleave the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 proteins, while it displays stronger delipidation activity. Involved in phagophore growth during mitophagy independently of its protease activity and of ATG8 proteins: acts by regulating ATG9A trafficking to mitochondria and promoting phagophore-endoplasmic reticulum contacts during the lipid transfer phase of mitophagy.
Inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Redox-regulated during autophagy since reducing conditions activate ATG4A whereas an oxidizing environment such as the presence of H(2)O(2) inhibits its activity.
Interacts with ATG9A; the interaction is direct.
The LIR motif (LC3-interacting region) is required for the interaction with the ATG8 family proteins. Required for proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 proteins.
Component of a nuclear TRAMP-like complex, an ATP-dependent exosome regulatory complex consisting of a helicase (MTREX), an oligadenylate polymerase (TENT4B or TENT4A), and a substrate specific RNA-binding factor (ZCCHC7 or ZCCHC8). Several TRAMP-like complexes exist with specific compositions and are associated with nuclear, or nucleolar RNA exosomes. Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Component of the nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) complex composed of MTREX, ZCCHC8, and RBM7 that directs a subset of non-coding short-lived RNAs for exosomal degradation. Interacts with proteins involved in RNA processing and degradation such as MTREX and RBM7; interaction with MTREX enhances MTREX RNA helicase activity and bridges between RBM7 and MTREX. Interacts with TERC, the telomerase RNA component.
Phosphorylation at Thr-490 by GSK3 is triggered in cells entering mitosis.
Scaffolding subunit of the trimeric nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) complex that is involved in the surveillance and turnover of aberrant transcripts and non-coding RNAs. NEXT functions as an RNA exosome cofactor that directs a subset of non-coding short-lived RNAs for exosomal degradation. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. It is required for 3'-end maturation of telomerase RNA component (TERC), TERC 3'-end targeting to the nuclear RNA exosome, and for telomerase function.
The C-terminal part (659-707) contributes to MTREX RNA helicase activity, in part, by enhancing its RNA-dependent ATPase activity.
Mitochondrial glutamate/H(+) symporter. Responsible for the transport of glutamate from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix with the concomitant import of a proton (By similarity). Plays a role in the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (By similarity).
Tetramer of heterotrimers consisting of exclusion domain, heavy- and light chains.
Thiol protease. Has dipeptidylpeptidase activity. Active against a broad range of dipeptide substrates composed of both polar and hydrophobic amino acids. Proline cannot occupy the P1 position and arginine cannot occupy the P2 position of the substrate. Can act as both an exopeptidase and endopeptidase. Activates serine proteases such as elastase, cathepsin G and granzymes A and B.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase which catalyzes the reduction of a variety of compounds bearing carbonyl groups including ketosteroids, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds, aldehydes, aromatic ketones and quinones. Reduces 3-ketosteroids and benzil into 3beta-hydroxysteroids and R-benzoin, respectively, in contrast to the stereoselectivity of non-primate DHRS4s which produce 3alpha-hydroxysteroids and S-benzoin. Diplays low activity toward all-trans-retinal and no activity toward 9-cis-retinal as compared to non-primate mammals. In the reverse reaction, catalyze the NAD-dependent oxidation of 3beta-hydroxysteroids and alcohol, but with much lower efficiency. Involved in the metabolism of 3beta-hydroxysteroids, isatin and xenobiotic carbonyl compounds.
Primate DHRS4s display different stereoselectivity and catalytic efficiency in the oxidoreduction of some substrates as compared to other mammal DHRS4s due to a difference in conserved amino acid residues.
The C-terminus peroxisomal targeting signal tripeptide is important for peroxisomal import. Once in the peroxisome, it is involved in intersubunit interactions.
Three specific residues, Ser-176, Phe-179 and Thr-195 are conserved between primates whereas the respective residues are phenylalanine, leucine, and asparagine in the other mammal enzymes. The two residues at positions 176 and 179 are molecular determinants responsible for the stereoselective reduction of 3-ketosteroids and benzil. The presence of an asparagine at position 195 is important for the maintenance of the quaternary structure and stability at cold temperature. The absence of an asparagine at position 195 destabilizes the quaternary structure, thereby affecting catalytic efficiency toward some substrates and decreasing stability at cold temperature.
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Homodecamer; composed of 5 homodimers. Interacts with LTO1.
Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. Can utilize both NAD and NADP, but has higher affinity for NAD. Involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. NIT1/NIT2 family.
Acts as a transcriptional corepressor of orphan nuclear receptor NR2C2. Inhibits expression of the gluconeogenesis enzyme PCK2 through inhibition of NR2C2 activity. Also involved in transcriptional activation of NAMPT by promoting expression of PPARA and PPARD. Plays a role in lipid metabolism by suppressing lipogenesis, increasing lipolysis and decreasing lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. Plays a role in glucose homeostasis by improving glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
Interacts with NR2C2 (via ligand-binding region).
Belongs to the lambda interferon family.
Component of the ARISC complex, at least composed of UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, at least composed of BRCA1, BARD1, UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. In the BRCA1-A complex, interacts directly with ABRAXAS1 and BABAM2. Component of the BRISC complex, at least composed of ABRAXAS2, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Identified in a complex with SHMT2 and the other subunits of the BRISC complex.
Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs). The BRCA1-A complex also possesses deubiquitinase activity that specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX. In the BRCA1-A complex, it is required for the complex integrity and its localization at DSBs. Component of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates. In these 2 complexes, it is probably required to maintain the stability of BABAM2 and help the 'Lys-63'-linked deubiquitinase activity mediated by BRCC3/BRCC36 component. The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating NUMA1. Plays a role in interferon signaling via its role in the deubiquitination of the interferon receptor IFNAR1; deubiquitination increases IFNAR1 activity by enhancing its stability and cell surface expression. Down-regulates the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its role in IFNAR1 deubiquitination.
The VWFA-like region is similar to the VWFA domain. Its presence reveals similarities between the structure of the 19S proteasome and the BRCA1-A complexes.
Binds double-stranded DNA. Binds preferentially to supercoiled DNA and cruciform DNA structures. Seems to be involved in transcriptional regulation. May function as a transcriptional repressor. Could have a role in the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation through activation of unknown target genes. Controls cellular proliferation by modulating the functions of cell cycle regulatory factors including p53/TP53 and the retinoblastoma protein. May be involved in TP53-mediated transcriptional activation by enhancing TP53 sequence-specific DNA binding and modulating TP53 phosphorylation status. Seems to be involved in energy-level-dependent activation of the ATM/ AMPK/TP53 pathway coupled to regulation of autophagy. May be involved in regulation of TP53-mediated cell death also involving BRCA1. May be involved in the senescence of prostate epithelial cells. Involved in innate immune response by recognizing viral dsDNA in the cytosol and probably in the nucleus. After binding to viral DNA in the cytoplasm recruits TMEM173/STING and mediates the induction of IFN-beta. Has anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome, probably via association with AIM2. Proposed to bind viral DNA in the nucleus and to induce the formation of nuclear caspase-1-activating inflammasome formation via association with PYCARD. Inhibits replication of herpesviruses probably by interfering with promoter recruitment of members of the Sp1 family of transcription factors (By similarity).
Forms homooligomers. Interacts with TMEM173, AIM2, PYCARD and CASP1. Interacts with BRCA1, TP53, E2F1, RB1 and SP1. Interacts with MTA1 (By similarity). Interacts with MTA1. Interacts with PYDC5 (By similarity).
Lysine acetylation in the multipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) regulates the subcellular location.
The HIN-20 domains mediates dsDNA binding via electrostatic interactions.
Acts as a transcriptional regulator. Inhibits myogenesis by sequestrating E proteins, inhibiting trans-activation by MEF2, and inhibiting DNA-binding by MYOD1 through physical interaction. This interaction probably involves the basic domains of both proteins. Also represses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFA and IL1B. Regulates cranial suture patterning and fusion. Activates transcription as a heterodimer with E proteins. Regulates gene expression differentially, depending on dimer composition. Homodimers induce expression of FGFR2 and POSTN while heterodimers repress FGFR2 and POSTN expression and induce THBS1 expression. Heterodimerization is also required for osteoblast differentiation. Represses the activity of the circadian transcriptional activator: NPAS2-BMAL1 heterodimer.
Interacts with DDX4, PIWIL1, RANBP9 and TDRD1.
Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Its association with pi-bodies suggests a participation in the primary piRNAs metabolic process. Required prior to the pachytene stage to facilitate the production of multiple types of piRNAs, including those associated with repeats involved in the regulation of retrotransposons. May act by mediating protein-protein interactions during germ cell maturation (By similarity).
Associates with polysomes. Interacts with HNRNPH1; the interaction in RNA-dependent. Interacts with PARN. Component of an EIF2 complex at least composed of CELF1/CUGBP1, CALR, CALR3, EIF2S1, EIF2S2, HSP90B1 and HSPA5 (By similarity).
RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of several post-transcriptional events. Involved in pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA translation and stability. Mediates exon inclusion and/or exclusion in pre-mRNA that are subject to tissue-specific and developmentally regulated alternative splicing. Specifically activates exon 5 inclusion of cardiac isoforms of TNNT2 during heart remodeling at the juvenile to adult transition. Acts as both an activator and repressor of a pair of coregulated exons: promotes inclusion of the smooth muscle (SM) exon but exclusion of the non-muscle (NM) exon in actinin pre-mRNAs. Activates SM exon 5 inclusion by antagonizing the repressive effect of PTB. Promotes exclusion of exon 11 of the INSR pre-mRNA. Inhibits, together with HNRNPH1, insulin receptor (IR) pre-mRNA exon 11 inclusion in myoblast. Increases translation and controls the choice of translation initiation codon of CEBPB mRNA. Increases mRNA translation of CEBPB in aging liver. Increases translation of CDKN1A mRNA by antagonizing the repressive effect of CALR3. Mediates rapid cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylation. Recruits the deadenylase PARN to the poly(A) tail of EDEN-containing mRNAs to promote their deadenylation. Required for completion of spermatogenesis. Binds to (CUG)n triplet repeats in the 3'-UTR of transcripts such as DMPK and to Bruno response elements (BREs). Binds to muscle-specific splicing enhancer (MSE) intronic sites flanking the alternative exon 5 of TNNT2 pre-mRNA. Binds to AU-rich sequences (AREs or EDEN-like) localized in the 3'-UTR of JUN and FOS mRNAs. Binds to the IR RNA. Binds to the 5'-region of CDKN1A and CEBPB mRNAs. Binds with the 5'-region of CEBPB mRNA in aging liver (By similarity). May be a specific regulator of miRNA biogenesis. Binds to primary microRNA pri-MIR140 and, with CELF2, negatively regulates the processing to mature miRNA (By similarity).
RRM1 and RRM2 domains preferentially target UGU(U/G)-rich mRNA elements.
Binding to PMPCA is required for catalytic activity.
Catalytic subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins (By similarity). Preferentially, cleaves after an arginine at position P2 (By similarity). Required for PINK1 turnover by coupling PINK1 mitochondrial import and cleavage, which results in subsequent PINK1 proteolysis (By similarity).
Heterodimer of PMPCA (alpha) and PMPCB (beta) subunits, forming the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) in which PMPCA is involved in substrate recognition and binding and PMPCB is the catalytic subunit.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
GDP-dissociation inhibitor preventing the GDP to GTP exchange of most Rab proteins. By keeping these small GTPases in their inactive GDP-bound form regulates intracellular membrane trafficking. Negatively regulates protein transport to the cilium and ciliogenesis through the inhibition of RAB8A.
Interacts with RHOH. Interacts with the GDP-bound forms of RAB3A, RAB3B, RAB3C, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAB8B, RAB10, RAB12, RAB35, and RAB43; binds RAB3D to a lesser extent. Interacts with RAB8A (GDP-bound inactive form); prevents RAB8A activation. Interacts with DZIP1; negatively regulates the interaction of GDI2 with GDP-bound RAB8A.
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most RAB proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP.
May play a role in the process of maturation of dendritic cells. Required for the development of cerebellar granule cells (By similarity).
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. Homodimer. Interacts with DHX33.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. Binds to G-rich structures in 28S rRNA and in mRNAs. Plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus; inhibits cell-free translation of mRNAs.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RHOA, RHOB and RHOC.
Binds to plexin family members and plays an important role in the regulation of developmental processes. Required for normal cardiovascular development during embryogenesis. Functions as attractant for growing axons, and thereby plays an important role in axon growth and axon guidance (By similarity).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family. UBA4 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Also essential during biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of sulfur carriers URM1 and MOCS2A. Its N-terminus first activates URM1 and MOCS2A as acyl-adenylates (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to URM1 and MOCS2A to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of their C-terminus. The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards URM1 and MOCS2A. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed. Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; NFS1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions.
Acetylation is enhanced after treatment either with trichostin A (TCA) or with nicotinamide (NAM) with the appearance of tri- and tetraacetylations. Glucose also increases acetylation.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Enzyme activity is enhanced by acetylation.
Interacts with KATNB1. Also interacts with CTNNB1, gamma-tubulin and KIF23.
Negative regulator of katanin-mediated microtubule severing and release from the centrosome. Required for central spindle formation and the completion of cytokinesis. May negatively regulate axonal outgrowth by preventing the formation of microtubule bundles that are necessary for transport within the elongating axon. Negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Represses beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation by promoting the nuclear exclusion of beta-catenin.
Component of a complex composed of cytochrome b5, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R3) and MTARC2.
Cytochrome b5 is a membrane-bound hemoprotein functioning as an electron carrier for several membrane-bound oxygenases.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with SCN10A (By similarity). Interacts with DIP2A; DIP2A may act as a cell surface receptor for FSTL1. Interacts with BMP4. Interacts with CD14; this interaction promotes TL4-mediated signaling cascade (By similarity).
Secreted glycoprotein that is involved in various physiological processes, such as angiogenesis, regulation of the immune response, cell proliferation and differentiation (By similarity). Plays a role in the development of the central nervous system, skeletal system, lungs, and ureter. Promotes endothelial cell survival, migration and differentiation into network structures in an AKT-dependent manner. Also promotes survival of cardiac myocytes (By similarity). Initiates various signaling cascades by activating different receptors on the cell surface such as DIP2A, TLR4 or BMP receptors (By similarity).
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the CNF-like-inhibitor family.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP/ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP/ATP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates (By similarity). Efficiently phosphorylates AMP and dAMP using ATP as phosphate donor, but phosphorylates only AMP when using GTP as phosphate donor (By similarity). Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity (By similarity). Plays a role in controlling cellular ATP levels by regulating phosphorylation and activation of the energy sensor protein kinase AMPK (By similarity). Plays a protective role in the cellular response to oxidative stress (By similarity).
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Efficiently phosphorylates AMP and dAMP using ATP as phosphate donor, but phosphorylates only AMP when using GTP as phosphate donor. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with SLC25A5/ANT2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCF family. EF3 subfamily.
Displays an antiviral effect against flaviviruses in the presence of OAS1B.
Lacks transmembrane domains and is probably not involved in transport.
Component of the pre-catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosome complexes (By similarity). Interacts with EIF2AK2 (By similarity).
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Binds double-stranded RNA. Inhibits EIF2AK2 kinase activity (By similarity).
Could play a role in neuronal development.
Interacts with WNT3A. Interacts with WNT1, WNT3 and WNT5A.
Regulates Wnt proteins sorting and secretion in a feedback regulatory mechanism. This reciprocal interaction plays a key role in the regulation of expression, subcellular location, binding and organelle-specific association of Wnt proteins. Also plays an important role in establishment of the anterior-posterior body axis formation during development (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Adhesive protein that mediates cell-to-cell interactions. Acts as receptor for thrombospondin THBS1 and as modulator of integrin signaling through the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Involved in signal transduction, cardiovascular homeostasis, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cellular self-renewal, and immunoregulation. Plays a role in modulating pulmonary endothelin EDN1 signaling (By similarity). Modulates nitrous oxide (NO) signaling, in response to THBS1, hence playing a role as a pressor agent, supporting blood pressure (By similarity). Plays an important role in memory formation and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus (By similarity). Receptor for SIRPA, binding to which prevents maturation of immature dendritic cells and inhibits cytokine production by mature dendritic cells. Interaction with SIRPG mediates cell-cell adhesion, enhances superantigen-dependent T-cell-mediated proliferation and costimulates T-cell activation (By similarity). Positively modulates FAS-dependent apoptosis in T-cells, perhaps by enhancing FAS clustering (By similarity). Plays a role in suppressing angiogenesis and may be involved in metabolic dysregulation during normal aging (By similarity). In response to THBS1, negatively modulates wound healing. Inhibits stem cell self-renewal, in response to THBS1, probably by regulation of the stem cell transcription factors POU5F1/OCT4, SOX2, MYC/c-Myc and KLF4 (By similarity). May play a role in membrane transport and/or integrin dependent signal transduction (By similarity). May prevent premature elimination of red blood cells (By similarity).
Monomer. Interacts with THBS1 (via the C-terminal domain). Interacts with SIRPA. Interacts with FAS/CD95; interaction may be enhanced by functional activation. Interacts with SIRPG, UBQLN1 and UBQLN2. May interact with fibrinogen.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIa family.
May act as a GTPase-activating protein of RAB6A. May play a role in microtubule nucleation by centrosome. May participate in a RAB6A-mediated pathway involved in the metaphase-anaphase transition (By similarity).
Activated by phosphorylation on Thr-208.
Phosphorylated at Thr-208 by STK11/LKB1 in complex with STE20-related adapter-alpha (STRADA) pseudo kinase and CAB39. Autophosphorylation is also possible at Thr-208.
Stress-activated kinase involved in tolerance to glucose starvation. Induces cell-cell detachment by increasing F-actin conversion to G-actin. Expression is induced by CD95 or TNF-alpha, via NF-kappa-B. Protects cells from CD95-mediated apoptosis and is required for the increased motility and invasiveness of CD95-activated tumor cells. Phosphorylates LATS1 and LATS2. Plays a key role in neural tube closure during embryonic development through LATS2 phosphorylation and regulation of the nuclear localization of YAP1 a critical downstream regulatory target in the Hippo signaling pathway.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. FIP1L1 contributes to poly(A) site recognition and stimulates poly(A) addition. Binds to U-rich RNA sequence elements surrounding the poly(A) site. May act to tether poly(A) polymerase to the CPSF complex (By similarity).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex, composed of CPSF1, CPSF2, CPSF3, CPSF4 and FIP1L1. Found in a complex with CPSF1, FIP1L1 and PAPOLA. Interacts with CPSF1, CPSF4, CSTF2 and CSTF3. Interacts with AHCYL1 (when phosphorylated); the interaction is direct and associates AHCYL1 with the CPSF complex and RNA. Interacts with PAPOLA; the interaction seems to be increased by the interaction with AHCYL1. Interacts with NUDT21/CPSF5; this interaction occurs in a RNA sequence-specific manner. Interacts (preferentially via unphosphorylated form and Arg/Glu/Asp-rich domain) with CPSF6 (via Arg/Ser-rich domain); this interaction mediates, at least in part, the interaction between the CFIm and CPSF complexes and may be inhibited by CPSF6 hyper-phosphorylation. Interacts (preferentially via unphosphorylated form and Arg/Asp/Glu-rich domain) with CPSF7 (via Arg/Ser-rich domain); this interaction mediates, at least in part, the interaction between the CFIm and CPSF complexes and may be inhibited by CPSF7 hyper-phosphorylation.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes (By similarity). Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its receptor. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system (By similarity). Positively regulates T and B cell proliferation through iron uptake (By similarity). Acts as a lipid sensor that regulates mitochondrial fusion by regulating activation of the JNK pathway (By similarity). When dietary levels of stearate (C18:0) are low, promotes activation of the JNK pathway, resulting in HUWE1-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the mitofusin MFN2 and inhibition of mitochondrial fusion (By similarity). When dietary levels of stearate (C18:0) are high, TFRC stearoylation inhibits activation of the JNK pathway and thus degradation of the mitofusin MFN2 (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Binds one transferrin or HFE molecule per subunit. Interacts with SH3BP4 (By similarity). Interacts with STEAP3; facilitates TFRC endocytosis in erythroid precursor cells (By similarity).
Stearoylated by ZDHHC6 which inhibits TFRC-mediated activation of the JNK pathway and promotes mitochondrial fragmentation (By similarity). Stearoylation does not affect iron uptake (By similarity).
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Active with Fe(2+), and probably also with Mn(2+), Zn(2+) and Co(2+).
Catalyzes the reversible epimerization of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Forms a regulatory protein-RNA complex, consisting of RCC1L, NGRN, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, TRUB2, FASTKD2 and 16S mt-rRNA. Interacts with 16S mt-rRNA; this interaction is direct.
Plays an essential role in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis. As a component of a functional protein-RNA module, consisting of RCC1L, NGRN, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, TRUB2, FASTKD2 and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (16S mt-rRNA), controls 16S mt-rRNA abundance and is required for intra-mitochondrial translation of core subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system.
An N-terminal amphipathic helix, the BAR domain and a second amphipathic helix inserted into helix 1 of the BAR domain (N-BAR domain) induce membrane curvature and bind curved membranes.
Homodimer, and heterodimer with SH3GLB2. Binds BAX; induction of apoptosis augments BAX binding. Binds DNM1, HTT, AMPH, BIN1 and ARFGAP1. Interacts with UVRAG; UVRAG bridges the interaction to BECN1 indicative for an association with the PI3K complex II (PI3KC3-C2) STOPPED Homodimer, and heterodimer with SH3GLB2. Binds BAX. Binds DNM1, HTT, AMPH, BIN1 and ARFGAP1 (By similarity).
May be required for normal outer mitochondrial membrane dynamics. Required for coatomer-mediated retrograde transport in certain cells. May recruit other proteins to membranes with high curvature. May promote membrane fusion. Involved in activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis by promoting BAX/BAK1 activation. Involved in caspase-independent apoptosis during nutrition starvation and involved in the regulation of autophagy. Activates lipid kinase activity of PIK3C3 during autophagy probably by associating with the PI3K complex II (PI3KC3-C2). Associated with PI3KC3-C2 during autophagy may regulate the trafficking of ATG9A from the Golgi complex to the peripheral cytoplasm for the formation of autophagosomes by inducing Golgi membrane tubulation and fragmentation. Involved in regulation of degradative endocytic trafficking and cytokinesis, probably in the context of PI3KC3-C2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at Thr-145 by CDK5; this phosphorylation is required for autophagy induction in starved neurons and facilitates homodimerization.
The SH3 domain is required and sufficient for the interaction with UVRAG.
Choline-specific glycerophosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and contributes to supplying choline to the cells. Has a preference for LPC with short (12:0 and 14:0) or polyunsaturated (18:2 and 20:4) fatty acids. In vitro, hydrolyzes only choline-containing lysophospholipids, such as sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lysoPAF, but not other lysophospholipids.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Homotetramer.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Cleaves beta-linked terminal galactosyl residues from gangliosides, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans.
Component of the coding region determinant (CRD)-mediated complex, composed of DHX9, HNRNPU, IGF2BP1, SYNCRIP and YBX1. Identified in a mRNP complex, at least composed of DHX9, DDX3X, ELAVL1, HNRNPU, IGF2BP1, ILF3, PABPC1, PCBP2, PTBP2, STAU1, STAU2, SYNCRIP and YBX1. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs (By similarity). The large PER complex involved in the repression of transcriptional termination is composed of at least PER2, CDK9, DDX5, DHX9, NCBP1 and POLR2A (active) (By similarity). Associates (via DRBM domains) with the RISC complex; this association occurs in a small interfering (siRNA)-dependent manner. Associates with the SMN complex; this association induces recruitment of DHX9 to the RNA polymerase II. Associates with polysomes in a LIN28A-dependent manner. Interacts (via C-terminus) with ACTB; this interaction is direct and mediates the attachment to nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes. Interacts with ADAR isoform 1; this interaction occurs in a RNA-independent manner. Interacts (via DRBM domains) with AGO2 (via middle region); this interaction promotes active RISC assembly by promoting the association of siRNA with AGO2. Interacts (via NTD domain) with AKAP8L (via N-terminus). Interacts with BRCA1 (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct and links BRCA1 to the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Interacts (via N-terminus) with CREBBP; this interaction mediates association with RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and stimulates CREB-dependent transcriptional activation. Interacts (via N-terminus) with EIF2AK2/PKR; this interaction is dependent upon the activation of the kinase. Interacts (via DRBM domains) with DICER1. Interacts with H2AX; this interaction is direct, requires phosphorylation of histone H2AX by PRKDC and promotes binding of DHX9 to transcriptionally stalled sites on chromosomal DNA in response to genotoxic stress. Interacts with HNRNPC; this interaction is direct, enhanced probably by their concomitant binding to RNA and mediates the attachment to actin filaments. Interacts (via NTD domain) with PRMT1. Interacts with IGF2BP1. Interacts with IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3. Interacts (via DRBM domains) with ILF3; this interaction occurs in a RNA-independent manner. Interacts with Importin alpha/Importin beta receptor. Interacts with LARP6 (via C-terminus); this interaction occurs in a mRNA-independent manner. Interacts (via N- and C-terminus) with LIN28A (via C-terminus); this interaction occurs in a RNA-independent manner. Interacts with LMX1B. Interacts (via helicase C-terminal domain, HA2 and OB-fold regions) with MAVS (via CARD domain); this interaction occurs in both resting and double-stranded RNA poly(I:C)-induced cells. Interacts with MBD2; this interaction stimulates transcriptional activation in a CREB-dependent manner. Interacts (via H2A and OB-fold regions) with MYD88 (via TIR domain); this interaction is direct. Interacts with NLRP9 upon rotavirus infection; this interaction may trigger NLRP9 inflammasome activation and inflammatory response. Interacts (via DRBM, OB-fold and RGG regions) with NUP98 (via N-terminus); this interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner and stimulates DHX9-mediated ATPase activity and regulates transcription and splicing of a subset of genes. Interacts (via N-terminus) with NXF1 (via N-terminus); this interaction is direct and negatively regulates NXF1-mediated nuclear export of constitutive transport element (CTE)-containing cellular mRNAs. Interacts with RELA; this interaction is direct and activates NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription. Interacts (via MTAD region) with RNA polymerase II holoenzyme; this interaction stimulates transcription activation in a CREB-dependent manner. Interacts (via RGG region) with SMN1; this interaction links SMN1 to the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme (ref.8). Interacts with SP7. Interacts (via DRBM domains) with TARBP2 (via DRBM first and second domains); this interaction occurs in a small interfering (siRNA)-dependent manner. Interacts with TOP2A; this interaction occurs in a E2 enzyme UBE2I- and RNA-dependent manner, negatively regulates DHX9-mediated double-stranded DNA and RNA duplex helicase activity and stimulates TOP2A-mediated supercoiled DNA relaxation activity. Interacts (via DRBM domains and C-terminus) with WRN (via 3'-5' exonuclease domain); this interaction inhibits the DNA-dependent NTPase and DNA helicase activities of DHX9 and stimulates the 3'-5' exonuclease activity of WRN. Interacts with XRCC5; this interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner. Interacts with ZIC2 (via C2H2-type domain 3) (By similarity). Interacts with MCM3AP (By similarity).
DRBM domains cooperate for the binding to nucleic acid but not for unwinding helicase activity. The helicase-associated domain-2 (HA2) region is essential for the duplex RNA unwinding helicase activity. The minimal transactivation region (MTAD) mediates interaction with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and stimulates transcriptional activation in a CREB-dependent manner. The oligonucleotide- or oligosaccharide-binding (OB-fold) and the repeated arginine and glycine-glycine (RGG) regions are dispensable for both RNA-binding and unwinding helicase activities. The RGG region contains both nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) and is necessary and sufficient for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in a RNA-independent manner.
Methylated. PRMT1-mediated methylation of undefined Arg residues in the nuclear transport domain (NTD) is required for nuclear import of DHX9.
Multifunctional ATP-dependent nucleic acid helicase that unwinds DNA and RNA in a 3' to 5' direction and that plays important roles in many processes, such as DNA replication, transcriptional activation, post-transcriptional RNA regulation, mRNA translation and RNA-mediated gene silencing. Requires a 3'-single-stranded tail as entry site for acid nuclei unwinding activities as well as the binding and hydrolyzing of any of the four ribo- or deoxyribo-nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs). Unwinds numerous nucleic acid substrates such as double-stranded (ds) DNA and RNA, DNA:RNA hybrids, DNA and RNA forks composed of either partially complementary DNA duplexes or DNA:RNA hybrids, respectively, and also DNA and RNA displacement loops (D- and R-loops), triplex-helical DNA (H-DNA) structure and DNA and RNA-based G-quadruplexes. Binds dsDNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), dsRNA, ssRNA and poly(A)-containing RNA. Binds also to circular dsDNA or dsRNA of either linear and/or circular forms and stimulates the relaxation of supercoiled DNAs catalyzed by topoisomerase TOP2A. Plays a role in DNA replication at origins of replication and cell cycle progression. Plays a role as a transcriptional coactivator acting as a bridging factor between polymerase II holoenzyme and transcription factors or cofactors, such as BRCA1, CREBBP, RELA and SMN1. Binds to the CDKN2A promoter. Plays several roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. In cooperation with NUP98, promotes pre-mRNA alternative splicing activities of a subset of genes. As component of a large PER complex, is involved in the negative regulation of 3' transcriptional termination of circadian target genes such as PER1 and NR1D1 and the control of the circadian rhythms. Acts also as a nuclear resolvase that is able to bind and neutralize harmful massive secondary double-stranded RNA structures formed by inverted-repeat Alu retrotransposon elements that are inserted and transcribed as parts of genes during the process of gene transposition. Involved in the positive regulation of nuclear export of constitutive transport element (CTE)-containing unspliced mRNA. Component of the coding region determinant (CRD)-mediated complex that promotes cytoplasmic MYC mRNA stability. Plays a role in mRNA translation. Positively regulates translation of selected mRNAs through its binding to post-transcriptional control element (PCE) in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). Involved with LARP6 in the translation stimulation of type I collagen mRNAs for CO1A1 and CO1A2 through binding of a specific stem-loop structure in their 5'-UTRs. Stimulates LIN28A-dependent mRNA translation probably by facilitating ribonucleoprotein remodeling during the process of translation. Also plays a role as a small interfering (siRNA)-loading factor involved in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading complex (RLC) assembly, and hence functions in the RISC-mediated gene silencing process. Binds preferentially to short double-stranded RNA, such as those produced during rotavirus intestinal infection. This interaction may mediate NLRP9 inflammasome activation and trigger inflammatory response, including IL18 release and pyroptosis. Finally, mediates the attachment of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) to actin filaments in the nucleus.
Phosphorylated by PRKDC; phosphorylation occurs in a RNA-dependent manner. Phosphorylated by EIF2AK2/PKR; this phosphorylation reduces its association with double-stranded RNA.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
Binds SYTL4 (By similarity). Interacts with STX1A (By similarity). The interaction recruits SNARE complex components SNAP25 and VAMP2 and mediates neurotransmitter release from neurons (By similarity). Interacts with alpha-synuclein/SNCA; this interaction controls SNCA self-replicating aggregation (By similarity). Interacts with CABP5 (By similarity).
May participate in the regulation of synaptic vesicle docking and fusion, possibly through interaction with GTP-binding proteins. Essential for neurotransmission and binds syntaxin, a component of the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery probably in a 1:1 ratio. Can interact with syntaxins 1, 2, and 3 but not syntaxin 4. Involved in the release of neurotransmitters from neurons through interacting with SNARE complex component STX1A and mediating the assembly of the SNARE complex at synapic membranes (By similarity). May play a role in determining the specificity of intracellular fusion reactions (By similarity).
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors, acting as a fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 6 of the fatty acyl chain. Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleate (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonate (18:4n-3), respectively (By similarity). Subsequently, in the biosynthetic pathway of HUFA n-3 series, it desaturates tetracosapentaenoate (24:5n-3) to tetracosahexaenoate (24:6n-3), which is then converted to docosahexaenoate (DHA)(22:6n-3), an important lipid for nervous system function (By similarity). It can also desaturate (11E)-octadecenoate (trans-vaccenoate) at carbon 6 generating (6Z,11E)-octadecadienoate (By similarity). In addition to Delta-6 activity, this enzyme exhibits Delta-8 activity with slight biases toward n-3 fatty acyl-CoA substrates (By similarity).
The protein sequence includes a number of characteristic features of microsomal fatty acid desaturases including the three histidine boxes HXXXH, HXXHH, and QXXHH (these domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding), and the N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain containing the heme-binding motif, HPGG, similar to that of other fatty acid desaturases.
Autophosphorylated in response to ligand binding on Tyr-1234 and Tyr-1235 in the kinase domain leading to further phosphorylation of Tyr-1349 and Tyr-1356 in the C-terminal multifunctional docking site. Dephosphorylated by PTPRJ at Tyr-1349 and Tyr-1365. Dephosphorylated by PTPN1 and PTPN2 (By similarity).
Heterodimer made of an alpha chain (50 kDa) and a beta chain (145 kDa) which are disulfide linked. Binds PLXNB1. Interacts when phosphorylated with downstream effectors including STAT3, PIK3R1, SRC, PCLG1, GRB2 and GAB1. Interacts with SPSB1, SPSB2 and SPSB4. Interacts with INPP5D/SHIP1. When phosphorylated at Tyr-1356, interacts with INPPL1/SHIP2. Interacts with RANBP9 and RANBP10, as well as SPSB1, SPSB2, SPSB3 and SPSB4. SPSB1 binding occurs in the presence and in the absence of HGF, however HGF treatment has a positive effect on this interaction. Interacts with MUC20; prevents interaction with GRB2 and suppresses hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell proliferation. Interacts with GRB10. Interacts with PTPN1 and PTPN2. Interacts with HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1; the interaction suppresses MET kinase activity. Interacts with tensin TNS3 (By similarity). Interacts (when phosphorylated) with tensin TNS4 (via SH2 domain); the interaction increases MET protein stability by inhibiting MET endocytosis and subsequent lysosomal degradation (By similarity).
In its inactive state, the C-terminal tail interacts with the catalytic domain and inhibits the kinase activity. Upon ligand binding, the C-terminal tail is displaced and becomes phosphorylated, thus increasing the kinase activity (By similarity).
O-mannosylation of IPT/TIG domains by TMEM260 is required for protein maturation. O-mannosylated residues are composed of single mannose glycans that are not elongated or modified.
Receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding to hepatocyte growth factor/HGF ligand. Regulates many physiological processes including proliferation, scattering, morphogenesis and survival. Ligand binding at the cell surface induces autophosphorylation of MET on its intracellular domain that provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. Following activation by ligand, interacts with the PI3-kinase subunit PIK3R1, PLCG1, SRC, GRB2, STAT3 or the adapter GAB1. Recruitment of these downstream effectors by MET leads to the activation of several signaling cascades including the RAS-ERK, PI3 kinase-AKT, or PLCgamma-PKC. The RAS-ERK activation is associated with the morphogenetic effects while PI3K/AKT coordinates prosurvival effects. During embryonic development, MET signaling plays a role in gastrulation, development and migration of muscles and neuronal precursors, angiogenesis and kidney formation. In adults, participates in wound healing as well as organ regeneration and tissue remodeling. Promotes also differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells (By similarity).
The beta-propeller Sema domain mediates binding to HGF.
The kinase domain is involved in SPSB1 binding.
Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination by CBL regulates the receptor stability and activity through proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG2. The PSMG1-PSMG2 heterodimer binds to the PSMA5 and PSMA7 proteasome subunits, promotes assembly of the proteasome alpha subunits into the heteroheptameric alpha ring and prevents alpha ring dimerization.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with psmg2.
Forms a heterodimer with PSMG2. The PSMG1-PSMG2 heterodimer interacts directly with the PSMA5 and PSMA7 proteasome alpha subunits.
Plays a role in mitochondrial aerobic respiration. Regulates mitochondrial organization and fission.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
Homodimer. The CSTF complex is composed of CSTF1 (50 kDa subunit), CSTF2 (64 kDa subunit) and CSTF3 (77 kDa subunit). CSTF3 directly interacts with CSTF1 and CSTF2. Interacts with FIP1L1 (By similarity).
One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3'-end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNAs.
Allosterically activated by N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc6P).
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcN-6P) into beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6P) and ammonium ion, a regulatory reaction step in de novo uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) biosynthesis via hexosamine pathway. Deamination is coupled to aldo-keto isomerization mediating the metabolic flux from UDP-GlcNAc toward Fru-6P. At high ammonium level can drive amination and isomerization of Fru-6P toward hexosamines and UDP-GlcNAc synthesis (By similarity). Has a role in fine tuning the metabolic fluctuations of cytosolic UDP-GlcNAc and their effects on hyaluronan synthesis that occur during tissue remodeling (By similarity). Seems to trigger calcium oscillations in mammalian eggs. These oscillations serve as the essential trigger for egg activation and early development of the embryo (By similarity).
Regulates ciliary localization of the BBSome complex. Together with the BBSome complex, controls SMO ciliary trafficking and contributes to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulation. May play a role in neurite outgrowth. May have tumor suppressor function (By similarity).
Regulates ciliary localization of the BBSome complex. Together with the BBSome complex, controls SMO ciliary trafficking and contributes to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulation. May play a role in neurite outgrowth. May have tumor suppressor function.
Self-associates. Interacts with BBS9; the interaction mediates the association of LZTL1 with the BBsome complex and regulates BBSome ciliary trafficking (By similarity).
Self-associates. Interacts with BBS9; the interaction mediates the association of LZTL1 with the BBsome complex and regulates BBSome ciliary trafficking.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs), light intermediate chains (LICs) and light chains (LCs); the composition seems to vary in respect to the IC, LIC and LC composition. The heavy chain homodimer serves as a scaffold for the probable homodimeric assembly of the respective non-catalytic subunits. The ICs and LICs bind directly to the HC dimer and the LCs assemble on the IC dimer.
Has a role as neurotrophic factor involved in neuronal survival and neurobiological functions.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Interacts with ATG16L1; the interaction is important for autophagosome formation. Interacts with ATG16L2; however interaction is approximately hundred times lower than for ATG16L1 (By similarity). Interacts with RIC1 (via C-terminus domain); the interaction is direct with a preference for RAB33B-GTP. Interacts with RGP1.
Protein transport. Acts, in coordination with RAB6A, to regulate intra-Golgi retrograde trafficking (By similarity). It is involved in autophagy, acting as a modulator of autophagosome formation (By similarity).
Regulated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound form. In vitro, SGSM2 acts as its GAP and inactivates it by stimulating its GTPase activity.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
In vertebrates 3 main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins coexist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton and as mediators of internal cell motility.
Monomethylation at Lys-86 (K84me1) regulates actin-myosin interaction and actomyosin-dependent processes. Demethylation by ALKBH4 is required for maintaining actomyosin dynamics supporting normal cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell migration.
N-terminal cleavage of acetylated cysteine of intermediate muscle actin by ACTMAP.
Oxidation of Met-46 and Met-49 by MICALs (MICAL1, MICAL2 or MICAL3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. MICAL1 and MICAL2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by MSRB1 and MSRB2, which promotes actin repolymerization.
Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-stranded helix. Each actin can bind to 4 others (By similarity). Interacts with alpha-actinin. Identified in a complex composed of ACTA1, COBL, GSN AND TMSB4X (By similarity). Interacts with TTID. Interacts (via its C-terminus) with USP25 (By similarity).
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. AhpC/Prx1 subfamily.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation. 5 homodimers assemble to form a ring-like decamer. Interacts with TIPIN.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is provided by the other dimeric subunit to form an intersubunit disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin.
The enzyme can be inactivated by further oxidation of the cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH) to sulphinic acid (C(P)-SO2H) instead of its condensation to a disulfide bond. It can be reactivated by forming a transient disulfide bond with sulfiredoxin SRXN1, which reduces the cysteine sulfinic acid in an ATP- and Mg-dependent manner.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. Might participate in the signaling cascades of growth factors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by regulating the intracellular concentrations of H(2)O(2).
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex assembles, via its C-terminus that bridges alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3).
Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene.
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene. Proceeds in two distinct steps. In the first half-reaction, two molecules of FPP react to form the stable presqualene diphosphate intermediate (PSQPP), with concomitant release of a proton and a molecule of inorganic diphosphate. In the second half-reaction, PSQPP undergoes heterolysis, isomerization, and reduction with NADPH or NADH to form squalene. It is the first committed enzyme of the sterol biosynthesis pathway.
Found in a complex with XPOT, Ran and tRNA. Probably found in a complex with nucleoporins. Interacts with Ran and tRNA in a GTP-dependent manner (By similarity).
Mediates the nuclear export of aminoacylated tRNAs. In the nucleus binds to tRNA and to the GTPase Ran in its active GTP-bound form. Docking of this trimeric complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated through binding to nucleoporins. Upon transit of a nuclear export complex into the cytoplasm, disassembling of the complex and hydrolysis of Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP (induced by RANBP1 and RANGAP1, respectively) cause release of the tRNA from the export receptor. XPOT then return to the nuclear compartment and mediate another round of transport. The directionality of nuclear export is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus (By similarity).
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A (QRSL1), B (GATB) and C (GATC) subunits.
Belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator family.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Homooligomer (By similarity). Interacts with MARVELD2 and OCLN; the interaction is required to recruit MARVELD2 to tricellular contacts. Interacts (via C-terminus) with TRA2A, TRA2B and SRSF1 (By similarity). Interacts with PLSCR1 (By similarity).
Maintains epithelial barrier function by recruiting MARVELD2/tricellulin to tricellular tight junctions (tTJs). Crucial for normal hearing by maintaining the structural and functional integrity of tTJs, which are critical for the survival of auditory neurosensory HCs. Mediates fatty acids and lipoproteins-stimulated CCK/cholecystokinin secretion in the small intestine. In the inner ear, may regulate alternative pre-mRNA splicing via binding to TRA2A, TRA2B and SRSF1.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) ion per subunit. Can also utilize other divalent metal cations, such as Ca(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+).
Binds 1 thiamine pyrophosphate per subunit.
Catalyzes the transfer of a two-carbon ketol group from a ketose donor to an aldose acceptor, via a covalent intermediate with the cofactor thiamine pyrophosphate.
Functions as a component of the PCAF complex. The PCAF complex is capable of efficiently acetylating histones in a nucleosomal context. The PCAF complex could be considered as the human version of the yeast SAGA complex. Also known as a coactivator for p53/TP53-dependent transcriptional activation (By similarity). Component of the ATAC complex, a complex with histone acetyltransferase activity on histones H3 and H4 (By similarity).
The PCAF complex is composed of a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFS), such as TAF5, TAF5L, TAF6, TAF6L, TAF9, TAF10 and TAF12, PCAF, and also PCAF-associated factors (PAFs), such as TADA2L/ADA2, TADA3L/ADA3 and SPT3. Interacts directly with TADA2L and PCAF and also with the high-risk HPV oncoprotein E6. Component of the STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex, at least composed of SUPT3H, GCN5L2, TAF5L, TAF6L, SUPT7L, TADA3L, TAD1L, TAF10, TAF12, TRRAP and TAF9. Component of the TFTC-HAT complex (By similarity). Component of the ADA2A-containing complex (ATAC), composed of KAT14, KAT2A, TADA2L, TADA3L, ZZ3, MBIP, WDR5, YEATS2, CCDC101 and DR1 (By similarity).
Binds free ubiquitin non-covalently via its RING-type zinc finger. Ubiquitin-binding leads to enhance the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity by stabilizing the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (donor ubiquitin) in the 'closed' conformation and activating ubiquitin transfer.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (By similarity). Required for mesoderm patterning during embryonic development (By similarity). Acts as an enhancer of the transcriptional responses of the SMAD2/SMAD3 effectors, which are activated downstream of BMP. Acts by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD inhibitors such as SMAD7, inducing their proteasomal degradation and thereby enhancing the transcriptional activity of TGF-beta and BMP (By similarity). In addition to enhance transcription of SMAD2/SMAD3 effectors, also regulates their turnover by mediating their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, coupling their activation with degradation, thereby ensuring that only effectors 'in use' are degraded (By similarity). Activates SMAD3/SMAD4-dependent transcription by triggering signal-induced degradation of SNON isoform of SKIL. Associates with UBE2D2 as an E2 enzyme. Specifically binds polysumoylated chains via SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) and mediates ubiquitination of sumoylated substrates. Catalyzes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of sumoylated XPC in response to UV irradiation, promoting nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Mediates ubiquitination and degradation of sumoylated PML (By similarity). The regulation of the BMP-SMAD signaling is however independent of sumoylation and is not dependent of SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) (By similarity).
Monomer. Interacts with SMAD6, SMAD7, AXIN1, AXIN2 and SKIL isoform SNON (By similarity). Interacts with (phosphorylated) SMAD2 and SMAD3 (By similarity). Part of a complex containing RNF111, AXIN1 and SMAD7. Interacts (via SIM domains) with SUMO1 and SUMO2 (By similarity).
The RING-type zinc finger mediates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and binds directly to free ubiquitin (By similarity). Non-covalent ubiquitin-binding stabilizes the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (donor ubiquitin) in the 'closed' conformation and stimulates ubiquitin transfer (By similarity).
The SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) mediates the binding to polysumoylated substrate.
Interacts (via C-terminal 330-amino-acid region) with AKT1; AKT2 and AKT3. Interacts with PPP2CA and PPP1CA.
Plays a major role as an activator of AKT family members by inhibiting PPP2CA-mediated dephosphorylation, thereby keeping AKTs activated. Plays a role in preventing motor neuronal death and in accelerating the growth of pancreatic beta cells.
Homodimer. Forms heterodimer with FXR1; heterodimerization occurs in a methylation-dependent manner. Forms heterodimer with FXR2. Homooligomer. Component of the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex at least composed of CYFIP, EIF4E and FMR1; this mRNA cap binding complex formation increases in presence of the brain cytoplasmic RNA BC1 and is dynamically regulated in an activity-dependent manner to repress and then possibly release dendritic mRNAs for translation in response to mGluR stimulation. Associates with the SMN core complex that contains SMN, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, GEMIN4, GEMIN5, GEMIN6, GEMIN7, GEMIN8 and STRAP/UNRIP. Part of a ribonucleoprotein complex with AGO2/EIF2C2 and miRNAs. Interacts with AGO2/EIF2C2. Interacts (via C-terminus) with CACNA1B; this interaction induces a decrease in the number of presynaptic functional CACNA1B channels at the cell surface. Interacts with CYFIP1; this interaction recruits CYFIP1 to capped mRNA. Interacts with CYFIP2. Interacts with EIF5; this interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner. Interacts with dynein. Interacts with FXR1 and FXR2. Interacts with methylated histone H3. Interacts with IGF2BP1; this interaction allows to recruit IGF2BP1 to mRNA in a FMR1-dependent manner. Interacts (via N-terminus) with KCNMB4. Interacts with KCNT1 (via C-terminus); this interaction alters gating properties of KCNT1. Interacts (via phosphorylated form) with MCRS1 (via N-terminus). Interacts with MOV10; this interaction is direct, occurs in an RNA-dependent manner on polysomes and induces association of MOV10 with RNAs. Interacts with MYO5A and PURA; these interactions occur in association with polyribosome. Interacts with NCL. Interacts with NUFIP1. Interacts (via N-terminus) with NUFIP2. Interacts with NXF1; this interaction occurs in a mRNA-dependent and polyribosome-independent manner in the nucleus. Interacts with NXF2 (via N-terminus); this interaction is direct and occurs in a NXF1 mRNA-containing mRNP complexes. Interacts with RANBP9 (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct and inhibits binding of FMR1 to RNA homomer. Interacts with RPLP0. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SMN (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct and occurs in a RNA-independent manner. Interacts with TDRD3 (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct. Interacts with YBX1; this interaction occurs in association with polyribosome. Interacts with nucleosome. Associates with polyribosome; this association occurs in a mRNA-dependent manner. Associates with cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). Associates with microtubules in a kinesin- and dynein-dependent manner. Interacts with HABP4.
Monomethylated and asymmetrically dimethylated at four arginine residues of the arginine-glycine-glycine box. Methylation disrupts the binding of FMRP to RNAs through its RGG box. Methylation is necessary for heterodimerization with FXR1, association with polyribosomes, recruitment into stress granules and translation of FMR1 target mRNAs. Methylated by PRMT1, PRMT3 and PRMT4, in vitro.
Monoubiquitinated. Polyubiquitinated. Ubiquitinated and targeted for proteasomal degradation after activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR).
Multifunctional polyribosome-associated RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, mRNA dendritic transport and postsynaptic local protein synthesis of target mRNAs (By similarity). Acts as an mRNA regulator by mediating formation of some phase-separated membraneless compartment: undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation upon binding to target mRNAs, leading to assemble mRNAs into cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules that concentrate mRNAs with associated regulatory factors (By similarity). Plays a role in the alternative splicing of its own mRNA (By similarity). Stabilizes the scaffolding postsynaptic density protein DLG4/PSD-95 and the myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNAs in hippocampal neurons and glial cells, respectively; this stabilization is further increased in response to metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) stimulation (By similarity). Plays a role in selective delivery of a subset of dendritic mRNAs to synaptic sites in response to mGluR activation in a kinesin-dependent manner (By similarity). Undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation following phosphorylation and interaction with CAPRIN1, promoting formation of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules that concentrate mRNAs with factors that inhibit translation and mediate deadenylation of target mRNAs. Acts as a repressor of mRNA translation in synaptic regions by mediating formation of neuronal ribonucleoprotein granules and promoting recruitmtent of EIF4EBP2. Plays a role as a repressor of mRNA translation during the transport of dendritic mRNAs to postsynaptic dendritic spines (By similarity). Component of the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex which blocks cap-dependent mRNA translation initiation (By similarity). Represses mRNA translation by stalling ribosomal translocation during elongation (By similarity). Reports are contradictory with regards to its ability to mediate translation inhibition of MBP mRNA in oligodendrocytes. Also involved in the recruitment of the RNA helicase MOV10 to a subset of mRNAs and hence regulates microRNA (miRNA)-mediated translational repression by AGO2. Facilitates the assembly of miRNAs on specific target mRNAs. Also plays a role as an activator of mRNA translation of a subset of dendritic mRNAs at synapses (By similarity). In response to mGluR stimulation, FMR1-target mRNAs are rapidly derepressed, allowing for local translation at synapses (By similarity). Binds to a large subset of dendritic mRNAs that encode a myriad of proteins involved in pre- and postsynaptic functions. Binds to 5'-ACU[GU]-3' and/or 5'-[AU]GGA-3' RNA consensus sequences within mRNA targets, mainly at coding sequence (CDS) and 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and less frequently at 5'-UTR. Binds to intramolecular G-quadruplex structures in the 5'- or 3'-UTRs of mRNA targets. Binds to G-quadruplex structures in the 3'-UTR of its own mRNA. Binds also to RNA ligands harboring a kissing complex (kc) structure; this binding may mediate the association of FMR1 with polyribosomes. Binds mRNAs containing U-rich target sequences. Binds to a triple stem-loop RNA structure, called Sod1 stem loop interacting with FMRP (SoSLIP), in the 5'-UTR region of superoxide dismutase SOD1 mRNA (By similarity). Binds to the dendritic, small non-coding brain cytoplasmic RNA 1 (BC1); which may increase the association of the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex to FMR1 target mRNAs at synapses (By similarity). Plays a role in mRNA nuclear export. Specifically recognizes and binds a subset of N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs, promoting their nuclear export in a XPO1/CRM1-dependent manner (By similarity). Together with export factor NXF2, is involved in the regulation of the NXF1 mRNA stability in neurons (By similarity). Associates with export factor NXF1 mRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) in a NXF2-dependent manner (By similarity). Binds to a subset of miRNAs in the brain. May associate with nascent transcripts in a nuclear protein NXF1-dependent manner. In vitro, binds to RNA homomer; preferentially on poly(G) and to a lesser extent on poly(U), but not on poly(A) or poly(C). Moreover, plays a role in the modulation of the sodium-activated potassium channel KCNT1 gating activity (By similarity). Negatively regulates the voltage-dependent calcium channel current density in soma and presynaptic terminals of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and hence regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis (By similarity). Modulates the voltage-dependent calcium channel CACNA1B expression at the plasma membrane by targeting the channels for proteasomal degradation (By similarity). Plays a role in regulation of MAP1B-dependent microtubule dynamics during neuronal development (By similarity). Recently, has been shown to play a translation-independent role in the modulation of presynaptic action potential (AP) duration and neurotransmitter release via large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels in hippocampal and cortical excitatory neurons. Finally, FMR1 may be involved in the control of DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms through the regulation of ATR-dependent signaling pathways such as histone H2AX/H2A.x and BRCA1 phosphorylations (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylated on several serine residues. Phosphorylation at Ser-479 is required for phosphorylation of other nearby serine residues. Phosphorylation has no effect on the binding of individual mRNA species. Unphosphorylated FMR1 is associated with actively translating polyribosome, whereas a fraction of phosphorylated FMR1 is associated with apparently stalled polyribosome. Dephosphorylation by an activated phosphatase may release the FMR1-mediated translational repression and allow synthesis of a locally required protein at synapses.
The C-terminal disordered region undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) for the formation of a membraneless compartment that concentrates mRNAs with associated regulatory factors.
The N-terminal 134 amino acids are necessary for homodimerization and RNA-binding. The N-terminal 298 amino acids are sufficient to interact with KCNMB4 and to regulate presynaptic action potential (AP) duration in neurons. The two agenet-like domains are necessary for binding to histone H3 in a methylation-dependent manner. The KH domains are necessary for mediating miRNA annealing to specific RNA targets. The KH 2 domain is necessary for binding to kissing complex (kc) RNA ligands. The RGG box domain is necessary for binding to mRNA targets that contain G-quadruplex structures. The RGG-box domain is necessary for binding to a triple stem-loop RNA structure, called Sod1 stem loop interacting with FMRP (SoSLIP), in the superoxide dismutase SOD1 mRNA. The RGG box domain is necessary for binding to its own mRNA. The RGG-box domain is necessary for binding to homomer poly(G).
Activated by pentobarbital (By similarity). Inhibited by the antagonist bicuculline (By similarity).
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRA2 sub-subfamily.
Heteropentamer, formed by a combination of alpha, beta, gamma, delta and rho chains. Interacts with UBQLN1 (By similarity). Interacts with KIF21B (By similarity). Interacts with LHFPL4 (By similarity). Interacts with SHISA7; interaction leads to the regulation of GABA(A) receptor trafficking, channel deactivation kinetics and pharmacology (By similarity).
Ligand-gated chloride channel which is a component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (By similarity). Plays an important role in the formation of functional inhibitory GABAergic synapses in addition to mediating synaptic inhibition as a GABA-gated ion channel (By similarity). The gamma2 subunit is necessary but not sufficient for a rapid formation of active synaptic contacts and the synaptogenic effect of this subunit is influenced by the type of alpha and beta subunits present in the receptor pentamer (By similarity). The alpha2/beta2/gamma2 receptor exhibits synaptogenic activity whereas the alpha2/beta3/gamma2 receptor shows very little or no synaptogenic activity (By similarity).
The extracellular domain contributes to synaptic contact formation.
Follow a cyclic expression; during interphase, accumulates gradually following G1, S to reach a critical threshold at the end of G2, which promotes self-activation and triggers onset of mitosis. Induced transiently by TGFB1 at an early phase of TGFB1-mediated apoptosis (Probable).
Forms a stable but non-covalent complex with a regulatory subunit and with a cyclin. Interacts with cyclins-B (CCNB1, CCNB2 and CCNB3) to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex. Can also form CDK1-cylin-D and CDK1-cyclin-E complexes that phosphorylate RB1 in vitro. Binds to RB1 and other transcription factors such as FOXO1 and RUNX2. Promotes G2-M transition when in complex with a cyclin-B. Interacts with DLGAP5. Binds to the CDK inhibitors CDKN1A/p21 and CDKN1B/p27. Isoform 2 is unable to complex with cyclin-B1 and also fails to bind to CDKN1A/p21. Interacts with catalytically active CCNB1 and RALBP1 during mitosis to form an endocytotic complex during interphase. Associates with cyclins-A and B1 during S-phase in regenerating hepatocytes. Interacts with FANCC. Interacts with CEP63; this interaction recruits CDK1 to centrosomes. Interacts with CENPA. Interacts with NR1D1 (By similarity). Interacts with proteasome subunit PSMA8; to participate in meiosis progression during spermatogenesis (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-161 activates it.
Phosphorylation at Thr-161 by CAK/CDK7 activates kinase activity. Phosphorylation at Thr-14 and Tyr-15 by PKMYT1 prevents nuclear translocation. Phosphorylation at Tyr-15 by WEE1 and WEE2 inhibits the protein kinase activity and acts as a negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition). Phosphorylation by PKMYT1 and WEE1 takes place during mitosis to keep CDK1-cyclin-B complexes inactive until the end of G2. By the end of G2, PKMYT1 and WEE1 are inactivated, but CDC25A and CDC25B are activated. Dephosphorylation by active CDC25A and CDC25B at Thr-14 and Tyr-15, leads to CDK1 activation at the G2-M transition. Phosphorylation at Tyr-15 by WEE2 during oogenesis is required to maintain meiotic arrest in oocytes during the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, a long period of quiescence at dictyate prophase I, leading to prevent meiotic reentry. Phosphorylation by WEE2 is also required for metaphase II exit during egg activation to ensure exit from meiosis in oocytes and promote pronuclear formation. Phosphorylated at Tyr-4 by PKR/EIF2AK2 upon genotoxic stress. This phosphorylation triggers CDK1 polyubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis, thus leading to G2 arrest (By similarity).
Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle by modulating the centrosome cycle as well as mitotic onset; promotes G2-M transition via association with multiple interphase cyclins. Phosphorylates PARVA/actopaxin, APC, AMPH, APC, BARD1, Bcl-xL/BCL2L1, BRCA2, CALD1, CASP8, CDC7, CDC20, CDC25A, CDC25C, CC2D1A, CENPA, CSNK2 proteins/CKII, FZR1/CDH1, CDK7, CEBPB, CHAMP1, DMD/dystrophin, EEF1 proteins/EF-1, EZH2, KIF11/EG5, EGFR, FANCG, FOS, GFAP, GOLGA2/GM130, GRASP1, UBE2A/hHR6A, HIST1H1 proteins/histone H1, HMGA1, HIVEP3/KRC, KAT5, LMNA, LMNB, LMNC, LBR, LATS1, MAP1B, MAP4, MARCKS, MCM2, MCM4, MKLP1, MLST8, MYB, NEFH, NFIC, NPC/nuclear pore complex, PITPNM1/NIR2, NPM1, NCL, NUCKS1, NPM1/numatrin, ORC1, PRKAR2A, EEF1E1/p18, EIF3F/p47, p53/TP53, NONO/p54NRB, PAPOLA, PLEC/plectin, RB1, TPPP, UL40/R2, RAB4A, RAP1GAP, RCC1, RPS6KB1/S6K1, KHDRBS1/SAM68, ESPL1, SKI, BIRC5/survivin, STIP1, TEX14, beta-tubulins, MAPT/TAU, NEDD1, VIM/vimentin, TK1, FOXO1, RUNX1/AML1, SAMHD1, SIRT2, CGAS and RUNX2. CDK1/CDC2-cyclin-B controls pronuclear union in interphase fertilized eggs. Essential for early stages of embryonic development. During G2 and early mitosis, CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation activates CDK1/cyclin complexes which phosphorylate several substrates that trigger at least centrosome separation, Golgi dynamics, nuclear envelope breakdown and chromosome condensation. Once chromosomes are condensed and aligned at the metaphase plate, CDK1 activity is switched off by WEE1- and PKMYT1-mediated phosphorylation to allow sister chromatid separation, chromosome decondensation, reformation of the nuclear envelope and cytokinesis. Phosphorylates KRT5 during prometaphase and metaphase (By similarity). Inactivated by PKR/EIF2AK2- and WEE1-mediated phosphorylation upon DNA damage to stop cell cycle and genome replication at the G2 checkpoint thus facilitating DNA repair. Reactivated after successful DNA repair through WIP1-dependent signaling leading to CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation and restoring cell cycle progression. In proliferating cells, CDK1-mediated FOXO1 phosphorylation at the G2-M phase represses FOXO1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and thereby promotes FOXO1 nuclear accumulation and transcription factor activity, leading to cell death of postmitotic neurons. The phosphorylation of beta-tubulins regulates microtubule dynamics during mitosis. NEDD1 phosphorylation promotes PLK1-mediated NEDD1 phosphorylation and subsequent targeting of the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gTuRC) to the centrosome, an important step for spindle formation. In addition, CC2D1A phosphorylation regulates CC2D1A spindle pole localization and association with SCC1/RAD21 and centriole cohesion during mitosis. The phosphorylation of Bcl-xL/BCL2L1 after prolongated G2 arrest upon DNA damage triggers apoptosis. In contrast, CASP8 phosphorylation during mitosis prevents its activation by proteolysis and subsequent apoptosis. This phosphorylation occurs in cancer cell lines, as well as in primary breast tissues and lymphocytes. EZH2 phosphorylation promotes H3K27me3 maintenance and epigenetic gene silencing. CALD1 phosphorylation promotes Schwann cell migration during peripheral nerve regeneration. CDK1-cyclin-B complex phosphorylates NCKAP5L and mediates its dissociation from centrosomes during mitosis. Regulates the amplitude of the cyclic expression of the core clock gene BMAL1 by phosphorylating its transcriptional repressor NR1D1, and this phosphorylation is necessary for SCF(FBXW7)-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of NR1D1 (By similarity). Phosphorylates EML3 at 'Thr-881' which is essential for its interaction with HAUS augmin-like complex and TUBG1 (By similarity). Phosphorylates CGAS during mitosis, leading to its inhibition, thereby preventing CGAS activation by self DNA during mitosis (By similarity).
Polyubiquitinated upon genotoxic stress.
Enhancer of SUMO conjugation. Via its interaction with UBE2I/UBC9, increases SUMO conjugation to proteins by promoting the: binding of E1 and E2 enzymes, thioester linkage between SUMO and UBE2I/UBC9 and transfer of SUMO to specific target proteins which include HIF1A, PIAS, NFKBIA, NR3C1 and TOP1. Positively regulates the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway by enhancing the sumoylation of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA), promoting its stabilization which consequently leads to an increased inhibition of NF-kappa-B transcriptional activity. Negatively regulates the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1A) signaling pathway by increasing the sumoylation of HIF1A, promoting its stabilization, transcriptional activity and the expression of its target gene VEGFA during hypoxia. Has no effect on ubiquitination (By similarity).
Interacts with UBE2I/UBC9, NFKBIA, HIF1A and NCOA2.
The RWD domain is required for the sumoylation enhancement activity.
Mutarotase that catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-galactose and alpha-D-galactose during galactose metabolism. Beta-D-galactose is metabolized in the liver into glucose 1-phosphate, the primary metabolic fuel, by the action of four enzymes that constitute the Leloir pathway: GALM, GALK1 (galactokinase), GALT (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) and GALE (UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase). Involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium between the beta- and alpha-anomers of galactose, therefore ensuring a sufficient supply of the alpha-anomer for GALK1. Also active on D-glucose although shows a preference for galactose over glucose.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
Acetylation at Lys-105 and Lys-106 by ESCO1 is important for genome stability and S phase sister chromatid cohesion. Regulated by DSCC1, it is required for processive DNA synthesis, coupling sister chromatid cohesion establishment during S phase to DNA replication (By similarity). Deacetylation by HDAC8, regulates release of the cohesin complex from chromatin (By similarity).
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC3 subfamily.
Central component of cohesin, a complex required for chromosome cohesion during the cell cycle. The cohesin complex may form a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate. Cohesion is coupled to DNA replication and is involved in DNA repair. The cohesin complex also plays an important role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis and in chromosomes movement (By similarity).
Central component of cohesin, a complex required for chromosome cohesion during the cell cycle. The cohesin complex may form a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate. Cohesion is coupled to DNA replication and is involved in DNA repair. The cohesin complex also plays an important role in spindle pole assembly during mitosis and in chromosomes movement.
Forms a heterodimer with SMC1A or SMC1B in cohesin complexes. Cohesin complexes are composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or meiosis-specific SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their SMC hinge domain, RAD21 which link them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3), which interacts with RAD21. Also found in meiosis-specific cohesin complexes. Found in a complex with SMC1A, CDCA5 and RAD21, PDS5A/SCC-112 and PDS5B/APRIN. Interacts with MXI1, MXD3 and MXD4. Interacts with NUMA1, and forms a ternary complex with KIF3B and KIFAP3, suggesting a function in tethering the chromosomes to the spindle pole and a function in chromosome movement. Interacts with PDS5A and WAPL; regulated by SMC3 acetylation. Interacts (via SMC hinge domain) with KIAA1328 (via N- and C-terminal domains). Interacts with DDX11, SYCP2, RPGR and STAG3. The cohesin complex interacts with the cohesin loading complex subunits NIPBL/Scc2 (via HEAT repeats) and MAU2/Scc4. NIPBL directly contacts all members of the complex, RAD21, SMC1A/B, SMC3 and STAG1 (By similarity). Interacts with the NuRD complex component HDAC2; the interaction is direct (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at Ser-1083 in a SPO11-dependent manner.
The flexible SMC hinge domain, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, allows the heterotypic interaction with the corresponding domain of SMC1A or SMC1B, forming a V-shaped heterodimer. The two heads of the heterodimer are then connected by different ends of the cleavable RAD21 protein, forming a ring structure (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by the DCX(DCAF15) complex, leading to its degradation.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c family.
Belongs to the chemokine-like factor family.
Interacts with PD-L1/CD274 (via transmembrane domain); the interaction is direct. Interacts with CMTM4. Interacts with CD58, ARG1, ENO1 and TMPO.
Master regulator of recycling and plasma membrane expression of PD-L1/CD274, an immune inhibitory ligand critical for immune tolerance to self and antitumor immunity. Associates with both constitutive and IFNG-induced PD-L1/CD274 at recycling endosomes, where it protects PD-L1/CD274 from being targeted for lysosomal degradation, likely by preventing its ubiquitination. May stabilize PD-L1/CD274 expression on antigen presenting cells and potentiates inhibitory signaling by PDCD1/CD279, its receptor on T-cells, ultimately triggering T-cell anergy.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates several biological processes through the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of various target proteins. Ubiquitinates the caspases CASP8 and CASP10, promoting their proteasomal degradation, to negatively regulate cell death downstream of death domain receptors in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. May mediate 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of RIPK1 and its subsequent proteasomal degradation thereby indirectly regulating the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. Negatively regulates p53/TP53 through its direct ubiquitination and targeting to proteasomal degradation. Indirectly, may also negatively regulate p53/TP53 through ubiquitination and degradation of SFN. Mediates PPARGC1A proteasomal degradation probably through ubiquitination thereby indirectly regulating the metabolism of brown fat cells. Possibly involved in innate immunity, through 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of NOD1 and its subsequent proteasomal degradation.
Interacts with CASP8 and CASP10. Interacts with p53/TP53; involved in p53/TP53 ubiquitination. Interacts (via RING-type zinc finger) with MDM2; the interaction stabilizes MDM2. Interacts (via RING-type zinc finger) with PPARGC1A. Interacts with NOD1.
Proteolytically cleaved by caspases upon induction of apoptosis by TNF.
The FYVE-type zinc finger domain is required for localization and may confer affinity for cellular compartments enriched in phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate phospholipids.
The RING-type zinc finger is required for the ubiquitination of target proteins.
Belongs to the SelWTH family. Selenoprotein W subfamily.
Interacts with DPYSL2, PRDX1, YWHAB, YWHAG, HSP70 and HSP90.
Plays a role as a glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant. May be involved in a redox-related process. May play a role in the myopathies of selenium deficiency (By similarity).
Removes 5-oxoproline from various penultimate amino acid residues except L-proline.
Bifunctional enzyme catalyzing the last two steps of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT), which converts orotate to orotidine-5'-monophosphate (OMP), and orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODC), the terminal enzymatic reaction that decarboxylates OMP to uridine monophosphate (UMP).
Homodimer; dimerization is required for enzymatic activity.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the learning-associated protein family.
Homodimer and heterodimer. Able to interact with SPRED1 to form heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with RAS (By similarity). May interact with ZDHHC13 (via ANK repeats) and ZDHHC17 (via ANK repeats) (By similarity). Interacts with TESK1 (By similarity). Interacts with NF1 (By similarity).
Negatively regulates Ras signaling pathways and downstream activation of MAP kinases. Recruits and translocates NF1 to the cell membrane, thereby enabling NF1-dependent hydrolysis of active GTP-bound Ras to inactive GDP-bound Ras (By similarity). Inhibits fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-induced retinal lens fiber differentiation, probably by inhibiting FGF-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (By similarity). Inhibits TGFB-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelial cells (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Phosphorylated on tyrosine. Phosphorylation of Tyr-228 and Tyr-231 are required for ubiquitination.
Ubiquitinated; leading to degradation by the proteasome.
Interacts with MTA1. Interacts with CCAR2 (via N-terminus).
Protease that catalyzes two essential functions in the SUMO pathway. The first is the hydrolysis of an alpha-linked peptide bond at the C-terminal end of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) propeptides, SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 leading to the mature form of the proteins. The second is the deconjugation of SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 from targeted proteins, by cleaving an epsilon-linked peptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of the mature SUMO and the lysine epsilon-amino group of the target protein. Deconjugates SUMO1 from HIPK2. Deconjugates SUMO1 from HDAC1 and BHLHE40/DEC1, which decreases its transcriptional repression activity. Deconjugates SUMO1 from CLOCK, which decreases its transcriptional activation activity. Deconjugates SUMO2 from MTA1. Deconjugates SUMO2 from MTA1 (By similarity). Deconjugates SUMO1 from METTL3. Desumoylates CCAR2 which decreases its interaction with SIRT1. Deconjugates SUMO1 from GPS2.
Associates with spliceosomes. Associates with U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP and with U2 snRNP (By similarity).
Involved in spliceosome assembly (By similarity).
The Tudor domain mediates association with dimethylarginines, which are common in snRNP proteins.
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. CP2 subfamily.
Forms homohexamers via its SAM-like domain (By similarity). Interacts with MTA1; which is indispensable for TFCP2L1-mediated self-renewal-promoting effect and endoderm-inhibiting action (By similarity).
The Grh/CP2 DB domain is required for direct DNA-binding (By similarity). The Grh/CP2 DB domain is essential to maintain the undifferentiated state of embryonic stem cells (By similarity).
The SAM-like domain is required for homohexamerization (By similarity).
Transcription factor that facilitates establishment and maintenance of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (By similarity). With KLF2, acts as the major effector of self-renewal that mediates induction of pluripotency downstream of LIF/STAT3 and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling (By similarity). Required for normal duct development in the salivary gland and kidney (By similarity). Coordinates the development of the kidney collecting ducts intercalated (IC) and principal (PC) cells, which regulate acid-base and salt-water homeostasis, respectively (By similarity). Regulates the expression of IC genes including subunits B1 and D2 of the V-ATPase complex, OXGR1, CA12, SLC4A1, AQP6 and IC-specific transcription factor FOXI1 (By similarity). Regulates also the expression of JAG1 and subsequent notch signaling in the collecting duct (By similarity). JAG1 initiates notch signaling in PCs but inhibits notch signaling in ICs (By similarity). Acts as a transcriptional suppressor that may suppress UBP1-mediated transcriptional activation (By similarity). Modulates the placental expression of CYP11A1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. BRCC36 subfamily.
Component of the ARISC complex, at least composed of UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, at least composed of BRCA1, BARD1, UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. In the BRCA1-A complex, interacts directly with ABRAXAS1 and BABAM2. Component of the BRISC complex, at least composed of ABRAXAS2, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Identified in a complex with SHMT2 and the other subunits of the BRISC complex. In the BRISC complex, interacts directly with ABRAXAS2. Identified in a complex with ABRAXAS2 and NUMA1. The BRISC complex interacts with the CSN complex. Component of the BRCA1/BRCA2 containing complex (BRCC), which also contains BRCA1, BRCA2, BARD1, BABAM2 and RAD51. BRCC is a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex that enhances cellular survival following DNA damage. Interacts with BRCA1. Binds polyubiquitin (By similarity). Interacts with PWWP2B (By similarity). Interacts with HDAC1; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of PWWP2B (By similarity).
Component of the ARISC complex, at least composed of UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, at least composed of BRCA1, BARD1, UIMC1/RAP80, ABRAXAS1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. In the BRCA1-A complex, interacts directly with ABRAXAS1 and BABAM2. Component of the BRISC complex, at least composed of ABRAXAS2, BRCC3/BRCC36, BABAM2 and BABAM1/NBA1. Identified in a complex with SHMT2 and the other subunits of the BRISC complex. In the BRISC complex, interacts directly with ABRAXAS2. Identified in a complex with ABRAXAS2 and NUMA1. The BRISC complex interacts with the CSN complex. Component of the BRCA1/BRCA2 containing complex (BRCC), which also contains BRCA1, BRCA2, BARD1, BABAM2 and RAD51. BRCC is a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex that enhances cellular survival following DNA damage. Interacts with BRCA1. Binds polyubiquitin. Interacts with PWWP2B. Interacts with HDAC1; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of PWWP2B.
Metalloprotease that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the brca1-bard1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs). Catalytic subunit of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates. Mediates the specific 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination associated with the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), via the interaction of the BRISC complex with the CSN complex. The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating NUMA1.
Metalloprotease that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Does not have activity toward 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Component of the BRCA1-A complex, a complex that specifically recognizes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitinated histones H2A and H2AX at DNA lesions sites, leading to target the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer to sites of DNA damage at double-strand breaks (DSBs). In the BRCA1-A complex, it specifically removes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin on histones H2A and H2AX, antagonizing the RNF8-dependent ubiquitination at double-strand breaks (DSBs). Catalytic subunit of the BRISC complex, a multiprotein complex that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin in various substrates. Mediates the specific 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination associated with the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), via the interaction of the BRISC complex with the CSN complex. The BRISC complex is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and microtubule attachment to kinetochores via its role in deubiquitinating NUMA1. Plays a role in interferon signaling via its role in the deubiquitination of the interferon receptor IFNAR1; deubiquitination increases IFNAR1 activity by enhancing its stability and cell surface expression (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome by mediating deubiquitination of NLRP3, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly (By similarity). Down-regulates the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its role in IFNAR1 deubiquitination (By similarity). Deubiquitinates HDAC1 and PWWP2B leading to their stabilization (By similarity).
Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome. Found in a complex with m(7)G-capped U12 snRNA. Interacts with PDCD7 (By similarity).
Participates in pre-mRNA U12-dependent splicing, performed by the minor spliceosome which removes U12-type introns. U12-type introns comprises less than 1% of all non-coding sequences. Binds to the 3'-stem-loop of m(7)G-capped U12 snRNA (By similarity).
Telomere-binding protein that acts as a regulator of telomere length. Directly binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat. Preferentially binds to telomeres that have a low concentration of shelterin complex and acts as a regulator of telomere length by initiating telomere trimming, a process that prevents the accumulation of aberrantly long telomeres. Also acts as a transcription regulator that binds to promoter regions. Regulates expression of a small subset of genes, including MTFP1. Regulates expression the J and/or S elements in MHC II promoter. Acts as a negative regulator of cell proliferation by specifically activating expression of ARF, a tumor suppressor isoform of CDKN2A.
The C2H2-type zinc fingers mediate binding to the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats. The last C2H2-type zinc finger is required for telomeric-binding.
Belongs to the SOS response-associated peptidase family.
Glu-127 is involved in sensing abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). His-210 stabilizes the abasic sites by forming a hydrogen bond with the O4' hydroxyl group.
Interacts (via PIP-box motif) with PCNA.
Sensor of abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) required to preserve genome integrity by promoting error-free repair of abasic sites. Acts as an enzyme that recognizes and binds abasic sites in ssDNA at replication forks and chemically modifies the lesion by forming a covalent cross-link with DNA: forms a stable thiazolidine linkage between a ring-opened abasic site and the alpha-amino and sulfhydryl substituents of its N-terminal catalytic cysteine residue. The HMCES DNA-protein cross-link is then degraded by the proteasome. Promotes error-free repair of abasic sites by acting as a 'suicide' enzyme that is degraded, thereby protecting abasic sites from translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases and endonucleases that are error-prone and would generate mutations and double-strand breaks. Has preference for ssDNA, but can also accommodate double-stranded DNA with 3' or 5' overhang (dsDNA), and dsDNA-ssDNA 3' junction (By similarity). Also involved in class switch recombination (CSR) in B-cells independently of the formation of a DNA-protein cross-link: acts by binding and protecting ssDNA overhangs to promote DNA double-strand break repair through the microhomology-mediated alternative-end-joining (Alt-EJ) pathway. Acts as a protease: mediates autocatalytic processing of its N-terminal methionine in order to expose the catalytic cysteine (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated; the covalent HMCES DNA-protein cross-link is ubiquitinated, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases catalyze the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2F/RPB6 is part of the clamp element and together with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity).
In the intracellular compartments, may function as a channel or small molecule transporter.
Probable component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Interacts with nuclear export protein NXF1. Interacts with GLE1. Able to form a heterotrimer with NUP155 and GLE1 in vitro (By similarity). Interacts with XPO1 (By similarity).
Required for the export of mRNAs containing poly(A) tails from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The FG repeats are interaction sites for karyopherins (importins, exportins) and form probably an affinity gradient, guiding the transport proteins unidirectionally with their cargo through the NPC.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Homodimeric or heterodimeric through association with alpha and beta subunits, linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibins are heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunit. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of beta subunits only.
Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins.
Heterodimer with PPIH. Interacts with PRPF4 and with the spliceosome. Part of a complex containing U4/U6 snRNPs (By similarity).
Participates in the second step of pre-mRNA splicing.
Homodimer. Interacts with lysosomal protein GLMP (via lumenal domain); the interaction starts while both proteins are still in the endoplasmic reticulum and is required for stability and lysosomal localization of MFSD1.
Lysosomal transporter which is essential for liver homeostasis. Required to maintain stability and lysosomal localization of GLMP.
The dileucine internalization motif is required for lysosomal localization.
Belongs to the protein sulfotransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides, using 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as cosubstrate.
Binds 3 calcium ions via the second, third and fourth EF-hand.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with KCND2 (By similarity). Interacts in a calcium-independent manner with PI4KB (By similarity). This binding competes with CALN2/CABP7 binding to PI4KB (By similarity). Interacts in a calcium-dependent manner with PICK1 (via AH domain) (By similarity). Interacts with ARF1, ARF3, ARF5 and ARF6 (By similarity). Interacts with IL1RAPL1 (By similarity). Interacts with RIC8A; interaction is favored in the absence of Ca(2+) and myristoylation of NCS1 is not required (By similarity).
Neuronal calcium sensor, regulator of G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation in a calcium dependent manner. Directly regulates GRK1 (RHOK), but not GRK2 to GRK5. Can substitute for calmodulin (By similarity). Stimulates PI4KB kinase activity (By similarity). Involved in long-term synaptic plasticity through its interaction with PICK1 (By similarity). May also play a role in neuron differentiation through inhibition of the activity of N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (By similarity).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
May activate the lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates in a calcium- or magnesium-dependent manner. Preferentially hydrolyzes nucleoside 5'-triphosphates, with substrate preference for UTP > GTP > CTP. Hydrolyzes ATP and nucleoside diphosphates only to a minor extent.
Interacts with the latency-associated peptides (LAP) of TGFB1 and TGFB2; the interaction results in a decrease in TGFB autoinduction. Interacts with FLNA.
May have roles in neural function and cellular differentiation. Ectopic expression promotes axonal regeneration, induces differentiation of fibroblast into myofibroblast, induces myofibroblast ameboid migration, augments motility of gliomas, and increases retinoic-acid regulation of lipid-droplet biogenesis. Down-regulates the expression of TGFB1 and TGFB2 but not of TGFB3. May play a role in the regulation of alveolar generation.
Phosphorylated on Ser-59. Phosphorylation decreases stability and activity.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 9 family.
Associates with the RNA polymerase II complex.
Interacts with phosphorylated C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A, and participates in dephosphorylation of the CTD by RPAP2. May act as a negative regulator of cyclin-D1 (CCND1) and cyclin-E (CCNE1) in the cell cycle.
May form a heterodimer with RPRD1B. Associates with the RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A (via CTD phosphorylated at 'Ser-2' and 'Ser-7' of the heptad repeats).
Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, composed of TBP and at least TAF1A, TAF1B, TAF1C and TAF1D. Interacts with UBTF (By similarity).
Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, which is involved in the assembly of the PIC (preinitiation complex) during RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription. The rate of PIC formation probably is primarily dependent on the rate of association of SL1/TIF-IB with the rDNA promoter. SL1/TIF-IB is involved in stabilization of nucleolar transcription factor 1/UBTF on rDNA. Formation of SL1/TIF-IB excludes the association of TBP with TFIID subunits (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
May play a role in motor coordination and exploratory behavior.
RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events.
Functions in an early step of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Has both a membrane binding/bending activity and the ability to recruit proteins essential to the formation of functional clathrin-coated pits. Has a lipid-binding activity with a preference for membranes enriched in phosphatidylserine and phosphoinositides (Pi(4,5) biphosphate) like the plasma membrane. Its membrane-bending activity might be important for the subsequent action of clathrin and adaptors in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles. Involved in adaptor protein complex AP-2-dependent endocytosis of the transferrin receptor, it also functions in the AP-2-independent endocytosis of the LDL receptor (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. May form homotetramer. Interacts with AP2A1. Interacts with EPS15, EPS15R, ITSN1 and ITSN2; recruit those scaffolding proteins which in turn may interact with the adaptor protein complex AP-2 at the plasma membrane. Interacts with DAB2 (via DPF motifs); mediates LDL receptor/LDLR endocytosis (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated. Mainly undergoes monoubiquitination but also polyubiquitination (By similarity).
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. GMF subfamily.
Phosphorylated; stimulated by phorbol ester.
This protein causes differentiation of brain cells, stimulation of neural regeneration, and inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Binds to MLF1, recruiting a serine kinase which phosphorylates both itself and MLF1 (By similarity). Phosphorylated MLF1 binds to YWHAZ and is retained in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Interacts with ELOC/TCEB1, ELOB/TCEB2, TSC22D2 and TSC22D4 (By similarity). Interacts with the Elongin BC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex via its interaction with ELOB/TCEB2 and ELOC/TCEB1 (By similarity). Interacts with SALL4 (By similarity).
Required for embryonic development (By similarity). Plays a role in intestinal epithelial cell fate and proliferation, thereby involved in the architectural development of the intestine potentially via the regulation of Wnt-responsive genes (By similarity). May play a role in subcellular trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus through interactions with the Rho-type GTPases (By similarity).
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
Belongs to the histone-like Alba family.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP complexes. RNase P consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and 10 different protein chains; POP1, POP4, POP5, POP7, RPP14, RPP21, RPP25, RPP30, RPP38 and RPP40. Within the RNase P complex, POP1, POP7 and RPP25 form the 'finger' subcomplex, POP5, RPP14, RPP40 and homodimeric RPP30 form the 'palm' subcomplex, and RPP21, POP4 and RPP38 form the 'wrist' subcomplex. All subunits of the RNase P complex interact with the catalytic RNA. Several subunits of RNase P are also part of the RNase MRP complex. RNase MRP consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and about 8 protein subunits; POP1, POP7, RPP25, RPP30, RPP38, RPP40 and possibly also POP4 and POP5. Interacts with SMN1. POP7 forms a heterodimer with RPP25 that binds to the P3 stem loop of the catalytic RNA.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends. Also a component of the MRP ribonuclease complex, which cleaves pre-rRNA sequences.
Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator plays a dual role for the small GTPases Rag (RagA/RRAGA, RagB/RRAGB, RagC/RRAGC and/or RagD/RRAGD): it (1) acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), activating the small GTPases Rag and (2) mediates recruitment of Rag GTPases to the lysosome membrane. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated (By similarity). Adapter protein that enhances the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade facilitating the activation of MAPK2 (By similarity).
Part of the Ragulator complex composed of LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3, LAMTOR4 and LAMTOR5. LAMTOR4 and LAMTOR5 form a heterodimer that interacts, through LAMTOR1, with a LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3 heterodimer. Interacts with LAMTOR1 and LAMTOR2; the interaction is direct. The Ragulator complex interacts with both the mTORC1 complex and heterodimers constituted of the Rag GTPases RagA/RRAGA, RagB/RRAGB, RagC/RRAGC and RagD/RRAGD; regulated by amino acid availability. The Ragulator complex interacts with SLC38A9; the probable amino acid sensor. Component of the lysosomal folliculin complex (LFC), composed of FLCN, FNIP1 (or FNIP2), RagA/RRAGA or RagB/RRAGB GDP-bound, RagC/RRAGC or RagD/RRAGD GTP-bound, and Ragulator (By similarity). Interacts with MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAPK2 (By similarity). Interacts with MORG1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. The gamma subunit protrudes into the catalytic domain formed of alpha(3)beta(3). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Interacts with TMEM39A (By similarity). Interacts with SEC23A and SEC24A; this interaction is reduced in the absence of TMEM39A (By similarity). Interacts with PLEKHA3 and VAPA and/or VAPB to form a ternary complex (By similarity).
Phosphoinositide phosphatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and has low activity towards phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) (By similarity). Shows a very robust PtdIns(4)P phosphatase activity when it binds PtdIns(4)P in a 'cis' configuration in the cellular environment, with much less activity seen when it binds PtdIns(4)P in 'trans' configuration (By similarity). PtdIns(4)P phosphatase activity (when it binds PtdIns(4)P in 'trans' configuration) is enhanced in the presence of PLEKHA3 (By similarity).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs.
Has depalmitoylating activity toward KCNMA1. Does not exhibit phospholipase nor triacylglycerol lipase activity, able to hydrolyze only short chain substrates due to its shallow active site (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Belongs to the MORF4 family-associated protein family.
Found in a complex composed of MORF4L1, MRFAP1 and RB1. Interacts via its N-terminus with MORF4L1. Interacts with CSTB and MORF4L2 (By similarity).
Probable disulfide isomerase, which participates in the folding of proteins containing disulfide bonds. May act as a dithiol oxidase (By similarity).
Binds with low affinity to dsDNA and ssRNA, and with high affinity to dsRNA, with no detectable sequence specificity.
Forms a heteromeric complex with XPO5 and ILF3. Found in a nuclear export complex with XPO5, RAN, ILF3, ZNF346 and double-stranded RNA. Interacts with XPO5. Interacts with ILF3 in an RNA-independent manner (By similarity).
The zinc-finger domains are required for binding to dsRNA, and also for nuclear localization.
Receptor specific to the heptapeptide core common to adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Plays a central role in energy homeostasis and somatic growth. This receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase (cAMP).
Composed of two functionally independent domains. The N-terminal domain forms a hydrophobic cleft involved in microtubule binding and the C-terminal is involved in the formation of mutually exclusive complexes with APC and DCTN1 (By similarity).
Interacts with DCTN1. Interacts with APC (via C-terminal). Interacts with monomeric and polymerized tubulin. Interacts with SLAIN1. Interacts (via the N-terminal region) with BAG1 (By similarity).
May be involved in microtubule polymerization, and spindle function by stabilizing microtubules and anchoring them at centrosomes. May play a role in cell migration (By similarity).
This protein is synthesized with ribosomal S30 as its C-terminal extension.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase light chain subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic heavy chain and a regulatory light chain.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL46 family.
Binds RPS6KA3, MAPK3 and MAPK1. Interacts with CASP8 and FADD. Transient interaction with PLD1 and PLD2 (By similarity).
Blocks Ras-mediated inhibition of integrin activation and modulates the ERK MAP kinase cascade. Inhibits RPS6KA3 activities by retaining it in the cytoplasm. Inhibits both TNFRSF6- and TNFRSF1A-mediated CASP8 activity and apoptosis. Regulates glucose transport by controlling both the content of SLC2A1 glucose transporters on the plasma membrane and the insulin-dependent trafficking of SLC2A4 from the cell interior to the surface (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by protein kinase C and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. These phosphorylation events are modulated by neurotransmitters or hormones (By similarity).
Receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Upon ligand binding, this G-protein-coupled receptor triggers activation of the phosphatidylinositol (IP3)-calcium-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway.
Interacts with POC1A. Interacts with FAM161A. Interacts with CEP44; the interaction is direct and recruits POC1B to centriolar microtubules.
Phosphorylated in mitotic cells that may be mediated by CDK1.
Plays an important role in centriole assembly and/or stability and ciliogenesis. Involved in early steps of centriole duplication, as well as in the later steps of centriole length control. Acts in concert with POC1A to ensure centriole integrity and proper mitotic spindle formation. Required for primary cilia formation, ciliary length and also cell proliferation. Required for retinal integrity.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 6 family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFC1 subunit family.
Interacts with ACTB. Interacts with COMMD1; this interaction stabilizes COMMD1 in the nucleus. Interacts with MAP1A. Interacts with PRDX1 (By similarity). Interacts with F-actin (By similarity).
Stress-inducible actin-binding protein that plays a role in synaptic and cognitive functions by modulating actin filamentous (F-actin) dynamics. Mediates polymerization of globular actin to F-actin. Also binds to, stabilizes and bundles F-actin. Involved in synaptic function by regulating neurite outgrowth in an actin-dependent manner and for the acquisition of hippocampus-dependent cognitive function, such as learning and long-term memory (By similarity). Plays a role in the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton organization; negatively regulates focal adhesion (FA) assembly promoting malignant glial cell migration in an actin-, microtubule- and MAP1A-dependent manner. Also involved in neuroblastoma G1/S phase cell cycle progression and cell proliferation inhibition by stimulating ubiquitination of NF-kappa-B subunit RELA and NF-kappa-B degradation in a COMMD1- and actin-dependent manner. May play a role in tumor development (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Ser-197 by active myristoylated kinase AKT2; insulin-stimulated phosphorylation by AKT2 regulates SLC2A4/GLUT4 translocation into the plasma membrane.
Required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 translocation from intracellular glucose storage vesicle (GSV) to the plasma membrane (PM) in adipocytes. Binds phospholipid membranes in a calcium-dependent manner and is necessary for the optimal membrane fusion between SLC2A4/GLUT4 GSV and the PM.
The C2 domain binds to calcium and membrane lipids.
Myristoylated in vitro; myristoylation is not essential for protein targeting to Golgi compartment.
Necessary for correct organization of Golgi apparatus. Involved in bone development.
Adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (gamma-type subunit AP1G1 and beta-type subunit AP1B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP1M1 or AP1M2) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP1S1 or AP1S2 or AP1S3) (By similarity). Interacts (via GAE domain) with RABEP1 (By similarity). Interacts with EPS15 (By similarity). Interacts with SYNRG/gamma-synergin (By similarity). Interacts (via GAE domain) with AP1AR (via coiled-coil domain) (By similarity). Interacts with CLN3 (via dileucine motif); this interaction facilitates lysosomal targeting (By similarity). Interacts (via GAE domain) with AFTPH/aftiphilin; the interaction is required to recruit AFTPH/aftiphilin to the perinuclear region of the cell (By similarity).
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. In association with AFTPH/aftiphilin in the aftiphilin/p200/gamma-synergin complex, involved in the trafficking of transferrin from early to recycling endosomes, and the membrane trafficking of furin and the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes (By similarity).
Allosteric activation by glucose-6-phosphate. Phosphorylation reduces the activity towards UDP-glucose. When in the non-phosphorylated state, glycogen synthase does not require glucose-6-phosphate as an allosteric activator; when phosphorylated it does (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 3 family.
Phosphorylation at Ser-8 by AMPK inactivates the enzyme activity. Primed phosphorylation at Ser-657 (site 5) by CSNK2A1 and CSNK2A2 is required for inhibitory phosphorylation at Ser-641 (site 3a), Ser-645 (site 3b), Ser-649 (site 3c) and Ser-653 (site 4) by GSK3A an GSK3B. Phosphorylated at Ser-641 by PASK, leading to inactivation; phosphorylation by PASK is inhibited by glycogen. Phosphorylated at Ser-641 by DYRK2, leading to inactivation. Dephosphorylation at Ser-641 and Ser-645 by PP1 activates the enzyme (By similarity).
Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan.
RNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA alternative splicing. Mediates exon inclusion and/or exclusion in pre-mRNA that are subject to tissue-specific and developmentally regulated alternative splicing. Specifically activates exon 5 inclusion of cardiac isoforms of TNNT2 during heart remodeling at the juvenile to adult transition. Promotes exclusion of both the smooth muscle (SM) and non-muscle (NM) exons in actinin pre-mRNAs. Activates the splicing of MAPT/Tau exon 10. Binds to muscle-specific splicing enhancer (MSE) intronic sites flanking the alternative exon 5 of TNNT2 pre-mRNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex. Interacts with ENO1, PITX1, SF1, TRAPPC2L and TRAPPC3.
Prevents ENO1-mediated transcriptional repression and antagonizes ENO1-mediated cell death. May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi (By similarity).
Autoubiquitinated as component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (in vitro).
Core component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1. MAEA and RMND5A are both required for catalytic activity of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. MAEA is required for normal cell proliferation. The CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is not required for the degradation of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, such as FBP1 (By similarity). Plays a role in erythroblast enucleation during erythrocyte maturation and in the development of mature macrophages (By similarity). Mediates the attachment of erythroid cell to mature macrophages; this MAEA-mediated contact inhibits erythroid cell apoptosis (By similarity). Participates in erythroblastic island formation, which is the functional unit of definitive erythropoiesis. Associates with F-actin to regulate actin distribution in erythroblasts and macrophages (By similarity). May contribute to nuclear architecture and cells division events (By similarity).
Identified in the CTLH complex that contains GID4, RANBP9 and/or RANBP10, MKLN1, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, ARMC8, WDR26 and YPEL5. Within this complex, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, WDR26, and RANBP9 and/or RANBP10 form the catalytic core, while GID4, MKLN1, ARMC8 and YPEL5 have ancillary roles. Interacts with F-actin.
The expected RING-type zinc finger domain is highly divergent and most of the expected Cys residues are not conserved. Still, the protein is required for CTLH complex E3 ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. In addition, the conserved Cys-314 in this highly divergent region is required for ubiquitination by the yeast GID complex, suggesting a direct role in catalyzing ubiquitination.
Promotes adhesion of endothelial cells through interaction with the alpha-v/beta-3 integrin receptor. Inhibits formation of vascular-like structures. May be involved in regulation of vascular morphogenesis of remodeling in embryonic development (By similarity).
Mitochondrial scaffold protein, of the core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex, that provides the structural architecture on which the [2Fe-2S] clusters are assembled. The core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex is involved in the de novo synthesis of a [2Fe-2S] cluster, the first step of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein biogenesis. This process is initiated by the cysteine desulfurase complex (NFS1:LYRM4:NDUFAB1) that produces persulfide which is delivered on the scaffold protein ISCU in a FXN-dependent manner. Then this complex is stabilized by FDX2 which provides reducing equivalents to accomplish the [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly. Finally, the [2Fe-2S] cluster is transferred from ISCU to chaperone proteins, including HSCB, HSPA9 and GLRX5. Exists as two slow interchanging conformational states, a structured (S) and disordered (D) form. May modulate NFS1 desulfurase activity in a zinc-dependent manner. Modulates the interaction between FXN and the cysteine desulfurase complex.
May play a role in the response to environmental stress. Appears to act upstream of the JUN N-terminal pathway.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex (By similarity). OST exists in two different complex forms which contain common core subunits RPN1, RPN2, OST48, OST4, DAD1 and TMEM258, either STT3A or STT3B as catalytic subunits, and form-specific accessory subunits (By similarity). STT3A complex assembly occurs through the formation of 3 subcomplexes. Subcomplex 1 contains RPN1 and TMEM258, subcomplex 2 contains the STT3A-specific subunits STT3A, DC2/OSTC, and KCP2 as well as the core subunit OST4, and subcomplex 3 contains RPN2, DAD1, and OST48. The STT3A complex can form stable complexes with the Sec61 complex or with both the Sec61 and TRAP complexes. Interacts with DDI2 (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM35A/NACHO (By similarity).
Found in high and low molecular mass forms. Each consists of two chains, A and B. The high molecular mass form contains a long chain A which is cleaved to yield a short chain A. Forms heterodimer with SERPINA5. Binds LRP1B; binding is followed by internalization and degradation. Interacts with MRC2. Interacts with PLAUR. In complex with SERPINE1, interacts with PLAUR/uPAR. Interacts with SORL1 and LRP1, either alone or in complex with SERPINE1; these interactions are abolished in the presence of LRPAP1/RAP. The ternary complex composed of PLAUR-PLAU-PAI1 also interacts with SORLA.
Phosphorylation of Ser-158 and Ser-323 abolishes proadhesive ability but does not interfere with receptor binding.
Produced as an inactive single-chain protein (pro-uPA or sc-uPA), is processed into the active disulfide-linked two-chain form of PLAU/uPA by a proteolytic event mediated, at least, by TMPRSS4.
Specifically cleaves the zymogen plasminogen to form the active enzyme plasmin.
Probable component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. Catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanine with 2 carbon atoms from pyruvate to form the tricyclic 4-demethylwyosine, an intermediate in wybutosine biosynthesis (By similarity).
Probable component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. Catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanine with 2 carbon atoms from pyruvate to form the tricyclic 4-demethylwyosine, an intermediate in wybutosine biosynthesis.
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. The MVB pathway appears to require the sequential function of ESCRT-O, -I,-II and -III complexes. ESCRT-III proteins mostly dissociate from the invaginating membrane before the ILV is released. The ESCRT machinery also functions in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, such as the terminal stages of cytokinesis and the budding of enveloped viruses (lentiviruses). ESCRT-III proteins are believed to mediate the necessary vesicle extrusion and/or membrane fission activities, possibly in conjunction with the AAA ATPase VPS4. Involved in cytokinesis. Involved in recruiting VPS4A and/or VPS4B to the midbody of dividing cells. May also be involved in chromosome condensation. Targets the Polycomb group (PcG) protein BMI1/PCGF4 to regions of condensed chromatin. May play a role in stable cell cycle progression and in PcG gene silencing (By similarity).
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III). ESCRT-III components are thought to multimerize to form a flat lattice on the perimeter membrane of the endosome. Several assembly forms of ESCRT-III may exist that interact and act sequentially. Self-associates. Interacts with CHMP1B. Interacts with VPS4A. Interacts with VPS4B. Interacts with PHF1. Interacts with IST1. Interacts with MITD1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-associated protein that probably functions as a regulator of cellular redox state and thereby regulates protein post-translational modification, protein folding and mitochondrial activity. Indirectly regulates neuronal proliferation, migration, and organization in the developing brain.
Monomer (By similarity). Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Occurs in both reduced and oxidized monomeric form (By similarity). Oxidative conditions increase homodimerization (By similarity). Interacts with CANX (By similarity). Interacts with ATP2A2 (By similarity).
The thioredoxin domain lacks the 2 redox-active cysteines, suggesting that it lacks thioredoxin activity.
Adds the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol (By similarity).
Negatively regulates nitric oxide production by inducing NOS1 and NOS3 translocation to actin cytoskeleton and inhibiting their enzymatic activity.
Component of the MIS12 complex composed of MIS12, DSN1, NSL1 and PMF1. Also interacts with KNL1, CBX3, CBX5, NDC80 and ZWINT.
Part of the MIS12 complex which is required for normal chromosome alignment and segregation and for kinetochore formation during mitosis. Essential for proper kinetochore microtubule attachments.
Plays a major role in formation of tooth enamel. Specifically required during the maturation phase of amelogenesis for normal formation of the enamel matrix and clearance of enamel proteins. May be involved in localization of the calcium transporter SLC24A4 to the ameloblast cell membrane.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits, a base containing 6 ATPases including PSMC2 and few additional components. Interacts with NDC80/HEC; this interaction is detected only during M phase. Interacts and SQSTM1. Interacts with PAAF1. Directly interacts with TRIM5.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC2 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins that unfolds ubiquitinated target proteins that are concurrently translocated into a proteolytic chamber and degraded into peptides.
Phosphorylated. Dephosphorylated by UBLCP1 which impairs PSMC2 ATPase activity and disrupts 26S proteasome assembly.
Binds to scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) DNA and forms a molecular assembly point to allow the formation of a 'transcriptosomal' complex (consisting of SR proteins and RNA polymerase II) coupling transcription and RNA processing (By similarity). Functions as an estrogen receptor corepressor and can also bind to the HSP27 promoter and decrease its transcription (By similarity). Thereby acts as a negative regulator of cell proliferation (By similarity). When associated with RBMX, binds to and stimulates transcription from the SREBF1 promoter (By similarity).
Monomer and homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with KHDRBS3 (By similarity). Interacts with CLK2 (By similarity). Interacts with POLR2A, ASF/SRSF1, SRp30c/SRFS9 and TRA2B/SFRS10 (By similarity). Interacts with SRPK1 and inhibits its activity (By similarity). Interacts with RBMX (By similarity). Interacts with FUS (By similarity). Interacts with ZBED4 (By similarity).
Sumoylated by PIAS1 with SUMO1 and SUMO2/3, desumoylated by SENP1. Sumoylation is required for transcriptional repressor activity.
Sperm surface zona pellucida binding protein. Helps to bind spermatozoa to the zona pellucida with high affinity. Might function in binding zona pellucida and carbohydrates.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 29 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, which is composed of MED1, MED4, MED6, MED7, MED8, MED9, MED10, MED11, MED12, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED18, MED19, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED26, MED27, MED29, MED30, MED31, CCNC, CDK8 and CDC2L6/CDK11. The MED12, MED13, CCNC and CDK8 subunits form a distinct module termed the CDK8 module. Mediator containing the CDK8 module is less active than Mediator lacking this module in supporting transcriptional activation. Individual preparations of the Mediator complex lacking one or more distinct subunits have been variously termed ARC, CRSP, DRIP, PC2, SMCC and TRAP. Associates with the MED18/MED20 heteromer (By similarity).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. NudC subfamily.
Homodimer (By similarity). Homodimerization is essential for its catalytic activity and protein stability (By similarity). Interacts (via ANK repeats) with BLMH (By similarity).
mRNA decapping enzyme that specifically removes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of mRNAs by hydrolyzing the diphosphate linkage to produce nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and 5' monophosphate mRNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs; in contrast to the canonical N7 methylguanosine (m7G) cap, the NAD cap promotes mRNA decay. Preferentially acts on NAD-capped transcripts in response to nutrient stress (By similarity). Also acts on free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide molecules: hydrolyzes NAD(H) into NMN(H) and AMP, and NADPH into NMNH and 2',5'-ADP. May act to regulate the concentration of peroxisomal nicotinamide nucleotide cofactors required for oxidative metabolism in this organelle (By similarity). Regulates the levels of circadian clock components PER1, PER2, PER3 and CRY2 in the liver (By similarity).
Activity is increased by EGF, HGF, FGF1 or FGF2 treatments, and slightly decreased by NGF treatment.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA. Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Sm D1 (SNRPD1) and Sm D3 (SNRPD3); such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles. Methylates SUPT5H and may regulate its transcriptional elongation properties (By similarity). May methylate the N-terminal region of MBD2 (By similarity). Mono- and dimethylates arginine residues of myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. May play a role in cytokine-activated transduction pathways. Negatively regulates cyclin E1 promoter activity and cellular proliferation. Methylates histone H2A and H4 'Arg-3' during germ cell development (By similarity). Methylates histone H3 'Arg-8', which may repress transcription (By similarity). Methylates the Piwi proteins (PIWIL1, PIWIL2 and PIWIL4), methylation of Piwi proteins being required for the interaction with Tudor domain-containing proteins and subsequent localization to the meiotic nuage (By similarity). Methylates RPS10. Attenuates EGF signaling through the MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway acting at 2 levels. First, monomethylates EGFR; this enhances EGFR 'Tyr-1197' phosphorylation and PTPN6 recruitment, eventually leading to reduced SOS1 phosphorylation. Second, methylates RAF1 and probably BRAF, hence destabilizing these 2 signaling proteins and reducing their catalytic activity. Required for induction of E-selectin and VCAM-1, on the endothelial cells surface at sites of inflammation. Methylates HOXA9. Methylates and regulates SRGAP2 which is involved in cell migration and differentiation (By similarity). Acts as a transcriptional corepressor in CRY1-mediated repression of the core circadian component PER1 by regulating the H4R3 dimethylation at the PER1 promoter (By similarity). Methylates GM130/GOLGA2, regulating Golgi ribbon formation. Methylates H4R3 in genes involved in glioblastomagenesis in a CHTOP- and/or TET1-dependent manner. Symmetrically methylates POLR2A, a modification that allows the recruitment to POLR2A of proteins including SMN1/SMN2 and SETX. This is required for resolving RNA-DNA hybrids created by RNA polymerase II, that form R-loop in transcription terminal regions, an important step in proper transcription termination. Along with LYAR, binds the promoter of gamma-globin HBG1/HBG2 and represses its expression. Symmetrically methylates NCL. Methylates p53/TP53; methylation might possibly affect p53/TP53 target gene specificity (By similarity). Involved in spliceosome maturation and mRNA splicing in prophase I spermatocytes through the catalysis of the symmetrical arginine dimethylation of SNRPB (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein) and the interaction with tudor domain-containing protein TDRD6 (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family.
Forms, at least, homodimers and homotetramers. Component of the methylosome complex, composed of PRMT5, WDR77 and CLNS1A. Found in a complex composed of PRMT5, WDR77 and RIOK1. RIOK1 and CLNS1A associate with PRMT5 in a mutually exclusive fashion, which allows the recruitment of distinct methylation substrates, such as nucleolin/NCL and Sm proteins, respectively (By similarity). Interacts with PRDM1 (By similarity). Identified in a complex composed of methylosome and PRMT1 and ERH. Interacts with EGFR; methylates EGFR and stimulates EGFR-mediated ERK activation. Interacts with HOXA9. Interacts with SRGAP2. Found in a complex with COPRS, RUNX1 and CBFB. Interacts with CHTOP; the interaction symmetrically methylates CHTOP, but seems to require the presence of PRMT1. Interacts with EPB41L3; this modulates methylation of target proteins. Component of a high molecular weight E2F-pocket protein complex, CERC (cyclin E1 repressor complex). Associates with SWI/SNF remodeling complexes containing SMARCA2 and SMARCA4. Interacts with JAK2, SSTR1, SUPT5H, BRAF and with active RAF1. Interacts with LSM11, PRMT7 and SNRPD3. Interacts with COPRS; promoting its recruitment on histone H4. Interacts with CLNS1A/pICln. Identified in a complex with CLNS1A/pICln and Sm proteins. Interacts with RPS10. Interacts with WDR77. Interacts with IWS1. Interacts with CRY1. Interacts with POLR2A. Interacts with SMN1/SMN2. Interacts with LYAR; this interaction is direct. Interacts with TTC5/STRAP; this interaction is DNA damage-dependent and promotes PRMT5 interaction with p53/TP53. Interacts with p53/TP53 in response to DNA damage; the interaction is TTC5/STRAP dependent. Interacts with FAM47E; the interaction is direct, promotes PRMT5 localization to chromatin, and does not disrupt its association with WDR77 or STUB1 (By similarity). Interacts with TDRD6 (By similarity). Interacts with STUB1 (By similarity). Interacts with MBD2 (By similarity). Does not interact with MBD3 (By similarity).
Plays a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity).
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR2 (By similarity). Signals through binding and activation of CCR2 and induces a strong chemotactic response and mobilization of intracellular calcium ions (By similarity). Exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils but not neutrophils or eosinophils (By similarity). Plays an important role in mediating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain (By similarity). Increases NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in both dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-containing neurons, which may be caused by MAPK/ERK-dependent phosphorylation of GRIN2B/NMDAR2B (By similarity).
Monomer or homodimer; in equilibrium. Is tethered on endothelial cells by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans. Interacts with TNFAIP6 (via Link domain).
Processing at the N-terminus can regulate receptor and target cell selectivity (By similarity). Deletion of the N-terminal residue converts it from an activator of basophil to an eosinophil chemoattractant (By similarity).
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic13 family.
Deubiquitinase that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'- and linear 'Met-1'-linked polyubiquitin chains and is involved in NF-kappa-B activation and TNF-alpha-induced necroptosis. Negatively regulates NF-kappa-B activation by deubiquitinating upstream signaling factors. Contributes to the regulation of cell survival, proliferation and differentiation via its effects on NF-kappa-B activation. Negative regulator of Wnt signaling. Inhibits HDAC6 and thereby promotes acetylation of alpha-tubulin and stabilization of microtubules. Plays a role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics, and thereby contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation, cell polarization, cell migration, and angiogenesis. Required for normal cell cycle progress and normal cytokinesis. Inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B. Plays a role in the regulation of inflammation and the innate immune response, via its effects on NF-kappa-B activation (By similarity). Dispensable for the maturation of intrathymic natural killer cells, but required for the continued survival of immature natural killer cells. Negatively regulates TNFRSF11A signaling and osteoclastogenesis. Involved in the regulation of ciliogenesis, allowing ciliary basal bodies to migrate and dock to the plasma membrane; this process does not depend on NF-kappa-B activation (By similarity). Ability to remove linear ('Met-1'-linked) polyubiquitin chains regulates innate immunity and TNF-alpha-induced necroptosis: recruited to the LUBAC complex via interaction with SPATA2 and restricts linear polyubiquitin formation on target proteins. Regulates innate immunity by restricting linear polyubiquitin formation on RIPK2 in response to NOD2 stimulation (By similarity). Involved in TNF-alpha-induced necroptosis by removing linear ('Met-1'-linked) polyubiquitin chains from RIPK1, thereby regulating the kinase activity of RIPK1 (By similarity). Negatively regulates intestinal inflammation by removing 'Lys-63' linked polyubiquitin chain of NLRP6, thereby reducing the interaction between NLRP6 and PYCARD/ASC and formation of the NLRP6 inflammasome (By similarity). Removes 'Lys-63' linked polyubiquitin chain of MAP3K7, which inhibits phosphorylation and blocks downstream activation of the JNK-p38 kinase cascades (By similarity). Removes also 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains of MAP3K1 and MA3P3K3, which inhibit their interaction with MAP2K1 and MAP2K2 (By similarity).
Interacts (via CAP-Gly domain) with IKBKG/NEMO (via proline-rich C-terminal region). Interacts with TRAF2 and TRIP. Interacts with PLK1, DVL1, DVL3, MAVS, TBK1, IKKE and RIGI. Interacts (via CAP-Gly domain) with microtubules. Interacts with HDAC6 and BCL3 (By similarity). Interacts with MAP3K7. Identified in a complex with TRAF6 and SQSTM1 (By similarity). Interacts with OPTN and SQSTM1 (By similarity). Interacts with CEP350. Interacts with RNF31; the interaction is indirect and is mediated via SPATA2. Interacts with SPATA2 (via the PUB domain); the interaction is direct and recruits CYLD to the LUBAC complex, thereby regulating TNF-alpha-induced necroptosis (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on several serine residues by IKKA and/or IKKB in response to immune stimuli. Phosphorylation requires IKBKG. Phosphorylation abolishes TRAF2 deubiquitination, interferes with the activation of Jun kinases, and strongly reduces CD40-dependent gene activation by NF-kappa-B (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated. Polyubiquitinated in hepatocytes treated with palmitic acid. Ubiquitination is mediated by E3 ligase TRIM47 and leads to proteasomal degradation.
Among the sulfation sites Tyr-174 is essential for binding of C3a anaphylatoxin.
Interacts with VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 (By similarity).
Interacts with VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21.
Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C3a. This receptor stimulates chemotaxis, granule enzyme release and superoxide anion production (By similarity).
Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C3a. This receptor stimulates chemotaxis, granule enzyme release and superoxide anion production.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-3 subfamily.
Interacts with the TIM23 complex (By similarity). Directly interacts with PAM16/MAGMAS; this interaction counteracts DNAJC15-dependent stimulation of HSPA9 ATPase activity. Associates with complex I of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain; this interaction may interfere with the formation of supercomplexes that facilitate the transfer of electrons between complexes (By similarity).
Negative regulator of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Prevents mitochondrial hyperpolarization state and restricts mitochondrial generation of ATP. Acts as an import component of the TIM23 translocase complex. Stimulates the ATPase activity of HSPA9 (By similarity).
The C-terminal part of the hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis activity that results in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (N-product and C-product). In addition, the C-terminal part displays a cholesterol transferase activity that results by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product.
The dually lipidated hedgehog protein N-product is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development.
Component of the RNF20/40 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that mediates monoubiquitination of 'Lys-120' of histone H2B (H2BK120ub1). H2BK120ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation (H3K4me and H3K79me, respectively). It thereby plays a central role in histone code and gene regulation. The RNF20/40 complex forms a H2B ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 enzyme UBE2A or UBE2B; reports about the cooperation with UBE2E1/UBCH are contradictory. Required for transcriptional activation of Hox genes.
Component of the RNF20/40 complex (also known as BRE1 complex) probably composed of 2 copies of RNF20/BRE1A and 2 copies of RNF40/BRE1B. Interacts with UBE2E1/UBCH6. Interacts with RB1 and WAC.
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Interacts (in GTP-bound form) with ZFYVE1 (By similarity). Interacts with ZW10 and this interaction is enhanced in the presence of ZFYVE1 (By similarity). Interacts with BSCL2 (By similarity).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes (By similarity). Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different sets of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion (By similarity). Required for the localization of ZFYVE1 to lipid droplets and for its function in mediating the formation of endoplasmic reticulum-lipid droplets (ER-LD) contacts (By similarity). Also required for maintaining endoplasmic reticulum structure (By similarity). Plays a role in apical endocytosis/recycling (By similarity). Plays a key role in eye and brain development and neurodegeneration (By similarity).
Might be involved in growth regulation, and in myelinization in the peripheral nervous system.
Ubiquitinated by the DCX(DCAF13) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, leading to its degradation.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. LYRM9 subfamily.
Associated with ribosomes but is not required for canonical ribosome function and has extra-ribosomal functions. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma activation and subsequent phosphorylation dissociates from the ribosome and assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation. In the GAIT complex interacts with m7G cap-bound eIF4G at or near the eIF3-binding site and blocks the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex. Involved in methylation of rRNA.
Component of the 60S ribosome. Component of the GAIT complex. Interacts with EIF4G1.
Phosphorylation at Ser-77 upon interferon-gamma treatment in macrophages involves a DAPK1-DAPK3 kinase cascade and is causing release from the ribosome, association with the GAIT complex and subsequent involvement in transcript-selective translation inhibition.
Key player in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control. Once released into the circulation, has central and peripheral effects by binding LEPR, found in many tissues, which results in the activation of several major signaling pathways. In the hypothalamus, acts as an appetite-regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal hormones. In the periphery, increases basal metabolism, influences reproductive function, regulates pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin secretion, is pro-angiogenic for endothelial cell and affects innate and adaptive immunity. In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, activates by depolarization POMC neurons inducing FOS and SOCS3 expression to release anorexigenic peptides and inhibits by hyperpolarization NPY neurons inducing SOCS3 with a consequent reduction on release of orexigenic peptides. In addition to its known satiety inducing effect, has a modulatory role in nutrient absorption. In the intestine, reduces glucose absorption by enterocytes by activating PKC and leading to a sequential activation of p38, PI3K and ERK signaling pathways which exerts an inhibitory effect on glucose absorption. Acts as a growth factor on certain tissues, through the activation of different signaling pathways increases expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation such as CCND1, via JAK2-STAT3 pathway, or VEGFA, via MAPK1/3 and PI3K-AKT1 pathways. May also play an apoptotic role via JAK2-STAT3 pathway and up-regulation of BIRC5 expression. Pro-angiogenic, has mitogenic activity on vascular endothelial cells and plays a role in matrix remodeling by regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In innate immunity, modulates the activity and function of neutrophils by increasing chemotaxis and the secretion of oxygen radicals. Increases phagocytosis by macrophages and enhances secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. Increases cytotoxic ability of NK cells. Plays a pro-inflammatory role, in synergy with IL1B, by inducing NOS2 wich promotes the production of IL6, IL8 and Prostaglandin E2, through a signaling pathway that involves JAK2, PI3K, MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAPK14/p38. In adaptive immunity, promotes the switch of memory T-cells towards T helper-1 cell immune responses. Increases CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cell proliferation and reduces autophagy during TCR (T-cell receptor) stimulation, through MTOR signaling pathway activation and BCL2 up-regulation.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family. GABA-B receptor subfamily.
Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains: interacts with myosin heavy chain MYO19.
Myosin regulatory subunit that plays an important role in regulation of both smooth muscle and nonmuscle cell contractile activity via its phosphorylation. Implicated in cytokinesis, receptor capping, and cell locomotion (By similarity). In myoblasts, may regulate PIEZO1-dependent cortical actomyosin assembly involved in myotube formation (By similarity).
Phosphorylation increases the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity and thereby regulates the contractile activity. It is required to generate the driving force in the migration of the cells but not necessary for localization of myosin-2 at the leading edge. Phosphorylation is required for myotube formation.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate to mevalonate 5-phosphate, a key step in isoprenoid and cholesterol biosynthesis.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 5 subfamily.
Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex part of a tripartite complex with dynein and a adapter, such as BICDL1, BICD2 or HOOK3. The dynactin complex is built around ACTR1A/ACTB filament and consists of an actin-related filament composed of a shoulder domain, a pointed end and a barbed end. Its length is defined by its flexible shoulder domain. The soulder is composed of 2 DCTN1 subunits, 4 DCTN2 and 2 DCTN3. The 4 DCNT2 (via N-terminus) bind the ACTR1A filament and act as molecular rulers to determine the length. The pointed end is important for binding dynein-dynactin cargo adapters. Consists of 4 subunits: ACTR10, DCNT4, DCTN5 and DCTN6. Within the complex DCTN6 forms a heterodimer with DCTN5 (By similarity). The barbed end is composed of a CAPZA1:CAPZB heterodimers, which binds ACTR1A/ACTB filament and dynactin and stabilizes dynactin (By similarity).
Forms with the serine/threonine protein phosphatase CTDNEP1 an active complex which dephosphorylates and may activate LPIN1 and LPIN2. LPIN1 and LPIN2 are phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and control the metabolism of fatty acids at different levels. May indirectly modulate the lipid composition of nuclear and/or endoplasmic reticulum membranes and be required for proper nuclear membrane morphology and/or dynamics. May also indirectly regulate the production of lipid droplets and triacylglycerol (By similarity).
Interacts with CTDNEP1; the complex dephosphorylates LPIN1 and LPIN2.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. May have a role in nuclear energy homeostasis. Has also ATPase activity. May be involved in regulation of Cajal body (CB) formation.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with COIL (via C-terminus).
Contains a GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases (RhoGAP) domain that would be able to negatively regulate the actin cytoskeleton as well as cell spreading. However, also contains N-terminally a BAR-domin which is able to play an autoinhibitory effect on this RhoGAP activity.
Rho-GAP domain is able to regulate RhoGTPase activity, actin cytoskeleton and cell spreading. However N-terminally BAR domain plays an autoinhibitory role.
Mannosyltransferase involved in the last steps of the synthesis of Man5GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol core oligosaccharide on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. Catalyzes the addition of the 4th and 5th mannose residues to the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide chain (By similarity).
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ArgK/MeaB subfamily.
Component of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex composed at least by PIGA, PIGC, PIGH, PIGP, PIGQ, PIGY and DPM2. Interacts directly with PIGA and PIGQ.
Part of the complex catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, the first step of GPI biosynthesis.
Part of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol and participates in the first step of GPI biosynthesis.
Interacts with UTP4. Interacts with FBL/fibrillarin in a transcription-dependent manner. May associate with the proposed t-UTP subcomplex of the SSU processome containing at least UTP4, WDR43, HEATR1, UTP15, WDR75.
Ribosome biogenesis factor. May be required for both optimal rDNA transcription and small subunit (SSU) pre-rRNA processing at sites A', A0, 1 and 2b (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. HNMT family.
Inactivates histamine by N-methylation. Plays an important role in degrading histamine and in regulating the airway response to histamine.
May play a role in signal transduction cascades in terminally differentiated cells.
Component of the signal peptidase complex paralog A (SPC-A) composed of a catalytic subunit SEC11A and three accessory subunits SPCS1, SPCS2 and SPCS3. Within the complex, interacts with SPCS2 and SPCS3. The complex induces a local thinning of the ER membrane which is used to measure the length of the signal peptide (SP) h-region of protein substrates. This ensures the selectivity of the complex towards h-regions shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Ena/VASP proteins are actin-associated proteins involved in a range of processes dependent on cytoskeleton remodeling and cell polarity such as axon guidance and lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics in migrating cells. EVL enhances actin nucleation and polymerization (By similarity).
Homotetramer (By similarity). Binds to the SH3 domains of ABL1, LYN and SRC. Also binds to profilin, with preference for isoform IIa of PFN2, and the WW domain of APBB1/FE65. Binds to SEMA6A. Interacts, via the Pro-rich region, with the C-terminal SH3 domain of DNMBP. Interacts with RAPH1. Binds, via the EVH1 domain, the Pro-rich domain of Listeria monocytogenes actA (By similarity). Binds, via the EVH1 domain, the Pro-rich domain of ZYX. Interacts with FYB1. Interacts with ZDHHC17 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by PKA; phosphorylation abolishes binding to SH3 domains of ABL and SRC.
The EVH2 domain is comprised of 3 regions. Block A is a thymosin-like domain required for G-actin binding. The KLKR motif within this block is essential for the G-actin binding and for actin polymerization. Block B is required for F-actin binding and subcellular location, and Block C for tetramerization.
May form homomers (By similarity). May interact with MOB4, PPP2R1A, PPP2CB, STK24, STK25, STK26, STRN4, STRIP1 and STRIP2. Interacts with CTTN/cortactin; this interaction may redistribute CTTN to stress fibers (By similarity).
Regulates lamellipodial actin dynamics in a CTTN-dependent manner.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. UNG family.
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine.
Mitochondrial GTPase that mediates the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis. Acts in collaboration with MRRF. GTP hydrolysis follows the ribosome disassembly and probably occurs on the ribosome large subunit. Not involved in the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Belongs to the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family.
Symporter that cotransports neutral amino acids and sodium ions from the extraccellular to the intracellular side of the cell membrane. The transport is electrogenic, pH dependent and partially tolerates substitution of Na(+) by Li(+). Preferentially transports smaller amino acids, such as glycine, L-alanine, L-serine, L-asparagine and L-threonine, followed by L-cysteine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-glutamine and L-methionine.
The disulfide bond plays an important role in substrate transport, but has no effect on trafficking to the cell surface.
There is a disagreement about sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids, such as L-arginine and L-lysine (By similarity). While Hatanaka et al. shown that SLC38A4 may mediate sodium-independent transport of cationic amino acids, such as L-arginine and L-lysine (By similarity). Recent studies by Fairweather et al., using quantitative LC-MS analysis, shown any transport activity of cationic amino acids, such as L-arginine and L-lysine (By similarity).
May be involved in transcriptional regulation during the post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis.
Allosterically activated by ADP, AMP, or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and allosterically inhibited by ATP or citrate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade "E" sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade 'E' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Contains one proline-rich sequence (Pro-Glu-Ser-Pro-Arg) that may be involved in tyrosine-protein kinase YES1 binding and is required for the activation of substrate transport.
Electrogenic voltage-dependent transporter that mediates the transport of a variety of organic cations such as endogenous bioactive amines, cationic drugs and xenobiotics. Functions as a Na(+)-independent, bidirectional uniporter. Cation cellular uptake or release is driven by the electrochemical potential, i.e. membrane potential and concentration gradient (By similarity). However, may also engage electroneutral cation exchange when saturating concentrations of cation substrates are reached (By similarity). Predominantly expressed at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes and proximal tubules and involved in the uptake and disposition of cationic compounds by hepatic and renal clearance from the blood flow. Implicated in monoamine neurotransmitters uptake such as histamine, dopamine, adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, serotonin and tyramine, thereby supporting a physiological role in the central nervous system by regulating interstitial concentrations of neurotransmitters. Also capable of transporting dopaminergic neuromodulators cyclo(his-pro), salsolinol and N-methyl-salsolinol, thereby involved in the maintenance of dopaminergic cell integrity in the central nervous system. Mediates the bidirectional transport of acetylcholine (ACh) at the apical membrane of ciliated cell in airway epithelium, thereby playing a role in luminal release of ACh from bronchial epithelium. Also transports guanidine and endogenous monoamines such as vitamin B1/thiamine, creatinine and N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN). Mediates the uptake and efflux of quaternary ammonium compound choline. Mediates the bidirectional transport of polyamine agmatine and the uptake of polyamines putrescine and spermidine. Able to transport non-amine endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha). Also involved in the uptake of xenobiotic 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP). May contribute to regulate the transport of organic compounds in testis across the blood-testis-barrier (By similarity).
Mediates the renal secretion of many clinically used cationic drugs. Transports drugs such as diabetes treatment medicine metformin and neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), famotidine, ranitidine, amantadine, acriflavine, amiloride, memantine, cimetidine, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, platinum-based drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and tetraethylammonium (TEA). Mediates the bidirectional transport of MPP(+). Metformin competitively inhibits OCT1-mediated thiamine uptake, leading to a decrease in hepatic steatosis. Plays a predominant role in the anticancer activity of cisplatin and oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity (By similarity). Involved in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (By similarity).
Tyrosine phosphorylation of the transporter leads to activation of the transport activity. Inhibited by cGMP, most likely through a cGMP-binding protein that interacts with OCT2.
While most authors have deduced a localization at the basolateral membrane of proximal tubules, other studies demonstrated a localization to the luminal membrane in the distal tubule.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 23 family.
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue, next to the peptide chains in N-glycans.
Belongs to the DOK family. Type A subfamily.
Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential). May play a role in the cytoarchitecture of neurons, including dendritic arborization and dendritic spines, and in GABAergic synaptic connectivity (By similarity).
Septins polymerize into heterooligomeric protein complexes that form filaments, and can associate with cellular membranes, actin filaments and microtubules (By similarity). Forms homooligomers (By similarity). GTPase activity is required for filament formation (By similarity). Interacts with SEPTIN7, SEPTIN9 and SEPTIN12 (By similarity).
Component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that is essential for the replication of chromosome termini. May have a general role in telomere regulation. Promotes in vitro the ability of TERT to elongate telomeres. Overexpression induces telomere uncapping, chromosomal end-to-end fusions (telomeric DNA persists at the fusion points) and did not perturb TRF2 telomeric localization. Binds to the single-stranded 5'-(GTGTGG)(4)GTGT-3' telomeric DNA, but not to a telomerase RNA template component (TER).
May form homooligomers. Associated component of the telomerase holoenzyme complex. Interacts with TERT, independently of the telomerase RNA. Interacts with SMG1, SMG5, SMG7, UPF1, UPF2, UPF3B and the PP2A catalytic subunits. Also interacts with the exon junction complex (EJC) composed at least of CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGOH and RBM8A; required for the process of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Interacts with DHX34; the interaction is RNA-independent (By similarity).
Plays a role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Is thought to provide a link to the mRNA degradation machinery as it has endonuclease activity required to initiate NMD, and to serve as an adapter for UPF1 to protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), thereby triggering UPF1 dephosphorylation. Degrades single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), but not ssDNA or dsRNA.
The PINc domain confers endonuclease activity and is expected to bind the catalytic metal ion.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity.
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. Interacts with SPAG9. Interacts with ATCAY; may link mitochondria to KLC1 and regulate mitochondria localization into neuron projections. Interacts (via TPR repeats) with TOR1A; the interaction associates TOR1A with the kinesin oligomeric complex. Interacts with BORCS5. Interacts with MAPK8IP3/JIP3 and NTRK2/TRKB; interaction with NTRK2/TRKB is mediated by MAPK8IP3/JIP3 (By similarity). Interacts with CLSTN1; phosphorylation at Ser-460 inhibits interaction with CLSTN1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-460 by ERK inhibits interaction with CLSTN1 and localization to cytoplasmic vesicles.
May act as a protein that binds a hydrophobic ligand.
Component of the TIM23 complex at least composed of TIMM23, TIMM17 (TIMM17A or TIMM17B) and TIMM50; within this complex, directly interacts with TIMM23. The complex interacts with the TIMM44 component of the PAM complex and with DNAJC15.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Has some phosphatase activity in vitro; however such activity may not be relevant in vivo.
Asymmetrically dimethylated at arginines, probably by PRMT1, methylation promotes localization to nuclear speckles.
Consists of two polypeptides of p32 and p33. Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Component of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins including DDX5, HNRNPH2 and SRSF1 as well as splicing regulator ARVCF. In vitro, self-associates and binds SRSF2, SNRNP70 and U2AF1 but not U2AF2. Binds SREK1/SFRS12. Interacts with SAFB/SAFB1. Interacts with PSIP1/LEDGF. Interacts with RSRC1 (via Arg/Ser-rich domain). Interacts with ZRSR2/U2AF1-RS2. Interacts with CCDC55 (via C-terminus). Interacts with SRPK1 and a sliding docking interaction is essential for its sequential and processive phosphorylation by SRPK1. Interacts with NXF1. Interacts with CCNL1, CCNL2 and CDK11B. Interacts with RRP1B. Interacts (when phosphorylated in its RS domain) with TNPO3; promoting nuclear import. Interacts with ILDR1 (via C-terminus) and ILDR2.
Phosphorylated by CLK1, CLK2, CLK3 and CLK4. Phosphorylated by SRPK1 at multiple serines in its RS domain via a directional (C-terminal to N-terminal) and a dual-track mechanism incorporating both processive phosphorylation (in which the kinase stays attached to the substrate after each round of phosphorylation) and distributive phosphorylation steps (in which the kinase and substrate dissociate after each phosphorylation event). The RS domain of SRSF1 binds to a docking groove in the large lobe of the kinase domain of SRPK1 and this induces certain structural changes in SRPK1 and/or RRM 2 domain of SRSF1, allowing RRM 2 to bind the kinase and initiate phosphorylation. The cycles continue for several phosphorylation steps in a processive manner (steps 1-8) until the last few phosphorylation steps (approximately steps 9-12). During that time, a mechanical stress induces the unfolding of the beta-4 motif in RRM 2, which then docks at the docking groove of SRPK1. This also signals RRM 2 to begin to dissociate, which facilitates SRSF1 dissociation after phosphorylation is completed (By similarity).
Plays a role in preventing exon skipping, ensuring the accuracy of splicing and regulating alternative splicing. Interacts with other spliceosomal components, via the RS domains, to form a bridge between the 5'- and 3'-splice site binding components, U1 snRNP and U2AF. Can stimulate binding of U1 snRNP to a 5'-splice site-containing pre-mRNA. Binds to purine-rich RNA sequences, either the octamer, 5'-RGAAGAAC-3' (r=A or G) or the decamers, AGGACAGAGC/AGGACGAAGC. Binds preferentially to the 5'-CGAGGCG-3' motif in vitro. Three copies of the octamer constitute a powerful splicing enhancer in vitro, the ASF/SF2 splicing enhancer (ASE) which can specifically activate ASE-dependent splicing. May function as export adapter involved in mRNA nuclear export through the TAP/NXF1 pathway (By similarity).
The RRM 2 domain plays an important role in governing both the binding mode and the phosphorylation mechanism of the RS domain by SRPK1. RS domain and RRM 2 are uniquely positioned to initiate a highly directional (C-terminus to N-terminus) phosphorylation reaction in which the RS domain slides through an extended electronegative channel separating the docking groove of SRPK1 and the active site. RRM 2 binds toward the periphery of the active site and guides the directional phosphorylation mechanism. Both the RS domain and an RRM domain are required for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.
Heterotrimer; composed of a catalytic MAT2A homodimer that binds one regulatory MAT2B chain. Heterohexamer; composed of a central, catalytic MAT2A homotetramer flanked on either side by a regulatory MAT2B chain.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation as a repressor of ESR1/ER-alpha signaling. Plays a role during development and organogenesis as well as in the function of the adult central nervous system (By similarity).
Monosumoylated at Lys-567 by CBX4 and UHRF2. Sumoylation may potentiate ZNF131 inhibition of estrogen signaling. Sumoylation does not interfere with ubiquitination (By similarity).
Associates with alpha- and beta-tubulins.
Possesses microtubule stabilizing properties. Involved in regulating aneuploidy, cell cycling, and cell death in a p53/TP53-dependent manner (By similarity).
Interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of integrins ITGB1 and ITGB3.
Involved in cell adhesion. Contributes to integrin activation. When coexpressed with talin, potentiates activation of ITGA2B. Required for normal keratinocyte proliferation. Required for normal polarization of basal keratinocytes in skin, and for normal cell shape. Required for normal adhesion of keratinocytes to fibronectin and laminin, and for normal keratinocyte migration to wound sites (By similarity).
The FERM domain is not correctly detected by PROSITE or Pfam techniques because it contains the insertion of a PH domain. The FERM domain contains the subdomains F1, F2 and F3. It is preceded by a F0 domain with a ubiquitin-like fold. The F0 domain is required for integrin activation and for localization at focal adhesions (By similarity).
Binds specifically to collagen. Could be involved as a chaperone in the biosynthetic pathway of collagen (By similarity).
Binds specifically to collagen. Could be involved as a chaperone in the biosynthetic pathway of collagen.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. Gal/GlcNAc/GalNAc subfamily.
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior. Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli.
Part of a ternary complex containing STX5A, NSFL1C and VCP. NSFL1C forms a homotrimer that binds to one end of a VCP homohexamer. The complex binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine-containing lipids and promotes Golgi membrane fusion. Interaction with VCIP135 leads to dissociation of the complex via ATP hydrolysis by VCP. Binds ubiquitin and mono-ubiquitinated proteins via its N-terminal UBA-like domain when bound to VCP (By similarity).
Part of a ternary complex containing STX5A, NSFL1C and VCP. NSFL1C forms a homotrimer that binds to one end of a VCP homohexamer. The complex binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine-containing lipids and promotes Golgi membrane fusion. Interaction with VCIP135 leads to dissociation of the complex via ATP hydrolysis by VCP. Binds ubiquitin and mono-ubiquitinated proteins via its N-terminal UBA-like domain when bound to VCP.
Phosphorylated during mitosis. Phosphorylation inhibits interaction with Golgi membranes and is required for the fragmentation of the Golgi stacks during mitosis (By similarity).
Reduces the ATPase activity of VCP. Necessary for the fragmentation of Golgi stacks during mitosis and for VCP-mediated reassembly of Golgi stacks after mitosis. May play a role in VCP-mediated formation of transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER). Inhibits the activity of CTSL (in vitro). Together with UBXN2B/p37, regulates the centrosomal levels of kinase AURKA/Aurora A levels during mitotic progression by promoting AURKA removal from centrosomes in prophase. Also, regulates spindle orientation during mitosis.
Interacts with the core subunits NDUFAF1, ECSIT and ACAD9 of the MCIA complex. Interacts with ATP5MC3, NDUFC2, TMEM70, MT-ND2 AND MT-ND3.
Scaffold protein that participates in the c-ring assembly of mitochondrial ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or complex V) by facilitating the membrane insertion and oligomer formation of the subunit c/ATP5MC3. Participates in the incorporation of the c-ring into vestigial complexes. Additionally influences the incorporation of subunits MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, ATP5MJ, and ATP5MK in the ATP synthase.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Interacts (via ARM domain) with MIRO1, MIRO2 and TRAK2. The interaction with Miro is calcium-dependent. Interacts with SOX10.
Regulates mitochondrial aggregation and transport in axons in living neurons. May link mitochondria to the TRAK2-kinesin motor complex via its interaction with Miro and TRAK2. Mitochondrial distribution and dynamics is regulated through ARMCX3 protein degradation, which is promoted by PCK and negatively regulated by WNT1. Enhances the SOX10-mediated transactivation of the neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 and beta-4 subunit gene promoters.
Antiporter that exports dicarboxylate intermediates of the Krebs cycle in exchange for phosphate plus a proton across the inner membrane of mitochondria, a process driven by mitochondrial motive force with an overall impact on glycolysis, glutaminolysis and glutathione-dependent redox balance. Continuous export of oxaloacetate and related four-carbon dicarboxylates from mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol negatively regulates the oxidation of acetyl-CoA substrates via the Krebs cycle lowering the ATP/ADP ratio and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (By similarity). Proton transporter activity is debated, but if it occurs it may mediate inducible proton re-entry into the mitochondrial matrix affecting ATP turnover as a protection mechanism against oxidative stress. Proton re-entry may be coupled to metabolite transport to allow for proton flux switching and optimal ATP turnover (By similarity). Regulates the use of glucose as a source of energy. Required for glucose-induced DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fission and neuron activation in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). This mitochondrial adaptation mechanism modulates the VMH pool of glucose-excited neurons with an impact on systemic glucose homeostasis. Regulates ROS levels and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages during the resolution phase of inflammation. Attenuates ROS production in response to IL33 to preserve the integrity of the Krebs cycle required for persistent production of itaconate and subsequent GATA3-dependent differentiation of inflammation-resolving alternatively activated macrophages (By similarity). Can unidirectionally transport anions including L-malate, L-aspartate, phosphate and chloride ions (By similarity). Does not mediate adaptive thermogenesis (By similarity).
Homotetramer. Adopts an asymmetrical dimer of dimers functional form.
Component of the spliceosome B complex. Interacts with SMU1. Interacts with MAD1L1. May interact with DHX15.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome. Auxiliary spliceosomal protein that regulates selection of alternative splice sites in a small set of target pre-mRNA species. Required for normal mitotic cell cycle progression. Recruits MAD1L1 and MAD2L1 to kinetochores, and is required to trigger the spindle assembly checkpoint. Required for normal accumulation of SMU1.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family.
Interacts with CEP152 and CDK1; these interactions recruit both ligands to centrosomes. Interacts with CDK2, CDK5RAP2, WDR62, CEP90, KIAA0753/moonraker and CCDC14. CEP63, CDK5RAP2, CEP152, WDR62 are proposed to form a stepwise assembled complex at the centrosome forming a ring near parental centrioles. Interacts with CCDC57; the interaction is required for their location to proximal end of centrioles. Interacts with FXR1; promoting its stabilization.
Polyubiquitinated via 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin, leading to its degradation. Deubiquitinated by USP36, promoting its stabilization.
Required for normal spindle assembly. Plays a key role in mother-centriole-dependent centriole duplication; the function seems also to involve CEP152, CDK5RAP2 and WDR62 through a stepwise assembled complex at the centrosome that recruits CDK2 required for centriole duplication. Reported to be required for centrosomal recruitment of CEP152; however, this function has been questioned. Also recruits CDK1 to centrosomes. Plays a role in DNA damage response. Following DNA damage, such as double-strand breaks (DSBs), is removed from centrosomes; this leads to the inactivation of spindle assembly and delay in mitotic progression. Promotes stabilization of FXR1 protein by inhibiting FXR1 ubiquitination.
Component of the 60-80S U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (U3 snoRNP). Required for the early cleavages during pre-18S ribosomal RNA processing.
Catalyzes the transfer of a dimethylallyl group onto the adenine at position 37.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR0 subfamily.
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Component of the p62 complex, a complex composed of NUP62 and NUP54. Forms a complex with NUP35, NUP155, NUP205 and lamin B; the interaction with NUP35 is direct. Does not interact with TPR. Interacts with SMAD4 and IPO7; translocates SMAD4 to the nucleus through the NPC upon BMP7 stimulation resulting in activation of SMAD4 signaling.
Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and/or maintenance. May anchor nucleoporins, but not NUP153 and TPR, to the NPC. During renal development, regulates podocyte migration and proliferation through SMAD4 signaling.
Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Mn(2+) cannot be used.
Generates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) that act as second messengers. Has a role in several intracellular trafficking events. Functions in insulin signaling and secretion. Required for translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and glucose uptake in response to insulin-mediated RHOQ activation. Regulates insulin secretion through two different mechanisms: involved in glucose-induced insulin secretion downstream of insulin receptor in a pathway that involves AKT1 activation and TBC1D4/AS160 phosphorylation, and participates in the late step of insulin granule exocytosis probably in insulin granule fusion. Synthesizes PtdIns3P in response to insulin signaling. Functions in clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle formation and distribution. Regulates dynamin-independent endocytosis, probably by recruiting EEA1 to internalizing vesicles. In neurosecretory cells synthesizes PtdIns3P on large dense core vesicles. Participates in calcium induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle by regulating myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation through a mechanism involving Rho kinase-dependent phosphorylation of the MLCP-regulatory subunit MYPT1. May play a role in the EGF signaling cascade. May be involved in mitosis and UV-induced damage response. Required for maintenance of normal renal structure and function by supporting normal podocyte function (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of ciliogenesis and trafficking of ciliary components (By similarity).
Only slightly inhibited by wortmannin and LY294002. Activated by clathrin and insulin (By similarity).
Part of a complex with ERBB2 and EGFR (By similarity). Interacts with clathrin trimers (By similarity). Interacts with SBF2/MTMR13 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Ser-259 during mitosis and upon UV irradiation; which does not change enzymatic activity but leads to proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylated upon insulin stimulation; which may lead to enzyme activation (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
Cysteine desulfurase, of the core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex, that catalyzes the desulfuration of L-cysteine to L-alanine, as component of the cysteine desulfurase complex leading to the formation of a cysteine persulfide intermediate at the active site cysteine residue and participates in the [2Fe-2S] clusters assembly on the scaffolding protein ISCU. The persulfide is then transferred on the flexible Cys loop from the catalytic site of NFS1 to the surface of NFS1 (By similarity). After the NFS1-linked persulfide sulfur is transferred to one of the conserved Cys residues of the scaffold, a reaction assisted by FXN (By similarity). The core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly complex is involved in the de novo synthesis of a [2Fe-2S] cluster, the first step of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein biogenesis. This process is initiated by the cysteine desulfurase complex (NFS1:LYRM4:NDUFAB1) that produces persulfide which is delivered on the scaffold protein ISCU in a FXN-dependent manner. Then this complex is stabilized by FDX2 which provides reducing equivalents to accomplish the [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly. Finally, the [2Fe-2S] cluster is transferred from ISCU to chaperone proteins, including HSCB, HSPA9 and GLRX5 (By similarity).
Cysteine persulfide intermediate is reduced by thiol-containing molecules like glutathione and L-cysteine. Persulfide reduction is a rate-limiting step of cysteine desulfurase catalytic cycle.
Homodimer. Component of the mitochondrial core iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) complex composed of NFS1, LYRM4, NDUFAB1, ISCU, FXN, and FDX2; this complex is an heterohexamer containing two copies of each monomer. Component of cyteine desulfurase complex composed of NFS1, LYRM4 and NDUFAB1; this complex contributes to the activation of cysteine desulfurase activity and NFS1 stabilization. Interacts (homodimer form) with ISCU (D-state); each monomer interacts with the C-terminal regions of each NFS1 monomer. Interacts with HSPA9. Interacts (via homodimer form) with FDX2. Interacts (via homodimer form) with FXN. Interacts with LYRM4 (By similarity). Component of a complex composed of FXN, NFS1, LYRM4 and ISCU (By similarity).
May catalyze the desulfuration of L-cysteine to L-alanine as component of the cysteine desulfurase complex (NFS1:LYRM4), leading to the formation of a cysteine persulfide intermediate. Acts as a sulfur donor for MOCS3 by transferring the sulfur of the cysteine persulfide intermediate on MOCS3.
Monomer. Homodimer. Oligomer. Interacts with ISCU. Component of the cysteine desulfurase complex composed of NFS1 and LYRM4; this complex contributes to the activation of cysteine desulfurase activity. Interacts with MOCS3.
Belongs to the Gfo/Idh/MocA family. Biliverdin reductase subfamily.
Reduces the gamma-methene bridge of the open tetrapyrrole, biliverdin IX alpha, to bilirubin with the concomitant oxidation of a NADH or NADPH cofactor.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA). May participate to the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Mitochondrial transporter required for glutathione import into mitochondria. Glutathione, which plays key roles in oxidative metabolism, is produced exclusively in the cytosol and is imported in many organelles. Mitochondrial glutathione is required for the activity and stability of proteins containing iron-sulfur clusters, as well as erythropoiesis.
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which may specifically enhance the E2 activity of HIP2. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfer the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (By similarity). May be involved in T-cell proliferation by regulating LIF secretion (By similarity). May play a role in lysosome homeostasis (By similarity).
The RING-CH-type zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. IRG family.
Constitutively interacts with CASP4; required for the localization of procaspase 4 to the ER.
Critical mediator, in cooperation with CASP4, of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced apoptosis. Required or the activation of CASP4 following endoplasmic reticulum stress.
May facilitate PTTG1 nuclear translocation.
Although it belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family, Leu-167 is present instead of the conserved Glu which is an active site residue. Therefore this protein lacks chitinase activity.
Carbohydrate-binding lectin with a preference for chitin. Has no chitinase activity. May play a role in tissue remodeling and in the capacity of cells to respond to and cope with changes in their environment. Plays a role in T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) inflammatory response and IL-13-induced inflammation, regulating allergen sensitization, inflammatory cell apoptosis, dendritic cell accumulation and M2 macrophage differentiation. Facilitates invasion of pathogenic enteric bacteria into colonic mucosa and lymphoid organs. Mediates activation of AKT1 signaling pathway and subsequent IL8 production in colonic epithelial cells. Regulates antibacterial responses in lung by contributing to macrophage bacterial killing, controlling bacterial dissemination and augmenting host tolerance. Also regulates hyperoxia-induced injury, inflammation and epithelial apoptosis in lung (By similarity).
GFAP, a class-III intermediate filament, is a cell-specific marker that, during the development of the central nervous system, distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-5/CLCN5 subfamily.
Proton-coupled chloride transporter. Functions as antiport system and exchanges chloride ions against protons. Important for normal acidification of the endosome lumen. May play an important role in renal tubular function (By similarity). The CLC channel family contains both chloride channels and proton-coupled anion transporters that exchange chloride or another anion for protons. The absence of conserved gating glutamate residues is typical for family members that function as channels (Probable).
Ubiquitinated by NEDD4L in the presence of albumin; which promotes endocytosis and proteasomal degradation.
Interacts with VMP1. Interacts with COPA, COPB1, VDAC1 and ERLIN2. Interacts with ATG2A. Interacts with SURF4.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in lipid homeostasis and membrane dynamics processes. Has phospholipid scramblase activity toward cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, as well as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Required for autophagosome formation: participates in early stages of autophagosome biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by reequilibrating the leaflets of the ER as lipids are extracted by ATG2 (ATG2A or ATG2B) to mediate autophagosome assembly. In addition to autophagy, involved in other processes in which phospholipid scramblase activity is required (By similarity). Required for normal motor neuron development (By similarity).
The VTT domain was previously called the SNARE-assoc domain. As there is no evidence that this domain associates with SNARE proteins, it was renamed as VMP1, TMEM41, and TVP38 (VTT) domain.
Forms a homo/heterooligomeric complex with EXT2. Interacts with NDST1.
Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of heparan-sulfate. The EXT1/EXT2 complex possesses substantially higher glycosyltransferase activity than EXT1 or EXT2 alone. Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan (By similarity).
Binds mitochondrial DNA and plays a role in the regulation of transcription of mitochondrial mRNA and rRNA species.
May have a regulatory bifunctional role.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 3 family.
Catalyzes the transfer of sulfate to the C2-position of selected hexuronic acid residues within the maturing heparan sulfate (HS). 2-O-sulfation within HS, particularly of iduronate residues, is essential for HS to participate in a variety of high-affinity ligand-binding interactions and signaling processes. Mediates 2-O-sulfation of both L-iduronyl and D-glucuronyl residues (By similarity).
Homotrimer. Interacts with the C5-epimerase GLCE (By similarity).
Component of the DREAM complex (also named LINC complex) at least composed of E2F4, E2F5, LIN9, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, MYBL1, MYBL2, RBL1, RBL2, RBBP4, RBL2, TFDP1 and TFDP2. The complex exists in quiescent cells where it represses cell cycle-dependent genes. It dissociates in S phase when LIN9, LIN37, LIN52 and LIN54 form a subcomplex that binds to MYBL2 (By similarity).
Component of the DREAM complex, a multiprotein complex that can both act as a transcription activator or repressor depending on the context. In G0 phase, the complex binds to more than 800 promoters and is required for repression of E2F target genes. In S phase, the complex selectively binds to the promoters of G2/M genes whose products are required for mitosis and participates in their cell cycle dependent activation. In the complex, acts as a DNA-binding protein that binds the promoter of CDK1 in a sequence-specific manner. Specifically recognizes the consensus motif 5'-TTYRAA-3' in target DNA.
The CRC domain mediates DNA-binding. It contains two CXC subdomains (joined by a flexible linker) which are both required for efficient association with target DNA. Each CXC subdomain coordinates three Zn(2+) ions.
Cell surface receptor that plays important roles in innate and adaptive immunity by amplifying inflammatory responses. Upon activation by various ligands such as PGLYRP1, HMGB1 or HSP70, multimerizes and forms a complex with transmembrane adapter TYROBP/DAP12. In turn, initiates a SYK-mediated cascade of tyrosine phosphorylation, activating multiple downstream mediators such as BTK, MAPK1, MAPK3 or phospholipase C-gamma. This cascade promotes the neutrophil- and macrophage-mediated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or chemokines, as well as their migration and thereby amplifies inflammatory responses that are triggered by bacterial and fungal infections. By also promoting the amplification of inflammatory signals that are initially triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor engagement, plays a major role in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of different etiologies including septic shock and atherosclerosis.
Monomer. Homomultimer; when activated. Interacts with TYROBP/DAP12. Interacts with TLR4.
Homooligomer. Interacts (via the N-terminus) with DPP4; the interaction is direct. Forms a stable heterooligomeric complex with CAV2 that targets to lipid rafts and drives caveolae formation. Interacts with PACSIN2; this interaction induces membrane tubulation (By similarity). Interacts with BMX, BTK, CTNNB1, CDH1, GLIPR2, JUP, NOSTRIN, SNAP25 and STX1A. Interacts with SLC7A9. Interacts with TGFBR1. Interacts with CAVIN3 (via leucine-zipper domain) in a cholesterol-sensitive manner. Interacts with CAVIN1. Interacts with EHD2 in a cholesterol-dependent manner. Forms a ternary complex with UBXN6 and VCP; mediates CAV1 targeting to lysosomes for degradation. Interacts with ABCG1; this interaction regulates ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux (By similarity). Interacts with NEU3; this interaction enhances NEU3 sialidase activity within caveola. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SPRY1, SPRY2 (via C-terminus), SPRY3, and SPRY4 (By similarity).
Involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. Its binding to DPP4 induces T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation in a T-cell receptor/CD3-dependent manner. May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity. Forms a stable heterooligomeric complex with CAV2 that targets to lipid rafts and drives caveolae formation. Recruits CTNNB1 to caveolar membranes and may regulate CTNNB1-mediated signaling through the Wnt pathway. Negatively regulates TGFB1-mediated activation of SMAD2/3 by mediating the internalization of TGFBR1 from membrane rafts leading to its subsequent degradation. Mediates the recruitment of CAVIN proteins (CAVIN1/2/3/4) to the caveolae.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Forms a stable heterooligomeric complex with CAV2 that targets to lipid rafts and drives caveolae formation. Mediates the recruitment of CAVIN proteins (CAVIN1/2/3/4) to the caveolae (By similarity). Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity (By similarity). Involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. Its binding to DPP4 induces T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation in a T-cell receptor/CD3-dependent manner (By similarity). Recruits CTNNB1 to caveolar membranes and may regulate CTNNB1-mediated signaling through the Wnt pathway (By similarity). Negatively regulates TGFB1-mediated activation of SMAD2/3 by mediating the internalization of TGFBR1 from membrane rafts leading to its subsequent degradation (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at Tyr-14 by ABL1 in response to oxidative stress.
Ubiquitinated. Undergo monoubiquitination and multi- and/or polyubiquitination. Monoubiquitination of N-terminal lysines promotes integration in a ternary complex with UBXN6 and VCP which promotes oligomeric CAV1 targeting to lysosomes for degradation. Ubiquitinated by ZNRF1; leading to degradation and modulation of the TLR4-mediated immune response.
Constituent of the membrane attack complex (MAC) that plays a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response by forming pores in the plasma membrane of target cells. C7 serves as a membrane anchor (By similarity).
Monomer or dimer; as a C5b-7 complex it can also form multimeric rosettes (By similarity). Component of the membrane attack complex (MAC). MAC assembly is initiated by proteolytic cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b. C5b binds sequentially C6, C7, C8 and multiple copies of the pore-forming subunit C9 (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
Homodimer; homodimerization occurs upon GTP-binding and is required for the second hydrolysis step from GDP to GMP. Undergoes conformational changes and oligomerization upon GTP-binding and hydrolysis. Heterodimer with other family members, including GBP2, GBP3, GBP4 and GBP5. Dimerization regulates subcellular location to membranous structures (By similarity). Interacts with SQSTM1 (By similarity).
Interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPase that plays important roles in innate immunity against a diverse range of bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. Hydrolyzes GTP to GMP in two consecutive cleavage reactions: GTP is first hydrolyzed to GDP and then to GMP in a processive manner. Following infection, recruited to the pathogen-containing vacuoles or vacuole-escaped bacteria and promotes both autophagy and inflammasome assembly (By similarity). Promotes host defense against bacterial infections by regulating bacteriolytic peptide generation via its interaction with ubiquitin-binding protein SQSTM1, which delivers monoubiquitinated proteins to autolysosomes for the generation of bacteriolytic peptides (By similarity). Also acts as a positive regulator of inflammasome assembly by promoting the release of inflammasome ligands from bacteria. Acts by promoting lysis of pathogen-containing vacuoles, releasing pathogens into the cytosol. Following pathogen release in the cytosol, promotes recruitment of proteins that mediate bacterial cytolysis: this liberates ligands that are detected by inflammasomes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that activates the non-canonical CASP4/CASP11 inflammasome or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) that activates the AIM2 inflammasome (By similarity). Confers protection to several pathogens, including the bacterial pathogens L.monocytogenes and M.bovis BCG as well as the protozoan pathogen T.gondii (By similarity). Exhibits antiviral activity against influenza virus (By similarity).
Isoprenylation is required for proper subcellular location.
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation.
Component of a complex required to localize phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) to the plasma membrane.
Component of a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) complex, composed of PI4KA, EFR3 (EFR3A or EFR3B), TTC7 (TTC7A or TTC7B) and HYCC (HYCC1 or HYCC2).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with TXNIP through the redox-active site. Interacts with MAP3K5 and CASP3. Interacts with APEX1; the interaction stimulates the FOS/JUN AP-1 DNA-binding activity in a redox-dependent manner (By similarity).
In the fully reduced protein, both Cys-69 and Cys-73 are nitrosylated in response to nitric oxide (NO). When two disulfide bonds are present in the protein, only Cys-73 is nitrosylated. Cys-73 can serve as donor for nitrosylation of target proteins (By similarity).
Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions (By similarity). Plays a role in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues in target proteins, and thereby contributes to the response to intracellular nitric oxide. Nitrosylates the active site Cys of CASP3 in response to nitric oxide (NO), and thereby inhibits caspase-3 activity. Induces the FOS/JUN AP-1 DNA binding activity in ionizing radiation (IR) cells through its oxidation/reduction status and stimulates AP-1 transcriptional activity (By similarity).
Binds to membranes via its F-BAR domain and mediates membrane tubulation. Plays a role in the reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton via its interaction with MAPT; this decreases microtubule stability and inhibits MAPT-induced microtubule polymerization. Plays a role in cellular transport processes by recruiting DNM1, DNM2 and DNM3 to membranes. Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and in neuron morphogenesis via its interaction with COBL and WASL, and by recruiting COBL to the cell cortex. Plays a role in the regulation of neurite formation, neurite branching and the regulation of neurite length. Required for normal synaptic vesicle endocytosis; this process retrieves previously released neurotransmitters to accommodate multiple cycles of neurotransmission. Required for normal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission (By similarity).
Homodimer. May form heterooligomers with other PACSINs. Interacts with both COBL and DBNL. Identified in a complex composed of COBL, PACSIN1 and WASL. Interacts (via SH3 domain) with SYNJ1 and WASL. Interacts (via SH3 domain) with DNM1; the interaction is reduced by DNM1 phosphorylation. Interacts with DNM2 and DNM3. Interacts with MAPT. Interacts with EHD1 and EHD3. Interacts with TRPV4 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) and protein kinase C (PKC).
Belongs to the D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase family.
Biosynthesis of L-glutamate from L-aspartate or L-cysteine. Important regulator of levels of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system. Acts as a scavenger of glutamate in brain neuroprotection. The aspartate aminotransferase activity is involved in hepatic glucose synthesis during development and in adipocyte glyceroneogenesis. Using L-cysteine as substrate, regulates levels of mercaptopyruvate, an important source of hydrogen sulfide. Mercaptopyruvate is converted into H(2)S via the action of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). Hydrogen sulfide is an important synaptic modulator and neuroprotectant in the brain.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which promotes polyubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome pathway of ZIC2.
The RING-type zinc finger domain mediates polyubiquitination of the interacting protein.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the formate--tetrahydrofolate ligase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase family.
The N-terminal methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (D/C) domain carries both the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activities.
The larger C-terminal formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase domain carries a third formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity.
Trifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of three forms of one-carbon-substituted tetrahydrofolate: (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and (6S)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate. These derivatives of tetrahydrofolate are differentially required in nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, (6S)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate being required for purine biosynthesis while (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate is used for serine and methionine biosynthesis for instance.
Component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex) (By similarity). Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, a building block of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex) (By similarity). The U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex is composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, SNRNP40, SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF, SNRPG, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39, plus LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7 and LSM8 (By similarity). Interacts directly with PRPF4 (By similarity). Part of a heteromeric complex containing PPIH, PRPF3 and PRPF4 that is stable in the absence of RNA (By similarity). Interacts with SART3; the interaction is direct and recruits the deubiquitinase USP4 to PRPF3 (By similarity). Interacts with PRPF19 (By similarity). Interacts ('Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated) with PRPF8 (via the MPN (JAB/Mov34) domain); may stabilize the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex).
Ubiquitinated. Undergoes 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination by PRPF19 and deubiquitination by USP4. 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination increases the affinity for PRPF8 and may regulate the assembly of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex) (By similarity). Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, a building block of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex) (By similarity). The U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex is composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, SNRNP40, SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF, SNRPG, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39, plus LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7 and LSM8 (By similarity). Interacts directly with PRPF18, PPIH and PRPF3 (By similarity). Part of a heteromeric complex containing PPIH, PRPF3 and PRPF4 that is stable in the absence of RNA (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. MCAK/KIF2 subfamily.
Plus end-directed microtubule-dependent motor required for normal brain development. May regulate microtubule dynamics during axonal growth. Required for normal progression through mitosis. Required for normal congress of chromosomes at the metaphase plate. Required for normal spindle dynamics during mitosis. Promotes spindle turnover. Implicated in formation of bipolar mitotic spindles. Has microtubule depolymerization activity (By similarity).
Homotetramer. Dimer of dimers. In the homotetramer, subunits assemble around a central channel that can accommodate two ligand molecules. Interacts with RBP4 (By similarity).
Sulfonation of the reactive cysteine Cys-30 enhances the stability of the native conformation of TTR, avoiding misassembly of the protein leading to amyloid formation.
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain (By similarity).
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. TRA1 subfamily.
Interacts with BIK and STEAP3. Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with VCP. Interacts with ubiquitin and ubiquitinated proteins (By similarity).
Intramembrane-cleaving serine protease that cleaves single transmembrane or multi-pass membrane proteins in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane, luminal loops and juxtamembrane regions. Involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis and the subsequent release of functional polypeptides from their membrane anchors. Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded membrane proteins. Required for the degradation process of some specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. Participates in the transfer of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytosol, where they are destroyed by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Functions in BIK, MPZ, PKD1, PTCRA, RHO, STEAP3 and TRAC processing. Involved in the regulation of exosomal secretion; inhibits the TSAP6-mediated secretion pathway. Involved in the regulation of apoptosis; modulates BIK-mediated apoptotic activity. Also plays a role in the regulation of spermatogenesis; inhibits apoptotic activity in spermatogonia (By similarity).
One study reported that the protein is not localized in the mitochondrion.
Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Component of the SWAP complex that consists of NPM1, NCL/nucleolin, PARP1 and SWAP70. Component of a complex which is at least composed of HTATSF1/Tat-SF1, the P-TEFb complex components CDK9 and CCNT1, RNA polymerase II, SUPT5H, and NCL/nucleolin. Interacts with AICDA. Interacts with APTX. Interacts with C1QBP. Interacts with ERBB4. Interacts (via C-terminus) with FMR1 isoform 6 (via N-terminus). Interacts with GZF1; this interaction is important for nucleolar localization of GZF1. Interacts with NSUN2. Interacts with NVL. Interacts (via N-terminus domain) with SETX. Interacts (via RRM1 and C-terminal RRM4/Arg/Gly-rich domains) with TERT; the interaction is important for nucleolar localization of TERT. Interacts with WDR46. Interacts with ZFP36. Interacts with LRRC34. Interacts with RRP1B. Interacts with HNRNPU; this interaction occurs during mitosis. Interacts with RIOK1; RIOK1 recruits NCL to the PRMT5 for symmetrically methylation (By similarity). Interacts with ZBTB7B (By similarity). Interacts with MDK; this interaction promotes NCL clustering and lateral movements of this complex into lipid rafts leading to MDK internalization (By similarity). Interacts with HDGF (By similarity). Interacts with ALKBH2.
Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats (By similarity).
Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats.
Some glutamate residues are glycylated by TTLL8. This modification occurs exclusively on glutamate residues and results in a glycine chain on the gamma-carboxyl group (By similarity).
Symmetrically methylated by PRMT5 (By similarity).
Autoubiquitinated; may regulate its cellular level.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions in the antephase checkpoint by actively delaying passage into mitosis in response to microtubule poisons. Acts in early prophase before chromosome condensation, when the centrosome move apart from each other along the periphery of the nucleus. Probably involved in signaling the presence of mitotic stress caused by microtubule poisons by mediating the 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination of target proteins, leading to their degradation by the proteasome. Promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of AURKA and PLK1. Probably acts as a tumor suppressor, possibly by mediating the polyubiquitination of HDAC1, leading to its degradation. May also promote the formation of 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains and functions with the specific ubiquitin-conjugating UBC13-MMS2 (UBE2N-UBE2V2) heterodimer. Substrates that are polyubiquitinated at 'Lys-63' are usually not targeted for degradation, but are rather involved in signaling cellular stress.
Interacts with HDAC1 and HDAC2. Interacts with PML (with sumoylated form of PML).
Phosphorylated by PKB. Phosphorylation may affect its E3 ligase activity.
Poly-ADP-ribosylated. In addition to binding non covalently poly(ADP-ribose) via its PBZ-type zinc finger, the protein is also covalently poly-ADP-ribosylated by PARP1.
The FHA domain plays a key role in the anti-proliferative properties of the protein and is involved in initiating a cell cycle arrest at G2/M. The FHA domain may be required to interact with phosphorylated proteins.
The PBZ-type zinc finger (also named CYR) mediates non-covalent poly(ADP-ribose)-binding. Poly(ADP-ribose)-binding is dependent on the presence of zinc and is required for its function in antephase checkpoint.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Calsequestrin is a high-capacity, moderate affinity, calcium-binding protein and thus acts as an internal calcium store in muscle. Calcium ions are bound by clusters of acidic residues at the protein surface, especially at the interface between subunits. Can bind around 60 Ca(2+) ions. Regulates the release of lumenal Ca(2+) via the calcium release channel RYR2; this plays an important role in triggering muscle contraction. Plays a role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart and in regulating the rate of heart beats.
Monomer, homodimer and homooligomer. Mostly monomeric in the absence of calcium. Forms higher oligomers in a calcium-dependent manner. Dimers associate to form tetramers, that then form linear homomer chains. Interacts with ASPH and TRDN (By similarity).
Phosphorylation in the C-terminus, probably by CK2, moderately increases calcium buffering capacity.
Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II and is implicated in regulation of development and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II through interaction with POLR2A CTD non-phosphorylated and 'Ser-2'- and 'Ser-5'-phosphorylated forms and is involved in transcriptional elongation, acting both independently and synergistically with TCEA1 and in cooperation with the DSIF complex and HTATSF1. PAF1C is required for transcription of Hox and Wnt target genes. PAF1C is involved in hematopoiesis and stimulates transcriptional activity of KMT2A/MLL1. PAF1C is involved in histone modifications such as ubiquitination of histone H2B and methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). PAF1C recruits the RNF20/40 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and the E2 enzyme UBE2A or UBE2B to chromatin which mediate monoubiquitination of 'Lys-120' of histone H2B (H2BK120ub1); UB2A/B-mediated H2B ubiquitination is proposed to be coupled to transcription. PAF1C is involved in mRNA 3' end formation probably through association with cleavage and poly(A) factors. Involved in polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Connects PAF1C to Wnt signaling (By similarity).
Component of the PAF1 complex, which consists of CDC73, PAF1, LEO1, CTR9, RTF1 and SKIC8 (By similarity). The PAF1 complex interacts with PHF5A (By similarity). Interacts with TCEA1, SUPT5H and CTNNB1 (By similarity). Interacts with SETD5 (By similarity).
Exhibits adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidase activity, hydrolyzing purine nucleotide phosphoramidates with a single phosphate group such as adenosine 5'monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH2) to yield AMP and NH2 (By similarity). Hydrolyzes adenosine 5'monophosphomorpholidate (AMP-morpholidate) and guanosine 5'monophosphomorpholidate (GMP-morpholidate) (By similarity). Hydrolyzes lysyl-AMP (AMP-N-epsilon-(N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester)) generated by lysine tRNA ligase, as well as Met-AMP, His-AMP and Asp-AMP, lysyl-GMP (GMP-N-epsilon-(N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester)) and AMP-N-alanine methyl ester (By similarity). Can also convert adenosine 5'-O-phosphorothioate and guanosine 5'-O-phosphorothioate to the corresponding nucleoside 5'-O-phosphates with concomitant release of hydrogen sulfide (By similarity). In addition, functions as scaffolding protein that modulates transcriptional activation by the LEF1/TCF1-CTNNB1 complex and by the complex formed with MITF and CTNNB1 (By similarity). Modulates p53/TP53 levels and p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis. Modulates proteasomal degradation of target proteins by the SCF (SKP2-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity). Also exhibits SUMO-specific isopeptidase activity, deconjugating SUMO1 from RANGAP1 and RGS17 (By similarity).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with CDK7 (By similarity). Interacts with RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 and is associated with the LEF1/TCF1-CTNNB1 complex and with a KAT5 histone acetyltransferase complex (By similarity). Identified in a complex with MITF and CTNNB1 (By similarity). Interacts with CDC34 and RBX1, and is part of a SCF (SKP2-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with SUMO1, SUMO2 and RGS17 (By similarity). Interacts with the Ten-1 ICD form of TENM1 (By similarity). Interacts with CALM1; interaction increases in the presence of calcium ions (By similarity).
Acts as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and regulates the degradation of target proteins. Polyubiquitinates MYD88. Negatively regulates MYD88-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Can promote TRIF-dependent production of type I interferon and inhibits infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. Promotes also activation of TBK1 and IRF3. Involved in the ubiquitination of erythropoietin (EPO) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptors. Thus, through maintaining basal levels of cytokine receptors, RNF41 is involved in the control of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation into myeloerythroid lineages. Contributes to the maintenance of steady-state ERBB3 levels by mediating its growth factor-independent degradation. Involved in the degradation of the inhibitor of apoptosis BIRC6 and thus is an important regulator of cell death by promoting apoptosis. Acts also as a PRKN modifier that accelerates its degradation, resulting in a reduction of PRKN activity, influencing the balance of intracellular redox state. The RNF41-PRKN pathway regulates autophagosome-lysosome fusion during late mitophagy. Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy necessary for mitochondrial quality control.
Autoubiquitinated. Autoubiquitination leads to proteasomal degradation. Deubiquitinated by USP8 to get stabilized which induces apoptosis.
Interacts with USP8, ERBB3, PRKN, BIRC6, CSF2RB, EPOR, IL3RA, MYD88 and TBK1. Interacts with CLEC16A.
Heterotetramer with large (RRM1) subunit. Interacts with p53/TP53. Interacts with RRM1 in response to DNA damage (By similarity).
Plays a pivotal role in cell survival by repairing damaged DNA in a p53/TP53-dependent manner. Supplies deoxyribonucleotides for DNA repair in cells arrested at G1 or G2. Contains an iron-tyrosyl free radical center required for catalysis. Forms an active ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex with RRM1 which is expressed both in resting and proliferating cells in response to DNA damage (By similarity).
Homodimer. Component of the BCR(LZTR1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL3, LZTR1 and RBX1. Interacts with Ras (K-Ras/KRAS, N-Ras/NRAS and H-Ras/HRAS). Interacts with RAF1. Interacts with SHOC2. Interacts with PPP1CB.
Phosphorylated on tyrosine upon induction of apoptosis, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that mediates ubiquitination of Ras (K-Ras/KRAS, N-Ras/NRAS and H-Ras/HRAS). Is a negative regulator of RAS-MAPK signaling that acts by controlling Ras levels and decreasing Ras association with membranes.
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA.
Mismatch-specific DNA N-glycosylase involved in DNA repair. Has thymine glycosylase activity and is specific for G:T mismatches within methylated and unmethylated CpG sites. Can also remove uracil or 5-fluorouracil in G:U mismatches. Has no lyase activity. Was first identified as methyl-CpG-binding protein.
Acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S cell cycle phase progression by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibitory effects are additive with GADD45 proteins but occurs also in the absence of GADD45 proteins. Acts as a repressor of the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 by inhibiting AB domain-mediated transcriptional activity. May be involved in the hormone-mediated regulation of NR4A1 transcriptional activity. May play a role in mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL64 family.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor.
Accessory component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex (By similarity). Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication (By similarity). Forms a complex with CHRAC1 and binds naked DNA, which is then incorporated into chromatin, aided by the nucleosome-remodeling activity of ISWI/SNF2H and ACF1 (By similarity). Does not enhance nucleosome sliding activity of the ACF-5 ISWI chromatin remodeling complex (By similarity).
Component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit POLE and the accessory subunits POLE2, POLE3 and POLE4. Interaction with POLE4 is a prerequisite for further binding with POLE and POLE2. Heterodimer with CHRAC1; binds to DNA (By similarity). Component of the CHRAC ISWI chromatin remodeling complex at least composed of SMARCA5/SNF2H, BAZ1A/ACF1, CHRAC1 and POLE3; the complex preferentially binds DNA through the CHRAC1-POLE3 heterodimer and possesses ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity (By similarity). Within the complex, the heterodimer with CHRAC1 interacts with SMARCA5/SNF2H; the interaction is direct and enhances nucleosome sliding activity by the SMARCA5/SNF2H and BAZ1A/ACF1 interaction (By similarity). Within the complex, the heterodimer with CHRAC1 interacts with BAZ1A/ACF1; the interactions are direct (By similarity).
Inactivates MAPK1 and MAPK3 which leads to dephosphorylation of heat shock factor protein 4 and a reduction in its DNA-binding activity.
Homohexamer formed of two homotrimers in a head to head fashion.
Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Catalyzes the transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (By similarity).
Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Catalyzes the transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin.
Phosphorylation of Ser-19 is required for maximal enzyme activity.
The active site is at the interface between 2 subunits. The proton acceptor Cys is on one subunit, and the charge relay system is on the other subunit.
Dephosphorylates 26S nuclear proteasomes, thereby decreasing their proteolytic activity. Recruited to the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome through its interaction with 19S component PSMD2/RPN1. Once recruited, dephosphorylates 19S component PSMC2/RPT1 which impairs PSMC2 ATPase activity and disrupts 26S proteasome assembly. Has also been reported to stimulate the proteolytic activity of the 26S proteasome.
The Ubiquitin-like domain mediates interaction with proteasomes.
Converts unsaturated trans-2-enoyl-CoA species ((2E)-enoyl-CoA) to the corresponding (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA species through addition of a water molecule to the double bond. Catalyzes the hydration of medium- and short-chained fatty enoyl-CoA thioesters from 4 carbons long (C4) up to C16 (By similarity). Has high substrate specificity for crotonyl-CoA ((2E)-butenoyl-CoA) and moderate specificity for acryloyl-CoA, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (3-methyl-(2E)-butenoyl-CoA) and methacrylyl-CoA ((2E)-2-methylpropenoyl-CoA). Can bind tiglyl-CoA (2-methylcrotonoyl-CoA), but hydrates only a small amount of this substrate (By similarity). Plays a key role in the beta-oxidation spiral of short- and medium-chain fatty acid oxidation. At a lower rate than the hydratase reaction, catalyzes the isomerase reaction of trans-3-enoyl-CoA species (such as (3E)-hexenoyl-CoA) to trans-2-enoyl-CoA species (such as (2E)-hexenoyl-CoA), which are subsequently hydrated to 3(S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA species (such as (3S)-hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA) (By similarity).
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Binds 1 Fe cation per subunit. Ni(2+) and Zn(2+) can be used to a lesser extent.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid with addition of molecular dioxygen.
The thioether cross-link between Cys-93 and Tyr-157 plays a structural role through stabilizing the Fe(2+) ion, and prevents the production of highly damaging free hydroxyl radicals by holding the oxygen radical via hydroxyl hydrogen.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Component of the PRP19-CDC5L splicing complex composed of a core complex comprising a homotetramer of PRPF19, CDC5L, PLRG1 and BCAS2, and at least three less stably associated proteins CTNNBL1, CWC15 and HSPA8. Interacts directly with CTNNBL1 in the complex. Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns (By similarity).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Component of the PRP19-CDC5L complex that forms an integral part of the spliceosome and is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 1 subfamily.
ESCRT-III-like protein required to recruit the ESCRT-III complex to the nuclear envelope (NE) during late anaphase (By similarity). Together with SPAST, the ESCRT-III complex promotes NE sealing and mitotic spindle disassembly during late anaphase (By similarity). Recruited to the reforming NE during anaphase by LEMD2 (By similarity). Plays a role in the endosomal sorting pathway (By similarity).
Interacts with CHMP4B, but not with VPS25 (By similarity). Interacts with LEMD2 (via C-terminus) (By similarity).
Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA.
Involved in the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and its perinuclear clustering.
The C-terminus is required for mitochondrial localization, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial fission.
Interacts with HSP90AB1; HSP90AB1 is essential for FAM162A mitochondrial localization and pro-apoptotic activity. Interacts with VDAC2; the interaction is probably involved in inducing mitochondrial permeability transition.
Proposed to be involved in regulation of apoptosis; the exact mechanism may differ between cell types/tissues. May be involved in hypoxia-induced cell death of transformed cells implicating cytochrome C release and caspase activation (such as CASP9) and inducing mitochondrial permeability transition. May be involved in hypoxia-induced cell death of neuronal cells probably by promoting release of AIFM1 from mitochondria to cytoplasm and its translocation to the nucleus; however, the involvement of caspases has been reported conflictingly.
Component of the 7SK snRNP complex at least composed of P-TEFb (composed of CDK9 and CCNT1/cyclin-T1), HEXIM1, HEXIM2, BCDIN3, SART3 proteins and 7SK and U6 snRNAs. Interacts with AGO1 and AGO2. Interacts with PRPF3 and USP4; the interaction with PRPF3 is direct and recruits USP4 to its substrate PRPF3. Interacts with USP15; the interaction is direct.
U6 snRNP-binding protein that functions as a recycling factor of the splicing machinery. Promotes the initial reassembly of U4 and U6 snRNPs following their ejection from the spliceosome during its maturation. Also binds U6atac snRNPs and may function as a recycling factor for U4atac/U6atac spliceosomal snRNP, an initial step in the assembly of U12-type spliceosomal complex. The U12-type spliceosomal complex plays a role in the splicing of introns with non-canonical splice sites. May also function as a substrate-targeting factor for deubiquitinases like USP4 and USP15. Recruits USP4 to ubiquitinated PRPF3 within the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP complex, promoting PRPF3 deubiquitination and thereby regulating the spliceosome U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP spliceosomal complex disassembly. May also recruit the deubiquitinase USP15 to histone H2B and mediate histone deubiquitination, thereby regulating gene expression and/or DNA repair. May play a role in hematopoiesis probably through transcription regulation of specific genes including MYC.
Involved in trafficking and recycling of synaptic vesicles.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphatase family.
Exhibits both phospholipase A1/2 and acyltransferase activities (By similarity). Shows phospholipase A1 (PLA1) and A2 (PLA2), catalyzing the calcium-independent release of fatty acids from the sn-1 or sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids (By similarity). For most substrates, PLA1 activity is much higher than PLA2 activity (By similarity). Shows O-acyltransferase activity, catalyzing the transfer of a fatty acyl group from glycerophospholipid to the hydroxyl group of lysophospholipid (By similarity). Shows N-acyltransferase activity, catalyzing the calcium-independent transfer of a fatty acyl group at the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and other glycerophospholipids to the primary amine of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), forming N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), which serves as precursor for N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) (By similarity). Exhibits high N-acyltransferase activity and low phospholipase A1/2 activity (By similarity). Required for complete organelle rupture and degradation that occur during eye lens terminal differentiation, when fiber cells that compose the lens degrade all membrane-bound organelles in order to provide lens with transparency to allow the passage of light. Organelle membrane degradation is probably catalyzed by the phospholipase activity (By similarity).
Interacts with PPP2R1A; this interaction might decrease PP2A activity.
The C-terminal transmembrane domain is required for the targeting of the protein to damaged organelles.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Adapter protein which binds TBK1 and IKBKE playing a role in antiviral innate immunity (By similarity). Activates serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 and facilitates its oligomerization (By similarity). Enhances the phosphorylation of NF-kappa-B p65 subunit RELA by TBK1 (By similarity). Promotes TBK1-induced as well as TNF-alpha or PMA-induced activation of NF-kappa-B (By similarity). Participates in IFNB promoter activation via TICAM1 (By similarity).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with IKBKE, TBK1 and TICAM1 (By similarity). Interacts with TAX1BP1 (By similarity). Interacts with CALCOCO2 (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated via 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination by TRIM38, leading to its degradation.
Component of the SNARE complex composed of STX4, SNAP23 and VAMP7 that binds SYT7 during lysosomal exocytosis. Component of the SNARE complex composed of STX7, STX8, VAMP7 and VTI1B that is required for heterotypic fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes in liver cells. May interact with STX17 (By similarity). Interacts with PICALM (By similarity). Interacts with RAB21 (By similarity).
Involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane during transport of proteins from the early endosome to the lysosome. Required for heterotypic fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes and homotypic lysosomal fusion. Required for calcium regulated lysosomal exocytosis. Involved in the export of chylomicrons from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cis Golgi. Required for exocytosis of mediators during eosinophil and neutrophil degranulation, and target cell killing by natural killer cells. Required for focal exocytosis of late endocytic vesicles during phagosome formation (By similarity).
Oligomer of 24 subunits. There are two types of subunits: L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain. The major chain can be light or heavy, depending on the species and tissue type. The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble mineral iron core is deposited.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation. Also plays a role in delivery of iron to cells. Mediates iron uptake in capsule cells of the developing kidney (By similarity).
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. Probably binds BUB3 as part of transport cargo. Required for the efficient progression through mitosis (By similarity).
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs), light intermediate chains (LICs) and light chains (LCs); the composition seems to vary in respect to the IC, LIC and LC composition. The heavy chain homodimer serves as a scaffold for the probable homodimeric assembly of the respective non-catalytic subunits. The ICs and LICs bind directly to the HC dimer and the LCs assemble on the IC dimer. DYNLT1 and DYNLT3 compete for association with dynein IC (DYNC1I1 or DYNC1I2). Self-associates. Interacts with DYNC1I1 and DYNC1I2. Interacts with BUB3. Interacts with SATB1 in nucleus to form complex with matrix attachment regions (MARs) of DNA (By similarity).
Associates with SLC3A2 to form a functional heterodimeric complex that translocates small and large neutral amino acids with broad specificity and a stoichiometry of 1:1. Functions as amino acid antiporter mediating the influx of extracellular essential amino acids mainly in exchange with the efflux of highly concentrated intracellular amino acids. Has relatively symmetrical selectivities but strongly asymmetrical substrate affinities at both the intracellular and extracellular sides of the transporter. This asymmetry allows SLC7A8 to regulate intracellular amino acid pools (mM concentrations) by exchange with external amino acids (uM concentration range), equilibrating the relative concentrations of different amino acids across the plasma membrane instead of mediating their net uptake. May play an essential role in the reabsorption of neutral amino acids from the epithelial cells to the bloodstream in the kidney. Involved in the uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) when administered as the L-cysteine or D,L-homocysteine complexes, and hence plays a role in metal ion homeostasis and toxicity. Involved in the cellular activity of small molecular weight nitrosothiols, via the stereoselective transport of L-nitrosocysteine (L-CNSO) across the transmembrane (By similarity). Imports the thyroid hormone diiodothyronine (T2) and to a smaller extent triiodothyronine (T3) but not rT 3 or thyroxine (T4) (By similarity). Mediates the uptake of L-DOPA (By similarity). May participate in auditory function (By similarity).
Disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of the catalytic light chain subunit SLC7A8 and the heavy chain subunit SLC3A2. SLC3A2 acts as chaperones for correct plasma membrane trafficking and stabilization of SLC7A8 and modulates the substrate affinity and specificity of SLC7A8. ICAM-1 associates with the heterodimer SLC3A2/SLC7A8; facilitates leucine uptake.
Has deubiquitinating activity towards 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Deubiquitinates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of RPS7 leading to its stabilization.
Associates with mitochondrial leucine tRNAs. Interacts with ELAC2.
Mitochondrial protein implicated in negative regulation of leucine tRNA levels, as well as negative regulation of mitochondria-encoded proteins and COX activity. Affects also the 3'-processing of mitochondrial tRNAs.
Interacts with PEX5; the interaction is essential for peroxisomal import.
Belongs to the complexin/synaphin family.
Class I metallothioneins contain 2 metal-binding domains: four divalent ions are chelated within cluster A of the alpha domain and are coordinated via cysteinyl thiolate bridges to 11 cysteine ligands. Cluster B, the corresponding region within the beta domain, can ligate three divalent ions to 9 cysteines.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals; these proteins are transcriptionally regulated by both heavy metals and glucocorticoids.
Deubiquitination at Lys-191 and Lys-194 by USP32.
Interacts with NTRK1/TRKA (By similarity). Interacts with RILP (By similarity). Interacts with PSMA7 (By similarity). Interacts with RNF115 (By similarity). Interacts with FYCO1 (By similarity). Interacts with the PIK3C3/VPS34-PIK3R4 complex (By similarity). The GTP-bound form interacts with OSBPL1A (By similarity). The GTP-bound form interacts with RAC1 (By similarity). Interacts with CLN3 (By similarity). Interacts with CHM, the substrate-binding subunit of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase complex (By similarity). Interacts with C9orf72. Does not interact with HPS4 and the BLOC-3 complex (heterodimer of HPS1 and HPS4). Interacts with CLN5 (By similarity). Interacts with PLEKHM1 (via N- and C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with RUFY4 (By similarity). Interacts with PRPH; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with VPS13A (By similarity). The GDP-bound form interacts with RIMOC1 (By similarity). Interacts with the MON1A-CCZ1B complex and this interaction is enhanced in the presence of RIMOC1 (By similarity).
Small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins playing a key role in the regulation of endo-lysosomal trafficking. Governs early-to-late endosomal maturation, microtubule minus-end as well as plus-end directed endosomal migration and positioning, and endosome-lysosome transport through different protein-protein interaction cascades (By similarity). Plays a central role, not only in endosomal traffic, but also in many other cellular and physiological events, such as growth-factor-mediated cell signaling, nutrient-transporter-mediated nutrient uptake, neurotrophin transport in the axons of neurons and lipid metabolism (By similarity). Also involved in regulation of some specialized endosomal membrane trafficking, such as maturation of melanosomes, pathogen-induced phagosomes (or vacuoles) and autophagosomes (By similarity). Plays a role in the maturation and acidification of phagosomes that engulf pathogens, such as S.aureus and Mycobacteria (By similarity). Plays a role in the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes (By similarity). Plays important roles in microbial pathogen infection and survival, as well as in participating in the life cycle of viruses (By similarity). Microbial pathogens possess survival strategies governed by RAB7A, sometimes by employing RAB7A function (e.g. Salmonella) and sometimes by excluding RAB7A function (e.g. Mycobacterium) (By similarity). In concert with RAC1, plays a role in regulating the formation of RBs (ruffled borders) in osteoclasts (By similarity). Controls the endosomal trafficking and neurite outgrowth signaling of NTRK1/TRKA (By similarity). Regulates the endocytic trafficking of the EGF-EGFR complex by regulating its lysosomal degradation (By similarity). Involved in the ADRB2-stimulated lipolysis through lipophagy, a cytosolic lipase-independent autophagic pathway. Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan (By similarity). Required for vesicular trafficking and cell surface expression of ACE2 (By similarity). May play a role in PRPH neuronal intermediate filament assembly (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. TatD-type hydrolase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 16 (GT16) protein family.
Acts as a molecular chaperone for PCSK2/PC2, preventing its premature activation in the regulated secretory pathway. Binds to inactive PCSK2 in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates its transport from there to later compartments of the secretory pathway where it is proteolytically matured and activated. Also required for cleavage of PCSK2 but does not appear to be involved in its folding. Plays a role in regulating pituitary hormone secretion. The C-terminal peptide inhibits PCSK2 in vitro.
Interacts with PCSK2/PC2 early in the secretory pathway. Dissociation occurs at later stages.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Component of some SCF complex, composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXO42. Interacts (via the kelch domain) with p53/TP53; interaction is direct (By similarity).
Substrate-recognition component of some SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Specifically recognizes p53/TP53, promoting its ubiquitination and degradation (By similarity).
Component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN (MRN complex) which plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosome integrity. The complex is involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, DNA recombination, maintenance of telomere integrity, cell cycle checkpoint control and meiosis.
Component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN (MRN complex) which plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosome integrity. The complex is involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, DNA recombination, maintenance of telomere integrity, cell cycle checkpoint control and meiosis. The complex possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity, which are provided by MRE11. RAD50 may be required to bind DNA ends and hold them in close proximity. NBN modulate the DNA damage signal sensing by recruiting PI3/PI4-kinase family members ATM, ATR, and probably DNA-PKcs to the DNA damage sites and activating their functions. It can also recruit MRE11 and RAD50 to the proximity of DSBs by an interaction with the histone H2AX. NBN also functions in telomere length maintenance by generating the 3' overhang which serves as a primer for telomerase dependent telomere elongation. NBN is a major player in the control of intra-S-phase checkpoint and there is some evidence that NBN is involved in G1 and G2 checkpoints. The roles of NBS1/MRN encompass DNA damage sensor, signal transducer, and effector, which enable cells to maintain DNA integrity and genomic stability. Forms a complex with RBBP8 to link DNA double-strand break sensing to resection. Enhances AKT1 phosphorylation possibly by association with the mTORC2 complex (By similarity).
Component of the MRN complex composed of two heterodimers RAD50/MRE11 associated with a single NBN (By similarity). As part of the MRN complex, interacts with MCM9; the interaction recruits the complex to DNA repair sites (By similarity). Component of the BASC complex, at least composed of BRCA1, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, ATM, BLM, RAD50, MRE11 and NBN (By similarity). Interacts with histone H2AX this requires phosphorylation of H2AX on 'Ser-139' (By similarity). Interacts with HJURP, INTS3, KPNA2 and TERF2 (By similarity). Interacts with RBBP8; the interaction links the role of the MRN complex in DNA double-strand break sensing to resection (By similarity). Interacts with SP100; recruits NBN to PML bodies (By similarity). Interacts with ATF2 (By similarity). Interacts with MTOR, MAPKAP1 isoform 2 and RICTOR; indicative for an association with the mTORC2 complex (By similarity). Interacts with MRNIP (By similarity). Interacts with UFL1; promoting UFL1 recruitment to double-strand breaks following DNA damage (By similarity). Interacts with CYREN (via XLF motif) (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by ATM in response of ionizing radiation, and such phosphorylation is responsible intra-S phase checkpoint control and telomere maintenance.
The C-terminal domain contains a MRE11-binding site, and this interaction is required for the nuclear localization of the MRN complex. Interacts with RBBP8; the interaction links the role of the MRN complex in DNA double-strand break sensing to resection (By similarity).
The EEXXXDDL motif at the C-terminus is required for the interaction with ATM and its recruitment to sites of DNA damage and promote the phosphorylation of ATM substrates, leading to the events of DNA damage response.
The FHA and BRCT domains are likely to have a crucial role for both binding to histone H2AX and for relocalization of MRE11/RAD50 complex to the vicinity of DNA damage.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as cofactor.
Interacts with FLNA (via filamin repeat 21); increases PKA-mediated phosphorylation of FLNA.
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis, and uses different modes of RNA stem-loop binding to exert either translational activation or repression. This subunit binds directly within the mRNA entry channel of the 40S ribosome to the aminoacyl (A) site. It may regulate the interaction between the 43S PIC and mRNA.
Belongs to the JHDM2 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code.
Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs are known to mediate the association with nuclear receptors.
The JmjC domain and the C6-type zinc-finger are required for the demethylation activity.
Can bind about 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIb family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix (By similarity). Plays a role in proper central nervous system (CNS) development in vertebrates (By similarity).
Catalyzes the N-methylation of tryptamine and structurally related compounds (By similarity). Functions as thioether S-methyltransferase and is active with a variety of thioethers and the corresponding selenium and tellurium compounds, including 3-methylthiopropionaldehyde, dimethyl selenide, dimethyl telluride, 2-methylthioethylamine, 2-methylthioethanol, methyl-n-propyl sulfide and diethyl sulfide. Plays an important role in the detoxification of selenium compounds (By similarity).
Functions in cell-cell adhesion, cell migration and axon guidance, exerting an attractive or repulsive role depending on its interaction partners. Plays a role in the spatial organization of brain neurons. Plays a role in vascular development in the retina (By similarity). Plays a role in cell-cell adhesion via its interaction with ADGRL3 and probably also other latrophilins that are expressed at the surface of adjacent cells (By similarity). Interaction with the intracellular domain of ROBO1 mediates axon attraction towards cells expressing NTN1. Mediates axon growth cone collapse and plays a repulsive role in neuron guidance via its interaction with UNC5B, and possibly also other UNC-5 family members (By similarity). Promotes neurite outgrowth (in vitro). Mediates cell-cell contacts that promote an increase both in neurite number and in neurite length. Plays a role in the regulation of the density of glutamaergic synapses. Plays a role in fibroblast growth factor-mediated signaling cascades. Required for normal morphogenesis during embryonic development, but not for normal embryonic patterning. Required for normal ventral closure, headfold fusion and definitive endoderm migration during embryonic development. Required for the formation of a normal basement membrane and the maintenance of a normal anterior visceral endoderm during embryonic development (By similarity).
Monomer and homodimer. Self-associates (via leucine-rich repeats), giving rise to homooligomers (By similarity). Interacts with FGFR1. Interacts (via extracellular domain) with ADGRL1/LPHN1 and LPHN2 (via olfactomedin-like domain) (By similarity). Interacts (via extracellular domain) with ADGRL3 (via olfactomedin-like domain); the interaction is direct. Interacts (via extracellular domain) with UNC5B and UNC5D (via extracellular domain); the interaction is direct. Identified in complexes composed of FLRT3, ADGRL3 and UNC5B, respectively FLRT3, ADGRL3 and UNC5D (By similarity). May also interact (via extracellular domain) with UNC5A and UNC5C. Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with ROBO1 (By similarity).
Proteolytic cleavage in the juxtamembrane region gives rise to a soluble ectodomain. Cleavage is probably effected by a metalloprotease.
Functions as a negative regulator of the PI3 kinase/PI3K activity associated with endosomal membranes via BECN1, a core subunit of the PI3K complex. By modifying the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate/PtdInsP3 content of endosomal membranes may regulate endosome fusion, recycling, sorting and early to late endosome transport. It is for instance, required for the delivery of cargos like BST2/tetherin from early to late endosome and thereby participates indirectly to their degradation by the lysosome. May play a role in meiosis.
Interacts with WDR81; involved in early to late endosome cargo transport. Interacts with BECN1; negatively regulates the PI3 kinase/PI3K activity associated with endosomal membranes.
Methylated at Arg-563 in response to EGF treatment. This modification leads to destabilization of the protein, possibly through proteasomal degradation.
Monomer. Homodimer. Heterodimerizes with BRAF and this heterodimer possesses a highly increased kinase activity compared to the respective homodimers or monomers. Heterodimerization is mitogen-regulated and enhanced by 14-3-3 proteins. MAPK1/ERK2 activation can induce a negative feedback that promotes the dissociation of the heterodimer. Forms a multiprotein complex with Ras (M-Ras/MRAS), SHOC2 and protein phosphatase 1 (PPP1CA, PPP1CB and PPP1CC). Interacts with LZTR1. Interacts with Ras proteins; the interaction is antagonized by RIN1 (By similarity). Weakly interacts with RIT1. Interacts (via N-terminus) with RGS14 (via RBD domains); the interaction mediates the formation of a ternary complex with BRAF, a ternary complex inhibited by GNAI1 (By similarity). Probably forms a complex composed of chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, co-chaperones CDC37, PPP5C, TSC1 and client protein TSC2, CDK4, AKT, RAF1 and NR3C1; this complex does not contain co-chaperones STIP1/HOP and PTGES3/p23. Interacts with STK3/MST2; the interaction inhibits its pro-apoptotic activity. Interacts (when phosphorylated at Ser-259) with YWHAZ (unphosphorylated at 'Thr-232') (By similarity). Interacts with MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 (By similarity). Interacts with MAP3K5/ASF1 (via N-terminus) and this interaction inhibits the proapoptotic function of MAP3K5/ASK1. Interacts with PAK1 (via kinase domain) (By similarity). The phosphorylated form interacts with PIN1 (By similarity). The Ser-338 and Ser-339 phosphorylated form (by PAK1) interacts with BCL2. Interacts with PEBP1/RKIP and this interaction is enhanced if RAF1 is phosphorylated on residues Ser-338, Ser-339, Tyr-340 and Tyr-341. Interacts with ADCY2, ADCY5, ADCY6, DGKH, RCAN1/DSCR1, PPP1R12A, PKB/AKT1, PPP2CA, PPP2R1B, SPRY2, SPRY4, CNKSR1/CNK1, KSR2 and PHB/prohibitin (By similarity). Interacts with ROCK2 (By similarity). In its active form, interacts with PRMT5. Interacts with FAM83B; displaces 14-3-3 proteins from RAF1 and activates RAF1. Interacts with PDE8A; the interaction promotes RAF1 activity. Interacts with MFHAS1. Interacts with GLS (By similarity). Interacts with NEK10 and MAP2K1; the interaction is direct with NEK10 and required for ERK1/2-signaling pathway activation in response to UV irradiation (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Thr-269, Ser-338, Tyr-341, Thr-491 and Ser-494 results in its activation. Phosphorylation at Ser-29, Ser-43, Ser-289, Ser-296, Ser-301 and Ser-642 by MAPK1/ERK2 results in its inactivation. Phosphorylation at Ser-259 induces the interaction with YWHAZ and inactivates kinase activity. Dephosphorylation of Ser-259 by the complex containing protein phosphatase 1, SHOC2 and M-Ras/MRAS relieves inactivation, leading to stimulate RAF1 activity. Phosphorylation at Ser-338 by PAK1 and PAK5 and Ser-339 by PAK1 is required for its mitochondrial localization (By similarity). Phosphorylation at Ser-621 in response to growth factor treatment stabilizes the protein, possibly by preventing proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylation at Ser-289, Ser-296, Ser-301, Ser-338 and Ser-621 are somehow linked to the methylation potential of cells. Treatment of cells with HGF in the presence of the methylation inhibitor 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) results in increased phosphorylation at Ser-338 and Ser-621 and decreased phosphorylation at Ser-296, Ser-301 and Ser-338. Dephosphorylation at Ser-338 by PPP5C results in a decreased of activity (By similarity).
Regulation is a highly complex process involving membrane recruitment, protein-protein interactions, dimerization, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. Ras-GTP recruits RAF1 to the membrane, thereby promoting its activation. The inactive conformation of RAF1 is maintained by autoinhibitory interactions occurring between the N-terminal regulatory and the C-terminal catalytic domains and by the binding of a 14-3-3 protein that contacts two phosphorylation sites, Ser-259 and Ser-621. Upon mitogenic stimulation, Ras and PPP2R1A cooperate to release autoinhibition and the subsequent phosphorylation of activating sites: Ser-338, Tyr-341, Thr-491, and Ser-494, yields a fully active kinase. Through a negative feedback mechanism involving MAPK1/ERK2, RAF1 is phosphorylated on Ser-29, Ser-43, Ser-289, Ser-296, Ser-301 and Ser-642 by MAPK1/ERK2, which yields an inactive, desensitized kinase. The signaling-competent conformation of RAF1 is finally re-established by the coordinated action of PIN1, a prolyl isomerase that converts pSer and pThr residues from the cis to the trans conformation, which is preferentially recognized and dephosphorylated by PPP2R1A. Activated by homodimerization and heterodimerization (with BRAF). Also regulated through association with other proteins such as KSR2, CNKSR1/CNK1, PEBP1/RKIP, PHB/prohibitin and SPRY4. PEBP1/RKIP acts by dissociating RAF1 from its substrates MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. PHB/prohibitin facilitates the displacement of 14-3-3 from RAF1 by activated Ras, thereby promoting cell membrane localization and phosphorylation of RAF1 at the activating Ser-338. SPRY4 inhibits Ras-independent, but not Ras-dependent, activation of RAF1. CNKSR1/CNK1 regulates Src-mediated RAF1 activation (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a regulatory link between the membrane-associated Ras GTPases and the MAPK/ERK cascade, and this critical regulatory link functions as a switch determining cell fate decisions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, survival and oncogenic transformation. RAF1 activation initiates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that comprises a sequential phosphorylation of the dual-specific MAPK kinases (MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2). The phosphorylated form of RAF1 (on residues Ser-338 and Ser-339, by PAK1) phosphorylates BAD/Bcl2-antagonist of cell death at 'Ser-75'. Phosphorylates adenylyl cyclases: ADCY2, ADCY5 and ADCY6, resulting in their activation. Phosphorylates PPP1R12A resulting in inhibition of the phosphatase activity. Phosphorylates TNNT2/cardiac muscle troponin T. Can promote NF-kB activation and inhibit signal transducers involved in motility (ROCK2), apoptosis (MAP3K5/ASK1 and STK3/MST2), proliferation and angiogenesis (RB1). Can protect cells from apoptosis also by translocating to the mitochondria where it binds BCL2 and displaces BAD/Bcl2-antagonist of cell death. Regulates Rho signaling and migration, and is required for normal wound healing. Plays a role in the oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells via repression of the TJ protein, occludin (OCLN) by inducing the up-regulation of a transcriptional repressor SNAI2/SLUG, which induces down-regulation of OCLN. Restricts caspase activation in response to selected stimuli, notably Fas stimulation, pathogen-mediated macrophage apoptosis, and erythroid differentiation (By similarity).
Interacts with GRIP1, ESR1, AR and CTNNB1.
Mitochondrial proton-coupled zinc ion antiporter mediating the export of zinc from the mitochondria and involved in zinc homeostasis, zinc mobilization as well as mitochondrial morphology and health (By similarity). In nucleus, functions as a secondary coactivator for nuclear receptors by cooperating with p160 coactivators subtypes. Plays a role in transcriptional activation of Wnt-responsive genes (By similarity).
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I) which consists of TSG101, VPS28, a VPS37 protein (VPS37A to -D) and MVB12A or MVB12B in a 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry. Interacts with TSG101, VPS28, MVB12A and MVB12B. Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I) which consists of TSG101, VPS28, a VPS37 protein (VPS37A to -D) and UBAP1 in a 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry. Interacts with HGS and STAM2. Interacts with CEP55 (By similarity).
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation (By similarity).
A positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement (By similarity). It binds to and stabilizes the C3- and C5-convertase enzyme complexes (By similarity). Inhibits CFI-CFH mediated degradation of Inhibits CFI-CFH mediated degradation of Complement C3 beta chain (C3b) (By similarity).
In plasma, properdin exists as dimers, trimers or tetramers in the relative proportions of 26:54:20 (By similarity). Interacts with the pro-C3-convertase enzyme complex (C3b-Bb) comprised of Complement C3 beta chain (C3b) and the Complement factor B Bb fragment (Bb), where it binds (via its TSP type-1 5 domain) with C3b and Bb (By similarity). This interaction stabilizes the complex and allows it to become the active C3-convertase enzyme complex (C3b-Bb-FP) (By similarity). Interacts with C3b (By similarity). Interacts with CFB (By similarity).
TSP type-1 domain 0 binds to TSP type-1 domain 4, and TSP type-1 domain 1 binds to TSP type-1 domain 6 (By similarity). These interactions mediate multimerization (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. MPPE1 family.
Interacts with GPI-anchor proteins. Interacts with TMED10 (By similarity).
Interacts with GPI-anchor proteins. Interacts with TMED10.
Metallophosphoesterase required for transport of GPI-anchor proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Acts in lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation by mediating the removal of a side-chain ethanolamine-phosphate (EtNP) from the second Man (Man2) of the GPI intermediate, an essential step for efficient transport of GPI-anchor proteins (By similarity).
Metallophosphoesterase required for transport of GPI-anchor proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Acts in lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation by mediating the removal of a side-chain ethanolamine-phosphate (EtNP) from the second Man (Man2) of the GPI intermediate, an essential step for efficient transport of GPI-anchor proteins.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. CDH1 is involved in mechanisms regulating cell-cell adhesions, mobility and proliferation of epithelial cells. Has a potent invasive suppressor role. It is a ligand for integrin alpha-E/beta-7 (By similarity).
During apoptosis or with calcium influx, cleaved by a membrane-bound metalloproteinase (ADAM10), PS1/gamma-secretase and caspase-3 (By similarity). Processing by the metalloproteinase, induced by calcium influx, causes disruption of cell-cell adhesion and the subsequent release of beta-catenin into the cytoplasm (By similarity). The residual membrane-tethered cleavage product is rapidly degraded via an intracellular proteolytic pathway (By similarity). Cleavage by caspase-3 releases the cytoplasmic tail resulting in disintegration of the actin microfilament system (By similarity). The gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage promotes disassembly of adherens junctions (By similarity). During development of the cochlear organ of Corti, cleavage by ADAM10 at adherens junctions promotes pillar cell separation (By similarity).
E-Cad/CTF2 promotes non-amyloidogenic degradation of Abeta precursors. Has a strong inhibitory effect on APP C99 and C83 production.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Component of an E-cadherin/ catenin adhesion complex composed of at least E-cadherin/CDH1, beta-catenin/CTNNB1 or gamma-catenin/JUP, and potentially alpha-catenin/CTNNA1; the complex is located to adherens junctions. Interacts with the TRPV4 and CTNNB1 complex. Interacts with CTNND1. The stable association of CTNNA1 is controversial as CTNNA1 was shown not to bind to F-actin when assembled in the complex. Alternatively, the CTNNA1-containing complex may be linked to F-actin by other proteins such as LIMA1. Interaction with PSEN1, cleaves CDH1 resulting in the disassociation of cadherin-based adherens junctions (CAJs). Interacts with AJAP1 and DLGAP5. Interacts with TBC1D2. Interacts with LIMA1. Interacts with CAV1. Interacts with PIP5K1C. Interacts with RAB8B. Interacts with DDR1; this stabilizes CDH1 at the cell surface and inhibits its internalization. Interacts with RAPGEF2. Interacts with KLRG1. Forms a ternary complex composed of ADAM10, CADH1 and EPHA4; within the complex, CADH1 is cleaved by ADAM10 which disrupts adherens junctions (By similarity). Interacts with SPEF1 (By similarity). Interacts with CTNNB1 and PKP2 (By similarity).
N-glycosylation at Asn-637 is essential for expression, folding and trafficking. Addition of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine by MGAT3 modulates its cell membrane location (By similarity).
O-glycosylated. O-manosylated by TMTC1, TMTC2, TMTC3 or TMTC4. Thr-285 and Thr-509 are O-mannosylated by TMTC2 or TMTC4 but not TMTC1 or TMTC3.
Ubiquitinated by a SCF complex containing SKP2, which requires prior phosphorylation by CK1/CSNK1A1. Ubiquitinated by CBLL1/HAKAI, requires prior phosphorylation at Tyr-754 (By similarity).
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein TBP, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Interacts with TBP, and more strongly with TAF10 and TAF11.
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters via its subunit TBP, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. TAF13, together with TAF11 and TBP, play key roles during promoter binding by the TFIID and TFIIA transcription factor complexes.
The binding of TAF10 and TAF11 requires distinct domains of TAF13.
Activated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) EPAC2 in a cAMP-dependent manner.
GTP-binding protein that possesses intrinsic GTPase activity. Contributes to the polarizing activity of KRIT1 and CDH5 in the establishment and maintenance of correct endothelial cell polarity and vascular lumen. Required for the localization of phosphorylated PRKCZ, PARD3 and TIAM1 to the cell junction. Plays a role in the establishment of basal endothelial barrier function (By similarity).
Heterodimer with RAP1GAP (By similarity). Interacts with EPAC2 (By similarity). Interacts with SGSM1 (By similarity). Interacts with SGSM2 (By similarity). Interacts with SGSM3 (By similarity). Interacts with KRIT1 (By similarity). Interacts with RAP1GDS1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family.
Homodimer in the unliganted form. Interacts with CD3Z. Interacts with and is activated by binding to NCR3LG1. Interacts with and is activated by binding to BAG6.
Belongs to the FIT family. FIT1 subfamily.
Plays an important role in the formation of lipid droplets (LDs), which are storage organelles at the center of lipid and energy homeostasis. Directly binds to diacylglycerol (DAGs) and triacylglycerol.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with BEX3 (By similarity). Interacts with BIRC2/c-IAP1 (via BIR3 domain) (By similarity). Interacts with BIRC6/bruce (By similarity). Interacts with BIRC7/livin (By similarity). Interacts with XIAP/BIRC4 (via BIR3 domain) (By similarity). Interacts with the monomeric and dimeric form of BIRC5/survivin (By similarity). Interacts with AREL1 (via HECT domain); in the cytoplasm following induction of apoptosis (By similarity).
Promotes apoptosis by activating caspases in the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 pathway. Acts by opposing the inhibitory activity of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) (By similarity). Inhibits the activity of BIRC6/bruce by inhibiting its binding to caspases (By similarity).
The mature N-terminus mediates interaction with XIAP/BIRC4.
The precursor form is proteolytically cleaved by mitochondrial processing peptidase MPP to remove the transit peptide and produce an intermediate form. This is then processed by PARL to produce the mature cleaved form which is released from mitochondria into the cytosol in apoptotic cells.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Monomer. Interacts with ANKRD16; the interaction is direct.
May play a role in mitochondrial aerobic respiration. May also regulate mitochondrial organization and fission (By similarity).
Bifunctional phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase catalyzing two reactions of the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the SAICAR synthetase family.
The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs.
Catalyzes the activation of fatty acids by CoA to produce an acyl-CoA, the first step in fatty acid metabolism (By similarity). Capable of activating medium-chain fatty acids with a preference for isobutyrate among fatty acids with 2-6 carbon atoms (By similarity).
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase (By similarity).
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains. Interacts with TAF6/TAFII80. Interacts with ATF7IP. Interacts with SND1.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis, and uses different modes of RNA stem-loop binding to exert either translational activation or repression.
Phosphorylated by TGF-beta type II receptor.
Cooperates with AGTR2 to inhibit ERK2 activation and cell proliferation. May be required for AGTR2 cell surface expression. Together with PTPN6, induces UBE2V2 expression upon angiotensin-II stimulation (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with AGTR2. Interacts with PTPN6. Associates with microtubules (By similarity).
In the production of energy from fats, this is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain unbranched 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. Also catalyzes the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA and could be involved in the production of ketone bodies. Also displays hydrolase activity on various fatty acyl-CoAs (By similarity). Thereby, could be responsible for the production of acetate in a side reaction to beta-oxidation (By similarity). Abolishes BNIP3-mediated apoptosis and mitochondrial damage (By similarity).
Interacts (via cadherin domains) with both alpha and beta isoforms of neurexins (NRXN1, NRXN2 and NRXN3) (By similarity). Directly interacts with APBA2. Forms a tripartite complex with APBA2 and APP (By similarity). Interacts with low affinity with KLC1 (By similarity). Interacts with SLC23A2/SVCT2 (By similarity).
Postsynaptic adhesion molecule that binds to presynaptic neurexins to mediate both excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation. Promotes synapse development by acting as a cell adhesion molecule at the postsynaptic membrane, which associates with both neurexin-alpha and neurexin-beta proteins at the presynaptic membrane (By similarity). Regulates the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses by inhibiting formation of excitatory parallel-fiber synapses and promoting formation of inhibitory synapses in the same neuron (By similarity). May also be involved in ascorbate (vitamin C) uptake via its interaction with SLC23A2/SVCT2. Complex formation with APBA2 and APP, stabilizes APP metabolism and enhances APBA2-mediated suppression of beta-APP40 secretion, due to the retardation of intracellular APP maturation (By similarity).
Proteolytically processed under normal cellular conditions. A primary zeta-cleavage generates a large extracellular (soluble) N-terminal domain (sAlc) and a short C-terminal transmembrane fragment (CTF1). A secondary cleavage catalyzed by gamma-secretase within the transmembrane domain releases the beta-Alc-beta chain in the extracellular milieu and produces an intracellular fragment (AlcICD). This processing is strongly suppressed in the tripartite complex formed with APBA2 and APP, which seems to prevent the association with gamma-secretase.
The cytoplasmic domain binds synaptic Ca(2+).
Binds to 80S ribosomes. Actively translating ribosomes show mutually exclusive binding of eIF5a (EIF5A or EIF5A2) and EEF2/eEF2 (By similarity). Interacts with DAPL1; interaction takes place at the polypeptide exit tunnel of hibernating ribosomes and prevents translation (By similarity).
Lys-50 undergoes hypusination, a unique post-translational modification that consists in the addition of a butylamino group from spermidine to lysine side chain and leads to the formation of a hypusine residue. eIF-5As are the only known proteins to undergo this modification, which is essential for their function.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts (By similarity). Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step (By similarity). Also involved in actin dynamics and cell cycle progression, mRNA decay and probably in a pathway involved in stress response and maintenance of cell wall integrity (By similarity).
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts. Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP ribonucleoproteins. RNase P consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and 10 different protein chains; POP1, POP4, POP5, POP7, RPP14, RPP21, RPP25, RPP30, RPP38 and RPP40. Within the RNase P complex, POP1, POP7 and RPP25 form the 'finger' subcomplex, POP5, RPP14, RPP40 and homodimeric RPP30 form the 'palm' subcomplex, and RPP21, POP4 and RPP38 form the 'wrist' subcomplex. All subunits of the RNase P complex interact with the catalytic RNA. Several subunits of RNase P are also part of the RNase MRP complex. RNase MRP consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and about 8 protein subunits; POP1, POP7, RPP25, RPP30, RPP38, RPP40 and possibly also POP4 and POP5.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
May participate in suppression of cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death through activation of interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like proteases.
Component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates mRNA processing and transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. DSIF positively regulates mRNA capping by stimulating the mRNA guanylyltransferase activity of RNGTT/CAP1A. DSIF also acts cooperatively with the negative elongation factor complex (NELF complex) to enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter. Transcriptional pausing may facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex. DSIF and NELF promote pausing by inhibition of the transcription elongation factor TFIIS/S-II. TFIIS/S-II binds to RNA polymerase II at transcription pause sites and stimulates the weak intrinsic nuclease activity of the enzyme. Cleavage of blocked transcripts by RNA polymerase II promotes the resumption of transcription from the new 3' terminus and may allow repeated attempts at transcription through natural pause sites (By similarity).
Interacts with SUPT5H to form DSIF. DSIF interacts with the positive transcription elongation factor b complex (P-TEFb complex), which is composed of CDK9 and cyclin-T (CCNT1 or CCNT2). DSIF interacts with RNA polymerase II, and this interaction is reduced by phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A by P-TEFb. DSIF also interacts with the NELF complex, which is composed of NELFA, NELFB, NELFD and NELFE, and this interaction occurs following prior binding of DSIF to RNA polymerase II. DSIF also interacts with PRMT1/HRMT1L2, TATSF1, RNGTT/CAP1A, PRMT5/SKB1, SUPT6H, and can interact with PIN1 (By similarity).
Monomer. Homodimer. Interacts with type III, type IV and type X collagens.
PPIase which accelerates the folding of proteins during protein synthesis. Has a preference for substrates containing 4-hydroxylproline modifications, including type III collagen. May also target type VI and type X collagens.
Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family.
Has peptide-independent ATPase activity.
Shows growth cone collapsing activity on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro. May be a stop signal for the DRG neurons in their target areas, and possibly also for other neurons. May also be involved in the maintenance and remodeling of neuronal connections (By similarity).
Actin-binding protein that regulates actin polymerization, filopodia dynamics and increases the branching of proximal dendrites of developing neurons.
Interacts with F-actin (By similarity). Interacts with G-actin (By similarity).
The name derives from simia, latin, a female ape, and M, A, T and E, the first four amino acids of the ape orthologs.
Interacts with ATG9A. Interacts with MAPK14 (By similarity).
Required for MAP kinase p38 (MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and/or MAPK14) activation during gastrulation. Required for down-regulation of E-cadherin during gastrulation by regulating E-cadherin protein level downstream from NCK-interacting kinase (NIK) and independently of the regulation of transcription by FGF signaling and Snail. Required for starvation-induced ATG9A trafficking during autophagy (By similarity).
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. Grainyhead subfamily.
Binds DNA as homodimer. Homodimer, also forms heterodimers with GRHL2 or GRHL3.
GRHL genes (GRHL1, GRHL2 and GRHL3) show a paradoxical lack of redundancy despite their extensive sequence identity in the DNA-binding and protein dimerization domains and the fact that the core consensus DNA binding sites are identical. They have related but remarkably different functions during embryogenesis because of their differential spatiotemporal expression patterns during development.
Methylation at Arg-9 and Lys-116 may be involved in regulating transcriptional activation.
Transcription factor involved in epithelial development. Binds directly to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-AACCGGTT-3' (By similarity). Important regulator of DSG1 in the context of hair anchorage and epidermal differentiation, participates in the maintenance of the skin barrier. There is no genetic interaction with GRHL3, nor functional cooperativity due to diverse target gene selectivity during epithelia development (By similarity). May play a role in regulating glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP2/CFD1 subfamily.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer forms a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. DTWD2 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AlaDH/PNT family.
Forms a SNARE complex with VTI1B, STX8 and VAMP8 which functions in the homotypic fusion of late endosomes. Component of the SNARE complex composed of STX7, STX8, VAMP7 and VTI1B that is required for heterotypic fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes. Interacts with VPS11, VPS16 and VPS18. Interacts with VPS33A (By similarity). Interacts with TPC1 (By similarity).
May be involved in protein trafficking from the plasma membrane to the early endosome (EE) as well as in homotypic fusion of endocytic organelles. Mediates the endocytic trafficking from early endosomes to late endosomes and lysosomes (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein arginine deiminase family.
Catalyzes the deimination of arginine residues of proteins.
Binding to PtdIns(3,5)P2 is not required for localization.
Forms a complex with clathrin heavy chain and gamma-adaptin.
Required for normal morphology of late endosomes and/or lysosomes in neurons. Binds phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) (By similarity).
The CRAL-TRIO domain is required for targeting to the membrane and for binding PtdIns(3,5)P2.
Kappa-casein stabilizes micelle formation, preventing casein precipitation in milk.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.
Catalyzes the three-step monooxygenation required for the demethylation of 4,4-dimethyl and 4alpha-methylsterols, which can be subsequently metabolized to cholesterol.
The histidine box domains may contain the active site and/or be involved in metal ion binding.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins.
Hydrolyzes N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (MMA) which act as inhibitors of NOS. Has therefore a role in the regulation of nitric oxide generation.
Acyltransferase activity is inhibited by detergents such as Triton X-100 and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS). Acyltransferase activity is inhibited by the presence of magnesium and calcium.
Belongs to the peptidase S33 family. ABHD4/ABHD5 subfamily.
Coenzyme A-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl group on a lysophosphatidic acid. Functions preferentially with 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid followed by 1-palmitoyl-lysophosphatidic acid, 1-stearoyl-lysophosphatidic acid and 1-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidic acid as lipid acceptor. Functions preferentially with arachidonoyl-CoA followed by oleoyl-CoA as acyl group donors (By similarity). Functions in phosphatidic acid biosynthesis (By similarity). May regulate the cellular storage of triacylglycerol through activation of the phospholipase PNPLA2 (By similarity). Involved in keratinocyte differentiation (By similarity). Regulates lipid droplet fusion (By similarity).
Interacts with ADRP, PLIN and PNPLA2. Interacts with PLIN5; promotes interaction with PNPLA2 (By similarity).
Palmitoylation at Cys-273 reduces affinity for dynein.
Phosphorylated in mitosis. Can be phosphorylated by CDK1, CDK5 and MAPK1. Phosphorylation by CDK5 promotes interaction with KATNA1 and YWHAE (By similarity).
Required for organization of the cellular microtubule array and microtubule anchoring at the centrosome. May regulate microtubule organization at least in part by targeting the microtubule severing protein KATNA1 to the centrosome. Also positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus ends. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the centripetal motion of secretory vesicles and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. Also required during brain development for the migration of newly formed neurons from the ventricular/subventricular zone toward the cortical plate. Plays a role, together with DISC1, in the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Required for mitosis in some cell types but appears to be dispensible for mitosis in cortical neuronal progenitors, which instead requires NDE1. Facilitates the polymerization of neurofilaments from the individual subunits NEFH and NEFL. Positively regulates lysosome peripheral distribution and ruffled border formation in osteoclasts (By similarity).
Self-associates. Interacts with DISC1, dynein, dynactin, tubulin gamma, KATNA1, KATNB1, microtubules, PAFAH1B1, PCM1, PCNT, and YWHAE. Interacts directly with NEFL and indirectly with NEFH. Interacts (via C-terminus) with CENPF. Interacts with ZNF365. Interacts with PLEKHM1 (via N- and C-terminus).
Plays an essential role in cell growth and maintenance of cell morphology. May mediate the activating cleavage of HGF and MST1/HGFL. Plays a role in the proteolytic processing of ACE2 (By similarity).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates RNA cap1 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of RNAs. Methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA to produce m(7)GpppNmp (cap1).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap1 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) to produce m(7)GpppRm (cap1). Displays a preference for cap0 transcripts. Cap1 modification is linked to higher levels of translation. May be involved in the interferon response pathway.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with METTL3 to form an antiparallel heterodimer that constitutes an active methyltransferase.
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with METTL3 to form an antiparallel heterodimer that constitutes an active methyltransferase. Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM. The MAC subcomplex is composed of METTL3 and METTL14. The MACOM subcomplex is composed of WTAP, ZC3H13, CBLL1/HAKAI, VIRMA, and, in some cases of RBM15 (RBM15 or RBM15B).
The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some mRNAs and regulates the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic stem cells and cortical neurogenesis. In the heterodimer formed with METTL3, METTL14 constitutes the RNA-binding scaffold that recognizes the substrate rather than the catalytic core. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs, plays a role in mRNA stability and processing (By similarity). M6A acts as a key regulator of mRNA stability by promoting mRNA destabilization and degradation (By similarity). In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), m6A methylation of mRNAs encoding key naive pluripotency-promoting transcripts results in transcript destabilization (By similarity). M6A regulates spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis and is essential for male fertility and spermatogenesis (By similarity). M6A also regulates cortical neurogenesis: m6A methylation of transcripts related to transcription factors, neural stem cells, the cell cycle and neuronal differentiation during brain development promotes their destabilization and decay, promoting differentiation of radial glial cells (By similarity).
The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some mRNAs and regulates the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic stem cells and cortical neurogenesis. In the heterodimer formed with METTL3, METTL14 constitutes the RNA-binding scaffold that recognizes the substrate rather than the catalytic core. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs, plays a role in mRNA stability and processing. M6A acts as a key regulator of mRNA stability by promoting mRNA destabilization and degradation. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), m6A methylation of mRNAs encoding key naive pluripotency-promoting transcripts results in transcript destabilization. M6A regulates spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis and is essential for male fertility and spermatogenesis. M6A also regulates cortical neurogenesis: m6A methylation of transcripts related to transcription factors, neural stem cells, the cell cycle and neuronal differentiation during brain development promotes their destabilization and decay, promoting differentiation of radial glial cells.
Identified in the spliceosome A complex; remains associated with the spliceosome throughout the splicing process. Component of the spliceosome B complex. Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Identified in the spliceosome E complex. Component of the minor spliceosome, also called U12-type spliceosome. Within this complex, interacts with SCNM1 (By similarity). Component of splicing factor SF3B complex which is composed of at least eight subunits; SF3B1, SF3B2, SF3B3, SF3B4, SF3B5, SF3B6, PHF5A and DDX42. SF3B associates with the splicing factor SF3A and a 12S RNA unit to form the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins complex (U2 snRNP). Interaction between SF3B3 and SF3B1 is tighter than the interaction between SF3B3 and SF3B2. Within the SF3B complex interacts directly with SF3B1 (via HEAT domain), SF3B5 and PHF5A. The SF3B complex composed of SF3B1, SF3B2, SF3B3, SF3B4, SF3B5, SF3B6 and PHF5A interacts with U2AF2. Associates with the STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. Interacts with SUPT3H. Interacts with TAF3.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the splicing factor SF3B complex, a constituent of the spliceosome. SF3B complex is required for 'A' complex assembly formed by the stable binding of U2 snRNP to the branchpoint sequence (BPS) in pre-mRNA. Sequence independent binding of SF3A/SF3B complex upstream of the branch site is essential, it may anchor U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA. May also be involved in the assembly of the 'E' complex. Belongs also to the minor U12-dependent spliceosome, which is involved in the splicing of rare class of nuclear pre-mRNA intron.
The core of the protein consists of three beta-propeller domains.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that play a role in organelle transport.
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
The mammalian APC/C is composed at least of 14 distinct subunits ANAPC1, ANAPC2, CDC27/APC3, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, CDC16/APC6, ANAPC7, CDC23/APC8, ANAPC10, ANAPC11, CDC26/APC12, ANAPC13, ANAPC15 and ANAPC16 that assemble into a complex of at least 19 chains with a combined molecular mass of around 1.2 MDa; APC/C interacts with FZR1 and FBXO5. ANAPC16 associates with the rest of the complex independently of ANAPC2 and ANAPC11.
Homodimer. Forms trimers with the co-SMAD SMAD4 (By similarity). Interacts with PEBP2-alpha subunit and SMURF1. Interacts with SUV39H1 and SUV39H2. Interacts (via MH2 domain) with LEMD3. Interacts with WWP1. Interacts with TMEM119 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF8. Interacts with RANBP3L. Interacts with HK1. Interacts with HGS; this interaction attenuates BMP signaling (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on serine by BMP (bone morphogenetic proteins) type 1 receptor kinase.
Transcriptional regulator that plays a role in various cellular processes including embryonic development, cell differentiation, angiogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Upon BMP ligand binding to their receptors at the cell surface, is phosphorylated by activated type I BMP receptors (BMPRIs) and associates with SMAD4 to form an heteromeric complex which translocates into the nucleus acting as transcription factor. In turn, the hetero-trimeric complex recognizes cis-regulatory elements containing Smad Binding Elements (SBEs) to modulate the outcome of the signaling network. Non-phosphorylated SMAD5 has a cytoplasmic role in energy metabolism regulation by promoting mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in response to cytoplasmic pH changes. Mechanistically, interacts with hexokinase 1/HK1 and thereby accelerates glycolysis.
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis by SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF1.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex). Inhibits the transactivation function of HIF-1A under both normoxic and hypoxia-mimicking conditions. The interaction with EMAP2 increases the proteasome-mediated HIF-1A degradation under the hypoxic conditions. Plays a role in hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Mediates nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor (AR) and thereby enhances androgen-mediated transactivation. Promotes MAVS degradation and thereby negatively regulates MAVS-mediated innate immune response.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is a barrel-shaped complex made of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings. The two outer rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two inner rings are formed by seven beta subunits. The proteolytic activity is exerted by three beta-subunits PSMB5, PSMB6 and PSMB7. PSMA7 interacts directly with the PSMG1-PSMG2 heterodimer which promotes 20S proteasome assembly. Interacts with HIF1A. Interacts with RAB7A. Interacts with PRKN. Interacts with ABL1 and ABL2. Interacts with EMAP2. Interacts with MAVS.
Mediates the import of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) into the cell by facilitating their transport across cell membranes. Appears to be the principal fatty acid transporter in small intestinal enterocytes. Also functions as an acyl-CoA ligase catalyzing the ATP-dependent formation of fatty acyl-CoA using LCFA and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) as substrates, which prevents fatty acid efflux from cells and might drive more fatty acid uptake (By similarity). Plays a role in the formation of the epidermal barrier. Required for fat absorption in early embryogenesis (By similarity). Probably involved in fatty acid transport across the blood barrier (By similarity). Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via substrate competition and via production of VLCFA derivatives like lignoceroyl-CoA. Prevents light-induced degeneration of rods and cones (By similarity).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with the AP-1 complex (By similarity).
Serine peptidase whose precise substrate specificity remains unclear (By similarity). Does not cleave peptides after a arginine or lysine residue (By similarity). Regulates trans-Golgi network morphology and sorting by regulating the membrane binding of the AP-1 complex (By similarity). May play a role in the regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (By similarity).
Forms homodimers (By similarity). May form a heteromeric complex composed of ERGIC1, ERGIC2 and ERGIC3 (By similarity). Within the complex, the interaction with ERGIC1 is direct (By similarity). Interacts with ERGIC1/ERGIC32 (By similarity). Interacts with ERGIC2, the interaction is required for the stable expression of both proteins (By similarity). Interacts with MARCHF2 (By similarity). Interacts with SERPINA1/alpha1-antitrypsin and HP/haptoglobin (By similarity).
Possible role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Positively regulates trafficking of the secretory proteins alpha1-antitrypsin/SERPINA1 and HP/haptoglobin (By similarity).
Interacts with BCL2. Interacts with BCL2L1.
Suppressor of apoptosis. Modulates unfolded protein response signaling. Modulates ER calcium homeostasis by acting as a calcium-leak channel. Negatively regulates autophagy and autophagosome formation, especially during periods of nutrient deprivation, and reduces cell survival during starvation.
The intra-membrane loop at the C-terminus acts as a calcium pore, mediating calcium leak from the ER into the cytosol.
Belongs to the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Antagonist of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways via inhibition of FGF-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (By similarity). Thereby acts as an antagonist of FGF-induced retinal lens fiber differentiation, may inhibit limb bud outgrowth and may negatively modulate respiratory organogenesis (By similarity). Inhibits TGFB-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in retinal lens epithelial cells (By similarity). Inhibits CBL/C-CBL-mediated EGFR ubiquitination (By similarity).
Cleaved at Pro-144 by the prolyl endopeptidase FAP (seprase) activity (in vitro).
Forms heterodimers with SPRY1 (By similarity). Forms a tripartite complex containing GAB1, METTL13 and SPRY2 (By similarity). Within the complex interacts with METTL13 (By similarity). Interacts with RAF1 (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with TESK1 (via C-terminus); the interaction disrupts SPRY2 interaction with GRB2, potentially via disruption of SPRY2 serine dephosphorylation (By similarity). Interacts with PPP2R1A/PP2A-A and PPP2CA/PP2A-C; the interaction with PPP2CA/PP2A-C is inhibited by interaction with TESK1, possibly by vesicular sequestration of SPRY2 (By similarity). Inhibition of the interaction with the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme results in loss of PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation, resulting in the loss of SPRY2 interaction with GRB2 (By similarity). Interacts with GRB2 (By similarity). Interacts with CBL/C-CBL; the interaction inhibits CBL-mediated ubiquitination of EGFR (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with CAV1 (via C-terminus) (By similarity).
The Cys-rich domain is responsible for the localization of the protein to the membrane ruffles.
Interacts via LIM domain 1 with ZYX. Interacts (via LIM domain 3) with ENAH and VASP. Interacts with ALKBH4, talin, actin, alpha-actinin, GRIP1 and PXN (By similarity). Interacts (via LIM domain 2) with ACTL7A (via N-terminus). Heterodimer with ACTL7A; the heterodimer interacts with ENAH to form a heterotrimer (By similarity).
Scaffold protein that may play a role in cell adhesion, cell spreading and in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation. May act as a tumor suppressor (By similarity).
The N-terminal and the C-terminal halves of the protein can associate with each other, thereby hindering interactions with ZYX.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. Required for the proliferation and viability of hematopoietic cells.
Regulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and is essential for cellular survival and development.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome. Does not mediate the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis.
Acetylated at Lys-266, leading to inhibition of enzyme activity. SIRT1-mediated deacetylation relieves this inhibition (By similarity).
Although the SET domain contains the active site of enzymatic activity, both pre-SET and post-SET domains are required for methyltransferase activity. The SET domain also participates in stable binding to heterochromatin (By similarity).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar3-9 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 using monomethylated H3 'Lys-9' as substrate. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting HP1 (CBX1, CBX3 and/or CBX5) proteins to methylated histones. Mainly functions in heterochromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the establishment of constitutive heterochromatin at pericentric and telomere regions. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation is also required to direct DNA methylation at pericentric repeats. SUV39H1 is targeted to histone H3 via its interaction with RB1 and is involved in many processes, such as repression of MYOD1-stimulated differentiation, regulation of the control switch for exiting the cell cycle and entering differentiation, repression by the PML-RARA fusion protein, BMP-induced repression, repression of switch recombination to IgA and regulation of telomere length. Component of the eNoSC (energy-dependent nucleolar silencing) complex, a complex that mediates silencing of rDNA in response to intracellular energy status and acts by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes. The eNoSC complex is able to sense the energy status of cell: upon glucose starvation, elevation of NAD(+)/NADP(+) ratio activates SIRT1, leading to histone H3 deacetylation followed by dimethylation of H3 at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me2) by SUV39H1 and the formation of silent chromatin in the rDNA locus. Recruited by the large PER complex to the E-box elements of the circadian target genes such as PER2 itself or PER1, contributes to the conversion of local chromatin to a heterochromatin-like repressive state through H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation (By similarity).
In the pre-SET domain, Cys residues bind 3 zinc ions that are arranged in a triangular cluster; some of these Cys residues contribute to the binding of two zinc ions within the cluster.
Interacts with H3 and H4 histones. Interacts with GFI1B, DNMT3B, CBX1, CBX4, CCAR2, MBD1, RUNX1, RUNX3, MYOD1, SMAD5 and RB1. Interacts with SBF1 through the SET domain. Interacts with HDAC1 and HDAC2 through the N-terminus and associates with the core histone deacetylase complex composed of HDAC1, HDAC2, RBBP4 and RBBP7. Component of the eNoSC complex, composed of SIRT1, SUV39H1 and RRP8. Interacts (via SET domain) with MECOM; enhances MECOM transcriptional repression activity. Interacts with LMNA; the interaction increases stability of SUV39H1. The large PER complex involved in the histone methylation is composed of at least PER2, CBX3, TRIM28, SUV39H1 and/or SUV39H2; CBX3 mediates the formation of the complex (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on serine residues, and to a lesser degree, on threonine residues. The phosphorylated form is stabilized by SBF1 and is less active in its transcriptional repressor function (By similarity).
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. Involved in Rac1-signaling pathways leading to the modulation of gene expression.
May interact with enzymes of the ELO family (including ELOVL1); with those enzymes that mediate condensation, the first of the four steps of the reaction cycle responsible for fatty acids elongation, may be part of a larger fatty acids elongase complex. Interacts with RAC1.
Part of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) which contains MTOR, MLST8, PRR5, RICTOR, MAPKAP1 and DEPTOR. Contrary to mTORC1, mTORC2 does not bind to and is not sensitive to FKBP12-rapamycin. Interacts with ATF2, MAP3K2 and MAPK8. Interacts with GTP-bound HRAS and KRAS. Interacts with IFNAR2, NBN and SGK1. Interacts with CCDC28B (By similarity).
Subunit of mTORC2, which regulates cell growth and survival in response to hormonal signals. mTORC2 is activated by growth factors, but, in contrast to mTORC1, seems to be nutrient-insensitive. mTORC2 seems to function upstream of Rho GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, probably by activating one or more Rho-type guanine nucleotide exchange factors. mTORC2 promotes the serum-induced formation of stress-fibers or F-actin. mTORC2 plays a critical role in AKT1 'Ser-473' phosphorylation, which may facilitate the phosphorylation of the activation loop of AKT1 on 'Thr-308' by PDK1 which is a prerequisite for full activation. mTORC2 regulates the phosphorylation of SGK1 at 'Ser-422'. mTORC2 also modulates the phosphorylation of PRKCA on 'Ser-657'. Within mTORC2, MAPKAP1 is required for complex formation and mTORC2 kinase activity. MAPKAP1 inhibits MAP3K2 by preventing its dimerization and autophosphorylation. Inhibits HRAS and KRAS signaling. Enhances osmotic stress-induced phosphorylation of ATF2 and ATF2-mediated transcription. Involved in ciliogenesis, regulates cilia length through its interaction with CCDC28B independently of mTORC2 complex (By similarity).
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes. Identified in a SNARE complex with BET1, STX5 and YKT6, in a SNARE complex with BET1L, STX5 and YKT6, in a SNARE complex with STX5, GOSR2, SEC22B and BET1, and in complex with STX5 and COG3. Interacts with GABARAPL2 (By similarity).
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor. May play a protective role against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity under glutathione depleted conditions in neuronal cells by regulating the intracellular ROS levels via inhibition of p38 MAPK (MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14). Participates in docking and fusion stage of ER to cis-Golgi transport. Plays an important physiological role in VLDL-transport vesicle-Golgi fusion and thus in VLDL delivery to the hepatic cis-Golgi (By similarity).
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor. May play a protective role against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity under glutathione depleted conditions in neuronal cells by regulating the intracellular ROS levels via inhibition of p38 MAPK (MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14). Participates in docking and fusion stage of ER to cis-Golgi transport. Plays an important physiological role in VLDL-transport vesicle-Golgi fusion and thus in VLDL delivery to the hepatic cis-Golgi.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that play a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. CPSF4 binds RNA polymers with a preference for poly(U).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex.
May play a role in the structure and strength of both muscle and bone.
Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization. Serum transferrin may also have a further role in stimulating cell proliferation.
Cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes.
Monomer. The signaling GM-CSF receptor complex is a dodecamer of two head-to-head hexamers of two alpha, two beta, and two ligand subunits.
Activated by phosphorylation on Ser-51 and Ser-555.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Monomer. Found in a multisubunit complex containing seven proteins, named toposome, which separates entangled circular chromatin DNA during chromosome segregation. Interacts with HHV-1 ICP27 protein. Interacts with DNAJC8 and AHSA1/AHA1 and this mediates formation of a complex with the Hsp70 /Hsp90 machinery. Binds to IGF2BP1, SYNCRIP, HNRNPA2B1 and HNRNPC. Interacts with SAFB/SAFB1 and SAFB2 which inhibits its activity (By similarity).
Serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase which specifically phosphorylates its substrates at serine residues located in regions rich in arginine/serine dipeptides, known as RS domains and is involved in the phosphorylation of SR splicing factors and the regulation of splicing. Plays a central role in the regulatory network for splicing, controlling the intranuclear distribution of splicing factors in interphase cells and the reorganization of nuclear speckles during mitosis. Can influence additional steps of mRNA maturation, as well as other cellular activities, such as chromatin reorganization in somatic and sperm cells and cell cycle progression. Phosphorylates SFRS2, ZRSR2, LBR and PRM1. Phosphorylates SRSF1 using a directional (C-terminal to N-terminal) and a dual-track mechanism incorporating both processive phosphorylation (in which the kinase stays attached to the substrate after each round of phosphorylation) and distributive phosphorylation steps (in which the kinase and substrate dissociate after each phosphorylation event). The RS domain of SRSF1 binds first to a docking groove in the large lobe of the kinase domain of SRPK1. This induces certain structural changes in SRPK1 and/or RRM2 domain of SRSF1, allowing RRM2 to bind the kinase and initiate phosphorylation. The cycles continue for several phosphorylation steps in a processive manner (steps 1-8) until the last few phosphorylation steps (approximately steps 9-12). During that time, a mechanical stress induces the unfolding of the beta-4 motif in RRM2, which then docks at the docking groove of SRPK1. This also signals RRM2 to begin to dissociate, which facilitates SRSF1 dissociation after phosphorylation is completed. Can mediate hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein phosphorylation. It plays a negative role in the regulation of HBV replication through a mechanism not involving the phosphorylation of the core protein but by reducing the packaging efficiency of the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) without affecting the formation of the viral core particles. Can induce splicing of exon 10 in MAPT/TAU.
Acetylation at Lys-220 by KAT2B/PCAF promotes dynamic kinetochore-microtubule interactions in early mitosis.
Composed of two functionally independent domains. The N-terminal domain forms a hydrophobic cleft involved in microtubule binding and the C-terminal is involved in the formation of mutually exclusive complexes with APC and DCTN1.
Crotonylated by KAT5 during mitosis, promoting astral microtubule plasticity and dynamic connection between astral microtubules and the cortex during mitotic chromosome segregation, thereby ensuring accurate spindle positioning in mitosis. Decrotonylated by HDAC3.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with MAPRE3. Interacts with DCTN1, DCTN2, TERF1 and dynein intermediate chain (By similarity). Interaction with DIAPH1 and DIAPH2 (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminal residues 206-211) with APC (via C-terminal residues 2674-2845); the interaction inhibits association with and bundling of F-actin (By similarity). Interacts with CLASP2, DST, KIF2C and STIM1; probably required for their targeting to the growing microtubule plus ends. Interacts with MTUS2; interaction is direct and probably targets MTUS2 to microtubules. Interacts with APC2. Interacts with CLASP1. Interacts with CDK5RAP2 (By similarity). Interacts with MACF1. Interacts with RABL2/RABL2A; binds preferentially to GTP-bound RABL2. Interacts with KCNAB2 (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with CLIP1. Interacts with SLAIN2 and SLAIN1. Interacts with KIF18B; this interaction is required for efficient accumulation of KIF18B at microtubule plus ends. Interacts with MISP. Interacts with KNSTRN. Interacts with NCKAP5L. Interacts with CAMSAP2. Interacts with PDE4DIP isoform 13/MMG8/SMYLE; this interaction is required for its recruitment to the Golgi apparatus. Forms a pericentrosomal complex with AKAP9, CDK5RAP2 and PDE4DIP isoform 13/MMG8/SMYLE; within this complex, MAPRE1 binding to CDK5RAP2 may be mediated by PDE4DIP (By similarity). Interacts with AKNA (By similarity). Interacts with GAS2L1, GAS2L2, and GAS2L3 (By similarity). Interacts with RARRES1 and AGBL2 (By similarity).
Plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) that binds to the plus-end of microtubules and regulates the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Promotes cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation and elongation. Involved in mitotic spindle positioning by stabilizing microtubules and promoting dynamic connection between astral microtubules and the cortex during mitotic chromosome segregation. Also acts as a regulator of minus-end microtubule organization: interacts with the complex formed by AKAP9 and PDE4DIP, leading to recruit CAMSAP2 to the Golgi apparatus, thereby tethering non-centrosomal minus-end microtubules to the Golgi, an important step for polarized cell movement. Promotes elongation of CAMSAP2-decorated microtubule stretches on the minus-end of microtubules. Acts as a regulator of autophagosome transport via interaction with CAMSAP2 (By similarity). Functions downstream of Rho GTPases and DIAPH1 in stable microtubule formation (By similarity). May play a role in cell migration (By similarity).
Belongs to the aromatic-ring hydroxylase family. KMO subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn). Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid, a neurotoxic NMDA receptor antagonist and potential endogenous inhibitor of NMDA receptor signaling in axonal targeting, synaptogenesis and apoptosis during brain development. Quinolinic acid may also affect NMDA receptor signaling in pancreatic beta cells, osteoblasts, myocardial cells, and the gastrointestinal tract.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S9 family.
Homodimer. Interacts with HOOK1. Interacts with HOOK2. Interacts with HOOK3.
Microtubule-binding protein that localizes to the microtubular manchette of elongating spermatids.
Calcium sensor that participates in triggering neurotransmitter release at the synapse (By similarity). May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse (By similarity). It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone. A Ca(2+)-dependent interaction between synaptotagmin and putative receptors for activated protein kinase C has also been reported. It can bind to at least three additional proteins in a Ca(2+)-independent manner; these are neurexins, syntaxin and AP2. Plays a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes (By similarity).
Homotetramer (Probable). Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with SYT2 in presence of calcium (By similarity). Interacts with SCAMP5 (By similarity). Interacts with STON2 (By similarity). Forms a complex with SV2B, syntaxin 1 and SNAP25 (By similarity). Interacts with SV2A, SV2B and SV2C (By similarity). Interacts with RIMS1 (By similarity). Interacts with PRRT2 (By similarity). Interacts with DNAJC5 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with RAB3A (By similarity). Interacts with SYT12 (By similarity). Interacts with calmodulin (By similarity).
The second C2 domain mediates interaction with SV2A and probably with STN2.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Catalyzes the dehydration of methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) into 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P). Functions in the methionine salvage pathway, which plays a key role in cancer, apoptosis, microbial proliferation and inflammation. May inhibit the CASP1-related inflammatory response (pyroptosis), the CASP9-dependent apoptotic pathway and the cytochrome c-dependent and APAF1-mediated cell death.
Homotetramer. Interacts with APAF1. May interact with CASP1.
ATP- and membrane-binding protein that controls membrane reorganization/tubulation upon ATP hydrolysis. Acts in early endocytic membrane fusion and membrane trafficking of recycling endosomes. Recruited to endosomal membranes upon nerve growth factor stimulation, indirectly regulates neurite outgrowth. Plays a role in myoblast fusion. Involved in the unidirectional retrograde dendritic transport of endocytosed BACE1 and in efficient sorting of BACE1 to axons implicating a function in neuronal APP processing. Plays a role in the formation of the ciliary vesicle (CV), an early step in cilium biogenesis. Proposed to be required for the fusion of distal appendage vesicles (DAVs) to form the CV by recruiting SNARE complex component SNAP29. Is required for recruitment of transition zone proteins CEP290, RPGRIP1L, TMEM67 and B9D2, and of IFT20 following DAV reorganization before Rab8-dependent ciliary membrane extension. Required for the loss of CCP110 form the mother centriole essential for the maturation of the basal body during ciliogenesis.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. EHD subfamily.
Homooligomer, and heterooligomer with EHD2, EHD3 and EHD4, ATP-binding is required for heterooligomerization. Interacts (via EH domain) with MICALL1 (via NPF1 motif); the interaction is direct and recruits EHD1 to membranes. Interacts with RAB35; the interaction is indirect through MICALL1 and recruits EHD1 to membranes. Interacts (via EH domain) with PACSIN2 (via NPF motifs); regulates localization to tubular recycling endosome membranes. Interacts with PACSIN1. Interacts with RAB8A. Interacts with FER1L5 (via second C2 domain). Interacts with MYOF. Interacts with ZFYVE20. Interacts (via EH domain) with RAB11FIP2.
The EH domain interacts with Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) motifs of target proteins.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
ESCRT-III-like protein involved in cytokinesis, nuclear envelope reassembly and endosomal tubulation (By similarity). Is required for efficient abscission during cytokinesis (By similarity). Involved in recruiting VPS4A and/or VPS4B to the midbody of dividing cells (By similarity). During late anaphase, involved in nuclear envelope reassembly and mitotic spindle disassembly together with the ESCRT-III complex: IST1 acts by mediating the recruitment of SPAST to the nuclear membrane, leading to microtubule severing (By similarity). Recruited to the reforming nuclear envelope (NE) during anaphase by LEMD2 (By similarity). Regulates early endosomal tubulation together with the ESCRT-III complex by mediating the recruitment of SPAST (By similarity).
Interacts with CHMP1A, CHMP1B, VPS4A and VTA1. Interacts with SPAST, STAMBP, and USP8. May interact with VPS37B. May associate with the ESCRT-I complex. Interacts with MITD1, in competition with VSP4. Interacts with SPART (via MIT domain); leading to the recruitment of SPART to midbodies. Interacts with SPAST.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. In the Pelota-HBS1L complex, PELO recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel. Following mRNA extraction from stalled ribosomes by the SKI complex, the Pelota-HBS1L complex promotes recruitment of ABCE1, which drives the disassembly of stalled ribosomes, followed by degradation of damaged mRNAs as part of the NGD pathway. As part of the PINK1-regulated signaling, upon mitochondrial damage is recruited to the ribosome/mRNA-ribonucleoprotein complex associated to mitochondrial outer membrane thereby enabling the recruitment of autophagy receptors and induction of mitophagy.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, also named Dom34-Hbs1 complex, composed of PELO and HBS1L. Interacts with PINK1. Interacts with ABCE1. Interacts with CNOT4.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
Associates with ORC complex. Binds to chromatin; association is cell cycle-regulated, absent from mitotic chromosomes, is associated with chromatin from G1 and partially released from chromatin from mid S-phase.
E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for DNA replication origin activation during S phase. Acts as a replication origin selector which selects the origins to be fired and catalyzes the multi-mono-ubiquitination of a subset of chromatin-bound ORC3 and ORC5 during S-phase.
Heterodimer of KIF3A and KIF3B (By similarity). Interacts with CIMAP3. Interacts with CLN3 (By similarity). Interacts with DCTN1 (By similarity). Interacts with FLCN. Interacts with AP3B1 (By similarity).
Microtubule-based anterograde translocator for membranous organelles. Plus end-directed microtubule sliding activity in vitro. Plays a role in primary cilia formation. Plays a role in centriole cohesion and subdistal appendage organization and function. Regulates the formation of the subdistal appendage via recruitment of DCTN1 to the centriole. Also required for ciliary basal feet formation and microtubule anchoring to mother centriole.
Homodimer (By similarity). Homooligomer (By similarity). Heterooligomer with ATG16L2 (By similarity). Interacts with WIPI1. Interacts with WIPI2. Interacts with RB1CC1; the interaction is required for ULK1 complex-dependent autophagy. Interacts with ATG5. Part of either the minor and major complexes respectively composed of 4 sets of ATG12-ATG5 and ATG16L1 (400 kDa) or 8 sets of ATG12-ATG5 and ATG16L1 (800 kDa). Interacts with RAB33B. Interacts (via WD repeats) with TMEM59; the interaction mediates unconventional autophagic activity of TMEM59. Interacts with TLR2. Interacts (via WD repeats) with MEFV. Interacts with PPP1CA; the interaction dephosphorylates ATG16L1 causing dissociation of ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex. Interacts (via N-terminal) with CLTC. Interacts with NOD1. Interacts with NOD2. Interacts with TUFM. Interacts with TRIM16 (By similarity). Interacts (via WD repeats) with SPATA33 (By similarity). Interacts with IRGM (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-139 promotes association with the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate to form the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex.
Plays an essential role in both canonical and non-canonical autophagy: interacts with ATG12-ATG5 to mediate the lipidation to ATG8 family proteins (MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, MAP1LC3C, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2 and GABARAP). Acts as a molecular hub, coordinating autophagy pathways via distinct domains that support either canonical or non-canonical signaling. During canonical autophagy, interacts with ATG12-ATG5 to mediate the conjugation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to ATG8 proteins, to produce a membrane-bound activated form of ATG8. Thereby, controls the elongation of the nascent autophagosomal membrane. Also involved in non-canonical autophagy, a parallel pathway involving conjugation of ATG8 proteins to single membranes at endolysosomal compartments, probably by catalyzing conjugation of phosphatidylserine (PS) to ATG8 (By similarity). Non-canonical autophagy plays a key role in epithelial cells to limit lethal infection by influenza A (IAV) virus (By similarity). Regulates mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) production. Negatively regulates NOD1- and NOD2-driven inflammatory cytokine response. Instead, promotes an autophagy-dependent antibacterial pathway together with NOD1 or NOD2. Plays a role in regulating morphology and function of Paneth cell (By similarity).
Proteolytic cleavage by activated CASP3 leads to degradation and may regulate autophagy upon cellular stress and apoptotic stimuli.
The WD repeats are required for non-canonical autophagy but not for canonical autophagy.
Interacts with PGR isoforms A and B as well as with NR3C1 in the absence of ligand, and with HSP90AB1. Binding to HSP90AB1 involves 2 UNC45A monomers per HSP90AB1 dimer (By similarity).
May act as co-chaperone for HSP90 (Potential). Prevents the stimulation of HSP90AB1 ATPase activity by AHSA1. Positive factor in promoting PGR function in the cell (By similarity). May be necessary for proper folding of myosin (Potential). Necessary for normal cell proliferation. Necessary for normal myotube formation and myosin accumulation during muscle cell development. May play a role in erythropoiesis in stroma cells in the spleen (By similarity).
Alternates between an inactive form bound to GDP and an active form bound to GTP. Activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and inactivated by a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).
Interacts with EXOC2/Sec5 and EXOC8/Exo84. Interacts (via effector domain) with RALBP1.
Multifunctional GTPase involved in a variety of cellular processes including gene expression, cell migration, cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation and membrane trafficking. Accomplishes its multiple functions by interacting with distinct downstream effectors. Acts as a GTP sensor for GTP-dependent exocytosis of dense core vesicles (By similarity). Required both to stabilize the assembly of the exocyst complex and to localize functional exocyst complexes to the leading edge of migrating cells (By similarity). Required for suppression of apoptosis (By similarity). In late stages of cytokinesis, upon completion of the bridge formation between dividing cells, mediates exocyst recruitment to the midbody to drive abscission (By similarity). Involved in ligand-dependent receptor mediated endocytosis of the EGF and insulin receptors (By similarity).
Prenylation is essential for membrane localization.
The farnesylated form confers resistance to the proapoptotic and anti-anchorage-dependent growth effects of some geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitors.
Extremely potent competitive inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, this protein interacts with the catalytic subunit of the enzyme after the cAMP-induced dissociation of its regulatory chains.
RNase P consists of a catalytic RNA moiety and about 10 protein subunits; POP1, POP4, POP5, POP7, RPP14, RPP21, RPP25, RPP30, RPP38 and RPP40. Within the RNase P complex, POP1, POP7 and RPP25 form the 'finger' subcomplex, POP5, RPP14, RPP40 and homodimeric RPP30 form the 'palm' subcomplex, and RPP21, POP4 and RPP38 form the 'wrist' subcomplex. All subunits of the RNase P complex interact with the catalytic RNA.
Apoptotic adaptor molecule that recruits caspase-8 or caspase-10 to the activated Fas (CD95) or TNFR-1 receptors. The resulting aggregate called the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation. Active caspase-8 initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases mediating apoptosis. Involved in interferon-mediated antiviral immune response, playing a role in the positive regulation of interferon signaling.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS25 family.
AMP/ATP-binding subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Gamma non-catalytic subunit mediates binding to AMP, ADP and ATP, leading to activate or inhibit AMPK: AMP-binding results in allosteric activation of alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) both by inducing phosphorylation and preventing dephosphorylation of catalytic subunits. ADP also stimulates phosphorylation, without stimulating already phosphorylated catalytic subunit. ATP promotes dephosphorylation of catalytic subunit, rendering the AMPK enzyme inactive (By similarity).
AMPK is a heterotrimer of an alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2), a beta (PRKAB1 or PRKAB2) and a gamma non-catalytic subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3). Interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase gamma subunit family.
Phosphorylated by ULK1; leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity and suggesting the existence of a regulatory feedback loop between ULK1 and AMPK.
The 4 CBS domains mediate binding to nucleotides. Of the 4 potential nucleotide-binding sites, 3 are occupied, designated as sites 1, 3, and 4 based on the CBS modules that provide the acidic residue for coordination with the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups of the ribose of AMP. Of these, site 4 appears to be a structural site that retains a tightly held AMP molecule (AMP 3). The 2 remaining sites, 1 and 3, can bind either AMP, ADP or ATP. Site 1 (AMP, ADP or ATP 1) is the high-affinity binding site and likely accommodates AMP or ADP. Site 3 (AMP, ADP or ATP 2) is the weakest nucleotide-binding site on the gamma subunit, yet it is exquisitely sensitive to changes in nucleotide levels and this allows AMPK to respond rapidly to changes in cellular energy status. Site 3 is likely to be responsible for protection of a conserved threonine in the activation loop of the alpha catalytic subunit through conformational changes induced by binding of AMP or ADP.
The AMPK pseudosubstrate motif resembles the sequence around sites phosphorylated on target proteins of AMPK, except the presence of a non-phosphorylatable residue in place of Ser. In the absence of AMP this pseudosubstrate sequence may bind to the active site groove on the alpha subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2), preventing phosphorylation by the upstream activating kinase STK11/LKB1 (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the sulfate adenylyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the APS kinase family.
Component of the CST complex proposed to act as a specialized replication factor promoting DNA replication under conditions of replication stress or natural replication barriers such as the telomere duplex. The CST complex binds single-stranded DNA with high affinity in a sequence-independent manner, while isolated subunits bind DNA with low affinity by themselves. Initially the CST complex has been proposed to protect telomeres from DNA degradation. However, the CST complex has been shown to be involved in several aspects of telomere replication.
Acetylated on Lys-537 by CLOCK during the repression phase of the circadian cycle. Acetylation facilitates recruitment of CRY1 protein and initiates the repression phase of the circadian cycle. Acetylated at Lys-537 by KAT5 during the activation phase of the cycle, leading to recruitment of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and BRD4, followed by productive elongation of circadian transcripts. Deacetylated by SIRT1, which may result in decreased protein stability.
Component of the circadian clock oscillator which includes the CRY1/2 proteins, CLOCK or NPAS2, BMAL1 or BMAL2, CSNK1D and/or CSNK1E, TIMELESS and the PER1/2/3 proteins (By similarity). Forms a heterodimer with CLOCK (By similarity). The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer is required for E-box-dependent transactivation, for CLOCK nuclear translocation and degradation, and, for phosphorylation of both CLOCK and BMAL1 (By similarity). Part of a nuclear complex which also includes RACK1 and PRKCA; RACK1 and PRKCA are recruited to the complex in a circadian manner (By similarity). Interacts with NPAS2 (By similarity). Interacts with EZH2 (By similarity). Interacts with SUMO3 (By similarity). Interacts with SIRT1 (By similarity). Interacts with AHR (By similarity). Interacts with ID1, ID2 and ID3 (By similarity). Interacts with DDX4 (By similarity). Interacts with OGT (By similarity). Interacts with EED and SUZ12 (By similarity). Interacts with MTA1 (By similarity). Interacts with CIART (By similarity). Interacts with HSP90 (By similarity). Interacts with KAT2B and EP300 (By similarity). Interacts with BHLHE40/DEC1 and BHLHE41/DEC2 (By similarity). Interacts with RELB and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of CLOCK (By similarity). Interacts with PER1, PER2, CRY1 and CRY2 and this interaction requires a translocation to the nucleus (By similarity). Interaction of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer with PER or CRY inhibits transcription activation (By similarity). Interaction of the CLOCK-BMAL1 with CRY1 is independent of DNA but with PER2 is off DNA (By similarity). The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer interacts with GSK3B (By similarity). Interacts with KDM5A (By similarity). Interacts with KMT2A; in a circadian manner (By similarity). Interacts with UBE3A (By similarity). Interacts with PRKCG (By similarity). Interacts with MAGEL2 (By similarity). Interacts with NCOA2 (By similarity). Interacts with THRAP3 (By similarity). The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer interacts with PASD1 (By similarity). Interacts with PASD1 (By similarity). Interacts with USP9X (By similarity). Interacts with PIWIL2 (via PIWI domain) (By similarity). Interacts with HDAC3 (By similarity). Interacts with HNF4A (By similarity).
O-glycosylated; contains O-GlcNAc. O-glycosylation by OGT prevents protein degradation by inhibiting ubiquitination. It also stabilizes the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer thereby increasing CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated transcription of genes in the negative loop of the circadian clock such as PER1/2/3 and CRY1/2.
Phosphorylated upon dimerization with CLOCK. Phosphorylation enhances the transcriptional activity, alters the subcellular localization and decreases the stability of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer by promoting its degradation. Phosphorylation shows circadian variations in the liver with a peak between CT10 to CT14. Phosphorylation at Ser-90 by CK2 is essential for its nuclear localization, its interaction with CLOCK and controls CLOCK nuclear entry. Dephosphorylation at Ser-78 is important for dimerization with CLOCK and transcriptional activity.
Sumoylated on Lys-259 upon dimerization with CLOCK. Predominantly conjugated to poly-SUMO2/3 rather than SUMO1 and the level of these conjugates undergo rhythmic variation, peaking at CT9-CT12. Sumoylation localizes it exclusively to the PML body and promotes its ubiquitination in the PML body, ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation and the transcriptional activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer.
Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, and renal function. Consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can be reset by environmental cues, also known as Zeitgebers (German for 'timegivers'). The predominant Zeitgeber for the central clock is light, which is sensed by retina and signals directly to the SCN. The central clock entrains the peripheral clocks through neuronal and hormonal signals, body temperature and feeding-related cues, aligning all clocks with the external light/dark cycle. Circadian rhythms allow an organism to achieve temporal homeostasis with its environment at the molecular level by regulating gene expression to create a peak of protein expression once every 24 hours to control when a particular physiological process is most active with respect to the solar day. Transcription and translation of core clock components (CLOCK, NPAS2, BMAL1, BMAL2, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1 and CRY2) plays a critical role in rhythm generation, whereas delays imposed by post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important for determining the period (tau) of the rhythms (tau refers to the period of a rhythm and is the length, in time, of one complete cycle). A diurnal rhythm is synchronized with the day/night cycle, while the ultradian and infradian rhythms have a period shorter and longer than 24 hours, respectively. Disruptions in the circadian rhythms contribute to the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndromes and aging. A transcription/translation feedback loop (TTFL) forms the core of the molecular circadian clock mechanism. Transcription factors, CLOCK or NPAS2 and BMAL1 or BMAL2, form the positive limb of the feedback loop, act in the form of a heterodimer and activate the transcription of core clock genes and clock-controlled genes (involved in key metabolic processes), harboring E-box elements (5'-CACGTG-3') within their promoters. The core clock genes: PER1/2/3 and CRY1/2 which are transcriptional repressors form the negative limb of the feedback loop and interact with the CLOCK|NPAS2-BMAL1|BMAL2 heterodimer inhibiting its activity and thereby negatively regulating their own expression. This heterodimer also activates nuclear receptors NR1D1/2 and RORA/B/G, which form a second feedback loop and which activate and repress BMAL1 transcription, respectively. BMAL1 positively regulates myogenesis and negatively regulates adipogenesis via the transcriptional control of the genes of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Plays a role in normal pancreatic beta-cell function; regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via the regulation of antioxidant genes NFE2L2/NRF2 and its targets SESN2, PRDX3, CCLC and CCLM. Negatively regulates the mTORC1 signaling pathway; regulates the expression of MTOR and DEPTOR. Controls diurnal oscillations of Ly6C inflammatory monocytes; rhythmic recruitment of the PRC2 complex imparts diurnal variation to chemokine expression that is necessary to sustain Ly6C monocyte rhythms. Regulates the expression of HSD3B2, STAR, PTGS2, CYP11A1, CYP19A1 and LHCGR in the ovary and also the genes involved in hair growth. Plays an important role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis by regulating the timely entry of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) into the cell cycle and the number of cell divisions that take place prior to cell-cycle exit. Regulates the circadian expression of CIART and KLF11. The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer regulates the circadian expression of SERPINE1/PAI1, VWF, B3, CCRN4L/NOC, NAMPT, DBP, MYOD1, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, SIRT1, GYS2, F7, NGFR, GNRHR, BHLHE40/DEC1, ATF4, MTA1, KLF10 and also genes implicated in glucose and lipid metabolism. Promotes rhythmic chromatin opening, regulating the DNA accessibility of other transcription factors. The NPAS2-BMAL1 heterodimer positively regulates the expression of MAOA, F7 and LDHA and modulates the circadian rhythm of daytime contrast sensitivity by regulating the rhythmic expression of adenylate cyclase type 1 (ADCY1) in the retina. The preferred binding motif for the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer is 5'-CACGTGA-3', which contains a flanking adenine nucleotide at the 3-prime end of the canonical 6-nucleotide E-box sequence. CLOCK specifically binds to the half-site 5'-CAC-3', while BMAL1 binds to the half-site 5'-GTGA-3'. The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer also recognizes the non-canonical E-box motifs 5'-AACGTGA-3' and 5'-CATGTGA-3'. Essential for the rhythmic interaction of CLOCK with ASS1 and plays a critical role in positively regulating CLOCK-mediated acetylation of ASS1. Plays a role in protecting against lethal sepsis by limiting the expression of immune checkpoint protein CD274 in macrophages in a PKM2-dependent manner (By similarity). Regulates the diurnal rhythms of skeletal muscle metabolism via transcriptional activation of genes promoting triglyceride synthesis (DGAT2) and metabolic efficiency (COQ10B) (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Deubiquitinated by USP9X.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fes/fps subfamily.
Interacts with STX17. Component of two distinct SNARE complexes consisting of STX5, GOSR2/BOS1, BET1 and SEC22B or STX18, USE1L, BNIP1/SEC20L and SEC22B. YKT6 can probably replace SEC22B as subunit of either complex (By similarity). Interacts with the COPII Sec23/24 complex composed of SEC23A and SEC24A; recruits SEC22B into COPII-coated vesicles to allow its transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi (By similarity).
SNARE involved in targeting and fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex as well as Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
As part of the BORC complex may play a role in lysosomes movement and localization at the cell periphery. Associated with the cytosolic face of lysosomes, the BORC complex may recruit ARL8B and couple lysosomes to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motor.
Component of the BLOC-one-related complex (BORC) which is composed of BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BORCS5, BORCS6, BORCS7, BORCS8, KXD1 and SNAPIN.
Endopeptidase that degrades various components of the extracellular matrix, such as collagen. Activates progelatinase A. Essential for pericellular collagenolysis and modeling of skeletal and extraskeletal connective tissues during development. May be involved in actin cytoskeleton reorganization by cleaving PTK7. Acts as a positive regulator of cell growth and migration via activation of MMP15 in association with pro-MMP2. Involved in the formation of the fibrovascular tissues in association with pro-MMP2. Cleaves ADGRB1 to release vasculostatin-40 which inhibits angiogenesis.
Interacts (via C-terminal cytoplasmic tail) with BST2. Interacts with DLL1; inhibits DLL1-induced Notch signaling.
The conserved cysteine present in the cysteine-switch motif binds the catalytic zinc ion, thus inhibiting the enzyme. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.
Heterodimer (via C-terminus) with MTMR9 (via coiled coil domain); the interaction enhances MTMR7 catalytic activity (By similarity). Does not homodimerize (By similarity). Interacts with RAB1B (in GDP-bound form) (By similarity).
Interaction with MTMR9 increases phosphatase activity.
Phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and inositol 1,3-bisphosphate (Ins(1,3)P2).
Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of GINS1, GINS2, GINS3 and GINS4. Forms a stable subcomplex with GINS2. GINS complex interacts with DNA primase in vitro. Component of the CMG helicase complex, a hexameric ring of related MCM2-7 subunits stabilized by CDC45 and the tetrameric GINS complex.
Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex is a core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Interacts specifically with keratin proteins including, KRT5, KRT6A, KRT8, KRT14, KRT16 and KRT18. Interacts with KCTD17 (By similarity).
Tumor suppressor which has the ability to inhibit cell growth and be pro-apoptotic during cell stress. May act as a 'capping' or 'branching' protein for keratin filaments in the cell periphery. May regulate K8/K18 filament and desmosome organization mainly at the apical or peripheral regions of simple epithelial cells (By similarity). Is a negative regulator of ciliogenesis (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination by the BCR(KCTD17) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex results in proteasomal degradation, and induces ciliogenesis.
Participates in the formation of a gel matrix (sperm coagulum) entrapping the accessory gland secretions and ejaculated spermatozoa.
Gamma-carboxyglutamate residues are formed by vitamin K dependent carboxylation. These residues are essential for the binding of calcium.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Interacts with a broad range of peroxisomal membrane proteins, including PEX3, PEX10, PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14 and PEX16, PXMP2/PMP22, PXMP4/PMP24, SLC25A17/PMP34, ABCD1/ALDP, ABCD2/ALDRP, and ABCD3/PMP70. Also interacts with the tumor suppressor CDKN2A/p19ARF (By similarity).
Necessary for early peroxisomal biogenesis. Acts both as a cytosolic chaperone and as an import receptor for peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs). Binds and stabilizes newly synthesized PMPs in the cytoplasm by interacting with their hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains, and targets them to the peroxisome membrane by binding to the integral membrane protein PEX3. Excludes CDKN2A from the nucleus and prevents its interaction with MDM2, which results in active degradation of TP53.
Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter. Interacts with PACRG (By similarity). Interacts with DLEC1 (By similarity).
Component of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (TRiC), a molecular chaperone complex that assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. The TRiC complex mediates the folding of WRAP53/TCAB1, thereby regulating telomere maintenance. The TRiC complex plays a role in the folding of actin and tubulin.
By glucocorticoids in lymphoid cells and upon IL4, IL10, IL13 or glucocorticoid treatment in monocyte/macrophage cells. Transiently induced by IL2 deprivation in T-cells. Expression is up-regulated by synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in differentiating myoblasts (By similarity).
Can form homodimers, however it is likely to function as a monomer. Interacts with AP1 and NFKB1. Interacts with MYOD1. Interacts with HDAC1; this interaction affects HDAC1 activity on MYOG promoter and thus inhibits MYOD1 transcriptional activity (By similarity).
Protects T-cells from IL2 deprivation-induced apoptosis through the inhibition of FOXO3A transcriptional activity that leads to the down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic factor BCL2L11. In macrophages, plays a role in the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids and IL10. In T-cells, inhibits anti-CD3-induced NFKB1 nuclear translocation. In vitro, suppresses AP1 and NFKB1 DNA-binding activities. Inhibits myogenic differentiation and mediates anti-myogenic effects of glucocorticoids by binding and regulating MYOD1 and HDAC1 transcriptional activity resulting in reduced expression of MYOG (By similarity).
The leucine-zipper is involved in homodimerization.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for CDC42. Promotes formation of GPHN clusters (By similarity).
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv2.1/KCNB1 sub-subfamily.
Does not seem to have protease activity as it lacks the zinc-binding site.
Substrate recognition and binding subunit of the essential mitochondrial processing protease (MPP), which cleaves the mitochondrial sequence off newly imported precursors proteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 30 family.
Glucosylceramidase that catalyzes, within the lysosomal compartment, the hydrolysis of glucosylceramides/GlcCers (such as beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine) into free ceramides (such as N-acylsphing-4-enine) and glucose. Plays a central role in the degradation of complex lipids and the turnover of cellular membranes. Through the production of ceramides, participates in the PKC-activated salvage pathway of ceramide formation. Catalyzes the glucosylation of cholesterol, through a transglucosylation reaction where glucose is transferred from GlcCer to cholesterol. GlcCer containing mono-unsaturated fatty acids (such as beta-D-glucosyl-N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sphing-4-enine) are preferred as glucose donors for cholesterol glucosylation when compared with GlcCer containing same chain length of saturated fatty acids (such as beta-D-glucosyl-N-octadecanoyl-sphing-4-enine). Under specific conditions, may alternatively catalyze the reverse reaction, transferring glucose from cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside to ceramide. Can also hydrolyze cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside producing glucose and cholesterol. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of galactosylceramides/GalCers (such as beta-D-galactosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine), as well as the transfer of galactose between GalCers and cholesterol in vitro, but with lower activity than with GlcCers. Contrary to GlcCer and GalCer, xylosylceramide/XylCer (such as beta-D-xyosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine) is not a good substrate for hydrolysis, however it is a good xylose donor for transxylosylation activity to form cholesteryl 3-beta-D-xyloside.
Interacts with saposin-C. Interacts with SCARB2. Interacts with TCP1. Interacts with GRN; this interaction prevents aggregation of GBA1-SCARB2 complex via interaction with HSPA1A upon stress (By similarity).
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA, including that of its own transcript, and regulates processes of mRNA metabolism such as pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA stability. Its function in translational initiation regulation can either be enhanced by PAIP1 or repressed by PAIP2. Can probably bind to cytoplasmic RNA sequences other than poly(A) in vivo. Binds to N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs and contributes to MYC stability by binding to m6A-containing MYC mRNAs. Involved in translationally coupled mRNA turnover. Implicated with other RNA-binding proteins in the cytoplasmic deadenylation/translational and decay interplay of the FOS mRNA mediated by the major coding-region determinant of instability (mCRD) domain. Involved in regulation of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons; for the recognition of premature termination codons (PTC) and initiation of NMD a competitive interaction between UPF1 and PABPC1 with the ribosome-bound release factors is proposed. By binding to long poly(A) tails, may protect them from uridylation by ZCCHC6/ZCCHC11 and hence contribute to mRNA stability.
May form homodimers. Component of a multisubunit autoregulatory ribonucleoprotein complex (ARC), at least composed of IGF2BP1, PABPC1 and CSDE1. Directly interacts with IGF2BP1. Part of a complex associated with the FOS mCRD domain and consisting of HNRPD, SYNCRIP, PAIP1 and CSDE1/UNR. Interacts with PAIP1 and PAIP2 (via the PABPC1-interacting motifs PAM1 and PAM2). Interacts with PAIP1 with a 1:1 stoichiometry and with PAIP2 with a 1:2 stoichiometry. The interaction with CSDE1 is direct and RNA-independent (By similarity). Found in a mRNP complex with YBX2. Interacts with TENT2/GLD2 (By similarity). Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Identified in a mRNP complex, at least composed of DHX9, DDX3X, ELAVL1, HNRNPU, IGF2BP1, ILF3, PABPC1, PCBP2, PTBP2, STAU1, STAU2, SYNCRIP and YBX1. The interaction with DDX3X is direct and RNA-independent. This interaction increases in stressed cells and decreases during cell recovery. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Interacts with NXF1/TAP (By similarity). Interacts with PIWIL1 (By similarity). Interacts with AGO1, AGO2, GSPT1 and GSPT2. Interacts with LARP4B. Interacts (via the second and third RRM domains and the C-terminus) with PAIP2B (via central acidic portion and C-terminus). Forms a complex with LARP1 and SHFL. Interacts with LARP4. Interacts with ZFC3H1 in a RNase-sensitive manner. Interacts with TRIM71 (via NHL repeats) in an RNA-dependent manner. Interacts with TENT5C; the interaction has no effect on TENT5C poly(A) polymerase function. Interacts with G3BP1 and G3BP2 (By similarity). Interacts with ENDOV; the interaction is RNA-dependent and stimulates ENDOV activity (By similarity). Interacts with UPF1; the interaction is RNA-dependent (By similarity). Interacts with IGF2BP2 and IGF2BP3. May interact with SETX. Interacts with RBM46. Interacts with PAN3 (By similarity).
Methylated by CARM1. Arg-493 is dimethylated, probably to asymmetric dimethylarginine (By similarity).
The RNA-binding domains RRM1 and RRM2 and the C-terminus (last 138 amino acids) regions interact respectively with the PABPC1-interacting motif-1 (PAM1) and -2 (PAM2) of PAIP1, respectively.
The RNA-binding domains RRM2 and RRM3 and the C-terminus (last 138 amino acids) regions interact with the PABPC1-interacting motif-1 (PAM1) and -2 (PAM2) of PAIP2, respectively.
Associates with the RNA polymerase II complex. Interacts with transcribing RNA polymerase II phosphorylated on 'Ser-7' on CTD (By similarity).
Associates with the RNA polymerase II complex. Interacts with transcribing RNA polymerase II phosphorylated on 'Ser-7' on CTD.
Protein phosphatase that displays CTD phosphatase activity and regulates transcription of snRNA genes. Recognizes and binds phosphorylated 'Ser-7' of the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A, and mediates dephosphorylation of 'Ser-5' of the CTD, thereby promoting transcription of snRNA genes (By similarity). Downstream of EIF2AK3/PERK, dephosphorylates ERN1, a sensor for the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR), to abort failed ER-stress adaptation and trigger apoptosis (By similarity).
Protein phosphatase that displays CTD phosphatase activity and regulates transcription of snRNA genes. Recognizes and binds phosphorylated 'Ser-7' of the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A, and mediates dephosphorylation of 'Ser-5' of the CTD, thereby promoting transcription of snRNA genes.
Belongs to the cytochrome c-type heme lyase family.
Lyase that catalyzes the covalent linking of the heme group to the cytochrome C apoprotein to produce the mature functional cytochrome.
Regulates the adhesive and proliferative status of intestinal epithelial cells. Can mediate density-dependent cell proliferation.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 99 family.
Regulates mitochondrial transport during axon regeneration. Increases the proportion of motile mitochondria by recruiting stationary mitochondria into the motile pool. Enhances mitochondria movement and neurite growth in both adult axons and embryonic neurons. Promotes neuronal survival and axon regeneration after nerve injury. May link mitochondria to the Trak1-kinesin motor complex via its interaction with MIRO1.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Belongs to the myelin basic protein family.
Component of the 3M complex, composed of core components CUL7, CCDC8 and OBSL1. Part of a Cul7-RING complex consisting of CUL7, RBX1, SKP1 and FBXW8. Interacts with a complex of SKP1 and FBXW8, but not with SKP1 alone. Interacts with CUL9; leading to inhibit CUL9 activity. Interacts with FBXW8; interaction is mutually exclusive of binding to CUL9 or p53/TP53. Interacts with p53/TP53; the interaction preferentially involves tetrameric and dimeric p53/TP53. The CUL7-CUL9 heterodimer seems to interact specifically with p53/TP53. Interacts with CUL1; the interactions seems to be mediated by FBXW8. Interacts with OBSL1 (By similarity). Interacts (as part of the 3M complex) with HDAC4 and HDAC5; it is negatively regulated by ANKRA2 (By similarity).
Core component of the 3M and Cul7-RING(FBXW8) complexes, which mediates the ubiquitination of target proteins. Core component of the 3M complex, a complex required to regulate microtubule dynamics and genome integrity. It is unclear how the 3M complex regulates microtubules, it could act by controlling the level of a microtubule stabilizer. Interaction with CUL9 is required to inhibit CUL9 activity and ubiquitination of BIRC5. Core component of a Cul7-RING ubiquitin-protein ligase with FBXW8, which mediates ubiquitination and consequent degradation of target proteins such as GORASP1, IRS1 and MAP4K1/HPK1. Ubiquitination of GORASP1 regulates Golgi morphogenesis and dendrite patterning in brain. Mediates ubiquitination and degradation of IRS1 in a mTOR-dependent manner: the Cul7-RING(FBXW8) complex recognizes and binds IRS1 previously phosphorylated by S6 kinase (RPS6KB1 or RPS6KB2). The Cul7-RING(FBXW8) complex also mediates ubiquitination of MAP4K1/HPK1: recognizes and binds autophosphorylated MAP4K1/HPK1, leading to its degradation, thereby affecting cell proliferation and differentiation. Acts as a regulator in trophoblast cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition and placental development. Does not promote polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53/TP53. While the Cul7-RING(FBXW8) and the 3M complexes are associated and involved in common processes, CUL7 and the Cul7-RING(FBXW8) complex may be have additional functions (By similarity).
Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylated by MAP2K6/MAPKK6, leading to PAK6 activation (By similarity).
Interacts tightly with GTP-bound but not GDP-bound CDC42/p21 and RAC1. Interacts with the androgen receptor AR. Interacts with IQGAP1 and PPM1B (By similarity).
Serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in the regulation of gene transcription. The kinase activity is induced by various effectors including AR or MAP2K6/MAPKK6. Phosphorylates the DNA-binding domain of androgen receptor/AR and thereby inhibits AR-mediated transcription. Inhibits also ESR1-mediated transcription. May play a role in cytoskeleton regulation by interacting with IQGAP1. May protect cells from apoptosis through phosphorylation of BAD (By similarity).
Required for the assembly of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex), mediating cytochrome b recruitment and probably stabilization within the complex. Thereby, plays an important role in ATP production by mitochondria. Cardiolipin-binding protein, it may also control the cardiolipin composition of mitochondria membranes and their morphology.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids.
May promote cell cycle arrest by enhancing the inhibition of CDK2 activity by CDKN1A. May be required for repair of DNA damage by homologous recombination in conjunction with BRCA2. May not be involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
Calcium-activated substrate recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, SCF(FBXL2), which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Unlike many F-box proteins, FBXL2 does not seem to target phosphodegron within its substrates but rather calmodulin-binding motifs and is thereby antagonized by calmodulin. This is the case for the cyclins CCND2 and CCND3 which polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation are inhibited by calmodulin. Through CCND2 and CCND3 degradation induces cell-cycle arrest in G(0). SCF(FBXL2) also mediates PIK3R2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation thereby regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and autophagy (By similarity). PCYT1A monoubiquitination by SCF(FBXL2) and subsequent degradation regulates synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, which is utilized for formation of membranes and of pulmonary surfactant. The SCF(FBXL2) complex acts as a regulator of inflammation by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of TRAF proteins (TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF4, TRAF5 and TRAF6) (By similarity). The SCF(FBXL2) complex acts as a negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of NLRP3 (By similarity).
Part of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex SCF(FBXL2) composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXL2. Interacts with calmodulin; may antagonize substrate ubiquitination by SCF(FBXL2). May interact with PIK3R1. Interacts with PTPN13.
Phosphorylated by GSK-beta (GSK3B), promoting recognition by FBXO3, leading to its ubiquitination by the SCF(FBXO3) complex.
The CAAX motif is a signal for the geranylgeranylation of FBXL2 and is required for its association with cell membranes and the recruitment of substrates to the active SCF(FBXL2) complex.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-201 by the SCF(FBXO3) complex in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase subfamily.
Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). L-3-hydroxybutyrate (L-3-OHB) is also a substrate for HOT when using 2-KG as hydrogen acceptor, resulting in the formation of D-2-HG (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 19 family.
Component of SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex that mediates transport of signal peptide-containing precursor polypeptides across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Forms a ribosome receptor and a gated pore in the ER membrane, both functions required for cotranslational translocation of nascent polypeptides.
The SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex consists of channel-forming core components SEC61A1, SEC61B and SEC61G and different auxiliary components such as SEC62 and SEC63.
Activated by RHOA binding. Inhibited by Y-27632.
Protein kinase which is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity.
Converts glycerol-3-phosphate to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Active against both saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. Protects cells against lipotoxicity.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
ATP hydrolysis occurs at the interface between the nucleotide-binding domains of subunits A and B (By similarity). ATP hydrolysis triggers a conformational change in the subunits D and F, which induces a shift of subunit d (By similarity). The c-ring is subsequently rotated and results in a continuous proton translocation across the membrane (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). In aerobic conditions, involved in intracellular iron homeostasis, thus triggering the activity of Fe(2+) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes, and leading to HIF1A hydroxylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation (By similarity). May play a role in neurite development and synaptic connectivity (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-384 by AMPK down-regulates its enzyme activity.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR (By similarity). Interacts with the V0 complex V-ATPase subunit a4 ATP6V0A4 (By similarity). Interacts with WFS1 (By similarity). Interacts with alpha-crystallin B chain/CRYAB and with MTOR, forming a ternary complex (By similarity).
Interacts with the mTORC1 complex; this interaction mediates the recruitment of mTORC1 to the lysosome and its subsequent activation.
Symporter that selectively cotransports sodium ions and amino acids, such as L-glutamine and L-asparagine from the lysosome into the cytoplasm and may participates in mTORC1 activation. The transport activity requires an acidic lysosomal lumen.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.
Homodimer (By similarity). Identified in a complex with P3H3 and P3H4 (By similarity).
Part of a complex composed of PLOD1, P3H3 and P3H4 that catalyzes hydroxylation of lysine residues in collagen alpha chains and is required for normal assembly and cross-linkling of collagen fibrils (By similarity). Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens (By similarity). These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links (By similarity).
Interacts with the nuclear receptors NR3C1 and AR in the presence of ligand. Interacts with DDB1, CUL4A and CUL4B (By similarity).
Ligand-dependent coactivator of nuclear receptors. Enhance transcriptional activity of the nuclear receptors NR3C1 and AR. May function as a substrate receptor for CUL4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to maleylacetoacetate.
Homohexamer arranged as a dimer of trimers.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 37 family.
Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone (By similarity). Exhibits high acyl-CoA specificity for polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, especially docosahexaenoyl-CoA (22:6-CoA, DHA-CoA) (By similarity).
Addition of GM2A stimulates the hydrolysis of sulfated glycosphingolipid SM2 and the ganglioside GM2.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Hydrolyzes the non-reducing end N-acetyl-D-hexosamine and/or sulfated N-acetyl-D-hexosamine of glycoconjugates, such as the oligosaccharide moieties from proteins and neutral glycolipids, or from certain mucopolysaccharides. The isozyme S is as active as the isozyme A on the anionic bis-sulfated glycans, the chondroitin-6-sulfate trisaccharide (C6S-3), and the dermatan sulfate pentasaccharide, and the sulfated glycosphingolipid SM2. The isozyme B does not hydrolyze each of these substrates, however hydrolyzes efficiently neutral oligosaccharide. Only the isozyme A is responsible for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides in the presence of GM2A.
There are 3 beta-hexosaminidase isozymes: isozyme A (hexosaminidase A) is an heterodimer composed of one subunit alpha and one subunit beta (chain A and B); isozyme B (hexosaminidase B) is an homodimer of two beta subunits (two chains A and B); isozyme S (hexosaminidase S) is a homodimer of two alpha subunits. The composition of the dimer (isozyme A versus isozyme S) has a significant effect on the substrate specificity of the alpha subunit active site.
Interacts with neddylated CUL2, ubiquitinated HIF1A, and VCP/p97.
The UBA domain is required for binding ubiquitinated-protein substrates.
The UBX domain mediates interaction with VCP/p97.
The UIM (ubiquitin-interacting motif) is required to engage the NEDD8 modification on cullins.
Ubiquitin-binding adapter that links a subset of NEDD8-associated cullin ring ligases (CRLs) to the segregase VCP/p97, to regulate turnover of their ubiquitination substrates (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB11 subunit family.
Phosphorylation on Tyr-10 modulates pumping activity. Phosphorylation of Ser-943 by PKA modulates the response of ATP1A1 to PKC. Dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) following increases in intracellular sodium, leading to increase catalytic activity (By similarity).
The sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit. Interacts with regulatory subunit FXYD1. Interacts with regulatory subunit FXYD3. Interacts with SIK1. Interacts with SLC35G1 and STIM1. Interacts with CLN3; this interaction regulates the sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase complex localization at the plasma membrane (By similarity).
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (ADGR) subfamily.
Identified in a complex containing FGFR4, NCAM1, CDH2, PLCG1, FRS2, SRC, SHC1, GAP43 and CTTN (By similarity). Interacts (via IQ domain) with calmodulin (By similarity). Binds calmodulin with a greater affinity in the absence of Ca(2+) than in its presence (By similarity).
Palmitoylated by ZDHHC3 (By similarity). Palmitoylation is regulated by ARF6 and is essential for plasma membrane association and axonal and dendritic filopodia induction. Deacylated by LYPLA2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated (By similarity). Phosphorylation of this protein by a protein kinase C is specifically correlated with certain forms of synaptic plasticity (By similarity).
This protein is associated with nerve growth. It is a major component of the motile 'growth cones' that form the tips of elongating axons. Plays a role in axonal and dendritic filopodia induction (By similarity).
Belongs to the apolipoprotein C1 family.
Belongs to the nuclear transition protein 2 family.
Plays a key role in the replacement of histones to protamine in the elongating spermatids of mammals. In condensing spermatids, loaded onto the nucleosomes, where it promotes the recruitment and processing of protamines, which are responsible for histone eviction.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, also named Dom34-Hbs1 complex, composed of PELO and HBS1L. Interacts with the SKI complex.
GTPase component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. The Pelota-HBS1L complex recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel. Following mRNA extraction from stalled ribosomes by the SKI complex, the Pelota-HBS1L complex promotes recruitment of ABCE1, which drives the disassembly of stalled ribosomes, followed by degradation of damaged mRNAs as part of the NGD pathway.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Interacts with FGFBP1. Interacts with FGFR2. Affinity between fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors is increased by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans that function as coreceptors (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Required for normal branching morphogenesis. Growth factor active on keratinocytes. Possible major paracrine effector of normal epithelial cell proliferation (By similarity).
Highly N-glycosylated and O-glycosylated.
May regulate TLP1 expression and telomerase activity, thus enabling certain prostatic cells to resist apoptosis.
Acts as component of the retriever complex. The retriever complex is a heterotrimeric complex related to retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) and essential for retromer-independent retrieval and recycling of numerous cargos such as integrin alpha-5/beta-1 (ITGA5:ITGB1). The recruitment of the retriever complex to the endosomal membrane involves CCC and WASH complexes. In the endosomes, drives the retrieval and recycling of NxxY-motif-containing cargo proteins by coupling to SNX17, a cargo essential for the homeostatic maintenance of numerous cell surface proteins associated with processes that include cell migration, cell adhesion, nutrient supply and cell signaling. Involved in copper-dependent ATP7A trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and vesicles in the cell periphery; the function is proposed to depend on its association with the CCC complex and cooperation with the WASH complex on early endosomes. Seems not to be required for CCC complex stability.
Component of the heterotrimeric retriever complex formed by VPS26C, VPS29 and VPS35L. Interacts with VPS29. Interacts with COMMD1, CCDC93 and CCDC22; associates with the CCC (COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93) complex which contains at least COMMD1 (and possibly other COMM domain-containing proteins), CCDC22 and CCDC93. Interacts with WASHC1, WASHC2A and WASHC2C. Interacts with SNX17 and SNX31.
Interacts with THOC2, DDX39 and POLDIP3; the interactions are ATP-dependent and indicative for an association with the TREX complex.
Involved in nuclear mRNA export; probably mediated by association with the TREX complex.
Interacts with RAB21 (GDP-bound form), VPS29, KIF5A, KIF5C, GOLGA4. Interacts with RAB32 (GTP-bound form), RAB38 (GTP-bound form), VAMP7. Interacts with low affinity with RAB5. ANKRD27:RAB32 heterodimers can homodimerize to form tetramers. Can interact with RAB38 or RAB32, VPS29 and VAMP7 simultaneously (By similarity). A decreased interaction with RAB32 seen in the presence of SGSM2 (By similarity).
May be a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for Rab21, Rab32 and Rab38 and regulate endosome dynamics. May regulate the participation of VAMP7 in membrane fusion events; in vitro inhibits VAMP7-mediated SNARE complex formation by trapping VAMP7 in a closed, fusogenically inactive conformation (By similarity). Involved in peripheral melanosomal distribution of TYRP1 in melanocytes; the function, which probably is implicating vesicle-trafficking, includes cooperation with Rab32, Rab38 and VAMP7. Involved in the regulation of neurite growth; the function seems to require its GEF activity, probably towards Rab21, and VAMP7 but not Rab32/38. Proposed to be involved in Golgi sorting of VAMP7 and transport of VAMP7 vesicles to the cell surface; the function seems to implicate kinesin heavy chain isoform 5 proteins, GOLGA4, RAB21 and MACF1. Required for the colocalization of VAMP7 and Rab21, probably on TGN sites. Involved in GLUT1 endosome-to-plasma membrane trafficking; the function is dependent of association with VPS29. Regulates the proper trafficking of melanogenic enzymes TYR, TYRP1 and DCT/TYRP2 to melanosomes in melanocytes (By similarity).
Catalyzes the oxidative metabolism of numerous xenobiotics, including mainly therapeutic drugs and insecticides that contain a soft nucleophile, most commonly nitrogen and sulfur and participates to their bioactivation.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ACMSD family.
Converts alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde (ACMS) to alpha-aminomuconate semialdehyde (AMS). ACMS can be converted non-enzymatically to quinolate (QA), a key precursor of NAD, and a potent endogenous excitotoxin of neuronal cells which is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. In the presence of ACMSD, ACMS is converted to AMS, a benign catabolite. ACMSD ultimately controls the metabolic fate of tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway.
Interacts with MRAP; increasing ligand-sensitivity and generation of cAMP. Interacts with MRAP2; competing with MRAP for binding to MC2R and impairing the binding of corticotropin (ACTH).
Gap-filling polymerase involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC9 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Acts as a ligand for integrins, specifically ITGA5:ITGB1 and ITGAV:ITGB3; both integrins and the CD40 receptor are required for activation of CD40-CD40LG signaling, which have cell-type dependent effects, such as B-cell activation, NF-kappa-B signaling and anti-apoptotic signaling.
Cytokine that acts as a ligand to CD40/TNFRSF5. Costimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Involved in immunoglobulin class switching.
Splice factor that binds to the single-stranded 3'AG at the exon/intron border and promotes its utilization in the second catalytic step. Involved in the regulation of alternative splicing and the utilization of cryptic splice sites.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Interacts with VAPA and VAPB. Interaction with VAPB is less efficient than with VAPA. Interacts (via FFAT motif) with the MOSPD2 (via MSP domain).
Phosphorylation on Ser-132 decreases the affinity toward phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate at Golgi membranes and reduces ceramide transfer activity. Inactivated by hyperphosphorylation of serine residues by CSNK1G2/CK1 that triggers dissociation from the Golgi complex, thus down-regulating ER-to-Golgi transport of ceramide and sphingomyelin synthesis.
Shelters ceramides and diacylglycerol lipids inside its START domain and mediates the intracellular trafficking of ceramides and diacylglycerol lipids in a non-vesicular manner.
The FFAT motif is required for interaction with VAPA, VAPB and MOSPD2.
The PH domain targets the Golgi apparatus.
The START domain recognizes ceramides and diacylglycerol lipids, interacts with membranes, and mediates the intermembrane transfer of ceramides and diacylglycerol lipids.
Encoded on a bicistronic transcript that code for two proteins, SNRPN and SNURF.
May be involved in tissue-specific alternative RNA processing events.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DECD subfamily.
Homodimer, and heterodimer with DDX39A. Component of the transcription/export (TREX) complex at least composed of ALYREF/THOC4, DDX39B, SARNP/CIP29, CHTOP and the THO subcomplex; TREX seems to have dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling; in the complex bridges ALYREF/THOC4 and the THO complex, and, in a ATP-dependent manner, ALYREF/THOC4 and SARNP/CIP29. Component of the spliceosome. Interacts directly with U2AF2. Interacts with RBM8A, RNPS1 and SRRM1, FYTTD1/UIF, THOC1, MX1 and POLDIP3. Interacts with LUZP4.
Involved in nuclear export of spliced and unspliced mRNA. Assembling component of the TREX complex which is thought to couple mRNA transcription, processing and nuclear export, and specifically associates with spliced mRNA and not with unspliced pre-mRNA. TREX is recruited to spliced mRNAs by a transcription-independent mechanism, binds to mRNA upstream of the exon-junction complex (EJC) and is recruited in a splicing- and cap-dependent manner to a region near the 5' end of the mRNA where it functions in mRNA export to the cytoplasm via the TAP/NFX1 pathway. May undergo several rounds of ATP hydrolysis during assembly of TREX to drive subsequent loading of components such as ALYREF/THOC and CHTOP onto mRNA. Also associates with pre-mRNA independent of ALYREF/THOC4 and the THO complex. Involved in the nuclear export of intronless mRNA; the ATP-bound form is proposed to recruit export adapter ALYREF/THOC4 to intronless mRNA; its ATPase activity is cooperatively stimulated by RNA and ALYREF/THOC4 and ATP hydrolysis is thought to trigger the dissociation from RNA to allow the association of ALYREF/THOC4 and the NXF1-NXT1 heterodimer. Involved in transcription elongation and genome stability.
Splice factor that is required for the first ATP-dependent step in spliceosome assembly and for the interaction of U2 snRNP with the branchpoint. Has both RNA-stimulated ATP binding/hydrolysis activity and ATP-dependent RNA unwinding activity. Even with the stimulation of RNA, the ATPase activity is weak. Can only hydrolyze ATP but not other NTPs. The RNA stimulation of ATPase activity does not have a strong preference for the sequence and length of the RNA. However, ssRNA stimulates the ATPase activity much more strongly than dsRNA. Can unwind 5' or 3' overhangs or blunt end RNA duplexes in vitro. The ATPase and helicase activities are not influenced by U2AF2; the effect of ALYREF/THOC4 is reported conflictingly with [] reporting a stimulatory effect.
The helicase C-terminal domain mediates interaction with ALYREF/THOC4.
Belongs to the reduced folate carrier (RFC) transporter (TC 2.A.48) family.
High-affinity transporter for the intake of thiamine.
Belongs to the ANT/ATPSC lysine N-methyltransferase family.
Homodimer. Homooligomer. Forms heterodimers with MPC1 and MPC1L. The heterodimer is the more stable and dominant form.
Interacts with protein of the S100 family S100A1, S100A6, S100B, S100P and S100A12 in a calcium-dependent manner. Component of some large E3 complex at least composed of UBE2D1, SIAH1, CACYBP/SIP, SKP1, APC and TBL1X. Interacts directly with SIAH1, SIAH2 and SKP1 (By similarity).
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1) (By similarity).
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Phosphorylated on serine residues. Phosphorylated upon induction by RA or at high calcium concentrations (By similarity).
Functions as a chaperone protein. Is one of the most abundant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins. Plays a role in the export of secreted proteins in the ER, the recognition of abnormally folded protein and their targeting to the ER associated-degradation (ERAD) (By similarity). Also serves as a cargo receptor for the export of transmembrane proteins (By similarity). Plays a role in the assembly of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) by stimulating the translocation of NDUFS4 and NDUFB11 from the cytosol to the mitochondria via interaction with TOMM40. In response to ER stress, delocalizes from the ER-mitochondria contact sites and binds BCL2. May be involved in CASP8-mediated apoptosis (By similarity).
Homodimer and heterodimer with BCAP29 (By similarity). Binds CASP8 (isoform 9) as a complex containing BCAP31, BCAP29, BCL2 and/or BCL2L1 (By similarity). Forms a complex (via C-terminus) with TOMM40 which mediates the translocation of components of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) from the cytosol to the mitochondria; within the complex BCAP31 interacts directly with unprocessed and processed NDUFS4 and NDUFB11. Interacts with VDAC1 (By similarity). Interacts with VAMP3, VAMP1 and membrane IgD immunoglobulins (By similarity). Interacts with HACD2 (By similarity). Interacts with DNM1L; may form part of a larger protein complex at the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial interface during mitochondrial fission (By similarity).
Belongs to the sodium channel auxiliary subunit SCN3B (TC 8.A.17) family.
Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes unique persistent sodium currents. Inactivates the sodium channel opening more slowly than the subunit beta-1. Its association with NFASC may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons.
Interacts with PKN1. Interacts with TRAF2. Interacts with mono- and polyubiquitin. Interacts with PEX6. Interacts with PEX5 (Cys-linked ubiquitinated) (By similarity).
Involved in regulation of TNF-alpha induced NF-kappa-B activation and apoptosis. Involved in modulation of 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination status of TRAF2 and decreases association of TRAF2 with RIPK1. Required for PTS1 target sequence-dependent protein import into peroxisomes and PEX5 stability; may cooperate with PEX6. In vitro involved in PEX5 export from the cytosol to peroxisomes (By similarity).
The A20-type zinc finger domain mediates regulation of NF-kappa-B activity.
The AN1-type zinc finger domain mediates association with TRAF2.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-2/CLCN2 subfamily.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC7 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which contains the catalytic subunit KAT5/TIP60 and the subunits EP400, TRRAP/PAF400, BRD8/SMAP, EPC1, DMAP1/DNMAP1, RUVBL1/TIP49, RUVBL2, ING3, actin, ACTL6A/BAF53A, MORF4L1/MRG15, MORF4L2/MRGX, MRGBP, YEATS4/GAS41 and VPS72/YL1. The NuA4 complex interacts with MYC and the adenovirus E1A protein. MORF4L1 may also participate in the formation of NuA4 related complexes which lack the KAT5/TIP60 catalytic subunit, but which include the SWI/SNF related protein SRCAP. Component of the MSIN3A histone deacetylase complex, which includes SIN3A, HDAC2, ARID4B, MORF4L1, RBBP4/RbAp48, and RBBP7/RbAp46. Interacts with MRFAP1 and RB1. May also interact with one or more as yet undefined members of the TLE (transducin-like enhancer of split) family of transcriptional repressors (By similarity).
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome - DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. This complex may be required for the activation of transcriptional programs associated with oncogene and proto-oncogene mediated growth induction, tumor suppressor mediated growth arrest and replicative senescence, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The NuA4 complex ATPase and helicase activities seem to be, at least in part, contributed by the association of RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 with EP400. NuA4 may also play a direct role in DNA repair when directly recruited to sites of DNA damage. Also a component of the MSIN3A complex which acts to repress transcription by deacetylation of nucleosomal histones (By similarity).
May be involved in ciliary biogenesis or function.
Receptor for platelet activating factor, a chemotactic phospholipid mediator that possesses potent inflammatory, smooth-muscle contractile and hypotensive activity. Seems to mediate its action via a G protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the endoribonuclease YbeY family.
Putative tumor suppressor gene that may be implicated in the origin and progression of lung cancer.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA), with a preference for the formation of MMA. Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins Sm D1 (SNRPD1) and Sm D3 (SNRPD3); such methylation being required for the assembly and biogenesis of snRNP core particles. Specifically mediates the symmetric dimethylation of histone H4 'Arg-3' to form H4R3me2s. Plays a role in gene imprinting by being recruited by CTCFL at the H19 imprinted control region (ICR) and methylating histone H4 to form H4R3me2s, possibly leading to recruit DNA methyltransferases at these sites. May also play a role in embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency. Also able to mediate the arginine methylation of histone H2A and myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro; the relevance of such results is however unclear in vivo.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT7 subfamily.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic region) with ILK.
Transmembrane receptor that senses neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and triggers the ILK-PARVB pathway to enhance cell motility. NETs are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation. Formation of NETs is also associated with cancer metastasis, NET-DNA acting as a chemotactic factor to attract cancer cells. Specifically binds NETs on its extracellular region, in particular the 8-OHdG-enriched DNA present in NETs, and recruits ILK, initiating the ILK-PARVB cascade to induce cytoskeleton rearrangement and directional migration of cells.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Has high L-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase activity. It also exhibits low dehydrogenase activity toward L-3-hydroxybutyrate (HBA) and L-threonate.
Co-chaperone for HSPA8/Hsc70. Plays a role in protein transport into mitochondria via its role as co-chaperone. Functions as co-chaperone for HSPA1B and negatively regulates the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria in response to cellular stress, thereby protecting cells against apoptosis. Stimulates ATP hydrolysis, but not the folding of unfolded proteins mediated by HSPA1A (in vitro). Promotes apoptosis in response to cellular stress mediated by exposure to anisomycin or UV (By similarity).
Identified in a complex with HSPA1B and BAX. Interacts with RNF207.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with DAZAP2 (By similarity). May interact with CENPK (By similarity).
Sumoylation inhibits the transcriptional activity.
Transcription factor that plays a key role in several developmental processes, including neurogenesis, chondrocytes differentiation and cartilage formation. Specifically binds the 5'-AACAAT-3' DNA motif present in enhancers and super-enhancers and promotes expression of genes important for chondrogenesis. Required for overt chondrogenesis when condensed prechondrocytes differentiate into early stage chondrocytes: SOX5 and SOX6 cooperatively bind with SOX9 on active enhancers and super-enhancers associated with cartilage-specific genes, and thereby potentiate SOX9's ability to transactivate. Not involved in precartilaginous condensation, the first step in chondrogenesis, during which skeletal progenitors differentiate into prechondrocytes. Together with SOX5, required to form and maintain a pool of highly proliferating chondroblasts between epiphyses and metaphyses, to form columnar chondroblasts, delay chondrocyte prehypertrophy but promote hypertrophy, and to delay terminal differentiation of chondrocytes on contact with ossification fronts. Binds to the proximal promoter region of the myelin protein MPZ gene, and is thereby involved in the differentiation of oligodendroglia in the developing spinal tube. Binds to the gene promoter of MBP and acts as a transcriptional repressor.
Binds 8 zinc ions per octamer. Requires four zinc ions per octamer for full catalytic activity. Can bind up to 2 zinc ions per subunit.
Can alternate between a fully active homooctamer and a low-activity homohexamer. A bound magnesium ion may promote the assembly of the fully active homooctamer. The magnesium-binding site is absent in the low-activity homohexamer. Inhibited by compounds that favor the hexameric state. Inhibited by divalent lead ions. The lead ions partially displace the zinc cofactor (By similarity).
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen (By similarity).
Homooctamer; active form. Homohexamer; low activity form (By similarity).
In the central section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. CAD subfamily.
Acts on GalNAc (By similarity). Also acts as a galactokinase when galactose is present at high concentrations (By similarity).
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Component of the DREAM complex (also named LINC complex) at least composed of E2F4, E2F5, LIN9, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, MYBL1, MYBL2, RBL1, RBL2, RBBP4, TFDP1 and TFDP2. The complex exists in quiescent cells where it represses cell cycle-dependent genes. It dissociates in S phase when LIN9, LIN37, LIN52 and LIN54 form a subcomplex that binds to MYBL2 (By similarity).
Homodimer. Component of the BCR(KLHL3) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL3 and KLHL3 and RBX1 (By similarity). Interacts with CLDN8 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-433 by PKA or PKC decreases the interaction with WNK1 and WNK4, leading to inhibit their degradation by the BCR(KLHL3) complex. Phosphorylated at Ser-433 by PKC in response to angiotensin II signaling, decreasing ability to promote degradation of WNK1 and WNK4, leading to activation of Na-Cl cotransporter SLC12A3/NCC. Phosphorylation at Ser-433 is increased by insulin. Dephosphorylated at Ser-433 by calcineurin PPP3CA, promoting degradation of WNK1 and WNK4.
Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that acts as a regulator of ion transport in the distal nephron. The BCR(KLHL3) complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of WNK1 and WNK4, two activators of Na-Cl cotransporter SLC12A3/NCC in distal convoluted tubule cells of kidney, thereby regulating NaCl reabsorption. The BCR(KLHL3) complex also mediates ubiquitination and degradation of WNK3 (By similarity). The BCR(KLHL3) complex also mediates ubiquitination of CLDN8, a tight-junction protein required for paracellular chloride transport in the kidney, leading to its degradation (By similarity).
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases catalyze phase II biotransformation reactions in which lipophilic substrates are conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase water solubility and enhance excretion. They are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds (By similarity).
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with SNX7 or SNX30. Interacts with WWC1/KIBRA. Identified in a complex with WWC1/KIBRA and dynein components DYNLL1 and DYNC1I2. Interacts with BIN1.
Involved in the regulation of endocytosis and in several stages of intracellular trafficking. Plays a role in recycling endocytosed transferrin receptor and prevent its degradation. Involved in autophagosome assembly by regulating trafficking and recycling of phospholipid scramblase ATG9A.
The PX domain binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate which is necessary for peripheral membrane localization.
Oxidizes the CoA-esters of 2-methyl-branched fatty acids.
Assembly factor required for Rieske Fe-S protein UQCRFS1 incorporation into the cytochrome b-c1 (CIII) complex. Functions as a chaperone, binding to this subunit within the mitochondrial matrix and stabilizing it prior to its translocation and insertion into the late CIII dimeric intermediate within the mitochondrial inner membrane (By similarity).
Assembly factor required for Rieske Fe-S protein UQCRFS1 incorporation into the cytochrome b-c1 (CIII) complex. Functions as a chaperone, binding to this subunit within the mitochondrial matrix and stabilizing it prior to its translocation and insertion into the late CIII dimeric intermediate within the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site (By similarity).
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site.
Component of the signal peptidase complex paralog A (SPC-A) composed of a catalytic subunit SEC11A and three accessory subunits SPCS1, SPCS2 and SPCS3. Component of the signal peptidase complex paralog C (SPC-C) composed of a catalytic subunit SEC11C and three accessory subunits SPCS1, SPCS2 and SPCS3. Within the complex, interacts with SEC11A or SEC11C and SPCS1. The complex induces a local thinning of the ER membrane which is used to measure the length of the signal peptide (SP) h-region of protein substrates. This ensures the selectivity of the complex towards h-regions shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Phosphotriesterase family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit.
Interacts with USH2A (via the cytoplasmic region); the interaction associates VEZT with the USH2 complex at the stereocilia base (By similarity). Interacts with myosin MYO7A and the cadherin-catenins complex (By similarity).
Plays a pivotal role in the establishment of adherens junctions and their maintenance in adult life. Required for morphogenesis of the preimplantation embryo, and for the implantation process.
Metal-dependent single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) exonuclease involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance. Has preference for 5'-3' exonuclease activity but is also capable of endoduclease activity on linear substrates. Necessary for maintenance of proper 7S DNA levels. Probably involved in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) repair, possibly via the processing of displaced DNA containing Okazaki fragments during RNA-primed DNA synthesis on the lagging strand or via processing of DNA flaps during long-patch base excision repair.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. ALDH1L subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
Binds GTP but lacks intrinsic GTPase activity and is resistant to Rho-specific GTPase-activating proteins.
Binds ROCK1. Interacts with UBXD5 (By similarity).
Interacts with SUPT4H1 to form DSIF. DSIF interacts with the positive transcription elongation factor b complex (P-TEFb complex), which is composed of CDK9 and cyclin-T (CCNT1 or CCNT2). DSIF interacts with RNA polymerase II, and this interaction is reduced by phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A by P-TEFb. DSIF also interacts with the NELF complex, which is composed of NELFA, NELFB, NELFD and NELFE, and this interaction occurs following prior binding of DSIF to RNA polymerase II. Also interacts with PRMT1/HRMT1L2, HTATSF1/TATSF1, RNGTT/CAP1A, PRMT5/SKB1, SUPT6H, and can interact with PIN1. Component of a complex which is at least composed of HTATSF1/Tat-SF1, the P-TEFb complex components CDK9 and CCNT1, RNA polymerase II, SUPT5H, and NCL/nucleolin (By similarity). Interacts with MCM3AP (By similarity).
Methylated by PRMT1/HRMT1L2 and PRMT5/SKB1. Methylation negatively regulates interaction with P-TEFb and RNA polymerase II (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by CDK7 and CDK9. Phosphorylation by P-TEFb alleviates transcriptional pausing. Phosphorylation may also stimulate interaction with PIN1. Bulk phosphorylation occurs predominantly in mitosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. IAH1 subfamily.
Auto-ubiquitinated. Controls the development of T-cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination.
Binding to E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme requires an intact RING finger domain.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that catalyzes 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains formation. Functions as an inhibitor of cytokine gene transcription. Inhibits IL2 and IL4 transcription, thereby playing an important role in the induction of the anergic phenotype, a long-term stable state of T-lymphocyte unresponsiveness to antigenic stimulation associated with the blockade of interleukin production. Ubiquitinates ARPC5 with 'Lys-48' linkages and COR1A with 'Lys-63' linkages leading to their degradation, down-regulation of these cytosleletal components results in impaired lamellipodium formation and reduced accumulation of F-actin at the immunological synapse. Functions in the patterning of the dorsal ectoderm; sensitizes ectoderm to respond to neural-inducing signals.
Interacts with AP1G1 and AP2A1 components of the adapter protein complexes AP-1 and AP-2. Interacts with the GAE domain proteins GGA1, GGA2 and GGA3 (By similarity).
The WXXF motifs mediate binding of accessory proteins to the ear-domain of AP-1, GGAs and AP-2 through hydrophobic interactions. Selective binding to the GAE domains of AP-1 or to the alpha-ear domain of AP-2 is tuned by the acidic context surrounding the motif and the properties of the second residue of the motif itself. The WXXF motif 1, which is preceded by an acidic residue and has a glycine in second position mediates specific interaction with AP-1. The WXXF motif 2, which is followed by the C-terminal carboxyl group negative charge, allows specific interaction with AP-2 (By similarity).
Part of the tectonic-like complex (also named B9 complex). Interacts with TMEM107.
Transmembrane component of the tectonic-like complex, a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia and acting as a barrier that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes. Required for ciliogenesis and sonic hedgehog/SHH signaling (By similarity).
ATPase activity is enhanced upon binding to G-patch domain-containing proteins. G-patch domain-containing proteins act like a brace that tethers mobile sections of DHX15 together, stabilizing a functional conformation with high RNA affinity, thereby promoting the ATPase activity.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX15/PRP43 sub-subfamily.
Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome. Identified in the Intron Large spliceosome complex (IL, also named intron lariat spliceosome), a post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex containing the excised intron, U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs, and splicing factors; the association may be transient. The IL complex exists in two distinct conformations, one with the DHX15 (ILS2) and one without (ILS1). Interacts with TFIP11 (via G-patch domain); indicative for a recruitment to the IL complex. Interacts with SSB/La. Interacts with GPATCH2 (via G-patch domain); promoting the RNA helicase activity. Interacts with NKRF (via G-patch domain); promoting the RNA helicase activity. Interacts with NLRP6.
RNA helicase involved in mRNA processing and antiviral innate immunity. Pre-mRNA processing factor involved in disassembly of spliceosomes after the release of mature mRNA. In cooperation with TFIP11 seem to be involved in the transition of the U2, U5 and U6 snRNP-containing IL complex to the snRNP-free IS complex leading to efficient debranching and turnover of excised introns. Plays a key role in antiviral innate immunity by promoting both MAVS-dependent signaling and NLRP6 inflammasome. Acts as an RNA virus sensor: recognizes and binds viral double stranded RNA (dsRNA) and activates the MAVS-dependent signaling to produce interferon-beta and interferon lambda-3 (IFNL3). Involved in intestinal antiviral innate immunity together with NLRP6: recognizes and binds viral dsRNA and promotes activation of the NLRP6 inflammasome in intestinal epithelial cells to restrict infection by enteric viruses. The NLRP6 inflammasome acts by promoting maturation and secretion of IL18 in the extracellular milieu (By similarity). Also involved in antibacterial innate immunity by promoting Wnt-induced antimicrobial protein expression in Paneth cells (By similarity).
Homodimerizes, the dimers can polymerize end-to-end to form filamentous structures. Interacts with AKAP9, ARHGAP17, DAAM1, DIAPH1, DIAPH2, DNM1, FASLG/FASL, GAPVD1, LYN, microtubules, PDE6G, SRC and WAS/WASP. Interacts with the ligand binding domain of the thyroid receptor (TR) in the presence of thyroid hormone. May interact with CTNNB1 and HD/HTT (By similarity). Interacts specifically with GTP-bound CDC42 and RHOQ. Interacts with DNM2 and WASL (By similarity).
Required to coordinate membrane tubulation with reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during endocytosis. Also acts as a link between CDC42 signaling and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Binds to lipids such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylserine and promotes membrane invagination and the formation of tubules. Also enhances actin polymerization in the vicinity of membrane tubules by recruiting WASL/N-WASP which in turn activates the Arp2/3 complex. Actin polymerization and dynamin may promote the fission of membrane tubules to form endocytic vesicles. Required for the formation of podosomes, actin-rich adhesion structures specific to monocyte-derived cells. Required for translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in response to insulin signaling. May be required for the lysosomal retention of FASLG/FASL (By similarity).
The F-BAR domain binds the phospholipid membrane with its concave surface. The end-to-end polymerization of dimers of these domains provides a curved surface that fits best membranes with around 600 A diameter, and may drive tubulation (By similarity).
Tyrosine phosphorylated. Also phosphorylated by PKA (By similarity).
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Interacts with POLR2A and SMN1/SMN2. Interacts with CDKN2AIP and NKRF. Interacts with CDKN2AIPNL; the interaction is direct. Interacts with TRIM71 (via NHL repeats) in an RNA-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with DHX34; the interaction is RNA-independent (By similarity).
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. May promote the termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II. During transcription termination, cleavage at the polyadenylation site liberates a 5' fragment which is subsequently processed to form the mature mRNA and a 3' fragment which remains attached to the elongating polymerase. The processive degradation of this 3' fragment by this protein may promote termination of transcription. Binds to RNA polymerase II (RNAp II) transcription termination R-loops formed by G-rich pause sites (By similarity).
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA and RhoB GTPases.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Acts as a co-chaperone with HSPA8/Hsc70; required to promote protein folding and trafficking, prevent aggregation of client proteins, and promote unfolded proteins to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Acts by determining HSPA8/Hsc70's ATPase and polypeptide-binding activities. Can also act independently of HSPA8/Hsc70: together with DNAJB12, acts as a chaperone that promotes maturation of potassium channels KCND2 and KCNH2 by stabilizing nascent channel subunits and assembling them into tetramers. While stabilization of nascent channel proteins is dependent on HSPA8/Hsc70, the process of oligomerization of channel subunits is independent of HSPA8/Hsc70. When overexpressed, forms membranous structures together with DNAJB12 and HSPA8/Hsc70 within the nucleus; the role of these structures, named DJANGOs, is still unclear.
Belongs to the DnaJ family. DNAJB12/DNAJB14 subfamily.
Interacts (via J domain) with HSPA8/Hsc70. Forms a multiprotein complex, at least composed of DNAJB12, DNAJB14, HSPA8/Hsc70 and SGTA; interaction with DNAJB14 and HSPA8/Hsc70 is direct.
Present in high molecular weight complexes in tumor cells. Interacts with SDCBP2 (By similarity).
Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of GINS1, GINS2, GINS3 and GINS4. Forms a stable subcomplex with GINS4. GINS complex interacts with DNA primase in vitro. Component of the CMG helicase complex, a hexameric ring of related MCM2-7 subunits stabilized by CDC45 and the tetrameric GINS complex.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common core component of RNA polymerases I and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Belongs to the secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP) family.
Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP3/FRZB appears to be involved in limb skeletogenesis. Antagonist of Wnt8 signaling. Regulates chondrocyte maturation and long bone development (By similarity).
Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP3/FRZB appears to be involved in limb skeletogenesis. Antagonist of Wnt8 signaling. Regulates chondrocyte maturation and long bone development.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein O/MICOS complex subunit Mic27 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. Specifically binds to cardiolipin (in vitro) but not to the precursor lipid phosphatidylglycerol. Plays a crucial role in crista junction formation and mitochondrial function.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex, composed of at least MICOS10/MIC10, CHCHD3/MIC19, CHCHD6/MIC25, APOOL/MIC27, IMMT/MIC60, APOO/MIC23/MIC26 and MICOS13/MIC13. This complex was also known under the names MINOS or MitOS complex. The MICOS complex associates with mitochondrial outer membrane proteins SAMM50, MTX1 and MTX2 (together described as components of the mitochondrial outer membrane sorting assembly machinery (SAM) complex) and DNAJC11, mitochondrial inner membrane protein TMEM11 and with HSPA9. The MICOS and SAM complexes together with DNAJC11 are part of a large protein complex spanning both membranes termed the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex. Interacts with MICOS10/MIC10, IMMT/MIC60 and APOO/MIC23/MIC26.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ("psi") residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs.
Component of the U5 snRNP and the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, a building block of the spliceosome (By similarity). The U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex is composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, SNRNP40, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39 (By similarity). Component of the pre-catalytic, catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosome complexes (By similarity). Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns. Within this complex, interacts with CRIPT (By similarity). Interacts with ERBB4 and PRPF8 (By similarity). Interacts with PIH1D1 (By similarity). Interacts with RPAP3 and URI1 in a ZNHIT2-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with NRDE2 (By similarity). Interacts with FAM50A (By similarity). Interacts with UBL5 (By similarity).
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome, including pre-catalytic, catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosomal complexes (By similarity). Component of the U5 snRNP and the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex, a building block of the spliceosome (By similarity). As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-3/CLCN3 subfamily.
Monomer and homodimer (By similarity). Forms heterodimers with CLCN4 (By similarity).
Strongly outwardly rectifying, electrogenic H(+)/Cl(-)exchanger which mediates the exchange of chloride ions against protons (By similarity). The CLC channel family contains both chloride channels and proton-coupled anion transporters that exchange chloride or another anion for protons (By similarity). The presence of conserved gating glutamate residues is typical for family members that function as antiporters (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. HutI family.
Acts as a repressor in the regulation of translation initiation of poly(A)-containing mRNAs. Its inhibitory activity on translation is mediated via its action on PABPC1. Displaces the interaction of PABPC1 with poly(A) RNA and competes with PAIP1 for binding to PABPC1. Its association with PABPC1 results in disruption of the cytoplasmic poly(A) RNP structure organization (By similarity).
Interacts with the second and third RRM domains and C-terminus regions of PABPC1 in a 2:1 stoichiometry.
Only the PABPC1-interacting motif-1 (PAM1) interferes with the binding of PABPC1 to poly(A) RNA and translation initiation.
Able to bind zinc in vitro; the binding sites are different from the calcium binding sites. The physiological relevance of zinc binding is unclear. Physiological concentrations of potassium antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting the high-affinity calcium-binding sites.
Dimer of either two alpha chains, or two beta chains, or one alpha and one beta chain. Also forms heterodimers with S100P (By similarity). Interacts with AGER (By similarity). Interacts with CAPZA1 (By similarity). Interacts with FKBP4. Interacts with RYR1 and RYR2. Interacts with CACYBP in a calcium-dependent manner. Interacts with PPP5C (via TPR repeats); the interaction is calcium-dependent and modulates PPP5C activity. Interacts with ATP2A2 and PLN in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with mitochondrial F1-ATPase subunits ATP5F1A and ATP5F1B; these interactions increase F1-ATPase activity (By similarity).
Glutathionylated; glutathionylation increases affinity to calcium about 10-fold.
Small calcium binding protein that plays important roles in several biological processes such as Ca(2+) homeostasis, chondrocyte biology and cardiomyocyte regulation. In response to an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) levels, binds calcium which triggers conformational changes. These changes allow interactions with specific target proteins and modulate their activity. Regulates a network in cardiomyocytes controlling sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) cycling and mitochondrial function through interaction with the ryanodine receptors RYR1 and RYR2, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase/ATP2A2 and mitochondrial F1-ATPase. Facilitates diastolic Ca(2+) dissociation and myofilament mechanics in order to improve relaxation during diastole.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Homotetramer. Forms heteromultimers with AHCYL1 (via the C-terminal region). Interacts with ITPR1; with lower affinity than AHCYL1 and maybe via ITPR1. Interacts with SLC4A4. Interacts with ZCCHC4 (By similarity).
May regulate the electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter SLC4A4 activity and Mg(2+)-sensitivity. On the contrary of its homolog AHCYL1, does not regulate ITPR1 sensitivity to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.
Regulates the trafficking to the somatodendritic compartment and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
The L-type calcium channel is composed of five subunits: alpha-1, alpha-2/delta, beta and gamma. Acts as an auxiliary subunit for AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Found in a complex with GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIA3, GRIA4, CNIH2, CNIH3, CACNG2, CACNG4, CACNG5, CACNG7 and CACNG8 (By similarity). Interacts with AP4M1 and GRIA1; associates GRIA1 with the adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) to target GRIA1 to the somatodendritic compartment of neurons (By similarity).
Homooligomer. Interacts with EGFR (By similarity).
May be involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking. Plays a role in protein transport from early to late endosomes. Plays a role in protein transport to the lysosome. Promotes degradation of EGFR after EGF signaling (By similarity).
The PX domain mediates interaction with membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate.
Inhibits calcineurin-dependent transcriptional responses by binding to the catalytic domain of calcineurin A. Could play a role during central nervous system development (By similarity).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs. As part of the U7 snRNP it is involved in histone pre-mRNA 3'-end processing.
Belongs to the VAMP-associated protein (VAP) (TC 9.B.17) family.
Interacts with homodimeric PDGFB and PDGFD, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB.
Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for homodimeric PDGFB and PDGFD and for heterodimers formed by PDGFA and PDGFB, and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, chemotaxis and migration. Plays an essential role in blood vessel development by promoting proliferation, migration and recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscle cells to endothelial cells.
Oligomer. Interacts with KCNA1 within a complex containing KCNA1, KCNA4 and KCNAB1. Part of a complex containing ADAM22, DLG4/PSD95 and CACNG2 (stargazin). Can bind to ADAM11 and ADAM23.
Regulates voltage-gated potassium channels assembled from KCNA1, KCNA4 and KCNAB1. It slows down channel inactivation by precluding channel closure mediated by the KCNAB1 subunit. Ligand for ADAM22 that positively regulates synaptic transmission mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Plays a role in suppressing the production of MMP1/3 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ERK pathway (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-714 promotes RNA-binding activity. Following growth factor stimulation phosphorylated at Ser-714, promoting binding to the 3'-UTR of CDKN1B/p27 mRNA.
Recruits the CCR4-POP2-NOT deadenylase leading to translational inhibition and mRNA degradation (By similarity). Interacts with TRIM71 (via NHL repeats) in an RNA-dependent manner (By similarity).
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that acts as a post-transcriptional repressor by binding the 3'-UTR of mRNA targets. Binds to an RNA consensus sequence, the Pumilio Response Element (PRE), 5'-UGUANAUA-3', that is related to the Nanos Response Element (NRE). Mediates post-transcriptional repression of transcripts via different mechanisms: acts via direct recruitment of the CCR4-POP2-NOT deadenylase leading to translational inhibition and mRNA degradation. Also mediates deadenylation-independent repression by promoting accessibility of miRNAs. Following growth factor stimulation, phosphorylated and binds to the 3'-UTR of CDKN1B/p27 mRNA, inducing a local conformational change that exposes miRNA-binding sites, promoting association of miR-221 and miR-222, efficient suppression of CDKN1B/p27 expression, and rapid entry to the cell cycle. Acts as a post-transcriptional repressor of E2F3 mRNAs by binding to its 3'-UTR and facilitating miRNA regulation. Represses a program of genes necessary to maintain genomic stability such as key mitotic, DNA repair and DNA replication factors. Its ability to repress those target mRNAs is regulated by the lncRNA NORAD (non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage) which, due to its high abundance and multitude of PUMILIO binding sites, is able to sequester a significant fraction of PUM1 and PUM2 in the cytoplasm. Involved in neuronal functions by regulating ATXN1 mRNA levels: acts by binding to the 3'-UTR of ATXN1 transcripts, leading to their down-regulation independently of the miRNA machinery. Plays a role in cytoplasmic sensing of viral infection (By similarity). In testis, acts as a post-transcriptional regulator of spermatogenesis by binding to the 3'-UTR of mRNAs coding for regulators of p53/TP53. Involved in embryonic stem cell renewal by facilitating the exit from the ground state: acts by targeting mRNAs coding for naive pluripotency transcription factors and accelerates their down-regulation at the onset of differentiation (By similarity). Binds specifically to miRNA MIR199A precursor, with PUM2, regulates miRNA MIR199A expression at a postranscriptional level (By similarity).
The pumilio repeats mediate the association with RNA by packing together to form a right-handed superhelix that approximates a half donut. RNA-binding occurs on the concave side of the surface. PUM1 is composed of 8 pumilio repeats of 36 residues; each repeat binds a single nucleotide in its RNA target. Residues at positions 12 and 16 of the pumilio repeat bind each RNA base via hydrogen bonding or van der Waals contacts with the Watson-Crick edge, while the amino acid at position 13 makes a stacking interaction. The recognition of RNA by pumilio repeats is base specific: cysteine and glutamine at position 12 and 16, respectively, bind adenine; asparagine and glutamine bind uracil; and serine and glutamate bind guanine.
Arginine hydroxylase involved in the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I, MT-ND1) at early stages. Acts by mediating hydroxylation of 'Arg-111' of NDUFS7. May also have methyltransferase activity.
Interacts with NDUFAF8, leading to stabilize NDUFAF5. Interacts with NDUFS7. Interacts with PYURF (via TRM112 domain); the interaction is direct and stabilizes NDUFAF5 protein (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Key component of the Ragulator complex, a multiprotein complex involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator plays a dual role for the small GTPases Rag (RagA/RRAGA, RagB/RRAGB, RagC/RRAGC and/or RagD/RRAGD): it (1) acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), activating the small GTPases Rag and (2) mediates recruitment of Rag GTPases to the lysosome membrane. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. LAMTOR1 is directly responsible for anchoring the Ragulator complex to the lysosomal membrane. LAMTOR1 wraps around the other subunits of the Ragulator complex to hold them in place and interacts with the Rag GTPases, thereby playing a key role in the recruitment of the mTORC1 complex to lysosomes (By similarity). Also involved in the control of embryonic stem cells differentiation via non-canonical RagC/RRAGC and RagD/RRAGD activation: together with FLCN, it is necessary to recruit and activate RagC/RRAGC and RagD/RRAGD at the lysosomes, and to induce exit of embryonic stem cells from pluripotency via non-canonical, mTOR-independent TFE3 inactivation (By similarity). Also required for late endosomes/lysosomes biogenesis it may regulate both the recycling of receptors through endosomes and the MAPK signaling pathway through recruitment of some of its components to late endosomes. May be involved in cholesterol homeostasis regulating LDL uptake and cholesterol release from late endosomes/lysosomes. May also play a role in RHOA activation (By similarity).
N-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation mediates its recruitment to lysosome membranes, thereby promoting localization of the Ragulator complex to lysosomes. N-myristoylation by NMT1 is required for palmitoylation at Cys-3 and Cys-4. May be palmitoylated by ZDHHC3.
Part of the Ragulator complex composed of LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3, LAMTOR4 and LAMTOR5. LAMTOR4 and LAMTOR5 form a heterodimer that interacts, through LAMTOR1, with a LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3 heterodimer. Interacts with LAMTOR2 and LAMTOR3; the interaction is direct. The Ragulator complex interacts with both the mTORC1 complex and heterodimers constituted of the Rag GTPases RagA/RRAGA, RagB/RRAGB, RagC/RRAGC and RagD/RRAGD; regulated by amino acid availability. The Ragulator complex interacts with SLC38A9; the probable amino acid sensor. Component of the lysosomal folliculin complex (LFC), composed of FLCN, FNIP1 (or FNIP2), RagA/RRAGA or RagB/RRAGB GDP-bound, RagC/RRAGC or RagD/RRAGD GTP-bound, and Ragulator. Associates with the lysosomal V-ATPase complex; interaction promotes the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of the Ragulator complex. Interacts with MMP14. Interacts with CDKN1B; prevents the interaction of CDKN1B with RHOA leaving RHOA in a form accessible to activation by ARHGEF2. Interacts with PIP4P1.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-60, Lys-103 and Lys-104 by UBE3A, promoting its degradation by the proteasome. Ubiquitination at Lys-20 impairs the association with the lysosomal V-ATPase complex. Deubiquitination at Lys-20 by USP32 promotes the association with the lysosomal V-ATPase complex and subsequent activation of the mTORC1 complex.
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Belongs to the protoporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen oxidase family. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase subfamily.
Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Both SDE2-UBL and the mature SDE2 are polyubiquitinated.
Inhibits translesion DNA synthesis by preventing monoubiquitination of PCNA, this is necessary to counteract damage due to ultraviolet light-induced replication stress (By similarity). SDE2 is cleaved following PCNA binding, and its complete degradation is necessary to allow S-phase progression following DNA damage (By similarity).
Interacts (via PIP-box) with PCNA; the interaction is direct and prevents ultraviolet light induced monoubiquitination of PCNA (By similarity). Interacts with FBL/fibrillarin (By similarity). Interacts with CACTIN (By similarity). Interacts with SF3B1 (By similarity). Interacts with U2AF1 (By similarity).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing by facilitating excision of relatively short introns featuring weak 3'-splice sites (ss) and high GC content (By similarity). May recruit CACTIN to the spliceosome (By similarity).
Plays a role in ribosome biogenesis by enabling SNORD3- and SNORD118-dependent cleavage of the 47S rRNA precursor (By similarity). Binds ncRNA (non-coding RNA) including the snoRNAs SNORD3 and SNORD118 (By similarity).
The PIP-box (PCNA interacting peptide) motif mediates both the interaction with PCNA and cleavage of the SDE2 precursor by a deubiquitinating enzyme.
The SAP domain is necessary for specific binding to DNA.
The propeptide displays a ubiquitin-like fold.
Upon binding to PCNA, the N-terminal UBL (ubiquitin-like) propeptide is cleaved at Gly-77 by an unidentified deubiquitinating enzyme; the resulting mature SDE2 is degraded by the DCX(DTL) complex in a cell cycle- and DNA damage dependent manner.
Based on x-ray crystallography data, the protein would be constituted of 4 tandem ACT domains instead of the 2 predicted from the sequence.
Forms homodimers and heterodimers with CASTOR2 (By similarity). Interacts with the GATOR2 complex which is composed of MIOS, SEC13, SEH1L, WDR24 and WDR59; the interaction is negatively regulated by arginine (By similarity). Interacts with TM4SF5; the interaction is positively regulated by leucine and is negatively regulated by arginine (By similarity).
Functions as an intracellular arginine sensor within the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway. As a homodimer or a heterodimer with CASTOR2, binds and inhibits the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 and thereby mTORC1. Binding of arginine to CASTOR1 allosterically disrupts the interaction of CASTOR1-containing dimers with GATOR2 which can in turn activate mTORC1 and the TORC1 signaling pathway.
Phosphorylation at Ser-14 by AKT1, promoting the interaction between CASTOR1 and RNF167.
Ubiquitinated by RNF167 via 'Lys-29'-polyubiquitination, leading to its degradation, releasing the GATOR2 complex. Ubiquitination by RNF167 is promoted by phosphorylation at Ser-14 by AKT1.
Mediates pre-mRNA alternative splicing regulation. Acts either as activator or repressor of splicing on specific pre-mRNA targets. Inhibits cardiac troponin-T (TNNT2) pre-mRNA exon inclusion but induces insulin receptor (IR) pre-mRNA exon inclusion in muscle. Antagonizes the alternative splicing activity pattern of CELF proteins. RNA-binding protein that binds to 5'ACACCC-3' core sequence, termed zipcode, within the 3'UTR of ITGA3. Binds to CUG triplet repeat expansion in myotonic dystrophy muscle cells by sequestering the target RNAs. Seems to regulate expression and localization of ITGA3 by transporting it from the nucleus to cytoplasm at adhesion plaques. May play a role in myotonic dystrophy pathophysiology (DM) (By similarity).
Heparin acts as an important cofactor, producing 20 to 100-fold accelerations of SERPINA10 reactions with factor Xa and factor XIa.
Inhibits activity of the coagulation protease factor Xa in the presence of PROZ, calcium and phospholipids. Also inhibits factor XIa in the absence of cofactors (By similarity).
Auxiliary enzyme of beta-oxidation. Participates in the degradation of unsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters having double bonds in both even- and odd-numbered positions in peroxisome. Catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA to yield trans-3-enoyl-CoA. Has activity towards short and medium chain 2,4-dienoyl-CoAs, but also towards 2,4,7,10,13,16,19-docosaheptaenoyl-CoA, suggesting that it does not constitute a rate limiting step in the peroxisomal degradation of docosahexaenoic acid.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase subfamily.
Allosterically activated by phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P).
Heterodimer with MTMR12. Interacts with KMT2A/MLL1 (via SET domain). Interacts with DES in skeletal muscle but not in cardiac muscle. Interacts with SPEG.
Lipid phosphatase which dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2). Has also been shown to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine- and phosphoserine-containing peptides. Negatively regulates EGFR degradation through regulation of EGFR trafficking from the late endosome to the lysosome. Plays a role in vacuolar formation and morphology. Regulates desmin intermediate filament assembly and architecture. Plays a role in mitochondrial morphology and positioning. Required for skeletal muscle maintenance but not for myogenesis. In skeletal muscles, stabilizes MTMR12 protein levels.
The GRAM domain mediates binding to PI(3,5)P2 and, with lower affinity, to other phosphoinositides.
Belongs to the TTC30/dfy-1/fleer family.
Required for polyglutamylation of axonemal tubulin. Plays a role in anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), the process by which cilia precursors are transported from the base of the cilium to the site of their incorporation at the tip.
Polyubiquitinated by ZNF598 via 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains when a ribosome has stalled, initiating the ribosome quality control (RQC) pathway to degrade the potentially detrimental aberrant nascent polypeptide. Deubiquitinated by OTUD3 and USP21, antagonizing ZNF598 activity.
Catalyzes the conversion of xanthine monophosphate (XMP) to GMP in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an adenyl-XMP intermediate.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
Histone chaperone that plays a role in the nuclear import of H2A-H2B and nucleosome assembly. Participates also in several important DNA repair mechanisms: greatly enhances ERCC6-mediated chromatin remodeling which is essential for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision DNA repair. Stimulates also homologous recombination (HR) by RAD51 and RAD54 which is essential in mitotic DNA double strand break (DSB) repair (By similarity). Plays a key role in the regulation of embryonic neurogenesis (By similarity). Promotes the proliferation of neural progenitors and inhibits neuronal differentiation during cortical development (By similarity). Regulates neurogenesis via the modulation of RASSF10; regulates RASSF10 expression by promoting SETD1A-mediated H3K4 methylation at the RASSF10 promoter (By similarity).
Homodimer. The dimer binds strongly and sequentially to single and double H2A-H2B heterodimers. Interacts with ERCC6; this interaction increases ERCC6 processivity. Interacts with RAD54 (By similarity). Interacts with SETD1A (By similarity).
Polyglutamylated by TTLL4 on glutamate residues, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Both polyglutamylation and polyglycylation modifications can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering polyglycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally.
Polyglycylated by TTLL10 on glutamate residues, resulting in polyglycine chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Both polyglutamylation and polyglycylation modifications can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering polyglycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally.
The NAP1L motif is required for the histone chaperone activity.
The acidic domains are probably involved in the interaction with histones.
Multi domain E3 ubiquitin ligase that also plays a role in DNA methylation and histone modifications.
The YDG domain mediates the interaction with histone H3.
The tudor-like regions specifically recognize and bind histone H3 unmethylated at 'Arg-2' (H3R2me0), while the PHD-type zinc finger specifically recognizes and binds histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo12/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. SLC46A family.
Lysosomal proton-coupled steroid conjugate and bile acid transporter. Preferentially recognizes lipophilic steroid conjugates or bile acis as endogenous substrates and seems to mediate escape from lysosomes to the cytoplasm (By similarity). Modulates hepatic cytosolic copper homeostasis, maybe acting as a lysosomal copper transporter and sequestering copper ions in the lysosome (By similarity). Delivers pathogen-associated molecular patterns to cytosolic pattern recognition receptors as part of the innate immune response to microbes. Selectively transports bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP) into the cytosol for recognition by NOD2, triggering inflammatory responses (By similarity). Likely acts as a redundant importer of cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotides (cGAMPs) in monocyte and macrophage cell lineages. The transport mechanism, its electrogenicity and stoichiometry remain to be elucidated (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with GGA1, GGA2 and AP1G1.
Involved in the regulation of membrane traffic through the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Functions in close cooperation with the GGAs in the sorting of hydrolases to lysosomes.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Interacts with CRY1 (By similarity).
Hydroxylated on His-216 by RIOX1. The modification is impaired by hypoxia.
Ceramide-sensitive subunit of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, which is also composed of SPTLC1, SPTLC2/3 and SPTSSA/B.
Ceramides bind to ORMDL3 N-terminus and stabilize it in a conformation that physically restricts the accessibility of the substrates to their binding sites in the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, hence inhibiting SPT catalytic activity. In the absence of ceramides, the N-terminus is flexible and permits substrate binding, thus liberating SPT from inhibition.
Negative regulator of sphingolipid synthesis.
Plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis by modulating the activity of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) in response to ceramide levels (By similarity). When complexed to SPT, the binding of ceramides to its N-terminus stabilizes a conformation that block SPT substrate entry, hence preventing SPT catalytic activity. Through this mechanism, maintains ceramide levels at sufficient concentrations for the production of complex sphingolipids, but which prevents the accumulation of ceramides to levels that trigger apoptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the bZIP family. C/EBP subfamily.
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO), such as platelet dense granules and melanosomes. In concert with the AP-3 complex, the BLOC-1 complex is required to target membrane protein cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals. The BLOC-1 complex, in association with SNARE proteins, is also proposed to be involved in neurite extension. As part of the BORC complex may play a role in lysosomes movement and localization at the cell periphery. The BORC complex is most probably associated with the cytosolic face of lysosomes, may recruit ARL8B and couple lysosomes to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motor.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1) composed of BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BLOC1S3, BLOC1S4, BLOC1S5, BLOC1S6, DTNBP1/BLOC1S7 and SNAPIN/BLOC1S8. Octamer composed of one copy each BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BLOC1S3, BLOC1S4, BLOC1S5, BLOC1S6, DTNBP1/BLOC1S7 and SNAPIN/BLOC1S8. The BLOC-1 complex associates with the AP-3 protein complex and membrane protein cargos. Component of the BLOC-one-related complex (BORC) which is composed of BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BORCS5, BORCS6, BORCS7, BORCS8, KXD1 and SNAPIN. Interacts with ATP5F1A and NDUFA9; involved in their acetylation on lysine residues. Interacts with KXD1.
May negatively regulate aerobic respiration through mitochondrial protein lysine-acetylation. May counteract the action of the deacetylase SIRT3 by acetylating and regulating proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain including ATP5F1A and NDUFA9.
Homodimer. Interacts with FAM98A (via N- and C-terminus). Interacts with NIN; which may prevent phosphorylation of NIN. Interacts with POLR2A. Component of a tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
RNA-binding protein involved in modulation of mRNA transcription by Polymerase II. Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex and is required for tRNA ligation. May be required for RNA transport.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA5 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which specifically catalyzes the first step in ufmylation. Activates UFM1 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a UFM1-E1 thioester and free AMP. Activates UFM1 via a trans-binding mechanism, in which UFM1 interacts with distinct sites in both subunits of the UBA5 homodimer. Trans-binding also promotes stabilization of the UBA5 homodimer, and enhances ATP-binding. Transfer of UFM1 from UBA5 to the E2-like enzyme UFC1 also takes place using a trans mechanism. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (By similarity). Ufmylation is essential for erythroid differentiation of both megakaryocytes and erythrocytes (By similarity).
Homodimer; homodimerization is required for UFM1 activation. Interacts (via UIS motif) with UFM1; binds UFM1 via a trans-binding mechanism in which UFM1 interacts with distinct sites in both subunits of the UBA5 homodimer. Interacts (via UIS motif) with GABARAPL2 and, with lower affinity, with GABARAP and GABARAPL1. Interacts (via C-terminus) with UFC1.
The UFM1-interacting sequence (UIS) motif mediates interaction with both UFM1 and LC3/GABARAP proteins (GABARAP, GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2).
Belongs to the TALE/MEIS homeobox family.
Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Represses the promoter activity of the CDC25C gene stimulated by NFYA. May play a role in retinal development where it regulates the composition of bipolar cell populations, by promoting differentiation of bipolar OFF-type cells. In the brain, may promote maintenance and suppress differentiation of neural progenitor cells in the developing cortex.
Homodimer (via homeobox domain 1). Heterodimer with ZHX1 (via homeobox domain 1). Heterodimer with ZHX3 (via homeobox domain 1). Heterodimerization with ZHX1 is not necessary for repressor activity. Interacts (via homeobox domain) with NFYA (via N-terminus). Interacts with EFNB1 intracellular domain peptide; the interaction enhances ZHX2 transcriptional repression activity.
Adenosine deaminase that may contribute to the degradation of extracellular adenosine, a signaling molecule that controls a variety of cellular responses. Requires elevated adenosine levels for optimal enzyme activity. Binds to cell surfaces via proteoglycans and may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, independently of its enzyme activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family. ADGF subfamily.
High-affinity binding to heparin/glycosaminoclycan (GAG) is mediated by a large, highly positively charged surface at the interface of dimer's subunits involving approximately residues 30-45, 389-396, and 422-428.
Homodimer. Interacts with adenosine receptors. Binds heparin (By similarity).
The PRB domain is involved in receptor binding, and may be responsible for the cytokine-like growth factor activity due to it's sharing of several structural properties with chemokines.
Member of the machinery of polarized transport. Required for the indirect transcytotic route at the step of the egress of the transcytosing cargo from perinuclear endosomes in order for it to travel to the apical surface via a raft-dependent pathway (By similarity).
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
The U-box domain is required for the ubiquitin protein ligase activity.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase that probably functions as an E3 ligase in conjunction with specific E1 and E2 ligases. May also function as an E4 ligase mediating the assembly of polyubiquitin chains on substrates ubiquitinated by another E3 ubiquitin ligase. Mediates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates.
2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1o) component of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC). Participates in the first step, rate limiting for the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2) catalyzed by the whole OGDHC. Catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) via the thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) cofactor and subsequent transfer of the decarboxylated acyl intermediate on an oxidized dihydrolipoyl group that is covalently amidated to the E2 enzyme (dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase or DLST). Plays a key role in the Krebs (citric acid) cycle, which is a common pathway for oxidation of fuel molecules, including carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. Can catalyze the decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate in vitro, but at a much lower rate than 2-oxoglutarate. Mainly active in the mitochondrion. A fraction of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex also localizes in the nucleus and is required for lysine succinylation of histones: associates with KAT2A on chromatin and provides succinyl-CoA to histone succinyltransferase KAT2A.
Calcium ions and ADP stimulate, whereas ATP and NADH reduce catalytic activity.
The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is composed of OGDH (2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; E1), DLST (dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase; E2) and DLD (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; E3). It contains multiple copies of the three enzymatic components (E1, E2 and E3). In the nucleus, the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex associates with KAT2A.
The mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complexes (OGDHC and OADHC, respectively) share their E2 (DLST) and E3 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase or DLD) components, but the E1 component is specific to each complex (E1o and E1a (DHTK1), respectively).
Belongs to the potassium channel family. V (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv8.1/KCNV1 sub-subfamily.
Heteromultimer with KCNB1 and KCNB2. Interacts with KCNC4 and KCND1 (By similarity).
Heteromultimer with KCNB1 and KCNB2. Interacts with KCNC4 and KCND1.
Potassium channel subunit that does not form functional channels by itself. Modulates KCNB1 and KCNB2 channel activity by shifting the threshold for inactivation to more negative values and by slowing the rate of inactivation. Can down-regulate the channel activity of KCNB1, KCNB2, KCNC4 and KCND1, possibly by trapping them in intracellular membranes (By similarity).
Potassium channel subunit that does not form functional channels by itself. Modulates KCNB1 and KCNB2 channel activity by shifting the threshold for inactivation to more negative values and by slowing the rate of inactivation. Can down-regulate the channel activity of KCNB1, KCNB2, KCNC4 and KCND1, possibly by trapping them in intracellular membranes.
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. Required for proper rRNA processing and maturation of 18S rRNAs. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Component of the ERLIN1/ERLIN2 complex which mediates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). Involved in regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis by regulation the SREBP signaling pathway. Binds cholesterol and may promote ER retention of the SCAP-SREBF complex (By similarity).
Forms a heteromeric complex with ERLIN2. In complex with ERLIN2, interacts with RNF170. Interacts with AMFR and SYVN1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
DNA- and RNA binding protein, involved in several nuclear processes. Binds the conventional octamer sequence in double-stranded DNA. Also binds single-stranded DNA and RNA at a site independent of the duplex site. Involved in pre-mRNA splicing, probably as a heterodimer with SFPQ. Interacts with U5 snRNA, probably by binding to a purine-rich sequence located on the 3' side of U5 snRNA stem 1b. Together with PSPC1, required for the formation of nuclear paraspeckles. The SFPQ-NONO heteromer associated with MATR3 may play a role in nuclear retention of defective RNAs. The SFPQ-NONO heteromer may be involved in DNA unwinding by modulating the function of topoisomerase I/TOP1. The SFPQ-NONO heteromer may be involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination and may stabilize paired DNA ends. In vitro, the complex strongly stimulates DNA end joining, binds directly to the DNA substrates and cooperates with the Ku70/G22P1-Ku80/XRCC5 (Ku) dimer to establish a functional preligation complex. NONO is involved in transcriptional regulation. The SFPQ-NONO-NR5A1 complex binds to the CYP17 promoter and regulates basal and cAMP-dependent transcriptional activity. NONO binds to an enhancer element in long terminal repeats of endogenous intracisternal A particles (IAPs) and activates transcription. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Important for the functional organization of GABAergic synapses. Plays a specific and important role in the regulation of synaptic RNAs and GPHN/gephyrin scaffold structure, through the regulation of GABRA2 transcript. Plays a key role during neuronal differentiation by recruiting TET1 to genomic loci and thereby regulating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.
Monomer and component of the SFPQ-NONO complex, which is probably a heterotetramer of two 52 kDa (NONO) and two 100 kDa (SFPQ) subunits. NONO is a component of spliceosome and U5.4/6 snRNP complexes (By similarity). Interacts with CPNE4 (via VWFA domain) (By similarity). Forms heterodimers with PSPC1; this involves formation of a coiled coil domain by helices from both proteins. Part of complex consisting of SFPQ, NONO and MATR3. Part of a complex consisting of SFPQ, NONO and NR5A1. Part of a complex consisting of SFPQ, NONO and TOP1. Interacts with SPI1 and SPIB. Interacts with RNF43 (By similarity). Interacts with PER1 and PER2 (By similarity). Part of the HDP-RNP complex composed of at least HEXIM1, PRKDC, XRCC5, XRCC6, paraspeckle proteins (SFPQ, NONO, PSPC1, RBM14, and MATR3) and NEAT1 RNA. Interacts (via second RRM domain) with WASL; the interaction is direct. Component of a multiprotein complex with WASL and SFPQ (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity). Interacts (via DNA-binding domain) with TET1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
May function in the process of apoptosis.
Catalytic subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation (By similarity). N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity. This subunit contains the active site and the acceptor peptide and donor lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) binding pockets (By similarity). STT3A is present in the majority of OST complexes and mediates cotranslational N-glycosylation of most sites on target proteins, while STT3B-containing complexes are required for efficient post-translational glycosylation and mediate glycosylation of sites that have been skipped by STT3A (By similarity).
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. OST exists in two different complex forms which contain common core subunits RPN1, RPN2, OST48, OST4, DAD1 and TMEM258, either STT3A or STT3B as catalytic subunits, and form-specific accessory subunits (By similarity). STT3A complex assembly occurs through the formation of 3 subcomplexes. Subcomplex 1 contains RPN1 and TMEM258, subcomplex 2 contains the STT3A-specific subunits STT3A, DC2/OSTC, and KCP2 as well as the core subunit OST4, and subcomplex 3 contains RPN2, DAD1, and OST48. The STT3A complex can form stable complexes with the Sec61 complex or with both the Sec61 and TRAP complexes.
Despite low primary sequence conservation between eukaryotic catalytic subunits and bacterial and archaeal single subunit OSTs (ssOST), structural comparison revealed several common motifs at spatially equivalent positions, like the DXD motif 1 on the external loop 1 and the DXD motif 2 on the external loop 2 involved in binding of the metal ion cofactor and the carboxamide group of the acceptor asparagine, the conserved Glu residue of the TIXE/SVSE motif on the external loop 5 involved in catalysis, as well as the WWDYG and the DK/MI motifs in the globular domain that define the binding pocket for the +2 Ser/Thr of the acceptor sequon. In bacterial ssOSTs, an Arg residue was found to interact with a negatively charged side chain at the -2 position of the sequon. This Arg is conserved in bacterial enzymes and correlates with an extended sequon requirement (Asp-X-Asn-X-Ser/Thr) for bacterial N-glycosylation.
Nucleolar protein that is involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing. Also plays a role in primary cilia resorption, and cell cycle progression in neurogenesis and neocortex development. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3. Interacts with NOL6; required for NOL6 localization to nucleolus.
General regulator of phagocytosis. Required to uptake Gram negative bacterium by macrophages.
N-terminal region is required for phagocytosis of Gram negative bacterium.
Carboxypeptidase that may play an important role in the hydrolysis of circulating peptides. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dipeptides with unsubstituted terminals into amino acids. May play a role in the liberation of thyroxine hormone from its thyroglobulin (Tg) precursor (By similarity).
Homodimer. The monomeric form is inactive while the homodimer is active (By similarity).
N-glycosylated. The secreted form is modified by hybrid or complex type oligosaccharide chains.
Forms homooligomers, but does not form complexes with the other coronins. Interacts with Arp2/3 complex components, including ACTR2, ARPC1B and ARPC2. Binds actin (By similarity).
Phosphorylation on Ser-2 regulates the interaction with the Arp2/3 complex and cell motility in fibroblasts. Phosphorylation does not seem to affect subcellular location (By similarity).
Regulates leading edge dynamics and cell motility in fibroblasts. May be involved in cytokinesis and signal transduction (By similarity).
Translation initiation factor that is able to deliver tRNA to the P-site of the eukaryotic ribosome in a GTP-independent manner. The binding of Met-tRNA(I) occurs after the AUG codon finds its position in the P-site of 40S ribosomes, the situation that takes place during initiation complex formation on some specific RNAs. Its activity in tRNA binding with 40S subunits does not require the presence of the aminoacyl moiety. Possesses the unique ability to deliver non-Met (elongator) tRNAs into the P-site of the 40S subunit. In addition to its role in initiation, can promote release of deacylated tRNA and mRNA from recycled 40S subunits following ABCE1-mediated dissociation of post-termination ribosomal complexes into subunits (By similarity).
Component of the FTS/Hook/FHIP complex (FHF complex), composed of AKTIP/FTS, FHIP1B, and one or more members of the Hook family of proteins HOOK1, HOOK2, and HOOK3. The FHF complex associates with the homotypic vesicular sorting complex (the HOPS complex).
Component of the FTS/Hook/FHIP complex (FHF complex). The FHF complex may function to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion via the homotypic vesicular protein sorting complex (the HOPS complex). FHF complex promotes the distribution of AP-4 complex to the perinuclear area of the cell.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Chaperonin implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. Together with Hsp10, facilitates the correct folding of imported proteins. May also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix. The functional units of these chaperonins consist of heptameric rings of the large subunit Hsp60, which function as a back-to-back double ring. In a cyclic reaction, Hsp60 ring complexes bind one unfolded substrate protein per ring, followed by the binding of ATP and association with 2 heptameric rings of the co-chaperonin Hsp10. This leads to sequestration of the substrate protein in the inner cavity of Hsp60 where, for a certain period of time, it can fold undisturbed by other cell components. Synchronous hydrolysis of ATP in all Hsp60 subunits results in the dissociation of the chaperonin rings and the release of ADP and the folded substrate protein.
Homoheptamer arranged in a ring structure. The functional units of these chaperonins consist of heptameric rings of the large subunit Hsp60, which function as a back-to-back double ring. Interacts with 2 heptameric Hsp10 rings to form the symmetrical football complex (By similarity). Interacts with HRAS (By similarity). Interacts with ATAD3A. Interacts with ETFBKMT and EEF1AKMT3 (By similarity). Interacts with MFHAS1 (By similarity).
Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit. Interacts with NPM1, RPA1 and PRKDC. May interact with NIP7. Found in a complex consisting of the 60S ribosomal subunit, SBDS and EFL1. Interacts with CLN3 (By similarity).
Required for the assembly of mature ribosomes and ribosome biogenesis. Together with EFL1, triggers the GTP-dependent release of EIF6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating EIF6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. Required for normal levels of protein synthesis. May play a role in cellular stress resistance. May play a role in cellular response to DNA damage. May play a role in cell proliferation (By similarity).
Required for the assembly of mature ribosomes and ribosome biogenesis. Together with EFL1, triggers the GTP-dependent release of EIF6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating EIF6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. Required for normal levels of protein synthesis. May play a role in cellular stress resistance. May play a role in cellular response to DNA damage. May play a role in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
Belongs to the vasopressin/oxytocin family.
Component of the uniplex complex. Interacts (via the transmembrane region) with MCU (via the first transmembrane region); the interaction is direct.
Essential regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (uniplex), a complex that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with GSTP1; mediates PRDX6 glutathionylation and regeneration (By similarity). Interacts with APEX1. Interacts with STH. May interact with FAM168B (By similarity). May interact with HTR2A (By similarity).
Irreversibly inactivated by overoxidation of Cys-47 to sulfinic acid (Cys-SO(2)H) and sulfonic acid (Cys-SO(3)H) forms upon oxidative stress.
Phosphorylation at Thr-177 by MAP kinases increases the phospholipase activity of the enzyme (By similarity). The phosphorylated form exhibits a greater lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity compared to the non-phosphorylated form (By similarity).
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule. C(P) is reactivated by glutathionylation mediated by glutathione S-transferase Pi, followed by spontaneous reduction of the enzyme with glutathione.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively (By similarity). Can reduce H(2)O(2) and short chain organic, fatty acid, and phospholipid hydroperoxides (By similarity). Also has phospholipase activity, and can therefore either reduce the oxidized sn-2 fatty acyl group of phospholipids (peroxidase activity) or hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of phospholipids (phospholipase activity) (By similarity). These activities are dependent on binding to phospholipids at acidic pH and to oxidized phospholipds at cytosolic pH (By similarity). Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and in phospholipid homeostasis (By similarity). Exhibits acyl-CoA-dependent lysophospholipid acyltransferase which mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (By similarity). Shows a clear preference for LPC as the lysophospholipid and for palmitoyl CoA as the fatty acyl substrate (By similarity).
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class III subfamily.
In contrast to class I sirtuins, class III sirtuins have only weak deacetylase activity. Difference in substrate specificity is probably due to a larger hydrophobic pocket with 2 residues (Tyr-102 and Arg-105) that bind to malonylated and succinylated substrates and define the specificity.
Monomer. Homodimer. Interacts with CPS1.
Monomer. Homodimer. Interacts with CPS1. Interacts with PCCA (By similarity).
NAD-dependent lysine demalonylase, desuccinylase and deglutarylase that specifically removes malonyl, succinyl and glutaryl groups on target proteins. Activates CPS1 and contributes to the regulation of blood ammonia levels during prolonged fasting: acts by mediating desuccinylation and deglutarylation of CPS1, thereby increasing CPS1 activity in response to elevated NAD levels during fasting. Activates SOD1 by mediating its desuccinylation, leading to reduced reactive oxygen species. Activates SHMT2 by mediating its desuccinylation. Modulates ketogenesis through the desuccinylation and activation of HMGCS2. Has weak NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity; however this activity may not be physiologically relevant in vivo. Can deacetylate cytochrome c (CYCS) and a number of other proteins in vitro such as UOX.
NAD-dependent lysine demalonylase, desuccinylase and deglutarylase that specifically removes malonyl, succinyl and glutaryl groups on target proteins. Activates CPS1 and contributes to the regulation of blood ammonia levels during prolonged fasting: acts by mediating desuccinylation and deglutarylation of CPS1, thereby increasing CPS1 activity in response to elevated NAD levels during fasting. Activates SOD1 by mediating its desuccinylation, leading to reduced reactive oxygen species. Modulates ketogenesis through the desuccinylation and activation of HMGCS2. Has weak NAD-dependent protein deacetylase activity; however this activity may not be physiologically relevant in vivo. Can deacetylate cytochrome c (CYCS) and a number of other proteins in vitro such as Uox.
Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner. Promotes cytosolic retention and inactivation of TFEB transcription factor by binding to phosphorylated TFEB. Induces ARHGEF7 activity on RAC1 as well as lamellipodia and membrane ruffle formation (By similarity). In neurons, regulates spine maturation through the modulation of ARHGEF7 activity (By similarity).
Interacts with CDK16 and BSPRY (By similarity). Interacts with WEE1 (C-terminal). Interacts with SAMSN1 (By similarity). Interacts with MLF1 (phosphorylated form); the interaction retains it in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Interacts with Thr-phosphorylated ITGB2 (By similarity). Interacts with BCL2L11 (By similarity). Homodimer. Heterodimerizes with YWHAE. Homo- and heterodimerization is inhibited by phosphorylation on Ser-58. Interacts with FOXO4, NOXA1, SSH1 and ARHGEF2. Interacts with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoS (unphosphorylated form). Interacts with BAX; the interaction occurs in the cytoplasm. Under stress conditions, MAPK8-mediated phosphorylation releases BAX to mitochondria. Interacts with phosphorylated RAF1; the interaction is inhibited when YWHAZ is phosphorylated on Thr-232. Interacts with TP53; the interaction enhances p53 transcriptional activity. The Ser-58 phosphorylated form inhibits this interaction and p53 transcriptional activity. Interacts with ABL1 (phosphorylated form); the interaction retains ABL1 in the cytoplasm. Interacts with PKA-phosphorylated AANAT; the interaction modulates AANAT enzymatic activity by increasing affinity for arylalkylamines and acetyl-CoA and protecting the enzyme from dephosphorylation and proteasomal degradation. It may also prevent thiol-dependent inactivation. Interacts with AKT1; the interaction phosphorylates YWHAZ and modulates dimerization. Interacts with GAB2 and TLK2. Interacts with the 'Thr-369' phosphorylated form of DAPK2. Interacts with PI4KB, TBC1D22A and TBC1D22B (By similarity). Interacts with ZFP36L1 (via phosphorylated form); this interaction occurs in a p38 MAPK- and AKT-signaling pathways (By similarity). Interacts with SLITRK1 (By similarity). Interacts with AK5, LDB1, MADD, MARK3, PDE1A and SMARCB1 (By similarity). Interacts with YWHAZ (By similarity). Interacts with MEFV (By similarity). Interacts with ADAM22 (via C-terminus) (By similarity).
The delta, brain-specific form differs from the zeta form in being phosphorylated. Phosphorylation on Ser-184 by MAPK8; promotes dissociation of BAX and translocation of BAX to mitochondria. Phosphorylation on Thr-232; inhibits binding of RAF1. Phosphorylated on Ser-58 by PKA and protein kinase C delta type catalytic subunit in a sphingosine-dependent fashion. Phosphorylation on Ser-58 by PKA; disrupts homodimerization and heterodimerization with YHAE and TP53.
Transmembrane reductase that uses ascorbate as an electron donor in the cytoplasm and transfers electrons across membranes to reduce monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical in the lumen of secretory vesicles. It is therefore involved the regeneration and homeostasis within secretory vesicles of ascorbate which in turn provides reducing equivalents needed to support the activity of intravesicular enzymes.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 49 family.
Beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase involved in O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1). Transfers a glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue onto a xylose (Xyl) acceptor to produce the glucuronyl-beta-1,4-xylose-beta disaccharide primer, which is further elongated by LARGE1, during synthesis of phosphorylated O-mannosyl glycan. Phosphorylated O-mannosyl glycan is a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity. Required for axon guidance; via its function in O-mannosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1).
Belongs to the TFS-II family. TFA subfamily.
Plays a role in promoting axonal degeneration following neuronal injury by toxic insult or trauma.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
Inhibited by the toxins okadaic acid, tautomycin and microcystin Leu-Arg. The phosphatase activity of the PPP1R15A-PP1 complex toward EIF2S1 is specifically inhibited by Salubrinal, a drug that protects cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress (By similarity).
PP1 comprises a catalytic subunit, PPP1CA, PPP1CB or PPP1CC, which is folded into its native form by inhibitor 2 and glycogen synthetase kinase 3, and then complexed to one or several targeting or regulatory subunits. The targeting or regulatory subunits determine the substrate specificity of PP1. PPP1R12A, PPP1R12B and PPP1R12C mediate binding to myosin. PPP1R3A (in skeletal muscle), PPP1R3B (in liver), PPP1R3C, PPP1R3D and PPP1R3D (in brain) mediate binding to glycogen. PPP1R15A and PPP1R15B mediate binding to EIF2S1. Part of a complex containing PPP1R15B, PP1 and NCK1/2. Interacts with PPP1R7 and PPP1R12C. Interacts with PPP1R16B. Component of the PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex, composed of PPP1R10/PNUTS, TOX4, WDR82, and PPP1CA or PPP1CB or PPP1CC. Interacts with PPP1R8. Interacts with PPP1R12A and NUAK1; the interaction is direct. Interacts with TRIM28; the interaction dephosphorylates TRIM28 on 'Ser-824'. Interacts with FOXP3. Interacts with RRP1B. Interacts with SERPINE1. Interacts with LZTR1 (By similarity).
Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets. Protein phosphatase (PP1) is essential for cell division, it participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. Involved in regulation of ionic conductances and long-term synaptic plasticity. Component of the PTW/PP1 phosphatase complex, which plays a role in the control of chromatin structure and cell cycle progression during the transition from mitosis into interphase. In balance with CSNK1D and CSNK1E, determines the circadian period length, through the regulation of the speed and rhythmicity of PER1 and PER2 phosphorylation. May dephosphorylate CSNK1D and CSNK1E (By similarity).
Belongs to the calcium channel flower family.
Interacts with CCND1 and GRAP2. May also interact with COPS5, RPLP0, SIRT6, SYF2 and TCF3.
May negatively regulate cell cycle progression. May act at least in part via inhibition of the cyclin-D1/CDK4 complex, thereby preventing phosphorylation of RB1 and blocking E2F-dependent transcription (By similarity).
Anchoring filament protein which is a component of the basement membrane zone.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Interacts with HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, PPP5C, ROCK1 and ROCK2.
Regulates centrosome duplication, probably by inhibiting the kinase activity of ROCK2. Proposed to act as co-chaperone for HSP90. May play a role in the regulation of NOD1 via a HSP90 chaperone complex. In vitro, has intrinsic chaperone activity. This function may be achieved by inhibiting association of ROCK2 with NPM1. Plays a role in ensuring the localization of the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR to the plasma membrane, and thus ensures the subsequent regulation of EGFR activity and EGF-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling (By similarity). Involved in stress response. Prevents tumorigenesis (By similarity).
Coordinated expression with SEPTIN2 and SEPTIN6.
Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Required for normal progress through mitosis. Involved in cytokinesis. Required for normal association of CENPE with the kinetochore. Plays a role in ciliogenesis and collective cell movements. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation (By similarity).
Septins polymerize into heterooligomeric protein complexes that form filaments, and associate with cellular membranes, actin filaments and microtubules. GTPase activity is required for filament formation. Filaments are assembled from asymmetrical heterotrimers, composed of SEPTIN2, SEPTIN6 and SEPTIN7 that associate head-to-head to form a hexameric unit. Within the trimer, directly interacts with SEPTIN6, while interaction with SEPTIN2 seems indirect. In the absence of SEPTIN6, forms homodimers. Interacts directly with CENPE and links CENPE to septin filaments composed of SEPTIN2, SEPTIN6 and SEPTIN7. Interacts with SEPTIN5, SEPTIN8, SEPTIN9 and SEPTIN11. Component of a septin core octameric complex consisting of SEPTIN12, SEPTIN7, SEPTIN6 and SEPTIN2 or SEPTIN4 in the order 12-7-6-2-2-6-7-12 or 12-7-6-4-4-6-7-12 and located in the sperm annulus; the SEPTIN12:SEPTIN7 association is mediated by the respective GTP-binding domains (By similarity).
Acts as a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, dephosphorylating tyrosine-, serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins. Also acts as a lipid phosphatase, removing the phosphate in the D3 position of the inositol ring from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate with order of substrate preference in vitro PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 > PtdIns(3,4)P2 > PtdIns3P > Ins(1,3,4,5)P4.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL49 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins (By similarity). Interacts with OXA1L (By similarity).
GTPase which can activate the MEK/ERK pathway and induce cell transformation when overexpressed. May act as a nuclear scaffold for MAPK1, probably by association with MAPK1 nuclear export signal leading to enhanced ERK1/ERK2 signaling.
Interacts directly with MAPK1 (wild-type and kinase-deficient forms). Interacts directly (in GTP-bound form) with MAP2K1 (wild-type and kinase-deficient forms).
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S).
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. Plays a role in the formation of actively translating ribosomes. May play a role in the embryonic brain development.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues; this autophosphorylation represses activity. Reactivated by phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation. May be dephosphorylated by PP1 (By similarity).
Essential serine/threonine-protein kinase that regulates diverse cellular growth and survival processes including Wnt signaling, DNA repair and circadian rhythms. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Phosphorylates connexin-43/GJA1, MAP1A, SNAPIN, MAPT/TAU, TOP2A, DCK, HIF1A, EIF6, p53/TP53, DVL2, DVL3, ESR1, AIB1/NCOA3, DNMT1, PKD2, YAP1, PER1 and PER2. Central component of the circadian clock. In balance with PP1, determines the circadian period length through the regulation of the speed and rhythmicity of PER1 and PER2 phosphorylation. Controls PER1 and PER2 nuclear transport and degradation. YAP1 phosphorylation promotes its SCF(beta-TRCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. DNMT1 phosphorylation reduces its DNA-binding activity. Phosphorylation of ESR1 and AIB1/NCOA3 stimulates their activity and coactivation. Phosphorylation of DVL2 and DVL3 regulates WNT3A signaling pathway that controls neurite outgrowth. Phosphorylates NEDD9/HEF1 (By similarity). EIF6 phosphorylation promotes its nuclear export. Triggers down-regulation of dopamine receptors in the forebrain. Activates DCK in vitro by phosphorylation. TOP2A phosphorylation favors DNA cleavable complex formation. May regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle apparatus in extravillous trophoblast. Modulates connexin-43/GJA1 gap junction assembly by phosphorylation. Probably involved in lymphocyte physiology. Regulates fast synaptic transmission mediated by glutamate (By similarity).
Exhibits substrate-dependent heparin activation. Drug-mediated inhibition leads to a delay of the oscillations with the magnitude of this effect dependent upon the timing of drug administration. Inhibited by phosphorylation (By similarity).
Monomer (By similarity). Component of the circadian core oscillator, which includes the CRY proteins, CLOCK, or NPAS2, ARTNL/BMAL1 or ARTNL2/BMAL2, CSNK1D and/or CSNK1E, TIMELESS and the PER proteins (By similarity). Interacts with DNMT1 and MAP1A (By similarity). Interacts directly with PER1 and PER2 which may lead to their degradation (By similarity). Interacts with MAPT/TAU, SNAPIN, DBNDD2, AIB1/NCOA3 and ESR1 (By similarity). Interacts with AKAP9/AKAP450; this interaction promotes centrosomal subcellular location (By similarity). Binds to tubulins in mitotic cells upon DNA damage (By similarity). Interacts with GJA1 (By similarity). Interacts with DDX3X; this interaction enhances CSNK1D kinase activity in vitro, but it is unclear whether this interaction is physiologically relevant (By similarity).
Activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1L.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, form S2: Produced by cleavage at position S2 by YME1L. Promotes mitochondrial fusion.
Dynamin-related GTPase that is essential for normal mitochondrial morphology by regulating the equilibrium between mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrial fission. Binds lipid membranes enriched in negatively charged phospholipids, such as cardiolipin, and promotes membrane tubulation. The intrinsic GTPase activity is low, and is strongly increased by interaction with lipid membranes (By similarity). Plays a role in remodeling cristae and the release of cytochrome c during apoptosis (By similarity). Proteolytic processing in response to intrinsic apoptotic signals may lead to disassembly of OPA1 oligomers and release of the caspase activator cytochrome C (CYCS) into the mitochondrial intermembrane space (By similarity). Plays a role in mitochondrial genome maintenance (By similarity).
Inactive form produced by cleavage at S1 position by OMA1 following stress conditions that induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to negative regulation of mitochondrial fusion.
Oligomeric complex consisting of membrane-bound and soluble forms of OPA1. Interacts with CHCHD3 and IMMT; these interactions occur preferentially with soluble OPA1 forms. Interacts with RCC1L; this interaction is direct (By similarity). Binds PARL (By similarity). Interacts with PRELID1 (By similarity).
PARL-dependent proteolytic processing releases an antiapoptotic soluble form not required for mitochondrial fusion. Cleaved by OMA1 at position S1 following stress conditions.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Component of a complex at least composed of URM1, CTU2/NCS2 and CTU1/ATPBD3. May form a heterodimer with CTU2/NCS2.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
Interacts with BACE1. Interacts with APP. Interacts with STMN2 (By similarity).
Negative regulator of amyloid-beta peptide production. May inhibit the processing of APP by blocking its access to alpha- and beta-secretase. Binding to the beta-secretase-cleaved APP C-terminal fragment is negligible, suggesting that ITM2C is a poor gamma-secretase cleavage inhibitor. May play a role in TNF-induced cell death and neuronal differentiation (By similarity).
Type I membrane-bound, as well as soluble, furin has a pre-eminent role in ITM2C proteolytic processing. PCSK7 and PCSK5 may also be involved although to a lesser extent. The soluble form of PCSK7 is incapable of processing ITM2C. Fails to undergo shedding by ADAM10 and intramembrane cleavage by SPPL2B (By similarity).
May be a negative regulator of NF-kappa-B and p53-mediated gene transcription.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, which is composed of MED1, MED4, MED6, MED7, MED8, MED9, MED10, MED11, MED12, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED18, MED19, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED26, MED27, MED29, MED30, MED31, CCNC, CDK8 and CDC2L6/CDK11. The MED12, MED13, CCNC and CDK8 subunits form a distinct module termed the CDK8 module. Mediator containing the CDK8 module is less active than Mediator lacking this module in supporting transcriptional activation. Individual preparations of the Mediator complex lacking one or more distinct subunits have been variously termed ARC, CRSP, DRIP, PC2, SMCC and TRAP. Interacts with CTNNB1 and GLI3 (By similarity).
Functions in lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in a wide array of cellular functions probably through regulation of the biogenesis of lipid microdomains at the plasma membrane. Regulates calcium efflux at the endoplasmic reticulum.
The C-terminal helices form a flat, hydrophobic surface that is probably tightly associated with the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of histidine to the 3'-end of its cognate tRNA, via the formation of an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate (His-AMP).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Interacts with UBTF. Interacts with the NuRD complex component RBBP4 (via the nucleolar localization motif), the interaction mediates transcriptional repression activity (By similarity).
The PHD-type zinc finger 1 mediates both nucleolar localization and interaction with UBTF.
The ePHD2 domain folds as an integrated structural module comprizing the C2HC pre-PHD-type 2 zinc finger and the PHD-type 2 zinc finger. It mediates non-specific binding to dsDNA, but doesn't bind histones in contrast to many PHD-type zinc fingers.
Transcriptional regulator that associates with ribosomal RNA promoters and suppresses ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription.
Belongs to the connexin family. Gamma-type subfamily.
Cytokine produced by activated CD4-positive helper T-cells and to a lesser extend activated CD8-positive T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells that plays pivotal roles in the immune response and tolerance. Binds to a receptor complex composed of either the high-affinity trimeric IL-2R (IL2RA/CD25, IL2RB/CD122 and IL2RG/CD132) or the low-affinity dimeric IL-2R (IL2RB and IL2RG). Interaction with the receptor leads to oligomerization and conformation changes in the IL-2R subunits resulting in downstream signaling starting with phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK3. In turn, JAK1 and JAK3 phosphorylate the receptor to form a docking site leading to the phosphorylation of several substrates including STAT5. This process leads to activation of several pathways including STAT, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/PI3K and mitogen-activated protein kinase/MAPK pathways. Functions as a T-cell growth factor and can increase NK-cell cytolytic activity as well. Promotes strong proliferation of activated B-cells and subsequently immunoglobulin production. Plays a pivotal role in regulating the adaptive immune system by controlling the survival and proliferation of regulatory T-cells, which are required for the maintenance of immune tolerance. Moreover, participates in the differentiation and homeostasis of effector T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17 as well as memory CD8-positive T-cells.
Belongs to the helicase family. PIF1 subfamily.
DNA-dependent ATPase and 5'-3' DNA helicase required for the maintenance of both mitochondrial and nuclear genome stability. Efficiently unwinds G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures and forked RNA-DNA hybrids. Resolves G4 structures, preventing replication pausing and double-strand breaks (DSBs) at G4 motifs. Involved in the maintenance of telomeric DNA. Inhibits telomere elongation, de novo telomere formation and telomere addition to DSBs via catalytic inhibition of telomerase. Reduces the processivity of telomerase by displacing active telomerase from DNA ends. Releases telomerase by unwinding the short telomerase RNA/telomeric DNA hybrid that is the intermediate in the telomerase reaction. Possesses an intrinsic strand annealing activity.
Pseudokinase which, in complex with CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta), binds to and activates STK11/LKB1. Adopts a closed conformation typical of active protein kinases and binds STK11/LKB1 as a pseudosubstrate, promoting conformational change of STK11/LKB1 in an active conformation (By similarity).
Heterodimer (named alpha-thrombin) of a light and a heavy chain; disulfide-linked. Forms a heterodimer with SERPINA5. In plasma, interacts (via N-terminus) with alpha-1-microglobulin; this interaction does not prevent the activation of prothrombin to thrombin.
In the penultimate step of the coagulation cascade, prothrombin is converted to thrombin by the prothrombinase complex composed of factor Xa (F10), cofactor Va (F5), and phospholipids. This activation requires factor Xa-catalyzed sequential cleavage at 2 sites, Arg-315 and Arg-364, along 2 possible pathways. In the first pathway, the first cleavage occurs at Arg-315, leading to the formation of the inactive intermediate prethrombin-2. This pathway preferentially occurs on platelets and in the absence of cofactor Va. In the second pathway, the first cleavage occurs at Arg-364, which separates protease domain into 2 chains that remain connected through a disulfide bond and generates the active intermediate meizothrombin. The presence of cofactor Va directs activation along the meizothrombin pathway and greatly accelerates the rate of cleavage at Arg-364, but has a smaller effect on the cleavage of meizothrombin at Arg-315. Meizothrombin accumulates as an intermediate when prothrombinase is assembled on the membrane of red blood cells.
The gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues, which bind calcium ions, result from the carboxylation of glutamyl residues by a microsomal enzyme, the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The modified residues are necessary for the calcium-dependent interaction with a negatively charged phospholipid surface, which is essential for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin (By similarity).
Thrombin can itself cleave the N-terminal fragment (fragment 1) of the prothrombin, prior to its activation by factor Xa.
Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing (By similarity).
Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing.
Interacts with YIPF6; this interaction may stabilize YIPF1. May also form a ternary complex with YIPF2 and YIPF6.
Receptor for cholecystokinin. Mediates pancreatic growth and enzyme secretion, smooth muscle contraction of the gall bladder and stomach. Has a 1000-fold higher affinity for CCK rather than for gastrin. It modulates feeding and dopamine-induced behavior in the central and peripheral nervous system. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
May be an activator of the JNK/SAPK pathway.
Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase (By similarity). Interacts with DBF4 (By similarity). Interacts with POLQ (By similarity).
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication. Binds histone H3 and H4 trimethylation marks H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Component of the epithelial apical junction complex that may function as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule and is essential for tight junction integrity. Also involved in transepithelial migration of leukocytes through adhesive interactions with JAML a transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane of leukocytes. The interaction between both receptors also mediates the activation of gamma-delta T-cells, a subpopulation of T-cells residing in epithelia and involved in tissue homeostasis and repair. Upon epithelial CXADR-binding, JAML induces downstream cell signaling events in gamma-delta T-cells through PI3-kinase and MAP kinases. It results in proliferation and production of cytokines and growth factors by T-cells that in turn stimulate epithelial tissues repair (By similarity).
Monomer. May form homodimer. Interacts with LNX, MAGI1, DLG4, PRKCABP, TJP1 and CTNNB1. Interacts with MPDZ; recruits MPDZ to intercellular contact sites. Interacts with JAML (homodimeric form) (By similarity).
Palmitoylated on Cys-259 and/or Cys-260; required for proper localization to the plasma membrane.
The Ig-like C2-type 1 domain mediates homodimerization and interaction with JAML.
The PDZ-binding motif mediates interaction with MPDZ and MAGI1.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Key decatenating enzyme that alters DNA topology by binding to two double-stranded DNA molecules, generating a double-stranded break in one of the strands, passing the intact strand through the broken strand, and religating the broken strand.
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein; preferentially mediates homotypic cell-cell adhesion by dimerization with a CDH2 chain from another cell. Cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. Acts as a regulator of neural stem cells quiescence by mediating anchorage of neural stem cells to ependymocytes in the adult subependymal zone: upon cleavage by MMP24, CDH2-mediated anchorage is affected, leading to modulate neural stem cell quiescence. Plays a role in cell-to-cell junction formation between pancreatic beta cells and neural crest stem (NCS) cells, promoting the formation of processes by NCS cells (By similarity). Required for proper neurite branching. Required for pre- and postsynaptic organization (By similarity). CDH2 may be involved in neuronal recognition mechanism. In hippocampal neurons, may regulate dendritic spine density.
Cleaved by MMP24. Ectodomain cleavage leads to the generation of a soluble 90 kDa N-terminal soluble fragment and a 45 kDa membrane-bound C-terminal fragment 1 (CTF1), which is further cleaved by gamma-secretase into a 35 kDa (By similarity). Cleavage in neural stem cells by MMP24 affects CDH2-mediated anchorage of neural stem cells to ependymocytes in the adult subependymal zone, leading to modulate neural stem cell quiescence (By similarity).
Homodimer (via extracellular region). Can also form heterodimers with other cadherins (via extracellular region). Dimerization occurs in trans, i.e. with a cadherin chain from another cell (By similarity). Interacts with CDCP1 (By similarity). Interacts with PCDH8; this complex may also include TAOK2 (By similarity). The interaction with PCDH8 may lead to internalization through TAOK2/p38 MAPK pathway (By similarity). Identified in a complex containing FGFR4, NCAM1, CDH2, PLCG1, FRS2, SRC, SHC1, GAP43 and CTTN. May interact with OBSCN (via protein kinase domain 2) (By similarity). Interacts with FBXO45 (By similarity).
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain and rigidify the connections, imparting a strong curvature to the full-length ectodomain. Calcium-binding sites are occupied sequentially in the order of site 3, then site 2 and site 1.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL21 family.
Interacts with heat shock 70 family members; at least some of these proteins are methylation substrates.
Protein-lysine methyltransferase that selectively trimethylates residues in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family members. Contributes to the in vivo trimethylation of Lys residues in HSPA1 and HSPA8. In vitro methylates 'Lys-561' in HSPA1, 'Lys-564' in HSPA2, 'Lys-585' in HSPA5, 'Lys-563' in HSPA6 and 'Lys-561' in HSPA8.
Acts as an adapter for the myotubularin-related phosphatases. Regulates phosphatase MTM1 protein stability and possibly its intracellular location. By stabilizing MTM1 protein levels, required for skeletal muscle maintenance but not for myogenesis.
Although it belongs to the non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily, lacks the conserved active site cysteine residue at position 391 in the dsPTPase catalytic loop and does not have phosphatase activity.
Heterodimer with lipid phosphatase MTM1 (By similarity). Heterodimer with lipid phosphatase MTMR2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Tribbles subfamily.
Interacts with MAPK kinases and regulates activation of MAP kinases. Does not display kinase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
Functions as an organic anion/dicarboxylate exchanger that couples organic anion uptake indirectly to the sodium gradient. Transports organic anions such as estrone 3-sulfate (E1S) and urate in exchange for dicarboxylates such as glutarate or ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) (By similarity). Plays an important role in the excretion of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the kidney and the brain (By similarity). E1S transport is pH- and chloride-dependent and may also involve E1S/cGMP exchange (By similarity). Responsible for the transport of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2(alpha) (PGF2(alpha)) in the basolateral side of the renal tubule. Involved in the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites kynurenate and xanthurenate. Functions as a biopterin transporters involved in the uptake and the secretion of coenzymes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2) and sepiapterin to urine, thereby determining baseline levels of blood biopterins. May be involved in the basolateral transport of steviol, a metabolite of the popular sugar substitute stevioside. May participate in the detoxification/ renal excretion of drugs and xenobiotics, such as the histamine H(2)-receptor antagonists fexofenadine and cimetidine, the antibiotic benzylpenicillin (PCG), the anionic herbicide 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), the diagnostic agent p-aminohippurate (PAH), the antiviral acyclovir (ACV), and the mycotoxin ochratoxin (OTA), by transporting these exogenous organic anions across the cell membrane in exchange for dicarboxylates such as 2-oxoglutarate (By similarity). Contributes to the renal uptake of potent uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetate (IA), hippurate/N-benzoylglycine (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF)), pravastatin, PCG, E1S and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and is partly involved in the renal uptake of temocaprilat (an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) (By similarity). May contribute to the release of cortisol in the adrenals (By similarity). Involved in one of the detoxification systems on the choroid plexus (CP), removes substrates such as E1S or taurocholate (TC), PCG, 2,4-D and PAH, from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the blood for eventual excretion in urine and bile (By similarity). Also contributes to the uptake of several other organic compounds such as the prostanoids prostaglandin E(2) and prostaglandin F(2-alpha), L-carnitine, and the therapeutic drugs allopurinol, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (By similarity). Mediates the transport of PAH, PCG, and the statins pravastatin and pitavastatin, from the cerebrum into the blood circulation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In summary, plays a role in the efflux of drugs and xenobiotics, helping reduce their undesired toxicological effects on the body (By similarity).
Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9. Interacts with IPO5, IPO7, IPO8, KPNB1 and TNPO1. Interactions with IPO8 and TNPO1 may be involved in SRP19 import into the nucleus (By similarity).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). Binds directly to 7SL RNA (By similarity). Mediates binding of SRP54 to the SRP complex (By similarity).
Interacts with the ELOC-ELOB/Elongin BC complex. Part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex including ZER1, CUL2 and Elongin BC (By similarity).
Serves as substrate adapter subunit in the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex ZYG11B-CUL2-Elongin BC. Acts redudantly with ZYG11B to target substrates bearing N-terminal glycine degrons for proteasomal degradation. Involved in the clearance of proteolytic fragments generated by caspase cleavage during apoptosis since N-terminal glycine degrons are strongly enriched at caspase cleavage sites. Also important in the quality control of protein N-myristoylation in which N-terminal glycine degrons are conditionally exposed after a failure of N-myristoylation.
Activity is strongly promoted by Co(2+), Ni(2+), Mg(2+) and Mn(2+). Activity is inhibited by EDTA.
Despite belonging to the type II pantothenate kinase family, the pantothenate kinase domain contains a Val residue at position 147 and a Trp residue at position 211 instead of the two conserved active site residues, Glu and Arg. Lacks pantothenate kinase activity.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the damage-control phosphatase family. Phosphopantetheine phosphatase II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Phosphatase which shows a preference for 4'-phosphopantetheine and its oxidatively damaged forms (sulfonate or S-sulfonate), providing strong indirect evidence that the phosphatase activity pre-empts damage in the coenzyme A (CoA) pathway. Hydrolyzing excess 4'-phosphopantetheine could constitute a directed overflow mechanism to prevent its oxidation to the S-sulfonate, sulfonate, or other forms. Hydrolyzing 4'-phosphopantetheine sulfonate or S-sulfonate would forestall their conversion to inactive forms of CoA and acyl carrier protein. May play a role in the physiological regulation of CoA intracellular levels.
Subfamily II proteins have an EGMGR motif about 50 residues from the C-terminus (By similarity). This motif lies near the metal-binding residues in the putative substrate-binding cleft 2 (By similarity). Subfamily II proteins occur only in eukaryotes, in two forms: as a stand-alone unit in plants, and as a C-terminal domain of pantothenate kinases in plants, animals, and chytrid fungi (By similarity).
Belongs to the ROX family. MINA53 subfamily.
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase.
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase. Is involved in the demethylation of trimethylated 'Lys-9' on histone H3 (H3K9me3), leading to an increase in ribosomal RNA expression. Also catalyzes the hydroxylation of 60S ribosomal protein L27a on 'His-39'. May play an important role in cell growth and survival. May be involved in ribosome biogenesis, most likely during the assembly process of pre-ribosomal particles.
Exhibits phosphohistidine phosphatase activity.
Calcium-binding protein that modulates excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Contributes to calcium homeostasis in the heart sarcoplasmic reticulum. Modulates the activity of RYR2 calcium channels (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with GCA, RYR2 and ANXA7 (By similarity).
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G1/EIFFG3 (By similarity). Interacts with EIF4E. May interact with NOM1 (By similarity).
Interacts with PTPN2. Interacts with microtubules. Interacts with VAPB. Interacts (via FFAT motif) with MOSPD2 (via MSP domain). Interacts (via phosphorylated FFAT motif) with MOSPD2, VAPA and VAPB.
Involved in cellular calcium homeostasis regulation (By similarity). May participate in differentiation and apoptosis of keratinocytes. Overexpression induces apoptosis (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Thr-160 of the FFAT motif activates interaction with MOSPD2, VAPA and VAPB.
The FFAT motif is required for interaction with MOSPD2. The FFAT motif is involved in the interaction with VAPA and VAPB and its phosphorylation regulates these interactions.
The transmembrane region is required for mitochondrial localization.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Mu family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Participates in the formation of novel hepoxilin regioisomers.
Because S100A10 induces the dimerization of ANXA2/p36, it may function as a regulator of protein phosphorylation in that the ANXA2 monomer is the preferred target (in vitro) of tyrosine-specific kinase.
Catalyzes the adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PAPS reductase family. FAD1 subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.
Component of the TIM22 complex, a complex that mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The TIM22 complex forms a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as the external driving force. In the TIM22 complex, it may act as a docking point for the soluble 70 kDa complex that guides the target proteins in transit through the aqueous mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIMM10B from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TPMT family.
Belongs to the glycine N-acyltransferase family.
Mitochondrial acyltransferase which transfers an acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine and glutamine, although much less efficiently. Can conjugate a multitude of substrates to form a variety of N-acylglycines, thereby detoxify xenobiotics, such as benzoic acid or salicylic acid, and endogenous organic acids, such as isovaleric acid.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome. Required for proper erythropoiesis.
Coud be a novel TATA-binding protein (TBP) which can function as a basal transcription activator. Can act as a regulator of basal transcription for class II genes (By similarity).
Interacts with ESF1/ABTAP. Interacts with IGHMBP2.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Part of a specialized transcription system that mediates the transcription of most ribosomal proteins through the 5'-TCT-3' motif which is a core promoter element at these genes. Seems to also mediate the transcription of NF1. Does not bind the TATA box (By similarity).
'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination at Lys-72 is induced by TNFalpha, and leads to proteasomal degradation. Undergoes 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination catalyzed by ITCH. 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination at Lys-158 by TRIM8 does not lead to proteasomal degradation but contributes to autophosphorylation and activation. Deubiquitinated by CYLD, a protease that selectively cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains.
Activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and in response to physical and chemical stresses, including osmotic stress, oxidative stress, arsenic and ultraviolet light irradiation. Activated by 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination and by autophosphorylation.
Activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and in response to physical and chemical stresses, including osmotic stress, oxidative stress, arsenic and ultraviolet light irradiation. Activated by 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination and by autophosphorylation. Association with TAB1/MAP3K7IP1 and TAB2/MAP3K7IP2 promotes activation through autophosphorylation, whereas PPM1B/PP2CB, PP2A and PPP6C dephosphorylation leads to inactivation. Ceramides are also able to activate MAP3K7/TAK1.
Association with TAB1/MAP3K7IP1 promotes autophosphorylation at Ser-192 and subsequent activation. Association with TAB2/MAP3K7IP2, itself associated with free unanchored Lys-63 polyubiquitin chain, promotes autophosphorylation and subsequent activation of MAP3K7. Dephosphorylation at Ser-192 by PPM1B/PP2CB and at Thr-187 by PP2A and PPP6C leads to inactivation (By similarity).
Can form homodimer. Binds both upstream activators and downstream substrates in multimolecular complexes. Interacts with TAB1/MAP3K7IP1, TAB2/MAP3K7IP2 and TAB3/MAP3K7IP3. Identified in the TRIKA2 complex composed of MAP3K7/TAK1, TAB1/MAP3K7IP1 and TAB2/MAP3K7IP2. Interacts with PPM1L and PPM1B/PP2CB. Interaction with PP2A and PPP6C leads to its repressed activity. Interacts with TRAF6 and TAB1/MAP3K7IP1; during IL-1 signaling. Interacts with TAOK1 and TAOK2; interaction with TAOK2 interferes with MAP3K7 interaction with IKKA, thus preventing NF-kappa-B activation. Interacts with DYNC2I2 (via WD domains). Interacts with CYLD and RBCK1. Interacts with TGFBR1; induces MAP3K7/TAK1 activation by TRAF6. Interacts with MAPK8IP1 and SMAD6. Interacts with isoform 1 of VRK2. Interacts with DAB2; the interaction is induced by TGF-beta stimulation and may mediate TGF-beta stimulated JNK activation. Interacts with TRIM5. Part of a complex containing ITCH, NDFIP1 and MAP3K7. Interacts with IFIT5; the interaction synergizes the recruitment of IKK to MAP3K7 and enhances IKK phosphorylation. Interacts with PLEKHM1 (via N- and C-terminus). Found in a complex with SH3RF1, RAC2, MAP2K7/MKK7, MAPK8IP1/JIP1, MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK9/JNK2. Interacts with SASH1 (By similarity). Interacts with RIPK1 (By similarity).
Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Plays an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by changes in the environment. Mediates signal transduction of TRAF6, various cytokines including interleukin-1 (IL-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB), TGFB-related factors like BMP2 and BMP4, toll-like receptors (TLR), tumor necrosis factor receptor CD40 and B-cell receptor (BCR). Once activated, acts as an upstream activator of the MKK/JNK signal transduction cascade and the p38 MAPK signal transduction cascade through the phosphorylation and activation of several MAP kinase kinases like MAP2K1/MEK1, MAP2K3/MKK3, MAP2K6/MKK6 and MAP2K7/MKK7. These MAP2Ks in turn activate p38 MAPKs and c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs); both p38 MAPK and JNK pathways control the transcription factors activator protein-1 (AP-1). Independently of MAP2Ks and p38 MAPKs, acts as a key activator of NF-kappa-B by promoting activation of the I-kappa-B-kinase (IKK) core complex. Mechanistically, recruited to polyubiquitin chains of RIPK2 and IKBKG/NEMO via TAB2/MAP3K7IP2 and TAB3/MAP3K7IP3, and catalyzes phosphorylation and activation of IKBKB/IKKB component of the IKK complex, leading to NF-kappa-B activation. In osmotic stress signaling, plays a major role in the activation of MAPK8/JNK1, but not that of NF-kappa-B. Promotes TRIM5 capsid-specific restriction activity (By similarity). Phosphorylates RIPK1 at 'Ser-321' which positively regulates RIPK1 interaction with RIPK3 to promote necroptosis but negatively regulates RIPK1 kinase activity and its interaction with FADD to mediate apoptosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the histatin/statherin family.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins. Represses the transcriptional activity of MYC (By similarity).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Omega family.
Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity. Has high dehydroascorbate reductase activity and may contribute to the recycling of ascorbic acid. Participates in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenic and reduces monomethylarsonic acid (MMA).
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Regulatory subunit of casein kinase II/CK2. As part of the kinase complex regulates the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine. Participates in Wnt signaling.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Acts as a transcriptional transactivator of ELL and ELL2 elongation activities.
Component of the super elongation complex (SEC), at least composed of EAF1, EAF2, CDK9, MLLT3/AF9, AFF (AFF1 or AFF4), the P-TEFb complex and ELL (ELL, ELL2 or ELL3). Interacts with ELL and ELL2 (By similarity).
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of glycine to the 3'-end of its cognate tRNA, via the formation of an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate (Gly-AMP). Also produces diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of 2 ATPs. Thereby, may play a special role in Ap4A homeostasis.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of various hexoses, such as D-glucose, D-glucosamine, D-fructose, D-mannose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-glucosamine 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-mannose 6-phosphate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate, respectively). Does not phosphorylate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (By similarity). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (By similarity). Involved in innate immunity and inflammation by acting as a pattern recognition receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan. When released in the cytosol, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine component of bacterial peptidoglycan inhibits the hexokinase activity of HK1 and causes its dissociation from mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (By similarity).
Hexokinase is an allosteric enzyme inhibited by its product D-glucose 6-phosphate. Hexokinase activity is inhibited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with RABL2/RABL2A; binds preferentially to GTP-bound RABL2 (By similarity). Interacts with VDAC1. The HK1-VDAC1 complex interacts with ATF2 (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminal spermatogenic cell-specific region) with PFKM (via C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD5 (By similarity).
The N- and C-terminal halves of this hexokinase contain a hexokinase domain. The catalytic activity is associated with the C-terminus while regulatory function is associated with the N-terminus. Each domain can bind a single D-glucose and D-glucose 6-phosphate molecule.
Component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Interacts with SNRNP200; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with PRPF8 (By similarity).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing by promoting usage of the upstream 3'-splice site at alternative NAGNAG splice sites; these are sites featuring alternative acceptor motifs separated by only a few nucleotides (By similarity). May also modulate exon inclusion events (By similarity). Plays a role in spliceosomal remodeling by displacing WBP4 from SNRNP200 and may act to inhibit SNRNP200 helicase activity (By similarity). Binds U5 snRNA (By similarity). Required for proper chromosome segregation (By similarity). Not required for splicing of shelterin components (By similarity).
Probable component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex composed of a presenilin homodimer (PSEN1 or PSEN2), nicastrin (NCSTN), APH1 (APH1A or APH1B) and PEN2. Such minimal complex is sufficient for secretase activity, although other components may exist. Interacts with PSEN1 and PSEN2 (By similarity).
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). It probably represents a stabilizing cofactor for the presenilin homodimer that promotes the formation of a stable complex. Probably present in a minority of gamma-secretase complexes compared to APH1A (By similarity).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Binds DNA as a dimer. Can form homodimer or heterodimer with HNF1-alpha (By similarity). Interacts (via HNF-p1 domain) with PCBD1; the interaction increases its transactivation activity (By similarity).
Transcription factor that binds to the inverted palindrome 5'-GTTAATNATTAAC-3' (By similarity). Binds to the FPC element in the cAMP regulatory unit of the PLAU gene (By similarity). Transcriptional activity is increased by coactivator PCBD1 (By similarity).
Associates with GIRK1 or GIRK4 to form a G-protein-activated heteromultimer pore-forming unit. The resulting inward current is much larger. Interacts (via PDZ-binding motif) with SNX27 (via PDZ domain); the interaction is required when endocytosed to prevent degradation in lysosomes and promote recycling to the plasma membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ6 subfamily.
This potassium channel may be involved in the regulation of insulin secretion by glucose and/or neurotransmitters acting through G-protein-coupled receptors. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium (By similarity).
Belongs to the dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase family. MAT2B subfamily.
Heterotrimer; composed of a catalytic MAT2A homodimer that binds one regulatory MAT2B chain. Heterohexamer; composed of a central, catalytic MAT2A homotetramer flanked on either side by a regulatory MAT2B chain. NADP binding increases the affinity for MAT2A.
Regulatory subunit of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. Regulates MAT2A catalytic activity by changing its kinetic properties, increasing its affinity for L-methionine.
Regulatory subunit of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. Regulates MAT2A catalytic activity by changing its kinetic properties, increasing its affinity for L-methionine. Can bind NADP (in vitro).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the dynactin subunit 2 family.
Although it belongs to the SDR family, Phe-218 is present instead of the conserved Tyr which is an active site residue. It is therefore expected that this protein lacks oxidoreductase activity.
Adapter protein that associates with PIDD1 and the caspase CASP2 to form the PIDDosome, a complex that activates CASP2 and triggers apoptosis. Also recruits CASP2 to the TNFR-1 signaling complex through its interaction with RIPK1 and TRADD and may play a role in the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.
Forms a complex named the PIDDosome with PIDD1 and CASP2. Interacts (via Death domain) with RIPK1 (via Death domain); the interaction is direct. Interacts with TRADD. Interacts with TNFRSF1A.
The CARD domain mediates a direct interaction with CASP2.
The Death domain mediates the interaction with PIDD1 and the formation of a complex composed of 5 PIDD1 and 7 CRADD proteins which in turn probably recruit 7 CASP2 to form the PIDDosome. The Death domain mediates a direct interaction with the Death domain of RIPK1.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA7 subunit family.
Monomer (heart, ventricle). Homodimer (atria, kidney, intestine); maybe disulfide-linked. Homotrimer (heart, ventricle, skeletal muscle, liver). Interacts with ATL1. Interacts with ATL2. Interacts with ATL3. Interacts with CKAP4. Interacts with RTN4. Interacts with ZFYVE27.
Plays an essential role in heart function and development by regulating the organization and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyocytes.
The short lumenal loops between transmembrane domains 1 and 2 and between transmembrane domains 3 and 4 may impart a wedge-like configuration, thus deforming membranes.
Interacts with CPNE3; this interaction may mediate the binding of CPNE3 with ERBB2 (By similarity). Interacts with the Trk receptors NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3; in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. Interacts with the NPXY motif of tyrosine-phosphorylated IGF1R and INSR in vitro via the PID domain. Once activated, binds to GRB2. Interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated CD3T and DDR2. Interacts with the N-terminal region of APS. Interacts with phosphorylated LRP1 and IRS4. Interacts with INPP5D/SHIP1 and INPPL1/SHIP2. Interacts with ALK, GAB2, GRB7 and KIT. Interacts with PTPN6/SHP (tyrosine phosphorylated). Identified in a complex containing FGFR4, NCAM1, CDH2, PLCG1, FRS2, SRC, SHC1, GAP43 and CTTN. Interacts with FLT4 (tyrosine-phosphorylated). Interacts with EPHB1 and GRB2; activates the MAPK/ERK cascade to regulate cell migration. Interacts with PDGFRB (tyrosine-phosphorylated). Interacts with ERBB4. Interacts with TEK/TIE2 (tyrosine-phosphorylated). Interacts with PTK2/FAK1 (By similarity). Interacts with CEACAM1; this interaction is CEACAM1-phosphorylation-dependent and mediates interaction with EGFR or INSR resulting in decrease coupling of SHC1 to the MAPK3/ERK1-MAPK1/ERK2 pathway (By similarity). Interacts (via PID domain) with PEAK1 (when phosphorylated) (By similarity). Found in a complex with PPP1CA, PPP1CC, SHC1 and PEAK1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by activated epidermal growth factor receptor. Phosphorylated in response to KIT signaling. Tyrosine phosphorylated in response to FLT3 and FLT4 signaling and by ligand-activated ALK. Tyrosine phosphorylated by ligand-activated PDGFRB. Tyrosine phosphorylated by TEK/TIE2. May be tyrosine phosphorylated by activated PTK2/FAK1. Tyrosine phosphorylated by activated PTK2B/PYK2. Dephosphorylation by PTPN2 may regulate interaction with GRB2 (By similarity).
Signaling adapter that couples activated growth factor receptors to signaling pathways. Participates in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Participates in signaling downstream of the angiopoietin receptor TEK/TIE2, and plays a role in the regulation of endothelial cell migration and sprouting angiogenesis (By similarity).
Mitochondrial NAD(+) kinase that phosphorylates NAD(+) to yield NADP(+). Can use both ATP or inorganic polyphosphate as the phosphoryl donor.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX23/PRP28 subfamily.
In vitro phosphorylated by CLK1 and U1 snRNP-associated protein kinase. Phosphorylated by SRPK2 and this phosphorylation is required for its association with the tri-snRNP (U4/U6-U5 tri-small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) and subsequent spliceosomal B complex formation. May be phosphorylated by SRPK2 on Ser residues in the SR domain; the phosphorylation is required for the removal of inappropriate R-loops during transcription.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing and its phosphorylated form (by SRPK2) is required for spliceosomal B complex formation. Independently of its spliceosome formation function, required for the suppression of incorrect R-loops formed during transcription; R-loops are composed of a DNA:RNA hybrid and the associated non-template single-stranded DNA.
The phosphorylated form (by SRPK2) is a component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex composed of the U4, U6 and U5 snRNAs and at least PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31, SNRNP200, TXNL4A, WDR57, SNRNP40, DDX23, CD2BP2, PPIH, SNU13, EFTUD2, SART1 and USP39. Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Interacts with ERBB4. Interacts with ERCC6.
Belongs to the helicase family. SKI2 subfamily.
Contrary to predictions, contains nine transmembrane helices, with an extracellular N-terminus and a cytoplasmic C-terminus (By similarity). Besides, contains one long helix that dips into the membrane and then runs more or less parallel to the membrane surface (By similarity).
Functions as retinol transporter. Accepts all-trans retinol from the extracellular retinol-binding protein RBP4, facilitates retinol transport across the cell membrane, and then transfers retinol to the cytoplasmic retinol-binding protein RBP1. Retinol uptake is enhanced by LRAT, an enzyme that converts retinol to all-trans retinyl esters, the storage forms of vitamin A. Contributes to the activation of a signaling cascade that depends on retinol transport and LRAT-dependent generation of retinol metabolites that then trigger activation of JAK2 and its target STAT5, and ultimately increase the expression of SOCS3 and inhibit cellular responses to insulin. Important for the homeostasis of vitamin A and its derivatives, such as retinoic acid. STRA6-mediated transport is particularly important in the eye, and under conditions of dietary vitamin A deficiency. Does not transport retinoic acid.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with JAK2 and STAT5. Interacts (via extracellular domains) with RBP4. Interacts (via cytoplasmic domains) with RBP1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to RBP4 binding. Phosphorylation requires the presence of LRAT, suggesting it may be triggered by the uptake of retinol that is then metabolized within the cell to retinoids that function as signaling molecules.
Belongs to the bZIP family. CNC subfamily.
Homodimer; probably only forms homodimers in testis. Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with RFX1 and RFX3.
Transcription factor that acts as a key regulator of spermatogenesis. Acts by regulating expression of genes required for the haploid phase during spermiogenesis, such as genes required for cilium assembly and function. Recognizes and binds the X-box, a regulatory motif with DNA sequence 5'-GTNRCC(0-3N)RGYAAC-3' present on promoters. Probably activates transcription of the testis-specific histone gene H1-6.
Forms a homotrimer with a solvated central pore, which is connected laterally to the cytosol through the cavity within each protomer. Acts as a lipid scramblase that uses its central pore to function: the central pore opens laterally to accommodate lipid headgroups, thereby enabling lipid flipping and redistribution of lipids added to the outer leaflet of ATG9A-containing vesicles, thereby enabling growth into autophagosomes.
Homotrimer; forms a homotrimer with a central pore that forms a path between the two membrane leaflets. Interacts (via cytoplasmic its C-terminus) with ATG2A. Interacts with SUPT20H. Interacts (via the tyrosine-based sorting signal motif) with AP4M1; promoting association with the AP-4 complex. Interacts with ARFIP1 and ARFIP2. Interacts with PI4K2A and PI4KB. Interacts with ATG4A; the interaction is direct and promotes ATG9A trafficking.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy by mediating autophagosomal membrane expansion. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 (ATG2A or ATG2B) from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion. Also required to supply phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate to the autophagosome initiation site by recruiting the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4KB) in a process dependent on ARFIP2, but not ARFIP1 (By similarity). In addition to autophagy, also plays a role in necrotic cell death (By similarity).
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion.
The tyrosine-based sorting signal motif, also named YXX-psi motif, promotes interaction with the AP-4 complex.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine. May be involved in lipid droplet biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (By similarity).
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
Although related to the peptidase M67A family, it lacks the JAMM motif that probably constitutes the catalytic center and therefore it probably does not have a protease activity.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes (By similarity). The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2 (By similarity). The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, c-jun/JUN, IkappaBalpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases (By similarity). CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively (By similarity). Has some glucocorticoid receptor-responsive activity (By similarity). Stabilizes COP1 through reducing COP1 auto-ubiquitination and decelerating COP1 turnover rate, hence regulates the ubiquitination of COP1 targets, including SFN (By similarity).
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes.
Component of the CSN complex, composed of COPS1/GPS1, COPS2, COPS3, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B), COPS8 and COPS9 (By similarity). In the complex, it probably interacts directly with COPS2, COPS4, COPS5, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B) and COPS9 (By similarity). Interacts with the translation initiation factor EIF3S6 (By similarity). Interacts weakly with RBX1 (By similarity). Directly interacts with COP1 and 14-3-3 protein sigma/SFN (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
Transposase-derived protein that may have nuclease activity (Potential). Does not have transposase activity.
Involved in protein trafficking. May serve as a receptor for ARFRP1 (By similarity).
Involved in protein trafficking. May serve as a receptor for ARFRP1.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35) family.
Magnesium transporter that mediates the influx of magnesium into the mitochondrial matrix. Required for normal expression of the mitochondrial respiratory complex I subunits.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM11 methyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Endoplasmic reticulum-anchored protein that mediates the formation of contact sites between the endoplasmic (ER) and late endosomes via interaction with STARD3. In addition, mediates recruitment of VAPA to plasma membrane sites through OSBPL3 binding. The OSBPL3-VAPA complex stimulates RRAS signaling which in turn attenuates integrin beta-1 (ITGB1) activation at the cell surface. With OSBPL3, may regulate ER morphology. May play a role in vesicle trafficking.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Heterodimer with VAPB. Homotetramer. Interacts with VAMP1, VAMP2, STX1A, BET1, SEC22C and with the C-terminal domain of OCLN. Interacts (via MSP domain) with OSBPL1A (via FFAT motif). Interacts (via MSP domain) with ZFYVE27; may retain ZFYVE27 in the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate its function in cell projections formation. Interacts with OSBP. Interacts (via C-terminus) with RSAD2/viperin (via C-terminus). Interacts with IFITM3. Interacts with OSBPL3 (phosphorylated form). Interacts with KIF5A in a ZFYVE27-dependent manner. Interacts (via MSP domain) with STARD3 (via phosphorylated FFAT motif); this interaction recruits VAPA to the endosome. Interacts with STARD3NL (via FFAT motif). Interacts with CERT1. Interacts with PLEKHA3 and SACM1L to form a ternary complex. Interacts with VPS13A (via FFAT motif). Interacts with RB1CC1 (via phosphorylated FFAT motif), MIGA2 (via phosphorylated FFAT motif), RMDN3 (via phosphorylated FFAT motif), KCNB1 (via phosphorylated FFAT motif) and KCNB2 (via phosphorylated FFAT motif).
Monomer. Oligomerizes upon binding of cytochrome c and dATP.
Oligomeric Apaf-1 mediates the cytochrome c-dependent autocatalytic activation of pro-caspase-9 (Apaf-3), leading to the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. This activation requires ATP.
Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. Forms homotetramers which encircle a large channel traversing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. This allows the retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins from the ER into the cytosol where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. The channel has a lateral gate within the membrane which provides direct access to membrane proteins with no need to reenter the ER lumen first. May mediate the interaction between VCP and the misfolded protein. Also involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. By controlling the steady-state expression of the IGF1R receptor, indirectly regulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Homotetramer. The four subunits of the tetramer are arranged in a twofold symmetry. Forms homo- and heterooligomers with DERL2 and DERL3; binding to DERL3 is poorer than that between DERL2 and DERL3. Interacts (via SHP-box motif) with VCP. Interacts with AMFR, SELENOS, SEL1L, SELENOK and SYVN1, as well as with SEL1L-SYVN1 and VCP-SELENOS protein complexes; this interaction is weaker than that observed between DERL2 and these complexes. Interacts with NGLY1 and YOD1. Does not bind to EDEM1. Interacts with DNAJB9. Interacts with RNF103. Interacts with HM13. Interacts with XBP1 isoform 1 (via luminal/ectodomain domain); the interaction obviates the need for ectodomain shedding prior HM13/SPP-mediated XBP1 isoform 1 cleavage. Interacts with the signal recognition particle/SRP and the SRP receptor; in the process of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control. May interact with UBXN6. Interacts with ZFAND2B; probably through VCP. Interacts with CCDC47. Interacts with C18orf32. May interact with TRAM1.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with PEX11G. Interacts with PEX19. Interacts with FIS1.
Involved in peroxisomal proliferation. May regulate peroxisome division by recruiting the dynamin-related GTPase DNM1L to the peroxisomal membrane. Promotes membrane protrusion and elongation on the peroxisomal surface.
Acetylation alters the phosphorylation pattern. Deacetylated by SIRT3 (By similarity).
Heterotetramer of two PDHA1 and two PDHB subunits. The heterotetramer interacts with DLAT, and is part of the multimeric pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that contains multiple copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLAT, E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD, E3). These subunits are bound to an inner core composed of about 48 DLAT and 12 PDHX molecules (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-232, Ser-293 and Ser-300 by PDK family kinases inactivates the enzyme; for this phosphorylation at a single site is sufficient. Phosphorylation at Ser-293 interferes with access to active site, and thereby inactivates the enzyme. Dephosphorylation at all three sites, i.e. at Ser-232, Ser-293 and Ser-300, is required for reactivation (By similarity).
Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is inhibited by phosphorylation of PDHA1; it is reactivated by dephosphorylation.
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage.
Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation.
May be involved in collagen fiber assembly.
Interacts with GPSM2/LGN, PRKCI/aPKC and PARD6B/Par-6. The complex is enhanced during mitosis. Interacts with DCAF1 (By similarity).
Part of a complex with GPSM2/LGN, PRKCI/aPKC and PARD6B/Par-6, which may ensure the correct organization and orientation of bipolar spindles for normal cell division. This complex plays roles in the initial phase of the establishment of epithelial cell polarity (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at Ser-653 by PRKCI. Phosphorylation is enhanced during cell polarization induced by calcium. Phosphorylation may occur during the cell-cell contact-induced cell polarization and may contribute to the segregation of LLGL2 from the PRKCI/aPKC and PARD6B/Par-6 complex (By similarity).
Catalyzes the dehydration of trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline to delta-1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate (Pyr2C).
In contrast to the T.cruzi proline racemase enzyme, lacks the conserved Cys at position 273 which is replaced by a Thr residue, transforming the racemase activity into dehydratase activity.
Interacts with USP46. Interacts with USP1. Interacts with USP12. Component of the USP12-WDR20-WDR48 deubiquitinating complex. Interacts with PHLPP1. Interacts with RAD51AP1; the interaction is direct and promotes formation of a trimeric complex with RAD51 via RAD51AP1. Interacts with ATAD5; the interaction regulates USP1-mediated PCNA deubiquitination. Interacts with RAD51; the interaction is enhanced under replication stress.
Regulator of deubiquitinating complexes, which acts as a strong activator of USP1, USP12 and USP46. Enhances the USP1-mediated deubiquitination of FANCD2; USP1 being almost inactive by itself. Activates deubiquitination by increasing the catalytic turnover without increasing the affinity of deubiquitinating enzymes for the substrate. Also activates deubiquitinating activity of complexes containing USP12. Docks at the distal end of the USP12 fingers domain and induces a cascade of structural changes leading to the activation of the enzyme. Together with RAD51AP1, promotes DNA repair by stimulating RAD51-mediated homologous recombination. Binds single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). DNA-binding is required both for USP1-mediated deubiquitination of FANCD2 and stimulation of RAD51-mediated homologous recombination: both WDR48/UAF1 and RAD51AP1 have coordinated role in DNA-binding during these processes.Together with ATAD5 and by regulating USP1 activity, has a role in PCNA-mediated translesion synthesis (TLS) by deubiquitinating monoubiquitinated PCNA. Together with ATAD5, has a role in recruiting RAD51 to stalled forks during replication stress.
The WD repeats are required for the interaction with deubiquitinating enzymes USP1, USP12 and USP46.
ATP-binding subunit of the mitochondrial potassium channel located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Together with CCDC51/MITOK, forms a protein complex localized in the mitochondria that mediates ATP-dependent potassium currents across the inner membrane (that is, mitoK(ATP) channel) (By similarity). Plays a role in mitochondrial iron transport. Required for maintenance of normal cardiac function, possibly by influencing mitochondrial iron export and regulating the maturation of cytosolic iron sulfur cluster-containing enzymes (By similarity).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Multidrug resistance exporter (TC 3.A.1.201) subfamily.
Channel activity inhibited by ATP via ABCB8/MITOSUR subunit.
The mitochondrial potassium channel (mitoK(ATP)) is composed of 4 subunits of CCDC51/MITOK and 4 subunits of ABCB8/MITOSUR. Physically interacts with PAAT. Interacts with Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) in mitochondria.
Involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis and the subsequent release of functional polypeptides from their membrane anchors.
Calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that plays a role in calcium-mediated intracellular processes. Binds phospholipid membranes in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity). Plays a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes (By similarity).
Interacts (via second C2 domain) with OS9 (via C-terminus); this interaction occurs in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. May interact with NECAB1.
The C2 domain 1 binds phospholipids in a calcium-independent manner and is not necessary for calcium-mediated translocation and association to the plasma membrane. The C2 domain 2 binds phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner and is necessary for calcium-mediated translocation and association to the plasma membrane. The linker region contributes to the calcium-dependent translocation and association to the plasma membrane. The VWFA domain is necessary for association with intracellular clathrin-coated vesicles in a calcium-dependent manner.
Negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling.
Catalyzes the degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generated by peroxisomal oxidases to water and oxygen, thereby protecting cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Promotes growth of cells including T-cells, B-cells, myeloid leukemia cells, melanoma cells, mastocytoma cells and normal and transformed fibroblast cells.
Homotetramer. Interacts (via microbody targeting signal) with PEX5, monomeric form interacts with PEX5, leading to its translocation into peroxisomes.
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates IL3-dependent cellular responses through IL3RA ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome, having an anti-inflammatory effect.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). May play a role in cilium biogenesis through regulation of the transport and the localization of proteins to the cilium (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR (By similarity). Interacts with SNX10 (By similarity).
Deubiquitinating enzyme involved in various processes such as centrosome duplication, cellular migration and beta-2 adrenergic receptor/ADRB2 recycling. Involved in regulation of centrosome duplication by mediating deubiquitination of CCP110 in S and G2/M phase, leading to stabilize CCP110 during the period which centrioles duplicate and elongate. Involved in cell migration via its interaction with intracellular domain of ROBO1, leading to regulate the Slit signaling. Plays a role in commissural axon guidance cross the ventral midline of the neural tube in a Slit-dependent manner, possibly by mediating the deubiquitination of ROBO1. Acts as a regulator of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating the deubiquitination of beta-arrestins (ARRB1 and ARRB2) and beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). Plays a central role in ADRB2 recycling and resensitization after prolonged agonist stimulation by constitutively binding ADRB2, mediating deubiquitination of ADRB2 and inhibiting lysosomal trafficking of ADRB2. Upon dissociation, it is probably transferred to the translocated beta-arrestins, leading to beta-arrestins deubiquitination and disengagement from ADRB2. This suggests the existence of a dynamic exchange between the ADRB2 and beta-arrestins. Deubiquitinates DIO2, thereby regulating thyroid hormone regulation. Mediates deubiquitination of both 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity).
Interacts with VHL, leading to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (By similarity). Interacts with ARRB1 and ARRB2 (By similarity). Interacts with ADRB2 (By similarity). Interacts with DIO2 (By similarity). Interacts with ROBO1 (By similarity). Interacts with SELENBP1; in a selenium-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with CCP110 (By similarity). Interacts with ADRB2 (By similarity).
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Inhibited by azalanstat. Inhibited by azole antifungal agents ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole.
Sterol 14alpha-demethylase that plays a critical role in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, being cholesterol the major sterol component in mammalian membranes as well as a precursor for bile acid and steroid hormone synthesis. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the three-step oxidative removal of the 14alpha-methyl group (C-32) of sterols such as lanosterol (lanosta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol) and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol (DHL) in the form of formate, and converts the sterols to 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3beta-ol and 4,4-dimethyl-8,14-cholestadien-3beta-ol, respectively, which are intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis. Can also demethylate substrates not intrinsic to mammals, such as eburicol (24-methylene-24,25-dihydrolanosterol), but at a lower rate than DHL.
Homodimer. Binds LGALS3BP. Interacts with CD2, CD3, CD4, CD6, CD7, CD43, ALCAM and CD45. Interacts with laminin (via poly-N-acetyllactosamine). Interacts with SUSD2.
Lectin that binds beta-galactoside and a wide array of complex carbohydrates. Plays a role in regulating apoptosis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Inhibits CD45 protein phosphatase activity and therefore the dephosphorylation of Lyn kinase. Strong inducer of T-cell apoptosis.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. PCD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein beta subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments. Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (By similarity). Forms, with CAPZB, the barbed end of the fast growing ends of actin filaments in the dynactin complex and stabilizes dynactin structure. The dynactin multiprotein complex activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules (By similarity).
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex part of a tripartite complex with dynein and a adapter, such as BICDL1, BICD2 or HOOK3. The dynactin complex is built around ACTR1A/ACTB filament and consists of an actin-related filament composed of a shoulder domain, a pointed end and a barbed end. Its length is defined by its flexible shoulder domain. The soulder is composed of 2 DCTN1 subunits, 4 DCTN2 and 2 DCTN3. The 4 DCNT2 (via N-terminus) bind the ACTR1A filament and act as molecular rulers to determine the length. The pointed end is important for binding dynein-dynactin cargo adapters. Consists of 4 subunits: ACTR10, DCNT4, DCTN5 and DCTN6. The barbed end is composed of a CAPZA1:CAPZB heterodimers, which binds ACTR1A/ACTB filament and dynactin and stabilizes dynactin (By similarity). Interacts with ARHGAP17. Interaction with RCSD1/CAPZIP. Component of the WASH complex, composed of F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha (CAPZA1, CAPZA2 or CAPZA3), F-actin-capping protein subunit beta (CAPZB), WASH (WASHC1, WASH2P, WASH3P, WASH4P, WASH5P or WASH6P), WASHC2 (WASHC2A or WASHC2C), WASHC3, WASHC4 and WASHC5. Interacts with ACTG1. Directly interacts with CRACD; this interaction decreases binding to actin (By similarity).
Probable C-mannosyltransferase that mediates C-mannosylation of tryptophan residues on target proteins.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Belongs to the WD repeat LIS1/nudF family.
Can self-associate. Component of the cytosolic PAF-AH (I) heterotetrameric enzyme, which is composed of PAFAH1B1 (beta), PAFAH1B2 (alpha2) and PAFAH1B3 (alpha1) subunits. The catalytic activity of the enzyme resides in the alpha1 (PAFAH1B3) and alpha2 (PAFAH1B2) subunits, whereas the beta subunit (PAFAH1B1) has regulatory activity. Trimer formation is not essential for the catalytic activity. Interacts with the catalytic dimer of PAF-AH (I) heterotetrameric enzyme: interacts with PAFAH1B2 homodimer (alpha2/alpha2 homodimer), PAFAH1B3 homodimer (alpha1/alpha1 homodimer) and PAFAH1B2-PAFAH1B3 heterodimer (alpha2/alpha1 heterodimer) (By similarity). Interacts with DCX, dynein, dynactin, IQGAP1, KATNB1, NDE1, NDEL1, NUDC and RSN. Interacts with DISC1, and this interaction is enhanced by NDEL1. Interacts with DAB1 when DAB1 is phosphorylated in response to RELN/reelin signaling. Interacts with INTS13. Interacts with DCDC1.
Dimerization mediated by the LisH domain may be required to activate dynein.
Regulatory subunit (beta subunit) of the cytosolic type I platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH (I)), an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolyze of the acetyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and its analogs and participates in PAF inactivation. Regulates the PAF-AH (I) activity in a catalytic dimer composition-dependent manner (By similarity). Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the peripheral transport of microtubule fragments and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. Required during brain development for the proliferation of neuronal precursors and the migration of newly formed neurons from the ventricular/subventricular zone toward the cortical plate. Neuronal migration involves a process called nucleokinesis, whereby migrating cells extend an anterior process into which the nucleus subsequently translocates. During nucleokinesis dynein at the nuclear surface may translocate the nucleus towards the centrosome by exerting force on centrosomal microtubules. Also required for proper activation of Rho GTPases and actin polymerization at the leading edge of locomoting cerebellar neurons and postmigratory hippocampal neurons in response to calcium influx triggered via NMDA receptors. May also play a role in other forms of cell locomotion including the migration of fibroblasts during wound healing. Required for dynein recruitment to microtubule plus ends and BICD2-bound cargos. May modulate the Reelin pathway through interaction of the PAF-AH (I) catalytic dimer with VLDLR (By similarity).
Belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan beta/delta/gamma/zeta family.
Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.
Cross-link to form 2 major subcomplexes: one consisting of SGCB, SGCD and SGCG and the other consisting of SGCB and SGCD. The association between SGCB and SGCG is particularly strong while SGCA is loosely associated with the other sarcoglycans (By similarity).
Cross-link to form 2 major subcomplexes: one consisting of SGCB, SGCD and SGCG and the other consisting of SGCB and SGCD. The association between SGCB and SGCG is particularly strong while SGCA is loosely associated with the other sarcoglycans.
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to G(i)-alpha and G(o)-alpha, but not to G(s)-alpha.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-shaping membrane protein that plays a role in determining ER morphology. Involved in the stabilization of nascent three-way ER tubular junctions within the ER network. May also play a role as a curvature-stabilizing protein within three-way ER tubular junction network. May be involved in limb and central nervous system development.
Homodimer; homodimerization requires the C4-type zinc finger motif and decreases during mitosis in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Myristoylated; myristoylation is necessary for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) three-way ER tubular junction formation, but is not required neither for membrane translocation, membrane topology formation, nor for the specific localization to ER membranes.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation occurs at Ser-177, Ser-182, Ser-217, Ser-227, Ser-321 and Ser-384 during interphase. Phosphorylation occurs at Ser-114, Ser-153, Ser-194, Thr-211 and Ser-353 during mitosis; these phosphorylations reduce both its homodimerization and the ER three-way tubular junction formation.
Subject to proteasomal degradation following phosphorylation during mitosis.
The transmembrane domain 1 and 2 function as a signal-anchor and stop-transfer sequence, respectively, generating a double-spanning integral membrane protein with a N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic orientation. Transmembrane domain 1 and 2 are probably sufficient to mediate membrane translocation and topology formation in a N-myristoylation-independent manner. Transmembrane domain 2 is sufficient to block the protein secretion pathway. The two coiled-coil domains are necessary for its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) three-way tubular junction localization. The C4-type zinc finger motif is necessary both for its ER three-way tubular junction localization and formation.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex which exhibits DNA- and nucleosome-activated ATPase activity and catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state (By similarity).
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the final step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with LONP2 (By similarity).
Involved in the initial and rate-limiting step of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of straight-chain saturated and unsaturated very-long-chain fatty acids. Catalyzes the desaturation of fatty acyl-CoAs such as palmitoyl-CoA (hexadecanoyl-CoA) to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs ((2E)-enoyl-CoAs) such as (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoA, and donates electrons directly to molecular oxygen (O(2)), thereby producing hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)).
Is active against a much broader range of substrates and shows activity towards long-chain acyl-CoAs.
Shows highest activity against medium-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. Shows optimum activity with a chain length of 10 carbons (decanoyl-CoA) in vitro.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. Seems to control the nucleotide-dependent binding of mitochondrial HSP70 to substrate proteins. Stimulates ATPase activity of mt-HSP70. May also serve to modulate the interconversion of oligomeric (inactive) and monomeric (active) forms of mt-HSP70 (By similarity).
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, GRPEL1 or GRPEL2, TIMM44, TIMM16/PAM16 and TIMM14/DNAJC19.
Interacts with ATG5; the interaction is direct. Interacts with WIPI2. Interacts with the ATG5-ATG12 conjugate, the interaction is however mutually exclusive with ATG16, since it does not interact with ATG12-ATG5-ATG16 complex.
Tethering factor involved in autophagy. Involved in autophagosome maturation by promoting the autophagosome fusion with lysosomes: acts by associating with both the ATG5-ATG12 conjugate and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) present at the surface of autophagosomes. Also involved in selective autophagy against bacterial pathogens, by being required for phagophore/preautophagosomal structure biogenesis and maturation (By similarity).
The PH domain mediates the binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P).
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Binds ATP, opioids and phosphatidylethanolamine. Has lower affinity for phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine. Serine protease inhibitor which inhibits thrombin, neuropsin and chymotrypsin but not trypsin, tissue type plasminogen activator and elastase (By similarity). Inhibits the kinase activity of RAF1 by inhibiting its activation and by dissociating the RAF1/MEK complex and acting as a competitive inhibitor of MEK phosphorylation (By similarity).
HCNP may be involved in the function of the presynaptic cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system. HCNP increases the production of choline acetyltransferase but not acetylcholinesterase. Seems to be mediated by a specific receptor (By similarity).
Has a tendency to form dimers by disulfide cross-linking. Interacts with RAF1 and this interaction is enhanced if RAF1 is phosphorylated on residues 'Ser-338', 'Ser-339', 'Tyr-340' and 'Tyr-341'. Interacts with ALOX15; in response to IL13/interleukin-13, prevents the interaction of PEBP1 with RAF1 to activate the ERK signaling cascade (By similarity).
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Component of the eRF1-eRF3-GTP ternary complex, a ternary complex that mediates translation termination in response to the termination codons. The eRF1-eRF3-GTP complex binds to a stop codon in the ribosomal A-site. ETF1/ERF1 is responsible for stop codon recognition and inducing hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA. Following GTP hydrolysis, eRF3 (GSPT1/ERF3A or GSPT2/ERF3B) dissociates, permitting ETF1/eRF1 to accommodate fully in the A-site, followed by hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA. Component of the transient SURF complex which recruits UPF1 to stalled ribosomes in the context of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Required for SHFL-mediated translation termination which inhibits programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) of mRNA from viruses and cellular genes.
Component of the eRF1-eRF3-GTP ternary complex, composed of ETF1/ERF1 and eRF3 (GSPT1/ERF3A or GSPT2/ERF3B) and GTP. Component of the transient SURF (SMG1-UPF1-eRF1-eRF3) complex. Interacts with JMJD4. The ETF1-GSPT1 complex interacts with JMJD4.
Hydroxylation at Lys-63 by JMJD4 promotes its translational termination efficiency.
Ubiquitinated via 'Lys-6'-linked polyubiquitin chains by RNF14 and RNF25 in response to ribosome collisions (ribosome stalling), leading to its degradation by the proteasome and rescue of stalled ribosomes.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family. QTRT2 subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit QTRT1 and an accessory subunit QTRT2.
Non-catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine).
Belongs to the NFYC/HAP5 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes. NF-Y can function as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity).
The N-terminus is composed of the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, a short linker region and the RING-type zinc finger. The PTB domain, which is also called TKB (tyrosine kinase binding) domain, is composed of three different subdomains: a four-helix bundle (4H), a calcium-binding EF hand and a divergent SH2 domain.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Aminopeptidase with specificity towards an acidic amino acid at the N-terminus. Likely to play an important role in intracellular protein and peptide metabolism (By similarity).
One of the zinc ions is readily exchangeable with other divalent cations such as manganese, which strongly stimulates the enzymatic activity.
Tetrahedron-shaped homododecamer built from six homodimers.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GPRK subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
Belongs to the tenascin family. Teneurin subfamily.
In contrast to other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes E2, residues essential for lysine reactivity are absent: Pro and a His residues are present instead of an Asp and an Asp residues in positions 88 and 119, respectively.
Interacts with PRKN; involved in ubiquitination and degradation of misfolded proteins. Interacts with UBE3A. Interacts with CCNB1IP1, CBL, ZAP70, RNF19A, RNF19B and RNF144B. Interacts with ARIH1. Interacts with ARIH2 (via RING-type 1). Interacts with NCOA1; they functionally interact to regulate progesterone receptor transcriptional activity. Interacts with NDFIP1 (via N-terminus); the interaction mediates recruitment of UBE2L3 to ITCH and causes MAP3K7 ubiquitination.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 that specifically acts with HECT-type and RBR family E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. Does not function with most RING-containing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases because it lacks intrinsic E3-independent reactivity with lysine: in contrast, it has activity with the RBR family E3 enzymes, such as PRKN, RNF31 and ARIH1, that function like RING-HECT hybrids. Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro catalyzes 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitination. Involved in the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. Down-regulated during the S-phase it is involved in progression through the cell cycle. Regulates nuclear hormone receptors transcriptional activity. May play a role in myelopoiesis.
Ubiquitinated. The alteration of UBE2L3 protein levels during the S-phase of the cell cycle is due to ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Autoubiquitinated in vitro.
Functions in nuclear protein import as nuclear transport receptor. Serves as receptor for nuclear localization signals (NLS) in cargo substrates. Is thought to mediate docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) through binding to nucleoporin and the complex is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring, Ran-dependent mechanism. At the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC, Ran binds to the importin, the importin/substrate complex dissociates and importin is re-exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where GTP hydrolysis releases Ran. The directionality of nuclear import is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus (By similarity). Mediates the nuclear import of UBC9, the RBM8A/MAGOH complex, PAX6 and probably other members of the paired homeobox family. Also mediates nuclear export of eIF-1A, and the cytoplasmic release of eIF-1A is triggered by the loading of import substrates onto IPO13 (By similarity).
Interacts with UBC9, RAN, RBM8A, eIF-1A and PAX6.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Can also form homotetramers.
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35B subfamily.
Probably functions as a 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate:adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate antiporter at the Golgi membranes. Mediates the transport from the cytosol into the lumen of the Golgi of 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate/adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), a universal sulfuryl donor for sulfation events that take place in that compartment.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Seems to also exist as monomers.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA10 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This a component of the hydrophobic protein fraction.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. ABHD16 family.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) lipase that mediates the hydrolysis of phosphatidylserine to generate lysophosphatidylserine (LPS). LPS constitutes a class of signaling lipids that regulates immunological and neurological processes (By similarity). Has no activity towards diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol or lysophosphatidylserine lipase (By similarity). Also has monoacylglycerol lipase activity, with preference for 1-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycerol (1-LG) and 2-glyceryl-15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ(2)-G) (By similarity).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(12) subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Plays a role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
Element of the TORC1 signaling pathway that acts as a mediator of diverse signals and that represses RNA polymerase III transcription. Inhibits the de novo assembly of TFIIIB onto DNA.
Homohexamer. Interacts with GABARAP and GABARAPL2. Interacts with GRIA2. Interacts with PLK2, leading to disrupt the interaction with GRIA2. Interacts with MUSK; may regulate MUSK endocytosis and activity (By similarity). Interacts with CDK16 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation at Ser-569 interferes with homohexamerization.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin. Interaction with AMPAR subunit GRIA2 leads to influence GRIA2 membrane cycling (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL42 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor. Has high catalytic efficiency for F10/blood coagulation factor Xa and may act as an anticoagulant by inhibiting prothrombin activation. Inhibits trypsin and mast cell CMA1/chymase and tryptase proteases.
Monomer. Also occurs as a complex with tryptase in mast cells.
Found in a complex with SLC35A2 and SLC35A3.
Mediates the transport of CDP-ribitol (By similarity). Does not exhibit CMP-sialic acid, UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transport activity (By similarity).
Binds DNA as a dimer and can form a homodimer in the absence of DNA.
Transcriptional activator which regulates the transcription of various genes, including those involved in anti-apoptosis, cell growth, and DNA damage response. Dependent on its binding partner, binds to CRE (cAMP response element) consensus sequences (5'-TGACGTCA-3') or to AP-1 (activator protein 1) consensus sequences (5'-TGACTCA-3').
Probable component of the Integrator (INT) complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing.
Adipocyte-secreted protein (adipokine) that regulates adipogenesis, metabolism and inflammation through activation of the chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). Acts also as a ligand for CMKLR2. Can also bind to C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2), but with a lower affinity than it does to CMKLR1 or CMKLR2. Positively regulates adipocyte differentiation, modulates the expression of adipocyte genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and might play a role in angiogenesis, a process essential for the expansion of white adipose tissue. Also acts as a pro-inflammatory adipokine, causing an increase in secretion of pro-inflammatory and prodiabetic adipokines, which further impair adipose tissue metabolic function and have negative systemic effects including impaired insulin sensitivity, altered glucose and lipid metabolism, and a decrease in vascular function in other tissues. Can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on the modality of enzymatic cleavage by different classes of proteases. Acts as a chemotactic factor for leukocyte populations expressing CMKLR1, particularly immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but also immature myeloid DCs, macrophages and natural killer cells. Exerts an anti-inflammatory role by preventing TNF/TNFA-induced VCAM1 expression and monocytes adhesion in vascular endothelial cells. The effect is mediated via inhibiting activation of NF-kappa-B and CRK/p38 through stimulation of AKT1/NOS3 signaling and nitric oxide production. Exhibits an antimicrobial function in the skin (By similarity).
Secreted in an inactive precursor form, prochemerin, which is proteolytically processed by a variety of extracellular proteases to generate forms with differing levels of bioactivity. For example, the removal of six amino acids results in chemerin-157, which exhibits the highest activity, while removal of seven amino acids results in chemerin-156 which has slightly less activity. Some proteases are able to cleave at more than one site and chemerin forms may be sequentially processed by different enzymes to modulate activity levels. The coordinated expression and activity of chemerin-modifying enzymes is essential for regulating its bioactivation, inactivation and, consequently, biological function. Cathepsin G cleaves seven C-terminal amino acids from prochemerin (chemerin-156), elastase is able to cleave six (chemerin-157), eight (chemerin-155) or eleven (chemerin-152), plasmin cleaves five amino acids (chemerin-158), and tryptase cleaves five (chemerin-158) or eight (chemerin-155). Multiple cleavages might be required to fully activate chemerin, with an initial tryptase cleavage resulting in chemerin with low activity (chemerin-158), and a second cleavage by carboxypeptidase N or B producing highly active chemerin (chemerin-157).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-beta subfamily.
Belongs to the ATP synthase subunit s family.
Homotetramer. Associates with ATP synthase.
Involved in regulation of mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase. Necessary for H(+) conduction of ATP synthase. Facilitates energy-driven catalysis of ATP synthesis by blocking a proton leak through an alternative proton exit pathway.
Interacts with PEX5, probably required to target it into peroxisomes.
Participates in chain elongation of fatty acids. Catalyzes the reduction of trans-2-enoyl-CoAs of varying chain lengths from 6:1 to 16:1, having maximum activity with 10:1 CoA. Has no 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase activity.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family. KsgA subfamily.
Interacts with mitochondrial RNA polymerase POLRMT. Interacts with TFAM (By similarity).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase which specifically dimethylates mitochondrial 12S rRNA at the conserved stem loop. Also required for basal transcription of mitochondrial DNA, probably via its interaction with POLRMT and TFAM. Stimulates transcription independently of the methyltransferase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the chloride channel CLIC family.
Can insert into membranes and form poorly selective ion channels that may also transport chloride ions. Channel activity depends on the pH. Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Promotes cell-surface expression of HRH3. May play a role in angiogenesis (By similarity).
Members of this family may change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as chloride channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion (By similarity).
Monomer. Interacts with HRH3 (By similarity).
Catalyzes the last step of tRNA splicing, the transfer of the splice junction 2'-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD to produce ADP-ribose 1''-2'' cyclic phosphate.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRA1 sub-subfamily.
Kinase that phosphorylates MYL2 in vitro. Promotes sarcomere formation in cardiomyocytes and increases cardiomyocyte contractility (By similarity).
Hydrolyzes oligopeptides such as neurotensin, bradykinin and dynorphin A. Acts as a regulator of cannabinoid signaling pathway by mediating degradation of hemopressin, an antagonist peptide of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. FTS subfamily.
Component of the FTS/Hook/FHIP complex (FHF complex), composed of AKTIP/FTS, FHIP1B, and one or more members of the Hook family of proteins HOOK1, HOOK2, and HOOK3. Interacts directly with HOOK1, HOOK2 and HOOK3. The FHF complex associates with the homotypic vesicular sorting complex (the HOPS complex). Also interacts with AKT1. May interact with FHIP1A.
Component of the FTS/Hook/FHIP complex (FHF complex). The FHF complex may function to promote vesicle trafficking and/or fusion via the homotypic vesicular protein sorting complex (the HOPS complex). Regulates apoptosis by enhancing phosphorylation and activation of AKT1. Increases release of TNFSF6 via the AKT1/GSK3B/NFATC1 signaling cascade. FHF complex promotes the distribution of AP-4 complex to the perinuclear area of the cell.
Lacks the conserved Cys residue necessary for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 activity.
Can form oligomers through the transmembrane domains. Interacts with EMD; the interaction retains EMD at the inner nuclear membrane. Interacts with LMNA and LMNB2 (By similarity). Interacts with SUN2. Interacts with RNF26; this interaction is important to modulate innate immune signaling through the cGAS-STING pathway. Interacts with CARD10 (By similarity). Interacts with gap junctions proteins GJB2/Cx26 and GJB4/Cx30 (By similarity).
May have an important role in maintaining nuclear envelope structure by organizing protein complexes at the inner nuclear membrane. Required for retaining emerin at the inner nuclear membrane (By similarity). Plays a role in the modulation of innate immune signaling through the cGAS-STING pathway by interacting with RNF26 (By similarity). In addition, functions as a critical signaling component in mediating NF-kappa-B activation by acting downstream of EGFR and upstream of CARD10 (By similarity). Contributes to passive conductance current in cochlear glia-like supporting cells, mediated by gap junctions and necessary for hearing (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX5/DBP2 subfamily.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Component of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins including DDX5, HNRNPH2 and SRSF1 as well as splicing regulator ARVCF. Interacts with RBM4; the interaction occurs in an RNA-independent manner. Interacts with AGO1 and AGO2. Interacts with ESR1, AR, EP300, CREBBP, POLR2A, TP53, RUNX2 and HDAC1. Self-associates. Interacts with DDX17. Interacts with BRDT. The large PER complex involved in the repression of transcriptional termination is composed of at least PER2, CDK9, DDX5, DHX9, NCBP1 and POLR2A (active) (By similarity). Interacts with DHX36; this interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with NUPR1 (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity). Interacts with DDX3X in the cytoplasm; this interaction may be more efficient when both proteins are unphosphorylated (By similarity).
Involved in the alternative regulation of pre-mRNA splicing; its RNA helicase activity is necessary for increasing tau exon 10 inclusion and occurs in a RBM4-dependent manner. Binds to the tau pre-mRNA in the stem-loop region downstream of exon 10. The rate of ATP hydrolysis is highly stimulated by single-stranded RNA. Involved in transcriptional regulation; the function is independent of the RNA helicase activity. Transcriptional coactivator for androgen receptor AR but probably not ESR1. Synergizes with DDX17 and SRA1 RNA to activate MYOD1 transcriptional activity and involved in skeletal muscle differentiation. Transcriptional coactivator for p53/TP53 and involved in p53/TP53 transcriptional response to DNA damage and p53/TP53-dependent apoptosis. Transcriptional coactivator for RUNX2 and involved in regulation of osteoblast differentiation. Acts as transcriptional repressor in a promoter-specific manner; the function probably involves association with histone deacetylases, such as HDAC1. As component of a large PER complex is involved in the inhibition of 3' transcriptional termination of circadian target genes such as PER1 and NR1D1 and the control of the circadian rhythms (By similarity).
Polyubiquitinated, leading to proteasomal degradation.
Sumoylated; sumoylation, promoted by PIAS1, promotes interaction with HDAC1 and transcriptional repression activity. Sumoylation also significantly increases stability, and reduces polyubiquitination (By similarity).
Weakly phosphorylated in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and much more at G2/M, especially at Thr and Tyr residues.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain (By similarity).
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
Phosphorylation at Tyr-49 and Tyr-98 both reduce by half the turnover in the reaction with cytochrome c oxidase, down-regulating mitochondrial respiration.
Plays a role in apoptosis. Suppression of the anti-apoptotic members or activation of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family leads to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability resulting in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Binding of cytochrome c to Apaf-1 triggers the activation of caspase-9, which then accelerates apoptosis by activating other caspases (By similarity).
Plays a role in apoptosis. Suppression of the anti-apoptotic members or activation of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family leads to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability resulting in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Binding of cytochrome c to Apaf-1 triggers the activation of caspase-9, which then accelerates apoptosis by activating other caspases.
Enhances the incorporation of serine into phosphatidylserine and sphingolipids.
Binds via its C-terminal region to the N-terminal region of MYC. Associates with AKAP1/S-AKAP84. Interacts with MYCBPAP. Interacts with CFAP91.
May control the transcriptional activity of MYC. Stimulates the activation of E box-dependent transcription by MYC (By similarity).
Component of a SNARE complex consisting of STX18, USE1L, BNIP1/SEC20L, and SEC22B. RINT1/TIP20L and ZW10 are associated with the complex through interaction with BNIP1/SEC20L. Interacts directly with USE1L and BNIP1/SEC20L (By similarity).
Syntaxin that may be involved in targeting and fusion of Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. SMUG1 family.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
May be involved in induction of apoptosis in CD4(+) T-cells, but not CD8(+) T-cells or hepatocytes.
Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit of the 80S translational complex.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with zinc, cobalt, manganese or divalent iron ions. Has high activity with zinc; zinc cofactor is transferred into the active site region by the ZNG1 zinc chaperone.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Upon bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulation, mediates clathrin-dependent internalization of TLR4 in dendritic cells, resulting in activation of TICAM1-mediated signaling and subsequent IFNB1 production. May regulate B-cell antigen receptor mediated-signaling.
Involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA, thought to repair chromosomal fragmentation, translocations and deletions.
Cofactor for the transcription factor TCF7. Involved in regulation of lymphoid development by driving multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells towards a T-cell fate.
Interacts with HSPA8 and LAMP2 isoform A; the interaction may target MLLT11 for degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy. Interacts with TCF7.
Composed of an N-terminal domain that binds STXBP1, a middle phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PID/PTB) that mediates binding with the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid-beta precursor protein, and two C-terminal PDZ domains thought to attach proteins to the plasma membrane.
Part of a multimeric complex containing STXBP1 and syntaxin-1. Binds to the cytoplasmic domain of amyloid-beta protein, and to the nuclear factor NF-kappa-B/p65 via its PDZ domain. Interacts with the N-terminal domain of NECAB3 (By similarity).
Putative function in synaptic vesicle exocytosis by binding to STXBP1, an essential component of the synaptic vesicle exocytotic machinery. May modulate processing of the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and hence formation of APP-beta (By similarity).
Multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes a series of post-translational modifications on Lys residues in procollagen. Plays a redundant role in catalyzing the formation of hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens (By similarity). Plays a redundant role in catalyzing the transfer of galactose onto hydroxylysine groups, giving rise to galactosyl 5-hydroxylysine (By similarity). Has an essential role by catalyzing the subsequent transfer of glucose moieties, giving rise to 1,2-glucosylgalactosyl-5-hydroxylysine residues. Catalyzes hydroxylation and glycosylation of Lys residues in the MBL1 collagen-like domain, giving rise to hydroxylysine and 1,2-glucosylgalactosyl-5-hydroxylysine residues. Catalyzes hydroxylation and glycosylation of Lys residues in the ADIPOQ collagen-like domain, giving rise to hydroxylysine and 1,2-glucosylgalactosyl-5-hydroxylysine residues. Essential for normal biosynthesis and secretion of type IV collagens. Essential for normal formation of basement membranes (By similarity).
The C-terminal domain that mediates lysyl hydroxylase activity is also important for homodimerization.
The N-terminal domain mediates glycosyltransferase activity.
Activated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin. Binding of calmodulin results in conformational change that relieves intrasteric autoinhibition and allows autophosphorylation of Thr-286 which turns the kinase in a constitutively active form and confers to the kinase a Ca(2+)-independent activity.
Autophosphorylation of Thr-286 following activation by Ca(2+)/calmodulin. Phosphorylation of Thr-286 locks the kinase into an activated state.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMK subfamily.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that functions autonomously after Ca(2+)/calmodulin-binding and autophosphorylation, and is involved in various processes, such as synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter release and long-term potentiation. Member of the NMDAR signaling complex in excitatory synapses, it regulates NMDAR-dependent potentiation of the AMPAR and therefore excitatory synaptic transmission (By similarity). Regulates dendritic spine development. Also regulates the migration of developing neurons. Phosphorylates the transcription factor FOXO3 to activate its transcriptional activity (By similarity). Phosphorylates the transcription factor ETS1 in response to calcium signaling, thereby decreasing ETS1 affinity for DNA (By similarity). In response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) stimulation, catalyzes phosphorylation of STAT1, stimulating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway (By similarity). In response to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) stimulation, stimulates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway (By similarity). Acts as a negative regulator of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-mediated synaptic signaling via modulation of DAGLA activity (By similarity).
Palmitoylated. Probably palmitoylated by ZDHHC3 and ZDHHC7.
There are 4 genes encoding calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II chains: CAMK2A, CAMK2B, CAMK2G and CAMK2D. The corresponding proteins assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 12 subunits with two hexameric rings stacked one on top of the other (By similarity). Interacts with BAALC. Interacts with MPDZ. Interacts with SYN1. Interacts with CAMK2N2. Interacts with SYNGAP1. Interacts with SYNPO2 (By similarity). Interacts with SHANK3. Interacts with GRIN2B. Interacts with CACNB2. Interacts with LRRC7. Interacts with GRM5 (By similarity). Interacts with DAGLA (via C-terminal); this interaction is enhanced by autophosphorylation of CAMK2A at Thr-286 (By similarity). Interacts with CAMK2N1; this interaction requires CAMK2A activation by Ca(2+) (By similarity).
May play an important role in regulating differentiation, survival and aggressiveness of the tumor cells.
Although strongly similar to formylglycine-generating enzyme, lacks the catalytic Cys residues that bind the catalytic copper. The catalytic copper is required to activate oxygen and catalyze oxidative C-H activation.
Belongs to the sulfatase-modifying factor family.
Lacks formylglycine generating activity and is unable to convert newly synthesized inactive sulfatases to their active form. Inhibits the activation of sulfatases by SUMF1.
The non-canonical ER retention motif mediates retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Consists of an N-terminal hydrophilic region, a hydrophobic central region composed of 10 repeats, and a short hydrophilic C-terminus. The N-terminal hydrophilic region contains the importin beta binding domain (IBB domain), which is sufficient for binding importin beta and essential for nuclear protein import (By similarity).
Heterodimer; with KPNB1 (By similarity). Interacts with ANP32E (By similarity). Interacts with APEX1 (via its N-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with ZIC3 (By similarity). Interacts with SNAI1 (via zinc fingers) (By similarity). Interacts with CTNNBL1 (via its N-terminal) (By similarity). Interacts with AICDA (via its NLS) (By similarity). Interacts with NSMF; the interaction occurs in a calcium-independent manner after synaptic NMDA receptor stimulation and is required for nuclear import of NSMF but is competed by CABP1 (By similarity). Interacts with DCAF8 (By similarity). Interacts with ITSN1 isoform 2 (By similarity). Interacts with TALDO1 (By similarity).
Polyubiquitinated in the presence of RAG1 (in vitro).
The IBB domain is thought to act as an intrasteric autoregulatory sequence by interacting with the internal autoinhibitory NLS. Binding of KPNB1 probably overlaps the internal NLS and contributes to a high affinity for cytoplasmic NLS-containing cargo substrates. After dissociation of the importin/substrate complex in the nucleus the internal autohibitory NLS contributes to a low affinity for nuclear NLS-containing proteins (By similarity).
The major and minor NLS binding sites are mainly involved in recognition of simple or bipartite NLS motifs. Structurally located within in a helical surface groove they contain several conserved Trp and Asn residues of the corresponding third helices (H3) of ARM repeats which mainly contribute to binding (By similarity).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-26 is the initiator.
As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage. In the cellular response to DNA damage, the RPA complex controls DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoint activation. Through recruitment of ATRIP activates the ATR kinase a master regulator of the DNA damage response. It is required for the recruitment of the DNA double-strand break repair factors RAD51 and RAD52 to chromatin in response to DNA damage. Also recruits to sites of DNA damage proteins like XPA and XPG that are involved in nucleotide excision repair and is required for this mechanism of DNA repair. Also plays a role in base excision repair (BER) probably through interaction with UNG. Also recruits SMARCAL1/HARP, which is involved in replication fork restart, to sites of DNA damage. May also play a role in telomere maintenance.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), a heterotrimeric complex composed of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3. Interacts with PRPF19; the PRP19-CDC5L complex is recruited to the sites of DNA repair where it ubiquitinates the replication protein A complex (RPA). Interacts with SERTAD3. Interacts with TIPIN. Interacts with TIMELESS. Interacts with PPP4R2; the interaction is direct, DNA damage-dependent and mediates the recruitment of the PP4 catalytic subunit PPP4C. Interacts (hyperphosphorylated) with RAD51. Interacts with SMARCAL1; the interaction is direct and mediates the recruitment to the RPA complex of SMARCAL1. Interacts with RAD52 and XPA; those interactions are direct and associate RAD52 and XPA to the RPA complex. Interacts with FBH1. Interacts with ETAA1; the interaction is direct and promotes ETAA1 recruitment at stalled replication forks. Interacts with DDI2 (By similarity). Interacts (in unphosphorylated form via N-terminus) with EIF4EBP3; the interaction enhances EIF4EBP3-mediated inhibition of EIF4E-mediated mRNA nuclear export (By similarity).
DNA damage-induced 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination by PRPF19 mediates ATRIP recruitment to the RPA complex at sites of DNA damage and activation of ATR. Ubiquitinated by RFWD3 at stalled replication forks in response to DNA damage: ubiquitination by RFWD3 does not lead to degradation by the proteasome and promotes removal of the RPA complex from stalled replication forks, promoting homologous recombination.
Differentially phosphorylated throughout the cell cycle, becoming phosphorylated at the G1-S transition and dephosphorylated in late mitosis. Mainly phosphorylated at Ser-23 and Ser-29, by cyclin A-CDK2 and cyclin B-CDK1, respectively during DNA replication and mitosis. Dephosphorylation may require the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4. Phosphorylation at Ser-23 and Ser-29 is a prerequisite for further phosphorylation. Becomes hyperphosphorylated on additional residues including Ser-4, Ser-8, Thr-21 and Ser-33 in response to DNA damage. Hyperphosphorylation is mediated by ATM, ATR and PRKDC. Primarily recruited to DNA repair nuclear foci as a hypophosphorylated form it undergoes subsequent hyperphosphorylation, catalyzed by ATR. Hyperphosphorylation is required for RAD51 recruitment to chromatin and efficient DNA repair. Phosphorylation at Thr-21 depends upon RFWD3 presence.
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of methanethiol, an organosulfur compound known to be produced in substantial amounts by gut bacteria (By similarity). Selenium-binding protein which may be involved in the sensing of reactive xenobiotics in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intra-Golgi protein transport (By similarity).
Catalyzes the oxidation of methanethiol, an organosulfur compound known to be produced in substantial amounts by gut bacteria. Selenium-binding protein which may be involved in the sensing of reactive xenobiotics in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intra-Golgi protein transport.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation (By similarity). Essential for Golgi structural integrity (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the regulation of interdigestive gastrointestinal motility and indirectly causes rhythmic contraction of duodenal and colonic smooth muscle.
Cytokine secreted predominantly by activated T-lymphocytes as well as mast cells and osteoblastic cells that controls the production and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into lineage-restricted cells. Stimulates also mature basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes to become functionally activated. In addition, plays an important role in neural cell proliferation and survival. Participates as well in bone homeostasis and inhibits osteoclast differentiation by preventing NF-kappa-B nuclear translocation and activation. Mechanistically, exerts its biological effects through a receptor composed of IL3RA subunit and a signal transducing subunit IL3RB. Receptor stimulation results in the rapid activation of JAK2 kinase activity leading to STAT5-mediated transcriptional program. Alternatively, contributes to cell survival under oxidative stress in non-hematopoietic systems by activating pathways mediated by PI3K/AKT and ERK.
Calsequestrin is a high-capacity, moderate affinity, calcium-binding protein and thus acts as an internal calcium store in muscle.
Exonuclease with activity against single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Mediates p53-induced apoptosis. When induced by p53 following DNA damage, digests double-stranded DNA to form single-stranded DNA and amplifies DNA damage signals, leading to enhancement of apoptosis (By similarity).
Interacts with XAF1, the interaction increases XAF1 stability and proapoptotic effects, and may regulate IFN signaling.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex).
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is a barrel-shaped complex made of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings. The two outer rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two inner rings are formed by seven beta subunits. The proteolytic activity is exerted by three beta-subunits PSMB5, PSMB6 and PSMB7. Interacts with NOTCH3. Interacts with ZFAND1 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial electrogenic aspartate/glutamate antiporter that favors efflux of aspartate and entry of glutamate and proton within the mitochondria as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle (By similarity). Also mediates the uptake of L-cysteinesulfinate by mitochondria in exchange of L-glutamate and proton. Can also exchange L-cysteinesulfinate with aspartate in their anionic form without any proton translocation (By similarity).
The EF-hand 2 domain within the regulatory N-terminal domain binds one calcium in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Calcium triggers the binding of the regulatory N-terminal domain to the C-terminal domain, opening a vestibule which allows the substrates to be translocated through the carrier domain. In the absence of calcium, the linker loop domain may close the vestibule and prevent substrates from entering the carrier domain.
Exhibits microtubule-destabilizing activity.
Belongs to the PPase class C family. Prune subfamily.
Belongs to the parathyroid hormone family.
Interacts with PTH1R (via N-terminal extracellular domain).
PTH elevates calcium level by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion. Stimulates [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblastic cells.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is composed of 45 different subunits (By similarity). This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme (By similarity).
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity of complex I.
Hydroxylated ar Arg-111 by NDUFAF5 early in the pathway of assembly of complex I, before the formation of the juncture between peripheral and membrane arms.
Has apparently no steroid dehydrogenase activity.
Binds two Mg(2+) per subunit. Required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Glycolytic enzyme the catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. In addition to glycolysis, involved in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses. May also function in the intravascular and pericellular fibrinolytic system due to its ability to serve as a receptor and activator of plasminogen on the cell surface of several cell-types such as leukocytes and neurons. Stimulates immunoglobulin production.
Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) by p300/EP300 activates the phosphopyruvate hydratase activity.
Mammalian enolase is composed of 3 isozyme subunits, alpha, beta and gamma, which can form homodimers or heterodimers which are cell-type and development-specific. ENO1 interacts with PLG in the neuronal plasma membrane and promotes its activation. The C-terminal lysine is required for this binding. Interacts with ENO4 and PGAM2 (By similarity). Interacts with CMTM6 (By similarity).
Acylated. Acylation may be a prerequisite for conversion of the monomeric 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor (37LRP) to the mature dimeric 67 kDa laminin receptor (67LR), and may provide a mechanism for membrane association.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Cleaved by stromelysin-3 (ST3) at the cell surface. Cleavage by stromelysin-3 may be a mechanism to alter cell-extracellular matrix interactions.
Monomer (37LRP) and homodimer (67LR). Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with RPS21. Interacts with several laminins including at least LAMB1. Interacts with MDK. The mature dimeric form interacts with PPP1R16B (via its fourth ankyrin repeat). Interacts with PPP1CA only in the presence of PPP1R16B.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Also functions as a cell surface receptor for laminin. Plays a role in cell adhesion to the basement membrane and in the consequent activation of signaling transduction pathways. May play a role in cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. Also acts as a receptor for several other ligands, including the pathogenic prion protein, viruses, and bacteria. Acts as a PPP1R16B-dependent substrate of PPP1CA.
This protein appears to have acquired a second function as a laminin receptor specifically in the vertebrate lineage.
Activated by autocatalytic processing at pH 4.
Has a strict specificity for hydrolysis of asparaginyl bonds. Can also cleave aspartyl bonds slowly, especially under acidic conditions. Involved in the processing of proteins for MHC class II antigen presentation in the lysosomal/endosomal system (By similarity). Also involved in MHC class I antigen presentation in cross-presenting dendritic cells by mediating cleavage and maturation of Perforin-2 (MPEG1), thereby promoting antigen translocation in the cytosol. Required for normal lysosomal protein degradation in renal proximal tubules. Required for normal degradation of internalized EGFR. Plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation via its role in EGFR degradation (By similarity).
Homodimer before autocatalytic removal of the propeptide. Monomer after autocatalytic processing. May interact with integrins.
In the zymogen form, the uncleaved propeptide blocks access to the active site.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamyltransferase family.
Mediates post-translational transport of precursor polypeptides across endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proposed to act as a targeting receptor for small presecretory proteins containing short and apolar signal peptides. Targets and properly positions newly synthesized presecretory proteins into the SEC61 channel-forming translocon complex, triggering channel opening for polypeptide translocation to the ER lumen.
The ER translocon complex that consists of channel-forming core components SEC61A1, SEC61B and SEC61G and different auxiliary components such as SEC62 and SEC63. Interacts with SEC61B.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-5 (PP-T) subfamily.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments. May play a role in the formation of epithelial cell junctions (By similarity). Forms, with CAPZB, the barbed end of the fast growing ends of actin filaments in the dynactin complex and stabilizes dynactin structure. The dynactin multiprotein complex activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules (By similarity).
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex part of a tripartite complex with dynein and a adapter, such as BICDL1, BICD2 or HOOK3. The dynactin complex is built around ACTR1A/ACTB filament and consists of an actin-related filament composed of a shoulder domain, a pointed end and a barbed end. Its length is defined by its flexible shoulder domain. The soulder is composed of 2 DCTN1 subunits, 4 DCTN2 and 2 DCTN3. The 4 DCNT2 (via N-terminus) bind the ACTR1A filament and act as molecular rulers to determine the length. The pointed end is important for binding dynein-dynactin cargo adapters. Consists of 4 subunits: ACTR10, DCNT4, DCTN5 and DCTN6. The barbed end is composed of a CAPZA1:CAPZB heterodimers, which binds ACTR1A/ACTB filament and dynactin and stabilizes dynactin (By similarity). Component of the WASH complex, composed of F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha (CAPZA1, CAPZA2 or CAPZA3), F-actin-capping protein subunit beta (CAPZB), WASH (WASHC1, WASH2P, WASH3P, WASH4P, WASH5P or WASH6P), WASHC2 (WASHC2A or WASHC2C), WASHC3, WASHC4 and WASHC5. Interacts with S100A (By similarity). Interacts with S100B. Interacts with SH3BP1; recruits CAPZA1 to forming cell junctions. Interacts with CD2AP. Directly interacts with CRACD; this interaction decreases binding to actin (By similarity).
Belongs to the hcp beta-lactamase family.
Required for assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes.
Allosterically activated by ADP, AMP, or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and allosterically inhibited by ATP or citrate. GlcNAcylation by OGT overcomes allosteric regulation (By similarity).
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis (By similarity). Negatively regulates the phagocyte oxidative burst in response to bacterial infection by controlling cellular NADPH biosynthesis and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Upon macrophage activation, drives the metabolic switch toward glycolysis, thus preventing glucose turnover that produces NADPH via pentose phosphate pathway (By similarity).
GlcNAcylation at Ser-529 by OGT decreases enzyme activity, leading to redirect glucose flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Glycosylation is stimulated by both hypoxia and glucose deprivation (By similarity).
Homo- and heterotetramers (By similarity). Phosphofructokinase (PFK) enzyme functions as a tetramer composed of different combinations of 3 types of subunits, called PFKM (M), PFKL (L) and PFKP (P). The composition of the PFK tetramer differs according to the tissue type it is present in. The kinetic and regulatory properties of the tetrameric enzyme are dependent on the subunit composition, hence can vary across tissues (Probable).
Microtubule-binding protein required to ensure proper cell division and nuclear envelope reassembly by sequestering the endoplasmic reticulum away from chromosomes during mitosis. Probably acts by clearing the endoplasmic reticulum membrane from metaphase chromosomes (By similarity).
Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Acts as a component of the histone deacetylase NuRD complex which participates in the remodeling of chromatin (By similarity). Also functions as deacetylase for non-histone targets, such as NR1D2, RELA, SP1, SP3 and TSHZ3. Deacetylates SP proteins, SP1 and SP3, and regulates their function. Component of the BRG1-RB1-HDAC1 complex, which negatively regulates the CREST-mediated transcription in resting neurons. Upon calcium stimulation, HDAC1 is released from the complex and CREBBP is recruited, which facilitates transcriptional activation. Deacetylates TSHZ3 and regulates its transcriptional repressor activity. Deacetylates 'Lys-310' in RELA and thereby inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa-B. Deacetylates NR1D2 and abrogates the effect of KAT5-mediated relieving of NR1D2 transcription repression activity (By similarity). Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex that suppresses, via histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment, a number of genes implicated in multilineage blood cell development. Involved in CIART-mediated transcriptional repression of the circadian transcriptional activator: CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer. Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex or CRY1 through histone deacetylation (By similarity). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has protein-lysine deacylase activity: acts as a protein decrotonylase by mediating decrotonylation ((2E)-butenoyl) of histones (By similarity).
Part of the core histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex composed of HDAC1, HDAC2, RBBP4 and RBBP7, the core complex associates with SIN3, SAP18 and SAP30 to form the SIN3 HDAC complex (By similarity). Component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) repressor complex, composed of core proteins MTA1, MTA2, MTA3, RBBP4, RBBP7, HDAC1, HDAC2, MBD2, MBD3, and peripherally associated proteins CDK2AP1, CDK2AP2, GATAD2A, GATAD2B, CHD3, CHD4 and CHD5 (By similarity). The exact stoichiometry of the NuRD complex is unknown, and some subunits such as MBD2 and MBD3, GATAD2A and GATAD2B, and CHD3, CHD4 and CHD5 define mutually exclusive NuRD complexes (By similarity). Component of a BHC histone deacetylase complex that contains HDAC1, HDAC2, HMG20B/BRAF35, KDM1A, RCOR1/CoREST and PHF21A/BHC80 (By similarity). The BHC complex may also contain ZMYM2, ZNF217, ZMYM3, GSE1 and GTF2I (By similarity). Component of a mSin3A corepressor complex that contains SIN3A, SAP130, SUDS3/SAP45, ARID4B/SAP180, HDAC1 and HDAC2 (By similarity). Found in a trimeric complex with APBB1 and TSHZ3; the interaction between HDAC1 and APBB1 is mediated by TSHZ3 (By similarity). Forms a complex comprising APPL1, RUVBL2, APPL2, CTNNB1 and HDAC2 (By similarity). Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex (By similarity). Part of a complex composed of TRIM28, HDAC1, HDAC2 and EHMT2 (By similarity). Part of a complex containing at least CDYL, MIER1, MIER2, HDAC1 and HDAC2 (By similarity). The large PER complex involved in the histone deacetylation is composed of at least HDAC1, PER2, SFPQ and SIN3A (By similarity). Associates with the 9-1-1 complex; interacts with HUS1 (By similarity). Found in a complex with DNMT3A and HDAC7. Found in a complex with YY1, SIN3A and GON4L (By similarity). Identified in a histone deacetylase complex that contains DNTTIP1, HDAC1 and MIDEAS; this complex assembles into a tetramer that contains four copies of each protein chain (By similarity). Found in a complex composed of at least SINHCAF, SIN3A, HDAC1, SAP30, RBBP4, OGT and TET1. Interacts with GFI1; the interaction is direct. Interacts directly with GFI1B (By similarity). Interacts with TSHZ3 (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with APEX1; the interaction is not dependent on the acetylated status of APEX1 (By similarity). Interacts with BANP. Interacts with BAZ2A/TIP5 (By similarity). Interacts with BCL6 (By similarity). Interacts with BCOR (By similarity). Interacts with BHLHE40/DEC1 (By similarity). Interacts with BRCC3; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of PWWP2B (By similarity). Interacts with BRMS1 (By similarity). Interacts with BRMS1L (By similarity). Interacts with C10orf90/FATS (via its N-terminal); the interaction prevents binding of HDAC1 to CDKN1A/p21 and facilitates the acetylation and stabilization of CDKN1A/p21. Interacts with CBFA2T3 (By similarity). Interacts with CCAR2 (By similarity). Interacts with CDK2AP1 (By similarity). Interacts with CHD3 (By similarity). Interacts with CHD4 (By similarity). Interacts with CHFR (By similarity). Interacts with CIART. Interacts with CDKN1A/p21. Interacts with CDK5 complexed to CDK5R1 (p25). Interacts with CRY1 (By similarity). Interacts with DAXX (By similarity). Interacts with DDIT3/CHOP (By similarity). Interacts with DDX5 (By similarity). Interacts with DHX36; this interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with DNMT1 (By similarity). Interacts with DNTTIP1 (By similarity). Interacts with E4F1 (By similarity). Interacts with EP300 (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity). Interacts with GATAD2A (By similarity). Interacts with HCFC1 (By similarity). Interacts with HDAC9 (By similarity). Interacts with HUS1 (By similarity). Interacts with INSM1 (By similarity). Interacts with KDM4A (By similarity). Interacts with KDM5A; this interaction impairs histone deacetylation (By similarity). Interacts with KDM5B (By similarity). Interacts with KLF1 (By similarity). Interacts with MBD3L2 (By similarity). Interacts with MIER1 (By similarity). Interacts with NFE4 (By similarity). Interacts with NR4A2/NURR1 (By similarity). Interacts with NR1D2 (via C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with NRIP1. Interacts with NSD2 (By similarity). Interacts with PACS2 (By similarity). Interacts with PHB2 (By similarity). Interacts with PPHLN1 (By similarity). Interacts with PRDM6 (By similarity). Interacts with PRDM16 (By similarity). Interacts with PWWP2A in a MTA1-dependent manner. Interacts with PWWP2B (By similarity). Interacts with RB1 (By similarity). Interacts with RERE. Interacts with SANBR (via the BTB domain). Interacts with SAMSN1 (By similarity). Interacts with SAP30L (By similarity). Interacts with SETDB1 (By similarity). Interacts with SIN3A (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD3 (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD4; positively regulated by ZBTB7A (By similarity). Interacts with SMARCAD1 (By similarity). Interacts with SMARCA4/BRG1 (By similarity). Interacts with SMYD2 (By similarity). Interacts with SMYD4 (via MYND-type zinc finger) (By similarity). Interacts with SP1; the interaction deacetylates SP1 and regulates its transcriptional activity (By similarity). Interacts with SP3; the interaction deacetylates SP3 and regulates its transcriptional activity (By similarity). In vitro, C(18) ceramides increase this interaction and the subsequent SP3 deacetylation and SP3-mediated repression of the TERT promoter (By similarity). Interacts with SPEN/MINT (By similarity). Interacts with SPHK2 (By similarity). Interacts with SUV39H1 (By similarity). Interacts with TGIF (By similarity). Interacts with TGIF2 (By similarity). Interacts with TRAF6 (By similarity). Interacts with TRIM28; the interaction recruits HDAC1 to E2F1 and inhibits its acetylation (By similarity). Interacts with TSC22D3 isoform 1; this interaction affects HDAC1 activity on MYOG promoter and thus inhibits MYOD1 transcriptional activity (By similarity). Interacts with UHRF1 (By similarity). Interacts with UHRF2 (By similarity). Interacts with ZBTB7A (By similarity). Interacts with ZMYND8 (By similarity). Interacts with ZMYND15. Interacts with ZNF431. Interacts with ZNF516; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of PWWP2B. Interacts with ZNF541 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF638 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNHIT1. Interacts with the non-histone region of MACROH2A1 (By similarity). Identified in a complex with HDAC2, KCTD19, DNTTIP1 and ZNF541 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation on Ser-421 and Ser-423 promotes enzymatic activity and interactions with NuRD and SIN3 complexes. Phosphorylated by CDK5.
Sumoylated on Lys-444 and Lys-476; which promotes enzymatic activity. Desumoylated by SENP1.
Ubiquitinated by CHFR and KCTD11, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family.
Acetylation of Lys-50 leads to loss of DNA nicking activity.
Involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. Has DNA glycosylase activity towards 5-hydroxyuracil and other oxidized derivatives of cytosine with a preference for mismatched double-stranded DNA (DNA bubbles). Has low or no DNA glycosylase activity towards thymine glycol, 2-hydroxyadenine, hypoxanthine and 8-oxoguanine. Has AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase activity and introduces nicks in the DNA strand. Cleaves the DNA backbone by beta-delta elimination to generate a single-strand break at the site of the removed base with both 3'- and 5'-phosphates (By similarity).
The zinc-finger domain is important for DNA binding.
Can form homooligomers (monomers, dimers and tetramers). Interacts with RAB11A (GDP-bound form); regulates RAB11A. Interacts with FKBP8; may negatively regulate ZFYVE27 phosphorylation. Interacts with VAPA (via MSP domain); may regulate ZFYVE27 retention in the endoplasmic reticulum and its function in cell projections formation. Interacts with VAPB (via MSP domain). Interacts with RAB11B (GDP-bound form), REEP1, REEP5, ATL1, ATL2, ATL3, SPAST, SURF4, KIF5A, KIF5B, KIF5C and RTN3.
Key regulator of RAB11-dependent vesicular trafficking during neurite extension through polarized membrane transport. Promotes axonal elongation and contributes to the establishment of neuronal cell polarity. Involved in nerve growth factor-induced neurite formation in VAPA-dependent manner. Contributes to both the formation and stabilization of the tubular ER network. Involved in ER morphogenesis by regulating the sheet-to-tubule balance and possibly the density of tubule interconnections. Acts as an adapter protein that facilitates the interaction of KIF5A with VAPA, VAPB, SURF4, RAB11A, RAB11B and RTN3 and the ZFYVE27-KIF5A complex contributes to the transport of these proteins in neurons. Can induce formation of neurite-like membrane protrusions in non-neuronal cells in a KIF5A/B-dependent manner.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation is induced by NGF through the MAPK/ERK pathway and modulates interaction with RAB11A (By similarity).
Associates with the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) (By similarity). Interacts with ATP6AP2 (By similarity).
Associates with the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase).
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL38 subfamily.
Involved in the early to middle stages of 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Core component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles. Required for the biogenesis of box C/D snoRNAs such U3, U8 and U14 snoRNAs. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Part of a large pre-ribosomal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, that consists of at least 62 ribosomal proteins, 45 nonribosomal proteins and both pre-rRNA and mature rRNA species. Within this complex directly interacts with TCOF1 in an RNA-independent manner. Core component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles; the core proteins SNU13, NOP56, NOP58 and FBL assemble stepwise onto the snoRNA. Interacts with NOP1 and NOP58. Interacts with NUFIP1, RUVBL1 and RUVBL2; RUVBL1:RUVBL2 seem to bridge the association of NOP56 with NUFIP1. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complex consisting of at least 13 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol I is composed of mobile elements and RPA2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft.
Belongs to the type II cytokine receptor family.
Plays a role in the process of neurogenesis.
Interacts with the COPII coat components Sec23 (SEC23A and/or SEC23B) and Sec24 (SEC24A and/or SEC24B) (By similarity). Interacts with YIF1A (By similarity). May interact with RAB1A (By similarity). Interacts with YIPF3 and YIPF4 (By similarity).
Plays a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. In pancreatic beta cells, required to transport proinsulin from endoplasmic reticulum into the Golgi.
Interacts with AP5Z1, AP5B1, AP5S1 and SPG11. Interacts with TTC19 and KIF13A.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding protein required for the abcission step in cytokinesis: recruited to the midbody during cytokinesis and acts as a regulator of abcission. May also be required for efficient homologous recombination DNA double-strand break repair.
Functions as a dosage-dependent inducer in mitotic control. Tyrosine protein phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle.
Alpha-L-fucosidase is responsible for hydrolyzing the alpha-1,6-linked fucose joined to the reducing-end N-acetylglucosamine of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Peroxisomal aminotransferase that catalyzes the transamination of glyoxylate to glycine and contributes to the glyoxylate detoxification. Also catalyzes the transamination between L-serine and pyruvate and contributes to gluconeogenesis from the L-serine metabolism.
The intracellular compartmentalization of AGTX in mammalian hepatocytes is species dependent. In human and rabbit, AGTX is peroxisomal. In new world monkeys (marmoset) and rodents (rat and mouse), it is distributed approximately evenly between peroxisomes and mitochondria. In carnivores, like cat, the great majority of the enzyme is mitochondrial with only a small proportion being peroxisomal.
Plays a role in mast cell degranulation.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma. Interacts with palmitoylated calnexin (CALX), the interaction is required for efficient folding of glycosylated proteins (By similarity).
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma. Interacts with palmitoylated calnexin (CALX), the interaction is required for efficient folding of glycosylated proteins.
Shows a remarkable charge distribution with the N-terminus being highly negatively charged, and the cytoplasmic C-terminus positively charged.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins (By similarity).
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins.
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 20 family.
Members of this family may change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as chloride channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion.
Acts as a mitochondrial iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly factor that facilitates (Fe-S) cluster insertion into a subset of mitochondrial proteins (By similarity). Probably acts together with the monothiol glutaredoxin GLRX5. May protect cells against oxidative stress (By similarity).
Interacts with IFT27, IFT81, IFT172, ATP6V1E1, HK1, LDHC, MAPRE1 and HSPA2.
Plays an essential role in male fertility, sperm intra-flagellar transport, and tail assembly. Binds, in a GTP-regulated manner, to a specific set of effector proteins including key proteins involved in cilia development and function and delivers them into the growing sperm tail.
A C-terminal internalization signal (YGTL) appears to allow the targeting of plasma membrane proteins to endosomes.
Catalyzes the removal of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) moieties from glycoproteins and glycolipids. To be active, it is strictly dependent on its presence in the multienzyme complex. Appears to have a preference for alpha 2-3 and alpha 2-6 sialyl linkage (By similarity).
Interacts with cathepsin A (protective protein), beta-galactosidase and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase in a multienzyme complex.
Phosphorylation of tyrosine within the internalization signal results in inhibition of sialidase internalization and blockage on the plasma membrane.
Myosin regulatory subunit that plays an important role in regulation of both smooth muscle and nonmuscle cell contractile activity via its phosphorylation. Implicated in cytokinesis, receptor capping, and cell locomotion (By similarity).
Phosphorylation increases the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity and thereby regulates the contractile activity. It is required to generate the driving force in the migration of the cells but not necessary for localization of myosin-2 at the leading edge (By similarity).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. OST exists in two different complex forms which contain common core subunits RPN1, RPN2, OST48, OST4, DAD1 and TMEM258, either STT3A or STT3B as catalytic subunits, and form-specific accessory subunits. STT3A complex assembly occurs through the formation of 3 subcomplexes. Subcomplex 1 contains RPN1 and TMEM258, subcomplex 2 contains the STT3A-specific subunits STT3A, DC2/OSTC, and KCP2 as well as the core subunit OST4, and subcomplex 3 contains RPN2, DAD1, and OST48. The STT3A complex can form stable complexes with the Sec61 complex or with both the Sec61 and TRAP complexes.
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase family.
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA (MMCoA) (generated from branched-chain amino acid metabolism and degradation of dietary odd chain fatty acids and cholesterol) to succinyl-CoA (3-carboxypropionyl-CoA), a key intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Homodimer. Interacts (the apoenzyme form) with MMAA; the interaction is GTP dependent.
Inhibited by itaconyl-CoA, a metabolite that inactivates the coenzyme B12 cofactor.
Acts as a chaperone for the angiogenic VEGF receptor KDR/VEGFR2, increasing its abundance by inhibiting its ubiquitination and degradation (By similarity). Inhibits the folding activity of the chaperonin-containing T-complex (CCT) which leads to inhibition of cytoskeletal actin folding (By similarity). Acts as a chaperone during heat shock alongside HSP90 and HSP40/70 chaperone complexes (By similarity). Modulates the activation of caspases during apoptosis (By similarity).
Interacts (via thioredoxin fold region) with KDR/VEGFR2 (via juxtamembrane domain) (By similarity). Forms ternary complexes with the chaperonin CCT complex and actin substrate, leading to inhibition of actin folding (By similarity). Interacts with XIAP (via BIR 3 and RING domain) (By similarity). Interacts with HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 (By similarity).
N-terminal methionine acetylation destabilizes the protein.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Promotes maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, by maintaining spermine levels.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into apoproteins specifically involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity. In the CIA complex, MMS19 acts as an adapter between early-acting CIA components and a subset of cellular target iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I47 (latexin) family.
Part of the E2F6.com-1 complex in G0 phase composed of E2F6, MGA, MAX, TFDP1, CBX3, BAT8, EUHMTASE1, RING1, RNF2, MBLR, BAT8 and YAF2.
Putative Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of genes, probably via a modification of chromatin, rendering it heritably changed in its expressibility. Its association with a chromatin-remodeling complex suggests that it may contribute to prevent expression of genes that trigger the cell into mitosis. Binds to monomethylated and dimethylated 'Lys-20' on histone H4. Binds histone H3 peptides that are monomethylated or dimethylated on 'Lys-4', 'Lys-9' or 'Lys-27' (By similarity).
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the canonical replication protein A complex (RPA), a heterotrimer composed of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3. The DNA-binding activity may reside exclusively on the RPA1 subunit. Interacts with PRPF19; the PRP19-CDC5L complex is recruited to the sites of DNA repair where it ubiquitinates the replication protein A complex (RPA). Interacts with RIPK1. Interacts with the polymerase alpha subunit POLA1/p180; this interaction stabilizes the replicative complex and reduces the misincorporation rate of DNA polymerase alpha by acting as a fidelity clamp. Interacts with RAD51 and SENP6 to regulate DNA repair. Interacts with HELB; this interaction promotes HELB recruitment to chromatin following DNA damage. Interacts with PRIMPOL; leading to recruit PRIMPOL on chromatin and stimulate its DNA primase activity. Interacts with XPA; the interaction is direct and associates XPA with the RPA complex. Interacts with ETAA1; the interaction is direct and promotes ETAA1 recruitment at stalled replication forks. Interacts with RPA1; this interaction associates HROB with the RPA complex (By similarity).
Sumoylated on lysine residues Lys-449 and Lys-577, with Lys-449 being the major site. Sumoylation promotes recruitment of RAD51 to the DNA damage foci to initiate DNA repair through homologous recombination. Desumoylated by SENP6 (By similarity).
(Microbial infection) In conjunction with the ESCRT machinery also appears to function in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, such as the terminal stages of cytokinesis and enveloped virus budding (lentiviruses).
Involved in late steps of the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. Recognizes membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies and catalyzes their disassembly, possibly in combination with membrane fission. Redistributes the ESCRT-III components to the cytoplasm for further rounds of MVB sorting. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. VPS4A/B are required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan (By similarity).
Proposed to be monomeric or homodimeric in nucleotide-free form and to oligomerize upon binding to ATP to form two stacked hexameric or heptameric rings with a central pore through which ESCRT-III substrates are translocated in an ATP-dependent manner. In vitro, associates on the inside of a helical tubular structure formed by a CHMP2A-CHMP3 polymer. Interacts with CHMP1A, CHMP1B, CHMP2A, CHMP4B and CHMP6. Interacts with VPS4A; the interaction suggests a heteromeric assembly with VPS4A. Interacts with VTA1 (By similarity).
The MIT domain serves as an adapter for ESCRT-III proteins. It forms an asymmetric three-helix bundle that binds amphipathic MIM (MIT interacting motif) helices along the groove between MIT helices 2 and 3 present in a subset of ESCRT-III proteins thus establishing the canonical MIM-MIT interaction. In an extended conformation along the groove between helices 1 and 3, also binds to a type-2 MIT interacting motif (MIM2).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
Activated by proteolytic cleavage. Proteolytic removal of the N-terminal CUB domain releasing the core domain is necessary for unmasking the receptor-binding epitopes of the core domain. Cleavage after Arg-247 or Arg-249 by urokinase plasminogen activator gives rise to the active form (By similarity).
Growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, survival and chemotaxis. Potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. Plays an important role in wound healing. Induces macrophage recruitment, increased interstitial pressure, and blood vessel maturation during angiogenesis. Can initiate events that lead to a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, including influx of monocytes and macrophages and production of extracellular matrix (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with PDGFRB homodimers, and with heterodimers formed by PDGFRA and PDGFRB (By similarity).
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
Both FN1 and EGF-like domains are important for binding to LRP1.
Both FN1 and one of the kringle domains are required for binding to fibrin.
Converts the abundant, but inactive, zymogen plasminogen to plasmin by hydrolyzing a single Arg-Val bond in plasminogen. By controlling plasmin-mediated proteolysis, it plays an important role in tissue remodeling and degradation, in cell migration and many other physiopathological events. During oocyte activation, plays a role in cortical granule reaction in the zona reaction, which contributes to the block to polyspermy.
Heterodimer of chain A and chain B held by a disulfide bond. Binds to fibrin with high affinity. This interaction leads to an increase in the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme due to an increase in affinity for plasminogen. Similarly, binding to heparin increases the activation of plasminogen. Binds to annexin A2, cytokeratin-8, fibronectin and laminin. Binds to mannose receptor and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1); these proteins are involved in TPA clearance. Binds LRP1B; binding is followed by internalization and degradation. Forms heterodimer with SERPINA5 (By similarity). In complex with SERPINE1, interacts with SORL1 (By similarity).
The FN1 domain mediates binding to annexin A2.
The second kringle domain is implicated in binding to cytokeratin-8 and to the endothelial cell surface binding site.
The single chain, almost fully active enzyme, can be further processed into a two-chain fully active form by a cleavage after Arg-310 catalyzed by plasmin, tissue kallikrein or factor Xa.
Belongs to the myelin P0 protein family.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
In the nucleus, phosphorylated by PKC/PRKCD.
Monomer. Homodimer. Interacts with FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Affinity between fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors is increased by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans that function as coreceptors. Found in a complex with FGFBP1, FGF1 and FGF2. Interacts with FGFBP1. Part of a Cu(2+)-dependent multiprotein aggregate containing FGF1, S100A13 and SYT1. Interacts with SYT1. Interacts with S100A13 (By similarity). Interacts with LRRC59 (By similarity). Interacts with CSNKA, CSNKB and FIBP (By similarity). While binding with LRRC59, CSNKA and FIBP seem mutually exclusive, CSNKB and FIBP may cooperatively interact with FGF1. Forms a ternary complex with FGFR1 and ITGAV:ITGB3 and induces the recruitment of PTPN11 to the complex (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival, cell division, angiogenesis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Functions as potent mitogen in vitro. Acts as a ligand for FGFR1 and integrins. Binds to FGFR1 in the presence of heparin leading to FGFR1 dimerization and activation via sequential autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues which act as docking sites for interacting proteins, leading to the activation of several signaling cascades. Binds to integrin ITGAV:ITGB3. Its binding to integrin, subsequent ternary complex formation with integrin and FGFR1, and the recruitment of PTPN11 to the complex are essential for FGF1 signaling. Induces the phosphorylation and activation of FGFR1, FRS2, MAPK3/ERK1, MAPK1/ERK2 and AKT1. Can induce angiogenesis.
Interacts with AURKA (By similarity). Interacts with importin-alpha; leading to inactivate TPX2 (By similarity). Interacts with HNRNPU; this interaction recruits HNRNPU to spindle microtubules (MTs) (By similarity). Interacts with BCL2L10 (By similarity).
Spindle assembly factor required for normal assembly of mitotic spindles. Required for normal assembly of microtubules during apoptosis. Required for chromatin and/or kinetochore dependent microtubule nucleation. Mediates AURKA localization to spindle microtubules. Activates AURKA by promoting its autophosphorylation at 'Thr-288' and protects this residue against dephosphorylation. TPX2 is inactivated upon binding to importin-alpha. At the onset of mitosis, GOLGA2 interacts with importin-alpha, liberating TPX2 from importin-alpha, allowing TPX2 to activates AURKA kinase and stimulates local microtubule nucleation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat.
Plays an important role in the degradation of dermatan and keratan sulfates.
Interacts with CD4. Interacts with ALDH16A1.
May play a role as a negative regulatory factor in CD4-dependent T-cell activation.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Pi family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Involved in the formation of glutathione conjugates of both prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) and prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). Participates in the formation of novel hepoxilin regioisomers. Regulates negatively CDK5 activity via p25/p35 translocation to prevent neurodegeneration.
Directly interacts with VCP. Interacts with UBQLN1. Forms a complex with VCP and UBQLN1.
Involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Acts as a platform to recruit both UBQLN1 and VCP to the ER during ERAD.
The UBX domain is required for interaction with VCP.
The intramembrane domain also contains the signal for ER targeting.
Inhibited by alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB). Inhibited by lithium, potassium, choline ions, N-methylglucamine. The pH dependence has an allosteric effect on the transport.
N-glycosylation plays an important role in the L-glutamine transport.
Symporter that cotransports short-chain neutral amino acids and sodium ions from the extraccellular to the intracellular side of the cell membrane. The transport is elctrogenic, pH dependent and driven by the Na(+) electrochemical gradient. Participates in the astroglia-derived glutamine transport into GABAergic interneurons for neurotransmitter GABA de novo synthesis (By similarity). May also contributes to amino acid transport in placental trophoblast (By similarity). Regulates synaptic plasticity (By similarity).
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth. Could also have a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding activity and could play a role in RNA and/or DNA metabolism. It may also have a role in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9. Interacts with PYURF; the interaction is direct, stabilizes COQ5 protein and associates PYURF with COQ enzyme complex (By similarity).
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Acts as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, able to unwind both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA duplexes. Possesses 5' single-stranded RNA overhang nuclease activity. Possesses ATPase activity on various RNA, but not DNA polynucleotides. May play a role in RNA clearance at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), thereby facilitating the template-guided repair of transcriptionally active regions of the genome. Together with RELA, acts as a coactivator to enhance NF-kappa-B-mediated transcriptional activation. Acts as a positive transcriptional regulator of cyclin CCND2 expression. Binds to the cyclin CCND2 promoter region. Associates with chromatin at the NF-kappa-B promoter region via association with RELA. Binds to poly(A) RNA. May be involved in 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs. Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex required to facilitate the enzymatic turnover of catalytic subunit RTCB: together with archease (ZBTB8OS), acts by facilitating the guanylylation of RTCB, a key intermediate step in tRNA ligation. Component of a multi-helicase-TICAM1 complex that acts as a cytoplasmic sensor of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and plays a role in the activation of a cascade of antiviral responses including the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the adapter molecule TICAM1. Specifically binds (via helicase ATP-binding domain) on both short and long poly(I:C) dsRNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX1 subfamily.
Found in a multi-helicase-TICAM1 complex at least composed of DHX36, DDX1, DDX21 and TICAM1; this complex exists in resting cells with or without poly(I:C) RNA ligand stimulation (By similarity). Interacts with DHX36 (By similarity). Interacts (via B30.2/SPRY domain) with DDX21 (via N-terminus); this interaction serves as bridges to TICAM1 (By similarity). Interacts with FAM98A (via N- and C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with PHF5A (via C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with MBNL1 (By similarity). Interacts with CSTF2 (By similarity). Interacts with HNRNPK (By similarity). Interacts with ATM (By similarity). Interacts with RELA (via C-terminus) (By similarity). Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with PQBP1 (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by ATM kinase; phosphorylation is increased in response to ionizing radiation (IR).
The helicase domain is involved in the stimulation of RELA transcriptional activity.
Glycosyltransferase that catalyze the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to the GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-3 arm of the core structure of N-linked glycans through a beta1-4 linkage and participates in the production of tri- and tetra-antennary N-linked sugar chains (By similarity). Involved in glucose transport by mediating SLC2A2/GLUT2 glycosylation, thereby controlling cell-surface expression of SLC2A2 in pancreatic beta cells (By similarity).
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Interacts with RAB18 (in GTP-bound form) (By similarity). Interacts with BSCL2 in a RAB18-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with ZW10 (By similarity).
Plays a role in the formation of lipid droplets (LDs) which are storage organelles at the center of lipid and energy homeostasis (By similarity). Regulates the morphology, size and distribution of LDs (By similarity). Mediates the formation of endoplasmic reticulum-lipid droplets (ER-LD) contact sites by forming a complex with RAB18 and ZW10 (By similarity). Binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) through FYVE-type zinc finger (By similarity).
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit or an alpha and a gamma subunit.
Membrane-cytoskeleton-associated protein that promotes the assembly of the spectrin-actin network. Binds to calmodulin (By similarity).
Interacts with PRMT5. Interacts with FBXO10. Interacts with FBXO11.
Transcription factor that mediates a transcriptional program in various innate and adaptive immune tissue-resident lymphocyte T cell types such as tissue-resident memory T (Trm), natural killer (trNK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells and negatively regulates gene expression of proteins that promote the egress of tissue-resident T-cell populations from non-lymphoid organs. Plays a role in the development, retention and long-term establishment of adaptive and innate tissue-resident lymphocyte T cell types in non-lymphoid organs, such as the skin and gut, but also in other nonbarrier tissues like liver and kidney, and therefore may provide immediate immunological protection against reactivating infections or viral reinfection. Binds specifically to the PRDI element in the promoter of the beta-interferon gene. Drives the maturation of B-lymphocytes into Ig secreting cells. Associates with the transcriptional repressor ZNF683 to chromatin at gene promoter regions.
ATPase activity is stimulated by microtubules, which promote homooligomerization. ATP-dependent microtubule severing is stimulated by interaction with KATNB1.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. A-like 1 sub-subfamily.
Can homooligomerize into hexameric rings, which may be promoted by interaction with microtubules. Interacts with KATNB1, which may serve as a targeting subunit. Interacts with ASPM; the katanin complex formation KATNA1:KATNB1 is required for the association of ASPM. Interacts with dynein and NDEL1. Associates with the E3 ligase complex containing DYRK2, EDD/UBR5, DDB1 and DCAF1 proteins (EDVP complex). Interacts with KLHL42 (via the kelch domains). Interacts with CUL3; the interaction is enhanced by KLHL42. Interacts with KATNB1 and KATNBL1. Interacts with CAMSAP2 and CAMSAP3; leading to regulate the length of CAMSAP-decorated microtubule stretches.
Catalytic subunit of a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation. Microtubule release from the mitotic spindle poles may allow depolymerization of the microtubule end proximal to the spindle pole, leading to poleward microtubule flux and poleward motion of chromosome. Microtubule release within the cell body of neurons may be required for their transport into neuronal processes by microtubule-dependent motor proteins. This transport is required for axonal growth.
Phosphorylation by DYRK2 triggers ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
Regulates microtubule dynamics in Sertoli cells, a process that is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. Severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner, promoting rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
The N-terminus is sufficient for interaction with microtubules, although high affinity binding to microtubules also requires an intact C-terminal domain and ATP, which promotes oligomerization.
Ubiquitinated by the BCR(KLHL42) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Ubiquitinated by the EDVP E3 ligase complex and subsequently targeted for proteasomal degradation.
Interacts with PRKCI. Interacts with TRIP11 (By similarity). Interacts (in GTP-bound form) with GARIN1B (By similarity).
Regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which increase the GTP hydrolysis activity, and GDP dissociation inhibitors which inhibit the dissociation of the nucleotide from the GTPase.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In their active state, drive transport of vesicular carriers from donor organelles to acceptor organelles to regulate the membrane traffic that maintains organelle identity and morphology. Required for protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. Regulates the compacted morphology of the Golgi.
Cytosolic aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADH and NADPH-dependent reduction of ketosteroids to hydroxysteroids. Most probably acts as a reductase in vivo since the oxidase activity measured in vitro is inhibited by physiological concentrations of NADPH. Displays a broad positional specificity acting on positions 3, 17 and 20 of steroids and regulates the metabolism of hormones like estrogens and androgens. May also reduce conjugated steroids such as 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfate. Displays affinity for bile acids.
Interacts with alpha-tubulin. Interacts with SIRT2.
May play a role in microtubule deacetylation by negatively regulating the SIRT2 deacetylase activity toward alpha-tubulin and thereby participate in the control of cell cycle progression and genomic stability (By similarity). In absence of reductive stress, acts as a pseudosubstrate for the CRL2(FEM1B) complex: associates with FEM1B via zinc, thereby preventing association between FEM1B and its substrates (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase subfamily.
Cleaves phosphorylated sphingoid bases (PSBs), such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, into fatty aldehydes and phosphoethanolamine. Elevates stress-induced ceramide production and apoptosis (By similarity). Required for global lipid homeostasis in liver and cholesterol homeostasis in fibroblasts. Involved in the regulation of pro-inflammatory response and neutrophil trafficking. Modulates neuronal autophagy via phosphoethanolamine production which regulates accumulation of aggregate-prone proteins such as APP (By similarity). Seems to play a role in establishing neuronal contact sites and axonal maintenance (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase subunit F6 family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements. Also involved in the restoration of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity to depleted F1-F0 complexes (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements. Also involved in the restoration of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity to depleted F1-F0 complexes.
Belongs to the TMEM97/sigma-2 receptor family.
Intracellular orphan receptor that binds numerous drugs and which is highly expressed in various proliferating cells. Corresponds to the sigma-2 receptor, which is thought to play important role in regulating cell survival, morphology and differentiation. May play a role as a regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. May function as sterol isomerase. May alter the activity of some cytochrome P450 proteins.
Positive regulator of amyloid protein aggregation and proteotoxicity (By similarity). Induces conformational changes in amyloid proteins, such as HTT, driving them into compact formations preceding the formation of aggregates (By similarity).
Interacts with RBCK1. Interacts with phosphorylated IRS4. Interacts with KIT (phosphorylated). Interacts with PIM3 (By similarity).
SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. May be a substrate recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Regulates KIT degradation by ubiquitination of the tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor (By similarity).
The SOCS box domain mediates the interaction with the Elongin BC complex, an adapter module in different E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Catalyzes the conversion of GlcNAc-6-P into GlcNAc-1-P during the synthesis of uridine diphosphate/UDP-GlcNAc, a sugar nucleotide critical to multiple glycosylation pathways including protein N- and O-glycosylation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
Component of the pre-catalytic and catalytic spliceosome complexes. Component of the postcatalytic spliceosome P complex. Component of the PRP19-CDC5L splicing complex composed of a core complex comprising a homotetramer of PRPF19, CDC5L, PLRG1 and BCAS2, and at least three less stably associated proteins CTNNBL1, CWC15 and HSPA8. Interacts directly in the complex with PRPF19, CDC5L and PLRG1.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the activated spliceosome. Component of the PRP19-CDC5L complex that forms an integral part of the spliceosome and is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing. May have a scaffolding role in the spliceosome assembly as it contacts all other components of the core complex. The PRP19-CDC5L complex may also play a role in the response to DNA damage (DDR).
Deubiquitinated on 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains by USP38; leading to a decreased level of histone acetylation.
Histone deacetylase that catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4), and some other non-histone substrates. Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Participates in the BCL6 transcriptional repressor activity by deacetylating the H3 'Lys-27' (H3K27) on enhancer elements, antagonizing EP300 acetyltransferase activity and repressing proximal gene expression (By similarity). Acts as a molecular chaperone for shuttling phosphorylated NR2C1 to PML bodies for sumoylation (By similarity). Contributes, together with XBP1 isoform 1, to the activation of NFE2L2-mediated HMOX1 transcription factor gene expression in a PI(3)K/mTORC2/Akt-dependent signaling pathway leading to endothelial cell (EC) survival under disturbed flow/oxidative stress (By similarity). Regulates both the transcriptional activation and repression phases of the circadian clock in a deacetylase activity-independent manner. During the activation phase, promotes the accumulation of ubiquitinated BMAL1 at the E-boxes and during the repression phase, blocks FBXL3-mediated CRY1/2 ubiquitination and promotes the interaction of CRY1 and BMAL1. The NCOR1-HDAC3 complex regulates the circadian expression of the core clock gene BMAL1 and the genes involved in lipid metabolism in the liver (By similarity). Also functions as deacetylase for non-histone targets, such as KAT5, MEF2D, MAPK14 and RARA. Serves as a corepressor of RARA, mediating its deacetylation and repression, leading to inhibition of RARE DNA element binding. In association with RARA, plays a role in the repression of microRNA-10a and thereby in the inflammatory response. In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also acts as protein-lysine deacylase by recognizing other acyl groups: catalyzes removal of (2E)-butenoyl (crotonyl) and 2-hydroxyisobutanoyl (2-hydroxyisobutyryl) acyl groups from lysine residues, leading to protein decrotonylation and de-2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, respectively (By similarity). Catalyzes decrotonylation of MAPRE1/EB1 (By similarity).
Interacts with HDAC7 and HDAC9. Interacts with HDAC10, DAXX and DACH1. Found in a complex with NCOR1 and NCOR2. Component of the N-Cor repressor complex, at least composed of NCOR1, NCOR2, HDAC3, TBL1X, TBL1R, CORO2A and GPS2. Interacts with BCOR, MJD2A/JHDM3A, NRIP1, PRDM6 and SRY. Interacts with BTBD14B. Interacts with GLIS2. Interacts (via the DNA-binding domain) with NR2C1; the interaction recruits phosphorylated NR2C1 to PML bodies for sumoylation. Component of the Notch corepressor complex. Interacts with CBFA2T3 and NKAP. Interacts with APEX1; the interaction is not dependent on the acetylated status of APEX1. Interacts with and deacetylates MAPK14. Interacts with ZMYND15. Interacts with SMRT/NCOR2 and BCL6 on DNA enhancer elements. Interacts with INSM1. Interacts with XBP1; the interaction occurs in endothelial cell (EC) under disturbed flow. Interacts (via C-terminus) with CCAR2 (via N-terminus). Interacts with and deacetylates MEF2D. Interacts with BEND3. Interacts with NKAPL. Interacts with DHX36; this interaction occurs in a RNA-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts weakly with CRY1; this interaction is enhanced in the presence of FBXL3 (By similarity). Interacts with FBXL3 and BMAL1 (By similarity). Interacts with NCOR1 (By similarity). Interacts with RARA (By similarity). Interacts with SETD5 (By similarity).
Binds to nucleoporins. Found in a complex with XPO7, EIF4A1, ARHGAP1, VPS26A, VPS29, VPS35 and SFN. Interacts with ARHGAP1 and SFN. Interacts with Ran and cargo proteins in a GTP-dependent manner (By similarity).
Mediates the nuclear export of proteins (cargos) with broad substrate specificity. In the nucleus binds cooperatively to its cargo and to the GTPase Ran in its active GTP-bound form. Docking of this trimeric complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated through binding to nucleoporins. Upon transit of a nuclear export complex into the cytoplasm, disassembling of the complex and hydrolysis of Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP (induced by RANBP1 and RANGAP1, respectively) cause release of the cargo from the export receptor. XPO7 then return to the nuclear compartment and mediate another round of transport. The directionality of nuclear export is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus (By similarity).
Forms part of a macromolecular complex that catalyzes the attachment of specific amino acids to cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis. Modulates the secretion of AIMP1 and may be involved in generation of the inflammatory cytokine EMAP2 from AIMP1.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with AIMP1 (via N-terminus); this stimulates its catalytic activity. Interacts (via N-terminus) with LARS2 (via C-terminus). Monomer. Part of a multisubunit complex that groups tRNA ligases for Arg (RARS1), Asp (DARS1), Gln (QARS1), Ile (IARS1), Leu (LARS1), Lys (KARS1), Met (MARS1) the bifunctional ligase for Glu and Pro (EPRS1) and the auxiliary subunits AIMP1/p43, AIMP2/p38 and EEF1E1/p18. Interacts with QARS1. Part of a complex composed of RARS1, QARS1 and AIMP1.
The alpha-helical N-terminus (residues 1-72) mediates interaction with AIMP1 and thereby contributes to the assembly of the multisynthetase complex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin family.
Consists mainly of a membrane-spanning beta-barrel formed by 19 beta-strands.
Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules (By similarity). Involved in male fertility and sperm mitochondrial sheath formation (By similarity).
Interacts with ARMC12 in a TBC1D21-dependent manner. Interacts with MISFA.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Does not bind ADP or other nucleotides, in contrast to MIEF1.
Mitochondrial outer membrane protein which regulates mitochondrial organization (By similarity). It is required for mitochondrial fission and promotes the recruitment and association of the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (DNM1L) to the mitochondrial surface independently of the mitochondrial fission FIS1 and MFF proteins (By similarity). Regulates DNM1L GTPase activity (By similarity).
Interacts with TRPM8 (via N-terminus and C-terminus domains); the interaction inhibits TRPM8 channel activity. Interacts with TRPV6.
Positively regulates the plasma membrane cation channel TRPM8 activity. Involved in the recruitment of TRPM8 to the cell surface. Promotes prostate cancer cell migration inhibition in a TRPM8-dependent manner.
The C-terminal region is necessary for the channel activity stimulation.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit; can use either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triphosphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Template-independent DNA polymerase which catalyzes the random addition of deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate to the 3'-end of a DNA initiator.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with LYPD3 and DAG1 (alphaDAG1). Interacts with MUC2; disulfide-linked.
Required for MUC2 post-transcriptional synthesis and secretion. May play a role in the production of mucus by intestinal cells. Proto-oncogene that may play a role in cell migration, cell differentiation and cell growth (By similarity). Promotes cell adhesion (By similarity).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. FSH/LSH/TSH subfamily.
G protein-coupled receptor for follitropin, the follicle-stimulating hormone. Through cAMP production activates the downstream PI3K-AKT and ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathways.
Catalyzes the removal of a penultimate prolyl residue from the N-termini of peptides, such as Leu-Pro-Ala. Also shows low activity towards peptides with Ala or Ser at the P1 position. Promotes TNFRSF1B-mediated phosphorylation of MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK9/JNK2, suggesting a function as an adapter protein for TNFRSF1B; the effect is independent of XPNPEP3 peptidase activity. May inhibit apoptotic cell death induced via TNF-TNFRSF1B signaling.
Homodimer. Interacts with TNFRSF1B/TNFR2 (activated) and TRAF2.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family. KappaB-Ras subfamily.
C-terminus is a mobile self-inhibitory loop which interferes directly with active site.
Catalyzes the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent condensation of succinyl-CoA and glycine to form aminolevulinic acid (ALA), with CoA and CO2 as by-products (By similarity). Contributes significantly to heme formation during erythropoiesis (By similarity).
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits. Binds to the C-terminal part of VHL (By similarity).
Hydrolase that metabolizes extracellular nucleotides, including ATP, GTP, UTP and CTP (By similarity). Limits mast cell and basophil responses during inflammation and during the chronic phases of allergic responses by eliminating the extracellular ATP that functions as signaling molecule and activates basophils and mast cells and induces the release of inflammatory cytokines. Metabolizes extracellular ATP in the lumen of the small intestine, and thereby prevents ATP-induced apoptosis of intestinal plasmacytoid dendritic cells (By similarity). Has also alkaline phosphodiesterase activity (By similarity).
N-glycosylated. N-glycosylation is necessary for normal transport to the cell membrane, but is not the apical targeting signal.
Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (By similarity).
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites; potential sites II and VI have lost affinity for calcium.
Activity is regulated by phosphorylation at Ser-49 and Ser-52, which stabilizes the eIF2/GDP/eIF-2B complex and prevents the eIF-2B-mediated exchange of GDP for GTP, thereby preventing the formation of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). This results in the global attenuation of 5' cap-dependent protein synthesis and concomitant translation of ISR-specific mRNAs that contain a short upstream open reading frame (uORF) in their 5' UTR, such as ATF4, ATF5, DDIT3/CHOP and PPP1R15A/GADD34.
Member of the eIF2 complex that functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form a 43S pre-initiation complex. Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF2 and release of an eIF2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B. EIF2S1/eIF2-alpha is a key component of the integrated stress response (ISR), required for adaptation to various stress: phosphorylation by metabolic-stress sensing protein kinases (EIF2AK1/HRI, EIF2AK2/PKR, EIF2AK3/PERK and EIF2AK4/GCN2) in response to stress converts EIF2S1/eIF2-alpha in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, leading to a attenuation of cap-dependent translation, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of ISR-specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activators ATF4 and QRICH1, and hence allowing ATF4- and QRICH1-mediated reprogramming.
Phosphorylation at Ser-49 and Ser-52 stabilizes the eIF-2/GDP/eIF-2B complex and prevents GDP/GTP exchange reaction, thus impairing the recycling of eIF-2 between successive rounds of initiation and leading to global inhibition of translation, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of integrated stress response (ISR)-specific mRNAs (By similarity). Substrate for at least 4 kinases: EIF2AK1/HRI, EIF2AK2/PKR, EIF2AK3/PERK and EIF2AK4/GCN2. Phosphorylated; phosphorylation on Ser-52 by the EIF2AK4/GCN2 protein kinase occurs in response to amino acid starvation and UV irradiation (By similarity).
This gene should not be confused with EIF2A, with which it shares the alias EIF2A. Although both of these proteins function in binding initiator tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit, the eIF2 complex requires GTP, whereas the EIF2A protein does so in a codon-dependent manner.
eIF2 is an heterotrimer composed of an alpha (EIF2S1), a beta (EIF2S2) and a gamma (EIF2S3) chain (By similarity). eIF2 is member of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). eIF2 forms a complex with at least CELF1/CUGBP1, CALR, CALR3, EIF2S1, EIF2S2, HSP90B1 and HSPA5 (By similarity). Interaction with METAP2 protects EIF2S1 from inhibitory phosphorylation (By similarity). Interacts with ABCF1 (By similarity). Associates with ribosomes (By similarity). Interacts with DDX3X in an RNA-independent manner (By similarity).
Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family.
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Phosphorylated on Tyr residues after EGF stimulation.
Required for normal vault structure. Vaults are multi-subunit structures that may act as scaffolds for proteins involved in signal transduction. Vaults may also play a role in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. Down-regulates IFNG-mediated STAT1 signaling and subsequent activation of JAK. Down-regulates SRC activity and signaling through MAP kinases (By similarity).
The vault ribonucleoprotein particle is a huge (400 A x 670 A) cage structure of 12.9 MDa. It consists of a dimer of half-vaults, with each half-vault comprising 39 identical major vault protein (MVP) chains, PARP4 and one or more vault RNAs (vRNAs). Interacts with TEP1. Interacts with PTEN and activated MAPK1. The phosphorylated protein interacts with the SH2 domains of PTPN11 and SRC. Interacts with APEX1. May interact with ZNF540 (By similarity).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily. CHRM1 sub-subfamily.
Interacts with GPRASP2 (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM147 (By similarity).
Involved in the maturation of mitochondrial 4Fe-4S proteins functioning late in the iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway. May be involved in the binding of an intermediate of Fe/S cluster assembly.
Does not have alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Binds NADP and acts through a one-electron transfer process. Orthoquinones, such as 1,2-naphthoquinone or 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, are the best substrates (in vitro). May act in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Interacts with (AU)-rich elements (ARE) in the 3'-UTR of target mRNA species and enhances their stability. NADPH binding interferes with mRNA binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP] family.
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins.
Cytosolic aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the NADH and NADPH-dependent reduction of ketosteroids to hydroxysteroids. Acts as a NAD(P)(H)-dependent 3-, 17- and 20-ketosteroid reductase on the steroid nucleus and side chain and regulates the metabolism of androgens, estrogens and progesterone. Displays the ability to catalyze both oxidation and reduction in vitro, but most probably acts as a reductase in vivo since the oxidase activity measured in vitro is inhibited by physiological concentration of NADPH. Acts preferentially as a 17-ketosteroid reductase and has the highest catalytic efficiency of the AKR1C enzyme for the reduction of delta4-androstenedione to form testosterone. Reduces prostaglandin (PG) D2 to 11beta-prostaglandin F2, progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and estrone to 17beta-estradiol. Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also displays retinaldehyde reductase activity toward 9-cis-retinal.
Interacts with SYT1/synaptotagmin-1 in a calcium-dependent manner. Binds the adapter protein complex AP-2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylation by CK1 of the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain regulates interaction with SYT1.
Plays a role in the control of regulated secretion in neural and endocrine cells, enhancing selectively low-frequency neurotransmission. Positively regulates vesicle fusion by maintaining the readily releasable pool of secretory vesicles (By similarity).
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling.
Contains one Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motif that mediates interaction with nuclear receptors.
F-actin cross-linking protein which is thought to anchor actin to a variety of intracellular structures. This is a bundling protein. Probably involved in vesicular trafficking via its association with the CART complex. The CART complex is necessary for efficient transferrin receptor recycling but not for EGFR degradation. Involved in tight junction assembly in epithelial cells probably through interaction with MICALL2. Links MICALL2 to the actin cytoskeleton and recruits it to the tight junctions. May also function as a transcriptional coactivator, stimulating transcription mediated by the nuclear hormone receptors PPARG and RARA.
Homodimer; antiparallel. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs (By similarity). Component of the CART complex, at least composed of ACTN4, HGS/HRS, MYO5B and TRIM3 (By similarity). Binds TRIM3 at the N-terminus (By similarity). Interacts with MAGI1 (By similarity). Interacts with PDLIM2 (By similarity). Identified in a complex with CASK, IQGAP1, MAGI2, NPHS1, SPTAN1 and SPTBN1 (By similarity). Interacts with MICALL2 (preferentially in opened conformation); stimulated by RAB13 activation. Interacts with PPARG and RARA (By similarity). Binds to VCL; this interaction triggers VCL conformational changes (By similarity). Interacts with SEPTIN14 (By similarity).
Can form homodimers; homodimerization requires repeat LRR 2. Interacts with YWHAB, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAH, SFN, YWHAQ and YWHAZ.
It is involved in synaptogenesis and promotes excitatory synapse differentiation. Enhances neuronal dendrite outgrowth.
Undergoes proteolytic cleavage that results in shedding of the ectodomain and cleavage of the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Glycosylated. Phosphorylation at Ser-695 is necessary for proper function in promoting neurite outgrowth.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Contains chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate O-linked oligosaccharides.
May participate in diverse steps of neurogenesis. Inhibits the processing of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) by MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP. May interfere with tumor invasion (By similarity).
Subunit of non-clathrin- and clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-3 appears to be involved in the sorting of a subset of transmembrane proteins targeted to lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates selective mitochondrial autophagy by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of BNIP1. Acts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, which targets misfolded proteins that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation. Protects cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Responsible for the cotranslational ubiquitination and degradation of CFTR in the ERAD pathway. Also acts as a regulator of the innate antiviral response by catalyzing 'Lys-27'-linked polyubiquitination of CGAS, thereby promoting CGAS cyclic GMP-AMP synthase activity. Preferentially associates with the E2 enzymes UBE2J1 and UBE2J2.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is responsible for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Its association with piP-bodies suggests a participation in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process. Required for the localization of germ-cell factors to the meiotic nuage.
Cargo receptor involved in protein vesicular trafficking and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. The p24 protein family is a group of transmembrane proteins that bind coat protein complex I/COPI and coat protein complex II/COPII involved in vesicular trafficking between the membranes. Acts at the lumenal side for incorporation of secretory cargo molecules into transport vesicles and involved in vesicle coat formation at the cytoplasmic side. Mainly functions in the early secretory pathway and cycles between the ER, ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi, mediating cargo transport through COPI and COPII-coated vesicles. In COPII vesicle-mediated anterograde transport, involved in the transport of GPI-anchored proteins by acting together with TMED2 as their cargo receptor; the function specifically implies SEC24C and SEC24D of the COPII vesicle coat and lipid raft-like microdomains of the ER (By similarity). Recognizes GPI anchors structural remodeled in the ER by the GPI inositol-deacylase/PGAP1 and the metallophosphoesterase MPPE1/PGAP5 (By similarity). In COPI vesicle-mediated retrograde transport, involved in the biogenesis of COPI vesicles and vesicle coat recruitment. Involved in trafficking of amyloid beta A4 protein and soluble APP-beta release (independent from the modulation of gamma-secretase activity) (By similarity). Involved in the KDELR2-mediated retrograde transport of the toxin A subunit (CTX-A-K63)together with COPI and the COOH terminus of KDELR2 (By similarity). On Golgi membranes, acts as primary receptor for ARF1-GDP, a GTP-binding protein involved in COPI-vesicle formation. Increases coatomer-dependent GTPase-activating activity of ARFGAP2 which mediates the hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP and therefore modulates protein trafficking from the Golgi apparatus. Involved in the exocytic trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors F2LR1/PAR2 (trypsin and tryspin-like enzyme receptor), OPRM1 (opioid receptor) and P2RY4 (UTD and UDP receptor) from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, thus contributing to receptor resensitization. In addition to its cargo receptor activity, may also act as a protein channel after oligomerization, facilitating the post-translational entry of leaderless cytoplasmic cargo into the ERGIC. Involved in the translocation into ERGIC, the vesicle entry and the secretion of leaderless cargos (lacking the secretion signal sequence), including the mature form of interleukin 1/IL-1 family members, the alpha-crystallin B chain HSPB5, the carbohydrate-binding proteins galectin-1/LGALS1 and galectin-3/LGALS3, the microtubule-associated protein Tau/MAPT, and the annexin A1/ANXA1; the translocation process is dependent on cargo protein unfolding and enhanced by chaperones HSP90AB1 and HSP90B1/GRP9. Could also associates with the presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase complex in order to regulate gamma-cleavages of the amyloid beta A4 protein to yield amyloid-beta 40/Abeta40 (By similarity).
Ectopic expression of TMED10 alone does not result in its proper cis-Golgi network localization. Interaction of TMED10 with TMED2 is both necessary and sufficient for transport of the couple to the cis-Golgi network, and TMED3 and/or TMED9 contribute to facilitating the process.
Predominantly dimeric and to a lesser extent monomeric in the ER. Monomer and dimer in ERGIC and cis-Golgi network. Forms homooligomer (via GOLD domain); the assembly is promoted by direct binding with leaderless cargos and may form a protein channel that facilitates cargo entry into the ERGIC. Forms heterooligomeric complexes with other members of the p24 family such as TMED2, TMED7 and TMED9. Interacts (via GOLD domain) with TMED2 (via GOLD domain); the complex is required for export of TMED10 from the ER to the cis-Golgi network; the complex is proposed to be involved in cis-Golgi network dynamics and / or biogenesis. Associates with the COPI vesicle coat subunits (coatomer) (By similarity). Tetramerization of the cytoplasmic domain at the Golgi membrane in vitro; the complex is proposed to interact with COPI coatomer and induce budding of the vesicles (By similarity). Interacts with COPG1; the interaction involves TMED10 homodimer. Interacts with ARF1 (GDP-bound); the interaction probably involves a TMED10 oligomer. Interacts with SEC23A, SEC24B, SEC24C and SEC24D components of the coat protein complex II/COPII, indicative of an association of TMED10 with the COPII vesicle coat. Interacts with CD59. Interacts with MPPE1/PGAP5; the complex might recruit and sort GPI-anchored proteins to the ER-exit site, or the interaction might lead to recycling of PGAP5 between the ER and the Golgi. Interacts with F2LR1/PAR2 (By similarity). Interacts with KDELR2/ERD2; the interaction is disrupted by KDELR2 ligand (By similarity). Found in a complex composed at least of SURF4, TMED2 and TMED10. Associates with the presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase complex. Interacts with STX17; the interaction is direct. Interacts with IL-1; the interaction is direct. Interacts with RAB21 (active GTP-bound form); the interaction is indirect and regulates TMED10 abundance and localization at the Golgi (By similarity).
The GOLD domain is required for proper p24 heterooligomeric complex formation and efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins.
The lumenal domain mediates localization to the plasma membrane by partially overriding the ER retention by the cytoplasmic domain.
Homotetramer. Interacts with PTEN upstream reading frame protein MP31.
Interconverts simultaneously and stereospecifically pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD(+).
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Substrate-recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Palmitoyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of palmitate onto various protein substrates (By similarity). Palmitoylates sex steroid hormone receptors, including ESR1, PGR and AR, thereby regulating their targeting to the plasma membrane. This affects rapid intracellular signaling by sex hormones via ERK and AKT kinases and the generation of cAMP, but does not affect that mediated by their nuclear receptor (By similarity). Palmitoylates FYN, regulates its localization in hair follicles and plays a key role in epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation. Through the palmitoylation of PLCB1 and the regulation of PLCB1 downstream signaling may indirectly regulate the function of the endothelial barrier and the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium. Has also a palmitoyltransferase activity toward ADRA1D, positively regulating its activity and expression and may thereby play a role in vascular contraction. May also palmitoylate eNOS and LCK (By similarity).
Cleavage of precursor form by SENP1 or SENP2 is necessary for function.
Covalently attached to KCNB1; UBE2I increases cross-linking with KCNB1 and PIAS1 decreases cross-links with KCNB1 (By similarity). Interacts with SAE2, RANBP2, PIAS1 and PIAS2 (By similarity). Interacts with PRKN (By similarity). Covalently attached to a number of proteins such as IKFZ1, PML, RANGAP1, HIPK2, SP100, p53, p73-alpha, MDM2, JUN, DNMT3B and TDG (By similarity). Also interacts with HIF1A, HIPK2, HIPK3, CHD3, EXOSC9, RAD51 and RAD52 (By similarity). Interacts with USP25 (via ts SIM domain); the interaction weakly sumoylates USP25 (By similarity). Interacts with SIMC1, CASP8AP2, RNF111 and SOBP (via SIM domains) (By similarity). Interacts with BHLHE40/DEC1 (By similarity). Interacts with RWDD3 (By similarity). Interacts with UBE2I/UBC9 and this interaction is enhanced in the presence of RWDD3 (By similarity). Interacts with MTA1 (By similarity). Interacts with SENP2 (By similarity). Interacts with HINT1 (By similarity).
Polymeric SUMO1 chains undergo polyubiquitination by RNF4.
Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer. Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by E3 ligases such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Involved for instance in targeting RANGAP1 to the nuclear pore complex protein RANBP2. Covalently attached to the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNB1; this modulates the gating characteristics of KCNB1. Polymeric SUMO1 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins. May also regulate a network of genes involved in palate development. Covalently attached to ZFHX3.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.
Critical regulator of endosomal recycling of numerous surface proteins, including integrins, signaling receptor and channels. Binds to NPxY sequences in the cytoplasmic tails of target cargos. Associates with retriever and CCC complexes to prevent lysosomal degradation and promote cell surface recycling of numerous cargos such as integrins ITGB1, ITGB5 and their associated alpha subunits. Also required for maintenance of normal cell surface levels of APP and LRP1. Interacts with membranes containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3P)).
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with APP (via cytoplasmic YXNPXY motif). Interacts with KIF1B (By similarity). Interacts with the C-termini of P-selectin, PTC, LDLR, VLDLR, LRP1 and LRP8. Interacts with KRIT1 (via N-terminus). Interacts with HRAS. Interacts with ITGB1 and ITGB5 (via NPxY motif). Interacts with CCDC22, CCDC93, VPS26C and VPS35L; the interaction with VPS26C is direct and associates SNX17 with the retriever and CCC complexes (By similarity).
The PTB-like F3 module within the FERM-like domain mediates cargo recognition via their NPxY sequences, while the F1 module (Ras-associating) is responsible for interaction with membrane-bound HRAS.
The PX domain mediates specific binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(P3)). Required for association with endosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum palmitoyl acyltransferase that mediates palmitoylation of proteins such as AMFR, CALX, ITPR1 and TFRC (By similarity). Palmitoylates calnexin (CALX), which is required for its association with the ribosome-translocon complex and efficient folding of glycosylated proteins (By similarity). Mediates palmitoylation of AMFR, promoting AMFR distribution to the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Together with SELENOK, palmitoylates ITPR1 in immune cells, leading to regulate ITPR1 stability and function (By similarity). Stearoyltransferase that mediates stearoylation of TFRC to inhibit TFRC-mediated activation of the JNK pathway and mitochondrial fragmentation (By similarity).
Homooligomerizes. Interacts with SELENOK.
Palmitoylated at 3 different sites by ZDHHC16. The combination of the different palmitoylation events strongly affects the quaternary assembly of ZDHHC6, its localization, stability and function. Palmitoylation at Cys-328 accelerates the turnover of ZDHHC6. Depalmitoylated by LYPLA2.
The C-terminal di-lysine motif confers endoplasmic reticulum localization.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family.
Dynorphin peptides differentially regulate the kappa opioid receptor. Dynorphin A(1-13) has a typical opioid activity, it is 700 times more potent than Leu-enkephalin.
Leu-enkephalins compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress.
Leumorphin has a typical opioid activity and may have anti-apoptotic effect.
Endothelial sialomucin, also called endomucin or mucin-like sialoglycoprotein, which interferes with the assembly of focal adhesion complexes and inhibits interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix.
Highly O-glycosylated. Sialic acid-rich glycoprotein (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA (By similarity). The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) transfer of adenylate to an RNA-N3'P to produce RNA-N3'PP5'A; (C) and attack of the adjacent 2'-hydroxyl on the 3'-phosphorus in the diester linkage to produce the cyclic end product (By similarity). Likely functions in some aspects of cellular RNA processing (By similarity). Function plays an important role in regulating axon regeneration by inhibiting central nervous system (CNS) axon regeneration following optic nerve injury (By similarity).
Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. AQP11/AQP12 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Contains two C-X9-C motifs that are predicted to form a helix-coil-helix structure, permitting the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds.
Component of the eIF2 complex that functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This complex binds to a 40S ribosomal subunit, followed by mRNA binding to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). Junction of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex is preceded by hydrolysis of the GTP bound to eIF2 and release of an eIF2-GDP binary complex. In order for eIF2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF2 must exchange with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by eIF-2B.
eIF2 is an heterotrimer composed of an alpha (EIF2S1), a beta (EIF2S2) and a gamma (EIF2S3) chain (By similarity). eIF2 is member of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). eIF2 forms a complex with at least CELF1/CUGBP1, CALR, CALR3, EIF2S1, EIF2S2, HSP90B1 and HSPA5 (By similarity). Interacts with BZW2/5MP1 (By similarity). Interacts with EIF5 (By similarity).
Belongs to the LAPTM4/LAPTM5 transporter family.
May have a special functional role during embryogenesis and in adult hematopoietic cells.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BUP family.
Catalyzes a late step in pyrimidine degradation. Converts N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine (3-ureidopropanoate) into beta-alanine, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Likewise, converts N-carbamoyl-beta-aminoisobutyrate (3-ureidoisobutyrate) into beta-aminoisobutyrate, ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Homodimer, homotetramer, homooctamer; can also form higher homooligomers.
Arg-435 is dimethylated, probably to asymmetric dimethylarginine.
Can mediate both protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions via the NTF2 domain and RNA-binding domain RRM; protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions are essential for undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).
Homodimer and oligomer. Component of a TAU mRNP complex, at least composed of IGF2BP1, ELAVL4 and G3BP1. Binds to the SH3 domain of Ras GTPase-activating protein (RASA1) in proliferating cells. No interaction in quiescent cells. Interacts (via NTF2 domain) with USP10; inhibiting stress granule formation by lowering G3BP1 valence. Interacts (via NTF2 domain) with CAPRIN1; promoting stress granule formation by lowering the saturation-concentration of G3BP1. Interacts (via NTF2 domain) with UBAP2L; promoting stress granule formation. Associates (via RG-rich region) with 40S ribosome subunits. Interacts with RPTOR and SPAG5; this complex is increased by oxidative stress. Interacts with ATXN2L. Interacts with STYXL1. Interacts with CGAS (via N-terminus); this interaction promotes the DNA-binding and activation of CGAS. Interacts (via C-terminus) with RIGI. Interacts with PABPC1. Interacts with QKI (isoforms QKI6 and QKI7); directing N(7)-methylguanine-containing mRNAs to stress granules.
Mg(2+) is required for helicase activity.
Phosphorylation of the acidic disordered region regulates stress granule assembly. RASA1-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-149 induces a conformational change that prevents self-association. Dephosphorylation after HRAS activation is required for stress granule assembly. Ser-149 phosphorylation induces partial nuclear localization.
Protein involved in various processes, such as stress granule formation and innate immunity. Plays an essential role in stress granule formation. Stress granules are membraneless compartments that store mRNAs and proteins, such as stalled translation pre-initiation complexes, in response to stress. Promotes formation of stress granules phase-separated membraneless compartment by undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) upon unfolded RNA-binding: functions as a molecular switch that triggers RNA-dependent LLPS in response to a rise in intracellular free RNA concentrations. Also acts as an ATP- and magnesium-dependent helicase: unwinds DNA/DNA, RNA/DNA, and RNA/RNA substrates with comparable efficiency. Acts unidirectionally by moving in the 5' to 3' direction along the bound single-stranded DNA. Unwinds preferentially partial DNA and RNA duplexes having a 17 bp annealed portion and either a hanging 3' tail or hanging tails at both 5'- and 3'-ends. Plays an essential role in innate immunity by promoting CGAS and RIGI activity. Participates in the DNA-triggered cGAS/STING pathway by promoting the DNA binding and activation of CGAS. Triggers the condensation of cGAS, a process probably linked to the formation of membrane-less organelles.Enhances also RIGI-induced type I interferon production probably by helping RIGI at sensing pathogenic RNA. May also act as a phosphorylation-dependent sequence-specific endoribonuclease in vitro: Cleaves exclusively between cytosine and adenine and cleaves MYC mRNA preferentially at the 3'-UTR.
The NTF2 domain mediates interaction with CAPRIN1 and USP10 regulators, thereby regulating assembly of stress granules.
The acidic disordered region acts as a negative regulator of phase separation.
Ubiquitinated by TRIM21 via 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination in the NTF2 domain in response to heat shock, leading to stress granule disassembly: ubiquitination promotes interaction with the FAF2 adapter, followed by interaction with VCP, which extracts G3BP1 from stress granules, leading to stress granule disassembly. In case of prolonged stress, ubiquitination by TRIM21 leads to autophagy-dependent degradation of G3BP1 via recruitment of ubiquitinated G3BP1 by SQSTM1 and/or CALCOCO2 to autophagosomes.
Under physiological conditions, G3BP1 adopts a compact state that is stabilized by intramolecular interactions between the RG-rich and the acidic regions that inhibit phase separation. Upon stress, polysomes disassemble and mRNAs are released in an unfolded protein-free state. Binding of unfolded mRNA to G3BP1 outcompetes the intramolecular interactions and RNA-bound G3BP1 adopts an expanded conformation in which the RG-rich region becomes exposed to engage in protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions, allowing physical cross-linking of RNA molecules to form protein-RNA condensates, leading to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).
Mitochondrial solute transporter which transports branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine and isoleucine) into mitochondria in brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT is involved in BCAA catabolism and actively utilizes BCAA in the mitochondria for thermogenesis.
Receptor for the C-X-C chemokine CXCL16. Used as a coreceptor by SIVs and by strains of HIV-2 and m-tropic HIV-1.
Belongs to the threonine synthase family.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF-type complexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. The complex is also involved in phosphorylation of p53/TP53, c-jun/JUN, IkappaBalpha/NFKBIA, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN-dependent phosphorylation of TP53 and JUN promotes and protects degradation by the Ubl system, respectively (By similarity).
Component of the CSN complex, composed of COPS1/GPS1, COPS2, COPS3, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B), COPS8 and COPS9. In the complex, it probably interacts directly with COPS3, COPS4 and COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B).
Cholesterol-binding protein that acts as a regulator of mTORC1 signaling pathway. Acts as a sensor of cholesterol to signal cholesterol sufficiency to mTORC1: in presence of cholesterol, binds cholesterol, leading to disrupt interaction between the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes and promote mTORC1 signaling. Upon cholesterol starvation, GPR155/LYCHOS is unable to perturb the association between GATOR1 and KICSTOR, leading to mTORC1 signaling inhibition.
Interacts with the GATOR1 complex; preventing interaction between GATOR1 and KICSTOR; interaction is disrupted upon cholesterol starvation.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv1.2/KCNA2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
During the reaction, ATP is used to activate the C2 atom of U34 by adenylation. After this, the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to the C2 atom of the wobble base (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards the activated C2 atom on U34. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed between the two active site cysteine residues (By similarity).
Homooligomer. Oligomerizes into multimeric filamentous or ring-like structures by virtue of its stalk domain. Oligomerization is critical for GTPase activity, protein stability, and recognition of viral target structures (By similarity). Interacts with TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPC6 and TRPC7 (By similarity). Interacts with HSPA5 (By similarity). Interacts with TUBB/TUBB5 (By similarity). Interacts with DDX39A and DDX39B (By similarity).
Interferon-induced dynamin-like GTPase with antiviral activity.
The C-terminal GTPase effector domain (GED) is involved in oligomerization and viral target recognition.
The middle domain mediates self-assembly and oligomerization.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway of double-stranded DNA breaks arising during DNA replication or induced by DNA-damaging agents.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1.
Identified in the CTLH complex that contains GID4, RANBP9 and/or RANBP10, MKLN1, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, ARMC8, WDR26 and YPEL5. Within this complex, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, WDR26, and RANBP9 and/or RANBP10 form the catalytic core, while GID4, MKLN1, ARMC8 and YPEL5 have ancillary roles.
Interacts with claudin-11/CLDN11 and integrins.
Regulates the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocytes, a process essential for normal myelination and repair.
Component of some MLL1/MLL complex, at least composed of the core components KMT2A/MLL1, ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1, WDR5 and RBBP5, as well as the facultative components BAP18, CHD8, E2F6, HSP70, INO80C, KANSL1, LAS1L, MAX, MCRS1, MGA, KAT8/MOF, PELP1, PHF20, PRP31, RING2, RUVB1/TIP49A, RUVB2/TIP49B, SENP3, TAF1, TAF4, TAF6, TAF7, TAF9 and TEX10. Component of the 5FMC complex, at least composed of PELP1, LAS1L, TEX10, WDR18 and SENP3; the complex interacts with methylated CHTOP and ZNF148. Component of the PELP1 complex, composed of at least PELP1, TEX10 and WDR18. The complex interacts with pre-60S ribosome particles.
Functions as a component of the Five Friends of Methylated CHTOP (5FMC) complex; the 5FMC complex is recruited to ZNF148 by methylated CHTOP, leading to desumoylation of ZNF148 and subsequent transactivation of ZNF148 target genes. Component of the PELP1 complex involved in the nucleolar steps of 28S rRNA maturation and the subsequent nucleoplasmic transit of the pre-60S ribosomal subunit.
Catalyzes the oxidation of medium and long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. Active on a variety of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length. Responsible for conversion of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) degradation product hexadecenal to hexadecenoic acid.
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various alkaloids and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
Activity is controlled by protein kinases that target the regulatory region. Phosphorylation inactivates both ds DNA-binding and cofactor function, but does not affect binding to ssDNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
General coactivator that functions cooperatively with TAFs and mediates functional interactions between upstream activators and the general transcriptional machinery. May be involved in stabilizing the multiprotein transcription complex. Binds single-stranded DNA. Also binds, in vitro, non-specifically to double-stranded DNA (ds DNA) (By similarity).
General coactivator that functions cooperatively with TAFs and mediates functional interactions between upstream activators and the general transcriptional machinery. May be involved in stabilizing the multiprotein transcription complex. Binds single-stranded DNA. Also binds, in vitro, non-specifically to double-stranded DNA (ds DNA).
Homodimer. Interacts with CSTF2 (By similarity).
Probably involved in membrane protein trafficking.
Found in a complex with GRSF1, DDX28, DHX30 and FASTKD2. Associates with the 12S mitochondrial rRNA (12S mt-rRNA).
Plays an important role in the processing of non-canonical mitochondrial mRNA precursors.
Hematopoietic cytokine that plays an essential role in the development, expansion, and survival of naive and memory T-cells and B-cells thereby regulating the number of mature lymphocytes and maintaining lymphoid homeostasis.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. ERF3 subfamily.
Component of the eRF1-eRF3-GTP ternary complex, composed of ETF1/ERF1 and ERF3 (GSPT1/ERF3A or GSPT2/ERF3B) and GTP. Component of the transient SURF (SMG1-UPF1-eRF1-eRF3) complex. Interacts with UPF1 and PABPC1.
GTPase component of the eRF1-eRF3-GTP ternary complex, a ternary complex that mediates translation termination in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA. GSPT2/ERF3B mediates ETF1/ERF1 delivery to stop codons: The eRF1-eRF3-GTP complex binds to a stop codon in the ribosomal A-site. GTP hydrolysis by GSPT2/ERF3B induces a conformational change that leads to its dissociation, permitting ETF1/ERF1 to accommodate fully in the A-site. Component of the transient SURF complex which recruits UPF1 to stalled ribosomes in the context of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ2 subfamily.
As part of the KICSTOR complex functions in the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway. Recruits, in an amino acid-independent manner, the GATOR1 complex to the lysosomal membranes and allows its interaction with GATOR2 and the RAG GTPases. Functions upstream of the RAG GTPases and is required to negatively regulate mTORC1 signaling in absence of amino acids. In absence of the KICSTOR complex mTORC1 is constitutively localized to the lysosome and activated. The KICSTOR complex is also probably involved in the regulation of mTORC1 by glucose.
Part of the KICSTOR complex composed of KPTN, ITFG2, KICS2 and SZT2. SZT2 probably serves as a link between the other three proteins in the KICSTOR complex and may mediate the direct interaction with the GATOR complex via GATOR1. The KICSTOR complex interacts directly with the GATOR1 complex and most probably indirectly with the GATOR2 complex in an amino acid-independent manner.
Catalyzes the conversion of isovaleryl-CoA/3-methylbutanoyl-CoA to 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA as an intermediate step in the leucine (Leu) catabolic pathway. To a lesser extent, is also able to catalyze the oxidation of other saturated short-chain acyl-CoA thioesters as pentanoyl-CoA, hexenoyl-CoA and butenoyl-CoA.
Transports dicarboxylates across the inner membranes of mitochondria by a counter-exchange mechanism. Can transport 2-oxoadipate (2-oxohexanedioate), 2-oxoglutarate, adipate (hexanedioate), glutarate, and to a lesser extent, pimelate (heptanedioate), 2-oxopimelate (2-oxoheptanedioate), 2-aminoadipate (2-aminohexanedioate), oxaloacetate, and citrate. Plays a central role in catabolism of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan, by transporting common metabolite intermediates (such as 2-oxoadipate) into the mitochondria, where it is converted into acetyl-CoA and can enter the citric acid (TCA) cycle.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Homooligomer; may form higher order homooligomers in the dimer to octamer range. Part of the core SMN complex that contains SMN1, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, GEMIN4, GEMIN5, GEMIN6, GEMIN7, GEMIN8 and STRAP/UNRIP. Part of the SMN-Sm complex that contains SMN1, GEMIN2/SIP1, DDX20/GEMIN3, GEMIN4, GEMIN5, GEMIN6, GEMIN7, GEMIN8, STRAP/UNRIP and the Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG. Component of an import snRNP complex composed of KPNB1, RNUT1, SMN1 and ZNF259. Interacts with DDX20, FBL, NOLA1, RNUT1, SYNCRIP and with several spliceosomal snRNP core Sm proteins, including SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE and ILF3. Interacts with GEMIN2; the interaction is direct. Interacts with GEMIN3; the interaction is direct. Interacts with GEMIN8; the interaction is direct. Interacts with SNRPB; the interaction is direct. Interacts (via Tudor domain) with SNRPD1 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct. Interacts with SNRPD2; the interaction is direct. Interacts (via Tudor domain) with SNRPD3 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct. Interacts with SNRPE; the interaction is direct. Interacts with OSTF1, LSM10, LSM11 and RPP20/POP7. Interacts (via C-terminal region) with ZPR1 (via C-terminal region). Interacts (via Tudor domain) with COIL. Interacts with SETX; recruits SETX to POLR2A. Interacts with POLR2A (via the C-terminal domain (CTD)). Interacts with PRMT5. Interacts with XRN2. Interacts (via C-terminus) with FMR1 (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct and occurs in a RNA-independent manner. Interacts (via Tudor domain) with SF3B2 ('Arg-508'-methylated form). Interacts with WRAP53/TCAB1. Interacts (via Tudor domain) with ELAVL4 in an RNA-independent manner; the interaction is required for localization of ELAVL4 to RNA granules. Interacts with FRG1.
The SMN complex catalyzes the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs. Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP (Sm core). In the cytosol, the Sm proteins SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG are trapped in an inactive 6S pICln-Sm complex by the chaperone CLNS1A that controls the assembly of the core snRNP. To assemble core snRNPs, the SMN complex accepts the trapped 5Sm proteins from CLNS1A forming an intermediate. Binding of snRNA inside 5Sm ultimately triggers eviction of the SMN complex, thereby allowing binding of SNRPD3 and SNRPB to complete assembly of the core snRNP. Within the SMN complex, SMN1 acts as a structural backbone and together with GEMIN2 it gathers the Sm complex subunits. Ensures the correct splicing of U12 intron-containing genes that may be important for normal motor and proprioceptive neurons development. Also required for resolving RNA-DNA hybrids created by RNA polymerase II, that form R-loop in transcription terminal regions, an important step in proper transcription termination. May also play a role in the metabolism of small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNPs).
Interacts with glycogen, PPP1CC catalytic subunit of PP1 and PYGL. Associates with glycogen particles. Forms complexes with debranching enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase which is necessary for its regulation of PP1 activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase B chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Homodimer. May form a heterodimer with other members of the Deltex family. Interacts with NOTCH1.
Regulator of Notch signaling, a signaling pathway involved in cell-cell communications that regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate determinations. Probably acts both as a positive and negative regulator of Notch, depending on the developmental and cell context. Functions as a ubiquitin ligase protein in vitro, suggesting that it may regulate the Notch pathway via some ubiquitin ligase activity.
Component of the spliceosome B complex. Interacts (via N-terminal interaction domain) with ZMAT2 and MFAP1.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome.
Palmitoylated. Cys-85 appears to be the main site, and palmitoylation is required for membrane association (By similarity).
Part of the SNARE core complex containing SNAP25, VAMP2 and STX1A; this complex binds CPLX1. Found in a complex containing SYT1, SV2B and syntaxin-1. Found in a ternary complex with STX1A and VAMP8 (By similarity). Interacts with HSC70 and with SYT9, forming a complex with DNAJC5 (By similarity). The interaction with SYT9 is inhibited in presence of calcium (By similarity). Isoform 1 and isoform 2 interact with BLOC1S6. Interacts with CENPF. Interacts with EQTN. Interacts with HGS. Interacts with KCNB1 (via N-terminus); reduces the voltage-dependent potassium channel KCNB1 activity in pancreatic beta cells. Interacts with OTOF. Interacts with RIMS1. Interacts with SNAPIN. Interacts with STXBP6. Interacts with TRIM9. Interacts with ZDHHC13 (via ANK repeats). Interacts with ZDHHC17 (via ANK repeats). Associates with the BLOC-1 complex (By similarity). Interacts with HSC70 and with SYT9, forming a complex with DNAJC5 (By similarity). The interaction with SYT9 is inhibited in presence of calcium (By similarity). Interacts with PLCL1 (via C2 domain) (By similarity). Interacts with PRRT2; this interaction may impair the formation of the SNARE complex (By similarity). Interacts with alpha-synuclein/SNCA (By similarity). Interacts with PRPH2 (By similarity). Interacts with ROM1 (By similarity). Interacts with STX3 (By similarity).
Part of the SNARE core complex containing SNAP25, VAMP2 and STX1A; this complex binds CPLX1. Found in a complex containing SYT1, SV2B and syntaxin-1. Found in a ternary complex with STX1A and VAMP8. Interacts with HSC70 and with SYT9, forming a complex with DNAJC5. The interaction with SYT9 is inhibited in presence of calcium. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 interact with BLOC1S6. Interacts with CENPF. Interacts with EQTN. Interacts with HGS. Interacts with KCNB1 (via N-terminus); reduces the voltage-dependent potassium channel KCNB1 activity in pancreatic beta cells. Interacts with OTOF. Interacts with RIMS1. Interacts with SNAPIN. Interacts with STXBP6. Interacts with TRIM9. Interacts with ZDHHC13 (via ANK repeats). Interacts with ZDHHC17 (via ANK repeats). Associates with the BLOC-1 complex. Interacts with PLCL1 (via C2 domain). Interacts with PRRT2; this interaction may impair the formation of the SNARE complex. Interacts with alpha-synuclein/SNCA. Interacts with PRPH2. Interacts with ROM1. Interacts with STX3.
t-SNARE involved in the molecular regulation of neurotransmitter release. May play an important role in the synaptic function of specific neuronal systems. Associates with proteins involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion. Regulates plasma membrane recycling through its interaction with CENPF. Modulates the gating characteristics of the delayed rectifier voltage-dependent potassium channel KCNB1 in pancreatic beta cells.
t-SNARE involved in the molecular regulation of neurotransmitter release. Plays an important role in the synaptic function of specific neuronal systems. Associates with proteins involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion. Regulates plasma membrane recycling through its interaction with CENPF. Modulates the gating characteristics of the delayed rectifier voltage-dependent potassium channel KCNB1 in pancreatic beta cells.
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking. Interacts with membranes containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3P)) or phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Acts in part as component of the retromer membrane-deforming SNX-BAR subcomplex. The SNX-BAR retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and is involved in endosome-to-plasma membrane transport for cargo protein recycling. The SNX-BAR subcomplex functions to deform the donor membrane into a tubular profile called endosome-to-TGN transport carrier (ETC). Can sense membrane curvature and has in vitro vesicle-to-membrane remodeling activity. Required for retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport of TGN38. Promotes KALRN- and RHOG-dependent but retromer-independent membrane remodeling such as lamellipodium formation; the function is dependent on GEF activity of KALRN (By similarity).
Predominantly forms heterodimers with BAR domain-containing sorting nexins SNX5, SNX6 and SNX32; can self-associate to form homodimers. The heterodimers are proposed to self-assemble into helical arrays on the membrane to stabilize and expand local membrane curvature underlying endosomal tubule formation. Thought to be a component of the originally described retromer complex (also called SNX-BAR retromer) which is a pentamer containing the heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC), also described as vacuolar protein sorting subcomplex (VPS), and a heterodimeric membrane-deforming subcomplex formed between SNX1 or SNX2 and SNX5 or SNX6 (also called SNX-BAR subcomplex); the respective CSC and SNX-BAR subcomplexes associate with low affinity. Interacts with SNX5, SNX6, SNX32, VPS26A, VPS29, VPS35, FNBP1, KALRN, RHOG (GDP-bound form) (By similarity).
The BAR domain is able to sense membrane curvature upon dimerization. Membrane remodeling seems to implicate insertion of a N-terminal amphipathic helix (AH) in the membrane (By similarity).
Involved in peroxisome biosynthesis and integrity. Assembles membrane vesicles before the matrix proteins are translocated. As a docking factor for PEX19, is necessary for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the peroxisomes.
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is composed of 45 different subunits (By similarity). This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme (By similarity). Interacts with RAB5IF (By similarity).
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor (By similarity). Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I (By similarity).
Forms homodimers and heterodimers with PHETA. Interacts with OCRL and INPP5B.
Plays a role in endocytic trafficking. Required for receptor recycling from endosomes, both to the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Interacts with SFPQ, NCOR2, SIN3A and HADC1. The interaction with NCOR2 increases in the absence of PITX3. Interacts with PER2.
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
Heterodimer composed of ETFA and ETFB. Identified in a complex that contains ETFA, ETFB and ETFRF1. Interacts with ACADM.
Heterodimeric electron transfer flavoprotein that accepts electrons from several mitochondrial dehydrogenases, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Required for normal mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and normal amino acid metabolism. ETFB binds an AMP molecule that probably has a purely structural role.
Methylated. Trimethylation at Lys-200 and Lys-203 may negatively regulate the activity in electron transfer from acyl-CoA dehydrogenases.
The recognition loop recognizes a hydrophobic patch at the surface of interacting dehydrogenases and acts as a static anchor at the interface.
Acetylation at Lys-104 prevents interaction with guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs).
Interacts (active GTP-bound form preferentially) with RGS14. Interacts (active GTP-bound form) with RASSF7 (By similarity).
Palmitoylated by the ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex. Depalmitoylated by ABHD17A, ABHD17B and ABHD17C. A continuous cycle of de- and re-palmitoylation regulates rapid exchange between plasma membrane and Golgi.
Phosphorylation at Ser-89 by STK19 enhances NRAS-association with its downstream effectors.
Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity.
Ubiquitinated by the BCR(LZTR1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex at Lys-170 in a non-degradative manner, leading to inhibit Ras signaling by decreasing Ras association with membranes.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 8 subfamily.
Cytoplasmic form induces gene transcription inhibition.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as core component of the SMN-Sm complex that mediates spliceosomal snRNP assembly and as component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. Is also a component of the minor U12 spliceosome. As part of the U7 snRNP it is involved in histone 3'-end processing.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (By similarity). Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes (By similarity). Oxidizes secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones (By similarity).
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-V subfamily.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCD family. Peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter (TC 3.A.1.203) subfamily.
Forms a homodimer or heterodimer with other members of the family. Interacts with MAL2 (By similarity).
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis.
Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (delta-type subunit AP3D1 and beta-type subunit AP3B1 or AP3B2), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP3M1 or AP3M2) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit APS1 or AP3S2). Interacts with AGAP1. AP-3 associates with the BLOC-1 complex (By similarity).
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adaptor-related complex which is not clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to lysosomes. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Binds STRN, STRN3 and STRN4. Part of a ternary complex containing MOB4/PHOCN, STRN and/or STRN3 and PPA2. Interacts with DNM1 and EPS15. Interacts with nucleoside diphosphate kinase (By similarity). Interacts with CTTNBP2 and CTTNBP2NL (By similarity).
May play a role in membrane trafficking, specifically in membrane budding reactions.
Plays an important role in regulating the size of autophagosomes during the formation process.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Alpha-type protein kinase family.
Undergoes calcium/calmodulin-dependent intramolecular autophosphorylation, and this results in it becoming partially calcium/calmodulin-independent.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Interacts with CDC42 (in GTP-bound form). Interacts weakly with RAC1 and not at all with RHOA.
Probably involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton by acting downstream of CDC42, inducing actin filament assembly. Alters CDC42-induced cell shape changes. In activated T-cells, may play a role in CDC42-mediated F-actin accumulation at the immunological synapse. May play a role in early contractile events in phagocytosis in macrophages.
Belongs to the AVIT (prokineticin) family.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Receptor for neurturin. Mediates the NRTN-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor. Also able to mediate GDNF signaling through the RET tyrosine kinase receptor.
Interacts with PTBP2; the interaction is direct.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Asymmetric dimethylation at Arg-266 constitutes the major methylation site (By similarity). According to a report, methylation affects subcellular location and promotes nuclear localization (By similarity). According to another report, methylation at Arg-266 does not influence nucleocytoplasmic shuttling (By similarity).
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that associates with nascent pre-mRNAs, packaging them into hnRNP particles. The hnRNP particle arrangement on nascent hnRNA is non-random and sequence-dependent and serves to condense and stabilize the transcripts and minimize tangling and knotting. Packaging plays a role in various processes such as transcription, pre-mRNA processing, RNA nuclear export, subcellular location, mRNA translation and stability of mature mRNAs. Forms hnRNP particles with at least 20 other different hnRNP and heterogeneous nuclear RNA in the nucleus. Involved in transport of specific mRNAs to the cytoplasm in oligodendrocytes and neurons: acts by specifically recognizing and binding the A2RE (21 nucleotide hnRNP A2 response element) or the A2RE11 (derivative 11 nucleotide oligonucleotide) sequence motifs present on some mRNAs, and promotes their transport to the cytoplasm (By similarity). Specifically binds single-stranded telomeric DNA sequences, protecting telomeric DNA repeat against endonuclease digestion (By similarity). Also binds other RNA molecules, such as primary miRNA (pri-miRNAs): acts as a nuclear 'reader' of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mark by specifically recognizing and binding a subset of nuclear m6A-containing pri-miRNAs. Binding to m6A-containing pri-miRNAs promotes pri-miRNA processing by enhancing binding of DGCR8 to pri-miRNA transcripts. Involved in miRNA sorting into exosomes following sumoylation, possibly by binding (m6A)-containing pre-miRNAs. Acts as a regulator of efficiency of mRNA splicing, possibly by binding to m6A-containing pre-mRNAs (By similarity). Plays a role in the splicing of pyruvate kinase PKM by binding repressively to sequences flanking PKM exon 9, inhibiting exon 9 inclusion and resulting in exon 10 inclusion and production of the PKM M2 isoform (By similarity).
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Interacts with IGF2BP1. Interacts with C9orf72. Interacts with DGCR8. Interacts with TARDBP. Interacts with CKAP5 (By similarity). Interacts with PPIA/CYPA (By similarity).
Sumoylated in exosomes, promoting miRNAs-binding.
The disordered region, when incubated at high concentration, is able to polymerize into labile, amyloid-like fibers and form cross-beta polymerization structures, probably driving the formation of hydrogels. In contrast to irreversible, pathogenic amyloids, the fibers polymerized from LC regions disassemble upon dilution. A number of evidence suggests that formation of cross-beta structures by LC regions mediate the formation of RNA granules, liquid-like droplets, and hydrogels.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class CDC14 subfamily.
Orphan nuclear receptor. Component of a cascade required for the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis. Acts as a coregulatory protein that inhibits the transcriptional activity of other nuclear receptors through heterodimeric interactions. May also have a role in the development of the embryo and in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency.
Component of the RZZ complex composed of KNTC1/ROD, ZW10 and ZWILCH; in the complex interacts directly with KNTC1/ROD (By similarity).
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis. Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and MAD1-MAD2 complexes onto kinetochores. Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery is proposed to depend on its association in the mitotic RZZ complex (By similarity).
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis. Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin and MAD1-MAD2 complexes onto kinetochores. Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery is proposed to depend on its association in the mitotic RZZ complex.
Acts as a mediator between the cap-binding complex (CBC) and the primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing machinery during cell proliferation. Contributes to the stability and delivery of capped primary miRNA transcripts to the primary miRNA processing complex containing DGCR8 and DROSHA, thereby playing a role in RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by miRNAs. Binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA); however interaction is probably mediated via its interaction with NCBP1/CBP80 component of the CBC complex. Involved in cell cycle progression at S phase. Does not directly confer arsenite resistance but rather modulates arsenic sensitivity. Independently of its activity on miRNAs, necessary and sufficient to promote neural stem cell self-renewal. Does so by directly binding SOX2 promoter and positively regulating its transcription (By similarity).
Interacts with CASP8AP2, ERBB4, NCBP1/CBP80 and DROSHA. Interacts with LUZP4. Interacts with NCBP2/CBP20 and NCBP3. Interacts with MTREX (By similarity).
Involved in regulation of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of multiple N-terminal glutamate residues. Seems to inhibit gamma-carboxylase GGCX. Binds 7 calcium ions with a low affinity (By similarity).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with magoh and rbm8a; the interaction is direct. Associates (eIF2A-like region) with the 40S ribosomal subunit and the 48S preinitiation complex.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated C18 to C26 acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate to the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. Important for saturated C24:0 and monounsaturated C24:1 sphingolipid synthesis. Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via production of VLCFAs.
Interacts with LASS2, TECR and HSD17B12.
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
Acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression.
Although its physiological function is unclear, it can inhibit neutrophil cathepsin G and mast cell chymase, both of which can convert angiotensin-1 to the active angiotensin-2.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
Interacts with VPS26A, VPS29 and VPS35; the interaction with VPS35 is direct. The association with the retromer CSC subcomplex subunits is proposed to represent a functional distinct retromer variant described as SNX3-retromer complex. Interacts with USP10 and SCNN1A. Interacts with TRFC. Interacts with SNX8; 2 molecules of SNX8 seems to associate with one molecule of SNX3. Interacts with PTPRU (By similarity). Interacts with MON2 and DOP1B.
Phosphoinositide-binding protein required for multivesicular body formation. Specifically binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(P3)). Can also bind phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(P4)), phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PtdIns(P5)) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Plays a role in protein transport between cellular compartments. Together with RAB7A facilitates endosome membrane association of the retromer cargo-selective subcomplex (CSC). May act in part as component of the SNX3-retromer complex which mediates the retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport of WLS distinct from the SNX-BAR retromer pathway. Promotes stability and cell surface expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENAC) subunits SCNN1A and SCNN1G. Not involved in EGFR degradation. Involved in the regulation of phagocytosis in dendritic cells possibly by regulating EEA1 recruitment to the nascent phagosomes. Involved in iron homeostasis through regulation of endocytic recycling of the transferrin receptor Tfrc presuambly by delivering the transferrin:transferrin receptor complex to recycling endosomes; the function may involve the CSC retromer subcomplex. Involved in regulation of neurite outgrowth in primary neurons.
The PX domain mediates specific binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(P3)).
Ubiquitinated, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Deubiquitinated by USP10 (By similarity).
Component of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins including DDX5, HNRNPH2 and SRSF1 as well as splicing regulator ARVCF. Interacts with TXNL4/DIM1.
This protein is a component of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complexes which provide the substrate for the processing events that pre-mRNAs undergo before becoming functional, translatable mRNAs in the cytoplasm. Binds poly(RG) (By similarity).
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with the ATP-specific beta subunit SUCLA2, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with the GTP-specific beta subunit SUCLG2 forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and specificity for either ATP or GTP is provided by different beta subunits.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A9 subfamily.
Functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB11A.
Interacts with GDP-bound and nucleotide-free forms of RAB11A.
The N-terminal half of the protein mediates interaction with RAB11A and functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Four long alpha-helices (interrupted by a central kink) assemble into coiled coils, giving rise to a 'V' shape.
Inhibits the proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T-cells activated by anti-CD3 antibodies, T-cell metabolism and IL2 and IFNG secretion.
Degraded during both macroautophagy and during chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA).
Dimerization is dependent upon the central region of the protein containing the STI1 domains and is independent of its ubiquitin-like and UBA domains.
Monomer and homodimer. Heterodimer with UBQLN2. Binds CD47, NBL1, GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRA6, GABRB1, GABRB2 and GABRB3. Binds UBE3A, BTRC, P4HB and MTOR. Interacts with the proteasome 19S subunit. Interacts (via ubiquitin-like domain) with TREX1; the interaction is direct and may control TREX1 subcellular location. Forms a complex with UBXN4 and VCP. Interacts (via UBA domain) with UBQLN4 (via ubiquitin-like domain). Found in a complex with UBQLN2 and MAP1LC3A/B/C. The monomeric form interacts with PSEN1 and PSEN2. Interacts with ORAI1. Interacts (via UBA domain) with TICAM1. Interacts with EPS15. Interacts (via UBA domain) with UBA52 and (via ubiquitin-like domain) with PSMD3 and PSMD4. Interacts with HERPUD1. Interacts with MAP1LC3A/B/C in the presence of UBQLN4. Interacts (via ubiquitin-like domain) with EPS15 (via UIM domains) and both the ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated forms can interact with EPS15. Interacts (via ubiquitin-like domain) with EPS15L1, HGS (via UIM domain) and STAM2 (via UIM domain) (By similarity). Interacts with BCL2L10/BCL-B; in the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the regulation of different protein degradation mechanisms and pathways including ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. Mediates the proteasomal targeting of misfolded or accumulated proteins for degradation by binding (via UBA domain) to their polyubiquitin chains and by interacting (via ubiquitin-like domain) with the subunits of the proteasome. Plays a role in the ERAD pathway via its interaction with ER-localized proteins UBXN4, VCP and HERPUD1 and may form a link between the polyubiquitinated ERAD substrates and the proteasome. Plays a role in unfolded protein response (UPR) by attenuating the induction of UPR-inducible genes, DDTI3/CHOP, HSPA5 and PDIA2 during ER stress. Involved in the regulation of macroautophagy and autophagosome formation; required for maturation of autophagy-related protein LC3 from the cytosolic form LC3-I to the membrane-bound form LC3-II and may assist in the maturation of autophagosomes to autolysosomes by mediating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Negatively regulates the TICAM1/TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway by decreasing the abundance of TICAM1 via the autophagic pathway. Promotes the ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of ORAI1, consequently down-regulating the ORAI1-mediated Ca2+ mobilization. Suppresses the maturation and proteasomal degradation of amyloid beta A4 protein (A4) by stimulating the lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination. Delays the maturation of A4 by sequestering it in the Golgi apparatus and preventing its transport to the cell surface for subsequent processing. Ubiquitinates BCL2L10 and thereby stabilizes protein abundance (By similarity).
The UBA domain mediates binding to PSEN1 and PSEN2. It also binds ubiquitin with micromolar affinity, independently of polyubiquitin linkage type. Essential for its association with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3).
The ubiquitin-like domain mediates its association with the subunits of the proteasome.
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Mediates sugar transport across membranes.
Activated by calcium and magnesium and inhibited by other bivalent cations.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family.
Functions in the biosynthesis of the anionic phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 11 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein UQCRFS1, 2 core protein subunits UQCRC1/QCR1 and UQCRC2/QCR2, and 6 low-molecular weight protein subunits UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and subunit 9, the cleavage product of Rieske protein UQCRFS1 (By similarity). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity). Interacts with UQCC6 (By similarity).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 11 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein UQCRFS1, 2 core protein subunits UQCRC1/QCR1 and UQCRC2/QCR2, and 6 low-molecular weight protein subunits UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and subunit 9, the cleavage product of Rieske protein UQCRFS1 (By similarity). The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs), light intermediate chains (LICs) and light chains (LCs); the composition seems to vary in respect to the IC, LIC and LC composition. The heavy chain homodimer serves as a scaffold for the probable homodimeric assembly of the respective non-catalytic subunits. The ICs and LICs bind directly to the HC dimer and the LCs assemble on the IC dimer. Interacts with DYNC1H1; DYNC1LI1 and DYNC1LI2 bind mutually exclusive to DYNC1H.
Centrosomal protein involved in regulation of centriole duplication. Required to limit centriole duplication to once per cell cycle by preventing centriole reduplication (By similarity).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Heterodimer of a large and a small subunit. Interacts with RRM2B. Interacts with AHCYL1 which inhibits its activity (By similarity).
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides (By similarity).
Two distinct regulatory sites have been defined: the specificity site, which controls substrate specificity, and the activity site which regulates overall catalytic activity. A substrate-binding catalytic site, located on M1, is formed only in the presence of the second subunit M2 (By similarity).
Under complex allosteric control mediated by deoxynucleoside triphosphates and ATP binding to separate specificity and activation sites on the M1 subunit. The type of nucleotide bound at the specificity site determines substrate preference. It seems probable that ATP makes the enzyme reduce CDP and UDP, dGTP favors ADP reduction and dTTP favors GDP reduction. Stimulated by ATP and inhibited by dATP binding to the activity site, the dATP inhibition is mediated by AHCYL1 which stabilizes dATP in the site (By similarity).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Component of the methylosome complex composed of PRMT5, WDR77 and CLNS1A (By similarity). Found in a complex composed of PRMT5, WDR77 and RIOK1 (By similarity). RIOK1 and CLNS1A bound directly to PRMT5 at the same binding site, in a mutually exclusive manner, which allows the recruitment of distinct methylation substrates, such as nucleolin/NCL and Sm proteins, respectively (By similarity). Found in a complex with the component of the methylosome, PRMT5, CLNS1A, WDR77, PRMT1 and ERH. Directly interacts with PRMT5, as well as with several Sm proteins, including SNRPB and SNRPD2 and, more weakly, SNRPD3 and SNRPE. Forms a compact hetero-octamer with PRMT5, decorating the outer surface of a PRMT5 tetramer. Interacts with SUZ12 and histone H2A/H2AC20, but not with histones H2B, H3 nor H4. Interacts with CTDP1 and LSM11. Interacts with APEX1, AR and NKX3-1. Interacts with CHTOP. Interacts with FAM47E. Interacts with TSC22D2 (By similarity).
Non-catalytic component of the methylosome complex, composed of PRMT5, WDR77 and CLNS1A, which modifies specific arginines to dimethylarginines in several spliceosomal Sm proteins and histones. This modification targets Sm proteins to the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex for assembly into small nuclear ribonucleoprotein core particles. Might play a role in transcription regulation. The methylosome complex also methylates the Piwi proteins (PIWIL1, PIWIL2 and PIWIL4), methylation of Piwi proteins being required for the interaction with Tudor domain-containing proteins and subsequent localization to the meiotic nuage.
Endogenous F(1)F(o)-ATPase inhibitor limiting ATP depletion when the mitochondrial membrane potential falls below a threshold and the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase starts hydrolyzing ATP to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. Required to avoid the consumption of cellular ATP when the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase enzyme acts as an ATP hydrolase (By similarity). Indirectly acts as a regulator of heme synthesis in erythroid tissues: regulates heme synthesis by modulating the mitochondrial pH and redox potential, allowing FECH to efficiently catalyze the incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme (By similarity).
Endogenous F(1)F(o)-ATPase inhibitor limiting ATP depletion when the mitochondrial membrane potential falls below a threshold and the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase starts hydrolyzing ATP to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. Required to avoid the consumption of cellular ATP when the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase enzyme acts as an ATP hydrolase.
Forms an alpha-helical dimer with monomers associated via an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled coil composed of residues 74-106, leaving each N-terminal inhibitory region (residues 26-52) accessible for interaction with an F1 catalytic domain. The inhibitory N-terminal region (residues 26-52) binds the alpha(ADP-bound)-beta(ADP-bound) (ATP5F1A-ATP5F1B) interface of F1-ATPase, and also contact the central gamma subunit (ATP5F1C). This dimeric state is favored by pH values below 7.0, and at higher values the dimers associate to form inactive homotetramer, where the inhibitory region is occluded, masking its inhibitory activity (By similarity).
Forms an alpha-helical dimer with monomers associated via an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled coil, leaving each N-terminal inhibitory region accessible for interaction with an F1 catalytic domain. The inhibitory N-terminal region binds the alpha(ADP-bound)-beta(ADP-bound) (ATP5F1A-ATP5F1B) interface of F1-ATPase, and also contact the central gamma subunit (ATP5F1C). This dimeric state is favored by pH values below 7.0, and at higher values the dimers associate to form inactive homotetramer, where the inhibitory region is occluded, masking its inhibitory activity.
Homodimer; represents the active form and is present at a pH value below 6.5. Homotetramer; represents the inactive form and is present at a pH value above 7.0 (By similarity).
Homodimer; represents the active form and is present at a pH value below 6.5. Homotetramer; represents the inactive form and is present at a pH value above 7.0.
Indirectly acts as a regulator of heme synthesis in erythroid tissues: regulates heme synthesis by modulating the mitochondrial pH and redox potential, allowing fech to efficiently catalyze the incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
May be involved in the translation of target mRNAs by scanning and recognition of the initiation codon. Involved in translation initiation; promotes recruitment of aminoacetyled initiator tRNA to P site of 40S ribosomes. Can promote release of deacylated tRNA and mRNA from recycled 40S subunits following ABCE1-mediated dissociation of post-termination ribosomal complexes into subunits (By similarity).
In the mitochondria, together with PHB, forms large ring complexes (prohibitin complexes) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and functions as chaperone protein that stabilizes mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and maintains mitochondrial integrity in the IMM, which is required for mitochondrial morphogenesis, neuronal survival, and normal lifespan. The prohibitin complex, with DNAJC19, regulates cardiolipin remodeling and the protein turnover of OMA1 in a cardiolipin-binding manner.Also regulates cytochrome-c oxidase assembly (COX) and mitochondrial respiration. Binding to sphingoid 1-phosphate (SPP) modulates its regulator activity. Has a key role of mitophagy receptor involved in targeting mitochondria for autophagic degradation. Involved in mitochondrial-mediated antiviral innate immunity, activates RIG-I-mediated signal transduction and production of IFNB1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6.
In the nucleus, serves as transcriptional co-regulator. Acts as a mediator of transcriptional repression by nuclear hormone receptors via recruitment of histone deacetylases. Functions as an estrogen receptor (ER)-selective coregulator that potentiates the inhibitory activities of antiestrogens and represses the activity of estrogens. Competes with NCOA1 for modulation of ER transcriptional activity.
In the plasma membrane, is involved in IGFBP6-induced cell migration (By similarity). Cooperates with CD86 to mediate CD86-signaling in B lymphocytes that regulates the level of IgG1 produced through the activation of distal signaling intermediates. Upon CD40 engagement, required to activate NF-kappa-B signaling pathway via phospholipase C and protein kinase C activation (By similarity).
LC3-interaction region (LIR) is required for interaction with MAP1LC3B/LC3-II and for Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
Phosphorylated. Tyrosine phosphorylation is indirectly stimulated by IGFBP6.
Protein with pleiotropic attributes mediated in a cell-compartment- and tissue-specific manner, which include the plasma membrane-associated cell signaling functions, mitochondrial chaperone, and transcriptional co-regulator of transcription factors and sex steroid hormones in the nucleus.
The mitochondrial prohibitin complex consists of two subunits (PHB1 and PHB2), assembled into a membrane-associated ring-shaped supercomplex of approximately 1 mDa. Interacts with ESR1, HDAC1 and HDAC5 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF703. Interacts with STOML2. Interacts with ARFGEF3 (By similarity). Interacts with SPHK2. Interacts with COX4I1; the interaction associates PHB2 with COX (By similarity). Interacts with MAP1LC3B (membrane-bound form LC3-II); the interaction is direct and upon mitochondrial depolarization and proteasome-dependent outer membrane rupture. Interacts with IGFBP6 (via C-terminal domain). Interacts with CLPB (By similarity). Interacts with CD86 (via cytoplasmic domain); the interactions increases after priming with CD40. Interacts with AFG3L2. Interacts with DNAJC19 (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Inorganic ion transporter that transports phosphate or copper ions across the mitochondrial inner membrane into the matrix compartment (By similarity). Mediates proton-coupled symport of phosphate ions necessary for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (By similarity). Transports copper ions probably in the form of anionic copper(I) complexes to maintain mitochondrial matrix copper pool and to supply copper for cytochrome C oxidase complex assembly (By similarity). May also play a role in regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) (By similarity).
Interacts with PPIF; the interaction is impaired by CsA.
Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome - DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. This complex may be required for the activation of transcriptional programs associated with oncogene and proto-oncogene mediated growth induction, tumor suppressor mediated growth arrest and replicative senescence, apoptosis, and DNA repair. NuA4 may also play a direct role in DNA repair when directly recruited to sites of DNA damage. Component of a SWR1-like complex that specifically mediates the removal of histone H2A.Z/H2AZ1 from the nucleosome (By similarity).
Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2 (By similarity). Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which contains the catalytic subunit KAT5/TIP60 and the subunits EP400, TRRAP/PAF400, BRD8/SMAP, EPC1, DMAP1/DNMAP1, RUVBL1/TIP49, RUVBL2, ING3, actin, ACTL6A/BAF53A, MORF4L1/MRG15, MORF4L2/MRGX, MRGBP, YEATS4/GAS41, VPS72/YL1 and MEAF6. The NuA4 complex interacts with MYC. HTATTIP/TIP60, EPC1, and ING3 together constitute a minimal HAT complex termed Piccolo NuA4. Component of a SWR1-like complex (By similarity).
Essential hepatic enzyme that catalyzes the oxygenation of a wide variety of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds including drugs as well as dietary compounds. Plays an important role in the metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA), via the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metabolite. TMA is generated by the action of gut microbiota using dietary precursors such as choline, choline containing compounds, betaine or L-carnitine. By regulating TMAO concentration, FMO3 directly impacts both platelet responsiveness and rate of thrombus formation.
Binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns-(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-(3,5)P2) in liposome-based assays. Can bind PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in protein:lipid overlay assays, but not in liposome-based assays (By similarity).
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking. Interacts with membranes containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3P)) or phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2). Acts in part as component of the retromer membrane-deforming SNX-BAR subcomplex. The SNX-BAR retromer mediates retrograde transport of cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and is involved in endosome-to-plasma membrane transport for cargo protein recycling. The SNX-BAR subcomplex functions to deform the donor membrane into a tubular profile called endosome-to-TGN transport carrier (ETC). Can sense membrane curvature and has in vitro vesicle-to-membrane remodeling activity. Involved in retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport of lysosomal enzyme receptors (IGF2R, M6PR and SORT1). Plays a role in targeting ligand-activated EGFR to the lysosomes for degradation after endocytosis from the cell surface and release from the Golgi. Involvement in retromer-independent endocytic trafficking of P2RY1 and lysosomal degradation of protease-activated receptor-1/F2R. Promotes KALRN- and RHOG-dependent but retromer-independent membrane remodeling such as lamellipodium formation; the function is dependent on GEF activity of KALRN. Required for endocytosis of DRD5 upon agonist stimulation but not for basal receptor trafficking (By similarity).
Predominantly forms heterodimers with BAR domain-containing sorting nexins SNX5, SNX6 and SNX32; can self-associate to form homodimers. The heterodimers are proposed to self-assemble into helical arrays on the membrane to stabilize and expand local membrane curvature underlying endosomal tubule formation. Thought to be a component of the originally described retromer complex (also called SNX-BAR retromer) which is a pentamer containing the heterotrimeric retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC), also described as vacuolar protein sorting subcomplex (VPS) and a heterodimeric membrane-deforming subcomplex formed between SNX1 or SNX2 and SNX5 or SNX6 (also called SNX-BAR subcomplex); the respective CSC and SNX-BAR subcomplexes associate with low affinity. Interacts with SNX5, SNX6, SNX32, VPS26A, VPS29, VPS35, DRD5, DENND5A, KALRN, RHOG (GDP-bound form). The interaction with SNX2 is reported controversially. Interacts with DNAJC13; prevented by presence of HGS. Interacts with HGS (By similarity).
Acetylation at Lys-129 results in its homodimerization, while deacetylation promotes the formation of monomers which heterodimerize with XPO1/CRM1 which facilitates its nuclear export. The acetylated form represses STAT3 transactivation. The dynamic equilibrium between its acetylation and deacetylation at Lys-129 determines its interaction with XPO1/CRM1, its subsequent subcellular localization, and its ability to inhibit STAT3 transactivation.
In vitro phosphorylation at Thr-117 by AURKB prevents interaction with INCENP and localization to mitotic chromosomes. Phosphorylation at Thr-48 by CK2 is critical for its mitotic and anti-apoptotic activities. Phosphorylation at Thr-34 by CDK15 is critical for its anti-apoptotic activity. Phosphorylation at Ser-20 by AURKC is critical for regulation of proper chromosome alignment and segregation, and possibly cytokinesis.
Monomer or homodimer. Exists as a homodimer in the apo state and as a monomer in the CPC-bound state. The monomer protects cells against apoptosis more efficiently than the dimer. Only the dimeric form is capable of enhancing tubulin stability in cells. When phosphorylated, interacts with LAMTOR5/HBXIP; the resulting complex binds pro-CASP9, as well as active CASP9, but much less efficiently. Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) composed of at least BIRC5/survivin, CDCA8/borealin, INCENP, AURKB or AURKC; in the complex forms a triple-helix bundle-based subcomplex with INCENP and CDCA8. Interacts with JTB. Interacts (via BIR domain) with histone H3 phosphorylated at 'Thr-3' (H3pT3). Interacts with EVI5. Interacts with GTP-bound RAN in both the S and M phases of the cell cycle. Interacts with USP9X. Interacts with tubulin. Interacts with BIRC2/c-IAP1. The acetylated form at Lys-129 interacts with STAT3. The monomeric form deacetylated at Lys-129 interacts with XPO1/CRM1. The monomeric form interacts with XIAP/BIRC4. Both the dimeric and monomeric form can interact with DIABLO/SMAC. Interacts with BIRC6/bruce. Interacts with FBXL7; this interaction facilitates the polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of BIRC5 by the SCF(FBXL7) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity).
Multitasking protein that has dual roles in promoting cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis (By similarity). Component of a chromosome passage protein complex (CPC) which is essential for chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis and cytokinesis (By similarity). Acts as an important regulator of the localization of this complex; directs CPC movement to different locations from the inner centromere during prometaphase to midbody during cytokinesis and participates in the organization of the center spindle by associating with polymerized microtubules (By similarity). Involved in the recruitment of CPC to centromeres during early mitosis via association with histone H3 phosphorylated at 'Thr-3' (H3pT3) during mitosis (By similarity). The complex with RAN plays a role in mitotic spindle formation by serving as a physical scaffold to help deliver the RAN effector molecule TPX2 to microtubules (By similarity). May counteract a default induction of apoptosis in G2/M phase (By similarity). The acetylated form represses STAT3 transactivation of target gene promoters (By similarity). May play a role in neoplasia. Inhibitor of CASP3 and CASP7 (By similarity). Essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and function (By similarity).
The BIR repeat is necessary and sufficient for LAMTOR5 binding.
Ubiquitinated by the Cul9-RING ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, leading to its degradation. Ubiquitination is required for centrosomal targeting. Deubiquitinated by USP35 or USP38; leading to stabilization.
Component of the STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex, at least composed of SUPT3H, GCN5L2, TAF5L, TAF6L, SUPT7L, TADA3L, TAD1L, TAF10, TAF12, TRRAP and TAF9.
Probably involved in transcriptional regulation.
Apoptosis regulator protein which may function as a crucial link between cell survival and cell death pathways in mammalian cells. Acts as an inhibitor of TNFRSF6 mediated apoptosis. A proteolytic fragment (p43) is likely retained in the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) thereby blocking further recruitment and processing of caspase-8 at the complex. Full length and shorter isoforms have been shown either to induce apoptosis or to reduce TNFRSF-triggered apoptosis. Lacks enzymatic (caspase) activity (By similarity).
Proteolytically processed by CASP8 generating subunit p43 and p12.
TNFRSF6 stimulation triggers recruitment to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formed by TNFRSF6, FADD and CASP8 (By similarity). A proteolytic fragment (p43) stays associated with the DISC (By similarity). Interacts with RIPK1 (By similarity).
The caspase domain lacks the active site residues involved in catalysis.
Functions as an intracellular leucine sensor that negatively regulates the mTORC1 signaling pathway through the GATOR complex. In absence of leucine, binds the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 and prevents mTORC1 signaling. Binding of leucine to SESN2 disrupts its interaction with GATOR2 thereby activating the TORC1 signaling pathway. This stress-inducible metabolic regulator also plays a role in protection against oxidative and genotoxic stresses. May negatively regulate protein translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, via mTORC1. May positively regulate the transcription by NFE2L2 of genes involved in the response to oxidative stress by facilitating the SQSTM1-mediated autophagic degradation of KEAP1. May also mediate TP53 inhibition of TORC1 signaling upon genotoxic stress. Moreover, may prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the alkylhydroperoxide reductase activity born by the N-terminal domain of the protein. Was originally reported to contribute to oxidative stress resistance by reducing PRDX1. However, this could not be confirmed.
Interacts with the GATOR2 complex which is composed of MIOS, SEC13, SEH1L, WDR24 and WDR59; the interaction is negatively regulated by leucine. Conveys leucine availability via direct interaction with SEH1L and WDR24 components of the GATOR2 complex. Interacts with RRAGA, RRAGB, RRAGC and RRAGD; may function as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor for RRAGs and regulate them (By similarity). May interact with the TORC2 complex (By similarity). Interacts with KEAP1, RBX1, SQSTM and ULK1; to regulate the degradation of KEAP1. May also associate with the complex composed of TSC1, TSC2 and the AMP-responsive protein kinase/AMPK to regulate TORC1 signaling. May interact with PRDX1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by ULK1 at multiple sites.
The C-terminal domain mediates interaction with GATOR2 through which it regulates TORC1 signaling.
The N-terminal domain has an alkylhydroperoxide reductase activity.
Ubiquitinated at Lys-175 by RNF167 via 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination in response to leucine deprivation: ubiquitination promotes SESN2-interaction with the GATOR2 complex, leading to inhibit the TORC1 signaling pathway. Deubiquitinated at Lys-175 by STAMBPL1, promoting the TORC1 signaling pathway. Ubiquitinated by RNF186; ubiquitination mediates proteasomal degradation.
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Dioxygenase that can both act as a arginine demethylase and a lysyl-hydroxylase. Acts as a lysyl-hydroxylase that catalyzes 5-hydroxylation on specific lysine residues of target proteins such as U2AF2/U2AF65 and LUC7L2. Regulates RNA splicing by mediating 5-hydroxylation of U2AF2/U2AF65, affecting the pre-mRNA splicing activity of U2AF2/U2AF65. Hydroxylates its own N-terminus, which is required for homooligomerization (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of nucleolar liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) by post-translationally modifying LIAT1 at its lysine-rich domain which inhibits LIAT1 nucleolar targeting (By similarity). In addition to peptidyl-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity, may act as an RNA hydroxylase, as suggested by its ability to bind single strand RNA. Also acts as an arginine demethylase which preferentially demethylates asymmetric dimethylation. Demethylates histone H3 at 'Arg-2' (H3R2me) and histone H4 at 'Arg-3' (H4R3me), including mono-, symmetric di- and asymmetric dimethylated forms, thereby playing a role in histone code. However, histone arginine demethylation may not constitute the primary activity in vivo. In collaboration with BRD4, interacts with the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex in its active form to regulate polymerase II promoter-proximal pause release for transcriptional activation of a large cohort of genes. On distal enhancers, so called anti-pause enhancers, demethylates both histone H4R3me2 and the methyl cap of 7SKsnRNA leading to the dismissal of the 7SKsnRNA:HEXIM1 inhibitor complex. After removal of repressive marks, the complex BRD4:JMJD6 attract and retain the P-TEFb complex on chromatin, leading to its activation, promoter-proximal polymerase II pause release, and transcriptional activation. Demethylates other arginine methylated-proteins such as ESR1. Has no histone lysine demethylase activity (By similarity). Required for differentiation of multiple organs during embryogenesis. Acts as a key regulator of hematopoietic differentiation: required for angiogenic sprouting by regulating the pre-mRNA splicing activity of U2AF2/U2AF65 (By similarity). Seems to be necessary for the regulation of macrophage cytokine responses (By similarity).
Homooligomerizes; requires lysyl-hydroxylase activity (By similarity). Interacts with LUC7L2, LUC7L3 and U2AF2/U2AF65 (By similarity). Interacts with CDK9 and CCNT1; the interaction is direct with CDK9 and associates the P-TEFb complex when active. Interacts (via JmjC and N-terminal domains) with BRD4 (via NET domain); the interaction is stronger in presence of ssRNA and recruits JMJD6 on distal enhancers (By similarity).
Hydroxylates its own N-terminus; hydroxylation is required for homooligomerization.
The nuclear localization signal motifs are necessary and sufficient to target it into the nucleus.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Interacts with PHB2; the interaction associates DNAJC19 with the prohibitin complex. Interacts with TIMM16/PAM16 (By similarity). May be a component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, GRPEL1 or GRPEL2, TIMM44, TIMM16/PAM16 and TIMM14/DNAJC19 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial co-chaperone which forms a complex with prohibitins to regulate cardiolipin remodeling (By similarity). May be a component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. May act as a co-chaperone that stimulate the ATP-dependent activity (By similarity).
Interacts with the GATOR1 complex; interaction is disrupted when BMT2/SAMTOR binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Interacts with the KICSTOR complex; interaction is disrupted when BMT2/SAMTOR binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding protein that acts as an inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling via interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes. Acts as a sensor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to signal methionine sufficiency to mTORC1: in presence of methionine, binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine, leading to disrupt interaction with the GATOR1 and KICSTOR complexes and promote mTORC1 signaling. Upon methionine starvation, S-adenosyl-L-methionine levels are reduced, thereby promoting the association with GATOR1 and KICSTOR, leading to inhibit mTORC1 signaling. Probably also acts as a S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Binds to partially double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in order to unwind RNA secondary structures. Unwinding is promoted in the presence of single-strand binding proteins. Mediates also RNA duplex formation thereby displacing the single-strand RNA binding protein. ATP and ADP modulate its activity: ATP binding and hydrolysis by DDX42 triggers RNA strand separation, whereas the ADP-bound form of the protein triggers annealing of complementary RNA strands. Involved in the survival of cells by interacting with TP53BP2 and thereby counteracting the apoptosis-stimulating activity of TP53BP2. Relocalizes TP53BP2 to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX42 subfamily.
Component of splicing factor SF3B complex which is composed of at least eight subunits; SF3B1, SF3B2, SF3B3, SF3B4, SF3B5, SF3B6, PHF5A/SF3B14B, and DDX42/SF3B125. Interacts (via the C-terminus) with TP53BP2; the interaction is not inhibitied by TP53BP2 ubiquitination and is independent of p53/TP53.
Acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for tubulin in concert with tubulin-specific chaperone C, but does not enhance tubulin heterodimerization.
Component of the PI3K (PI3KC3/PI3K-III/class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) complex the core of which is composed of the catalytic subunit PIK3C3, the regulatory subunit PIK3R4 and BECN1 associating with additional regulatory/auxilliary subunits to form alternative complex forms. Alternative complex forms containing a forth regulatory subunit in a mutually exclusive manner are PI3K complex I (PI3KC3-C1) containing ATG14, and PI3K complex II (PI3KC3-C2) containing UVRAG. PI3KC3-C1 displays a V-shaped architecture with PIK3R4 serving as a bridge between PIK3C3 and the ATG14:BECN1 subcomplex. Both, PI3KC3-C1 and PI3KC3-C2, can associate with further regulatory subunits, such as RUBCN, SH3GLB1/Bif-1, AMBRA1 and NRBF2. PI3KC3-C1 probably associates with PIK3CB. Interacts with RAB7A in the presence of PIK3C3/VPS34. Interacts with NRBF2 (By similarity).
Regulatory subunit of the PI3K complex that mediates formation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; different complex forms are believed to play a role in multiple membrane trafficking pathways: PI3KC3-C1 is involved in initiation of autophagosomes and PI3KC3-C2 in maturation of autophagosomes and endocytosis. Involved in regulation of degradative endocytic trafficking and cytokinesis, probably in the context of PI3KC3-C2 (By similarity).
Regulatory subunit of the PI3K complex. May regulate membrane trafficking late in the endocytic pathway (By similarity).
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase (By similarity).
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with FBXO7 (By similarity).
Plays an important role in control of proteasome function. Inhibits the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20S proteasome. Also inhibits the activation of the proteasome by the proteasome regulatory proteins PA700 and PA28 (By similarity).
Plays an important role in control of proteasome function. Inhibits the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20S proteasome. Also inhibits the activation of the proteasome by the proteasome regulatory proteins PA700 and PA28.
Ubiquitin-binding protein that specifically recognizes and binds 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin. Does not bind 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin. Positively regulates the internalization of ligand-activated EGFR by binding to the Ub moiety of ubiquitinated EGFR at the cell membrane.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates cell proliferation. Involved in apoptosis regulation. Mediates ER stress-induced activation of JNK signaling pathway and apoptosis by promoting ERN1 activation and splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Also involved in protein trafficking and localization.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is required for E3 ligase activity and for promoting ER stress-induced JNK activation and apoptosis.
Interacts with DDB1, CUL4A and CUL4B. Interacts with KPNA1, KPNB1 and XPO1.
Interacts with stathmin, PAM and CDKN1B/p27Kip1.
Upon serum stimulation, phosphorylates CDKN1B/p27Kip1, thus controlling CDKN1B subcellular location and cell cycle progression in G1 phase. May be involved in trafficking and/or processing of RNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the SLAIN motif-containing family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. PYROXD1 subfamily.
Probable FAD-dependent oxidoreductase; involved in the cellular oxidative stress response (By similarity). Required for normal sarcomere structure and muscle fiber integrity (By similarity).
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Receptor for lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase.
Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner. Promotes inactivation of WDR24 component of the GATOR2 complex by binding to phosphorylated WDR24.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with SAMSN1 (By similarity). Interacts with RAF1, SSH1 and CRTC2/TORC2 (By similarity). Interacts with ABL1 (phosphorylated form); the interaction retains it in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Interacts with GAB2 (By similarity). Interacts with MDM4 (phosphorylated); negatively regulates MDM4 activity toward TP53 (By similarity). Interacts with PKA-phosphorylated AANAT and SIRT2 (By similarity). Interacts with the 'Thr-369' phosphorylated form of DAPK2 (By similarity). Interacts with PI4KB, TBC1D22A and TBC1D22B (By similarity). Interacts with SLITRK1 (By similarity). Interacts with LRRK2; this interaction is dependent on LRRK2 phosphorylation (By similarity). Interacts with MARK2 and MARK3 (By similarity). Interacts with MEFV (By similarity). Interacts with ENDOG, TSC2 and PIK3C3; interaction with ENDOG weakens its interaction with TSC2 and PIK3C3 (By similarity). Interacts with (phosphorylated) WDR24 (By similarity).
Vesicular soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (v-SNARE) mediating vesicle docking and fusion to a specific acceptor cellular compartment. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of GOSR1, GOSR2 and STX5. Functions in early/recycling endosome to TGN transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of BET1L, GOSR1 and STX5. Has a S-palmitoyl transferase activity.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Plays a role in short-term synaptic plasticity in a subset of GABAergic neurons in the brain.
Component of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (By similarity). Interacts with DDX6. Interacts with EIF4ENIF1/4E-T; promoting EIF4ENIF1/4E-T localization to P-bodies. Interacts (via FFD box) with EDC4 (By similarity).
Essential for formation of P-bodies, cytoplasmic structures that provide storage sites for translationally inactive mRNAs and protect them from degradation. Acts as a repressor of mRNA translation. May play a role in mitotic spindle assembly.
The LSM14 domain and the RGG repeats are required for accumulation in P-bodies, and the region containing the FDF motif is responsible for cytoplasmic retention.
The [NKR]KIAxRE motif seems to be a cyclin-binding region.
Acts as a catabolic phospho-lyase on both gamma- and beta-phosphorylated substrates. Degrades O-phospho-threonine (PThr) to alpha-ketobutyrate, ammonia and phosphate (By similarity).
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I39 (alpha-2-macroglobulin) family.
Monomer. Interacts with SARS1/SerRS; interaction is mediated via tRNA(Ser) and is required for N(3)-methylcytidine methylation.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates N(3)-methylcytidine modification of residue 32 of the tRNA anticodon loop of tRNA(Ser), including tRNA(Ser)(UGA) and tRNA(Ser)(GCU). Interaction with SARS1/SerRS is required for N(3)-methylcytidine methylation.
Mitochondrial serine transporter that mediates transport of serine into mitochondria, an important step of the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Mitochondrial serine is converted to glycine and formate, which then exits to the cytosol where it is used to generate the charged folates that serve as one-carbon donors.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Heterotetramer; dimer of two heterodimers formed by FARSA and FARSB.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Binds calmodulin. Interacts with NDUFAF3.
May be involved in cell proliferation and survival of hormone-dependent tumor cells. Involved in the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I) (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on serine. Prolactin stimulate serine phosphorylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFC2 subunit family.
Acetylated by EP300; acetylation leads both to the decreased of SIRT2-mediated alpha-tubulin deacetylase activity and SIRT2-mediated down-regulation of TP53 transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class I subfamily.
Inhibited by Sirtinol, A3 and M15 small molecules. Inhibited by nicotinamide. Inhibited by a macrocyclic peptide inhibitor S2iL5. Inhibited by EP300-induced acetylation (By similarity).
Interacts with CDC20, FOXO3 and FZR1 (By similarity). Associates with microtubules in primary cortical mature neurons (By similarity). Homotrimer. Interacts (via both phosphorylated, unphosphorylated, active or inactive forms) with HDAC6; the interaction is necessary for the complex to interact with alpha-tubulin, suggesting that these proteins belong to a large complex that deacetylates the cytoskeleton. Interacts with FOXO1; the interaction is disrupted upon serum-starvation or oxidative stress, leading to increased level of acetylated FOXO1 and induction of autophagy (By similarity). Interacts with RELA; the interaction occurs in the cytoplasm and is increased in a TNF-alpha-dependent manner. Interacts with HOXA10; the interaction is direct. Interacts with YWHAB and YWHAG; the interactions occur in a AKT-dependent manner and increase SIRT2-dependent TP53 deacetylation. Interacts with MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1; the interactions increase SIRT2 stability and deacetylation activity. Interacts (phosphorylated form) with KMT5A isoform 2; the interaction is direct, stimulates KMT5A-mediated methyltransferase activity on histone at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me1) and is increased in a H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress-dependent manner. Interacts with G6PD; the interaction is enhanced by H(2)O(2) treatment. Interacts with a G1/S-specific cyclin E-CDK2 complex. Interacts with AURKA, CDK5R1 (p35 form) and CDK5 and HIF1A. Interacts with the tRNA ligase SARS1; recruited to the VEGFA promoter via interaction with SARS1 (By similarity). Interacts with BEX4; negatively regulates alpha-tubulin deacetylation by SIRT2 (By similarity). Interacts with MORN3; the interaction enhances the ubiquitination of p53/TP53 (By similarity).
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase, which deacetylates internal lysines on histone and alpha-tubulin as well as many other proteins such as key transcription factors. Participates in the modulation of multiple and diverse biological processes such as cell cycle control, genomic integrity, microtubule dynamics, cell differentiation, metabolic networks, and autophagy. Plays a major role in the control of cell cycle progression and genomic stability. Functions in the antephase checkpoint preventing precocious mitotic entry in response to microtubule stress agents, and hence allowing proper inheritance of chromosomes. Positively regulates the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase complex activity by deacetylating CDC20 and FZR1, then allowing progression through mitosis. Associates both with chromatin at transcriptional start sites (TSSs) and enhancers of active genes. Plays a role in cell cycle and chromatin compaction through epigenetic modulation of the regulation of histone H4 'Lys-20' methylation (H4K20me1) during early mitosis. Specifically deacetylates histone H4 at 'Lys-16' (H4K16ac) between the G2/M transition and metaphase enabling H4K20me1 deposition by KMT5A leading to ulterior levels of H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 deposition throughout cell cycle, and mitotic S-phase progression. Deacetylates KMT5A modulating KMT5A chromatin localization during the mitotic stress response. Deacetylates also histone H3 at 'Lys-57' (H3K56ac) during the mitotic G2/M transition. During oocyte meiosis progression, may deacetylate histone H4 at 'Lys-16' (H4K16ac) and alpha-tubulin, regulating spindle assembly and chromosome alignment by influencing microtubule dynamics and kinetochore function. Deacetylates histone H4 at 'Lys-16' (H4K16ac) at the VEGFA promoter and thereby contributes to regulate expression of VEGFA, a key regulator of angiogenesis. Deacetylates alpha-tubulin at 'Lys-40' and hence controls neuronal motility, oligodendroglial cell arbor projection processes and proliferation of non-neuronal cells. Phosphorylation at Ser-368 by a G1/S-specific cyclin E-CDK2 complex inactivates SIRT2-mediated alpha-tubulin deacetylation, negatively regulating cell adhesion, cell migration and neurite outgrowth during neuronal differentiation. Deacetylates PARD3 and participates in the regulation of Schwann cell peripheral myelination formation during early postnatal development and during postinjury remyelination. Involved in several cellular metabolic pathways. Plays a role in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis by deacetylating and stabilizing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase PCK1 activity in response to low nutrient availability. Acts as a key regulator in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by deacetylating and activating the glucose-6-phosphate G6PD enzyme, and therefore, stimulates the production of cytosolic NADPH to counteract oxidative damage. Maintains energy homeostasis in response to nutrient deprivation as well as energy expenditure by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis. Attenuates adipocyte differentiation by deacetylating and promoting FOXO1 interaction to PPARG and subsequent repression of PPARG-dependent transcriptional activity. Plays a role in the regulation of lysosome-mediated degradation of protein aggregates by autophagy in neuronal cells. Deacetylates FOXO1 in response to oxidative stress or serum deprivation, thereby negatively regulating FOXO1-mediated autophagy (By similarity). Deacetylates a broad range of transcription factors and co-regulators regulating target gene expression. Deacetylates transcriptional factor FOXO3 stimulating the ubiquitin ligase SCF(SKP2)-mediated FOXO3 ubiquitination and degradation (By similarity). Deacetylates HIF1A and therefore promotes HIF1A degradation and inhibition of HIF1A transcriptional activity in tumor cells in response to hypoxia. Deacetylates RELA in the cytoplasm inhibiting NF-kappaB-dependent transcription activation upon TNF-alpha stimulation. Inhibits transcriptional activation by deacetylating p53/TP53 and EP300. Deacetylates also EIF5A. Functions as a negative regulator on oxidative stress-tolerance in response to anoxia-reoxygenation conditions. Plays a role as tumor suppressor (By similarity). In addition to protein deacetylase activity, also has activity toward long-chain fatty acyl groups and mediates protein-lysine demyristoylation and depalmitoylation of target proteins, such as ARF6 and KRAS, thereby regulating their association with membranes (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Phosphorylated at Ser-331 by a mitotic kinase CDK1/cyclin B at the G2/M transition; phosphorylation regulates the delay in cell-cycle progression. Phosphorylated at Ser-331 by a mitotic kinase G1/S-specific cyclin E/Cdk2 complex; phosphorylation inactivates SIRT2-mediated alpha-tubulin deacetylation and thereby negatively regulates cell adhesion, cell migration and neurite outgrowth during neuronal differentiation. Phosphorylated by cyclin A/Cdk2 and p35-Cdk5 complexes and to a lesser extent by the cyclin D3/Cdk4 and cyclin B/Cdk1, in vitro. Dephosphorylated at Ser-331 by CDC14A and CDC14B around early anaphase (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SET7 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Plays a central role in the transcriptional activation of genes.
Interacts with the C-terminal half of SNRP70/U1-70K, the Arg/Ser-rich domain of AKAP17A as well as with U2AF1 and CLK1.
Phosphorylated on Ser-310 upon DNA damage, probably by ATM or ATR.
Splice factor required for alternative splicing of TRA2B/SFRS10 transcripts. May interfere with constitutive 5'-splice site selection (By similarity).
The RanBP2-type zinc fingers mediate binding to RNA.
Interacts with RTKN. Interacts with AKAP13. Interacts with DIAPH1. Interacts with PKN2. Interacts with ROCK1 and ROCK2. Interacts with ARHGDIA. Interacts with RIPOR1.
Regulates a signal transduction pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Serves as a microtubule-dependent signal that is required for the myosin contractile ring formation during cell cycle cytokinesis. Regulates apical junction formation in bronchial epithelial cells (By similarity).
Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains. Interacts with SPATA6.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
May interact with RACK1, ZFYVE9 and NMRK2.
Probable receptor, which may be involved in the internalization of lipophilic molecules and/or signal transduction. May act as a tumor suppressor (By similarity).
Calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that plays a role in ERBB2-mediated tumor cell migration in response to growth factor heregulin stimulation.
Monomer. Interacts with ERBB2 (preferentially with the tyrosine phosphorylated form); this interaction occurs at the cell membrane and is increased in a growth factor heregulin-dependent manner. Interacts with SHC1; this interaction may mediate the binding of CPNE3 with ERBB2. Interacts with RACK1.
May undergo ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation.
Mitochondrial protein responsible for thermogenic respiration, a specialized capacity of brown adipose tissue and beige fat that participates in non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis to temperature and diet variations and more generally to the regulation of energy balance. Functions as a long-chain fatty acid/LCFA and proton symporter, simultaneously transporting one LCFA and one proton through the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, LCFAs remaining associated with the transporter via their hydrophobic tails, it results in an apparent transport of protons activated by LCFAs. Thereby, dissipates the mitochondrial proton gradient and converts the energy of substrate oxydation into heat instead of ATP. Regulates the production of reactive oxygen species/ROS by mitochondria.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. OST exists in two different complex forms which contain common core subunits RPN1, RPN2, OST48, OST4, DAD1 and TMEM258, either STT3A or STT3B as catalytic subunits, and form-specific accessory subunits. STT3A complex assembly occurs through the formation of 3 subcomplexes. Subcomplex 1 contains RPN1 and TMEM258, subcomplex 2 contains the STT3A-specific subunits STT3A, DC2/OSTC, and KCP2 as well as the core subunit OST4, and subcomplex 3 contains RPN2, DAD1, and OST48. The STT3A complex can form stable complexes with the Sec61 complex or with both the Sec61 and TRAP complexes (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM35A/NACHO (By similarity).
Ufmylated by UFL1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, promoting reticulophagy of endoplasmic reticulum sheets.
Interacts with SMARCA1. Interacts with NEK3 and VAV2 and this interaction is prolactin-dependent.
The WSXWS motif appears to be necessary for proper protein folding and thereby efficient intracellular transport and cell-surface receptor binding.
The box 1 motif is required for JAK interaction and/or activation.
This is a receptor for the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin.
Belongs to the Schlafen family. Subgroup III subfamily.
G-protein coupled opioid receptor that functions as receptor for endogenous alpha-neoendorphins and dynorphins, but has low affinity for beta-endorphins. Also functions as receptor for various synthetic opioids and for the psychoactive diterpene salvinorin A. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain. Plays a role in mediating reduced physical activity upon treatment with synthetic opioids. Plays a role in the regulation of salivation in response to synthetic opioids. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions.
Interacts with NHERF1. Interacts with GABARAPL1.
Interacts with NCOA6 and JUN. Interacts with ESR1 and ESR2, in the presence of estradiol (E2). Interacts with RSRC1 (via Arg/Ser-rich domain). Interacts with SF3B1. Interacts with ZNF106 (via N-terminus).
RNA-binding protein that acts as a pre-mRNA splicing factor. Acts by promoting exon inclusion via regulation of exon cassette splicing (By similarity). Also acts as a transcriptional coactivator for steroid nuclear receptors ESR1/ER-alpha and ESR2/ER-beta, and JUN/AP-1, independently of the pre-mRNA splicing factor activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
Bri23 peptide prevents aggregation of APP amyloid-beta protein 42 into toxic oligomers.
Glycosylation at Asn-170 is important for cell surface localization, but doesn't affect furin- and ADAM10-induced proteolytic processing.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with SPPL2A and SPPL2B. Interacts with APP. Mature BRI2 (mBRI2) interacts with the APP amyloid-beta A4 protein; the interaction occurs at the cell surface and in the endocytic compartments and enable alpha- and beta-secretase-induced APP cleavage inhibition. Mature BRI2 (mBRI2) interacts with the APP C99; the interaction occurs in the endocytic compartments and enable gamma-secretase-induced C99 cleavage inhibition. May form heterodimers with Bri23 peptide and APP amyloid-beta protein 40 (By similarity). Interacts with ADAM7 in sperm; the interaction increases following capacitation (By similarity).
Mature BRI2 (mBRI2) functions as a modulator of the amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein (APP) processing leading to a strong reduction in the secretion of secretase-processed amyloid-beta protein 40 and amyloid-beta protein 42.
Plays a regulatory role in the processing of the amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein (APP) and acts as an inhibitor of the amyloid-beta peptide aggregation and fibrils deposition. Plays a role in the induction of neurite outgrowth. Functions as a protease inhibitor by blocking access of secretases to APP cleavage sites (By similarity).
The ectodomain C-terminal part of the imBRI2 is processed by furin producing a secreted Bri23 peptide and a mature BRI2, membrane form (mBRI2). The remaining part of the ectodomain of mBRI2 containing the BRICHOS domain is cleaved by ADAM10 and is secreted (BRI2C, soluble form). The membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (BRI2C, membrane form) is further proteolytically processed by SPPL2A and SPPL2B through regulated intramembrane proteolysis producing a secreted C-peptide and a BRI2 intracellular domain (BRI2 ICD) released in the cytosol. Shedding by ADAM10 facilitates intramembrane cleavage but is not absolutely required for BRI2 ICD generation (By similarity).
Interacts (GTP-bound form) with MICALL1; regulates RAB8A association with recycling endosomes (By similarity). Interacts with MICALL2; competes with RAB13 and is involved in E-cadherin endocytic recycling (By similarity). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with MICAL1, MICALCL, MICAL3 and EHBP1L1; two molecules of RAB8A can bind to one molecule of the effector protein; ternary complexes of RAB8A, RAB13 and either MICAL1 or EHBP1L1 are possible (By similarity). Interacts (GTP-bound form) with EHBP1 (By similarity). Interacts with EHD1 (By similarity). Interacts with MAP4K2 and SYTL4 (By similarity). Interacts with SGSM1 and SGSM3 (By similarity). Interacts with RABIF, RIMS2, RPH3A and RPH3A (By similarity). Interacts with OPTN (By similarity). Interacts with RAB3IP (By similarity). Interacts with MYO5B (By similarity). Interacts with CIMAP3 (By similarity). Interacts with BIRC6/bruce (By similarity). Interacts with OCRL (By similarity). Interacts with AHI1 (By similarity). Interacts with DCDC1 (By similarity). Interacts with LRRK2; interaction facilitates phosphorylation of Thr-72 (By similarity). Interacts with RAB31P, GDI1, GDI2, CHM, CHML, RABGGTA, RABGGTB, TBC1D15 and INPP5B; these interactions are dependent on Thr-72 not being phosphorylated (By similarity). Interacts with RILPL1 and RILPL2; these interactions are dependent on the phosphorylation of Thr-72 by LRRK2 (By similarity). Interacts with DZIP1; prevents inhibition by the GDP-dissociation inhibitor GDI2 (By similarity).
Regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which increase the GTP hydrolysis activity, and GDP dissociation inhibitors which inhibit the dissociation of the nucleotide from the GTPase (By similarity). Activated in response to insulin (By similarity).
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different sets of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. That Rab is involved in polarized vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter release. Together with RAB11A, RAB3IP, the exocyst complex, PARD3, PRKCI, ANXA2, CDC42 and DNMBP promotes transcytosis of PODXL to the apical membrane initiation sites (AMIS), apical surface formation and lumenogenesis. Regulates the compacted morphology of the Golgi (By similarity). Together with MYO5B and RAB11A participates in epithelial cell polarization. Also involved in membrane trafficking to the cilium and ciliogenesis (By similarity). Together with MICALL2, may also regulate adherens junction assembly (By similarity). May play a role in insulin-induced transport to the plasma membrane of the glucose transporter GLUT4 and therefore play a role in glucose homeostasis (By similarity). Involved in autophagy (By similarity).
May associate with CD21. May regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores.
Functional P2XRs are organized as homomeric and heteromeric trimers.
Receptor for ATP that acts as a ligand-gated ion channel.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cGMP subfamily.
Interacts with PAK1. Interacts (via C-terminus) with Ras-related Rab-5 proteins. Interacts (via C-terminus) with Ras-related Rap-2 proteins. Interacts with PIK3CA and PIK3R1. Interacts (via N-terminus) with FSCN1; this interaction induces neuron axon development. Interacts with DBN1.
Plays a role in the generation of neuronal polarity formation and axon growth. Implicated in the formation of a single axon by developing neurons. May inhibit the formation of additional axons by inhibition of PI3K in minor neuronal processes. Plays a role in the formation of F-actin-enriched protrusive structures at the cell periphery. Plays a role in cytoskeletal organization by regulating the subcellular localization of FSCN1 and DBN1 at axonal growth cones. Promotes gastric cancer cell migration and invasion in a PAK1-dependent manner.
Plays a role in the regulation of neuronal activity.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-alpha subfamily.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first commited step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
Domain I shares an identical polypeptide fold with the beta subunit ETFB though there is no sequence similarity.
Heterodimer composed of ETFA and ETFB. Identified in a complex that contains ETFA, ETFB and ETFRF1. Interaction with ETFRF1 promotes dissociation of the bound FAD and loss of electron transfer activity (By similarity). Interacts with TASOR (By similarity).
Heterodimeric electron transfer flavoprotein that accepts electrons from several mitochondrial dehydrogenases, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase). Required for normal mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and normal amino acid metabolism.
Auxillary subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex which displays alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity. The NAT activity may be important for vascular, hematopoietic and neuronal growth and development. Required to control retinal neovascularization in adult ocular endothelial cells. In complex with XRCC6 and XRCC5 (Ku80), up-regulates transcription from the osteocalcin promoter (By similarity).
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex composed of NAA10 or probably NAA11 and NAA15 (By similarity). Interacts with XRCC6, NAA50 and XRCC5 (By similarity). Associates with HYPK when in a complex with NAA10 (By similarity). Interaction with HYPK reduces the capacity to interact with NAA50 (By similarity).
Component of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex, which includes at least TRAPPC2, TRAPPC2L, TRAPPC3, TRAPPC3L, TRAPPC4, TRAPPC5, TRAPPC8, TRAPPC9, TRAPPC10, TRAPPC11 and TRAPPC12. Interacts with the heterodimer TRAPPC3-TRAPPC6A (By similarity).
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c. Interacts with TMEM70 and TMEM242 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. A homomeric c-ring of probably 10 subunits is part of the complex rotary element.
There are three genes which encode the mitochondrial ATP synthase proteolipid and they specify precursors with different import sequences but identical mature proteins.
This protein is the major protein stored in the storage bodies of animals or humans affected with ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease).
Trimethylated by ATPSCKMT at Lys-110. Methylation is required for proper incorporation of the C subunit into the ATP synthase complex and mitochondrial respiration.
May have a role in hematopoietic cell differentiation.
Activity is inhibited by binding to OTUB1, which prevents 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination (By similarity). Activity is inhibited by GPS2, leading to prevent 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination (By similarity).
Conjugation to ISG15 impairs formation of the thioester bond with ubiquitin but not interaction with UBE2V2.
Heterodimer with UBE2V2 (By similarity). Interacts (UBE2V2-UBE2N heterodimer) with the E3 ligase STUB1 (via the U-box domain); the complex has a specific 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination activity (By similarity). Interacts with RNF8 and RNF168 (By similarity). Interacts with RNF11 (By similarity). Interacts with the E3 ligases, HLTF and SHPRH; the interactions promote the 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA upon genotoxic stress and lead to DNA repair (By similarity). Interacts with ARIH2 (via RING-type 2) (By similarity). Interacts with OTUB1; leading to inhibit E2-conjugating activity (By similarity). Interacts with GPS2; leading to inhibit E2-conjugating activity (By similarity). Interacts with RIGI and RNF135; involved in RIGI ubiquitination and activation (By similarity).
The UBE2V1-UBE2N and UBE2V2-UBE2N heterodimers catalyze the synthesis of non-canonical 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. This type of polyubiquitination does not lead to protein degradation by the proteasome. Mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. Plays a role in the control of progress through the cell cycle and differentiation. Plays a role in the error-free DNA repair pathway and contributes to the survival of cells after DNA damage. Acts together with the E3 ligases, HLTF and SHPRH, in the 'Lys-63'-linked poly-ubiquitination of PCNA upon genotoxic stress, which is required for DNA repair. Appears to act together with E3 ligase RNF5 in the 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of JKAMP thereby regulating JKAMP function by decreasing its association with components of the proteasome and ERAD. Promotes TRIM5 capsid-specific restriction activity and the UBE2V1-UBE2N heterodimer acts in concert with TRIM5 to generate 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains which activate the MAP3K7/TAK1 complex which in turn results in the induction and expression of NF-kappa-B and MAPK-responsive inflammatory genes. Together with RNF135 and UB2V1, catalyzes the viral RNA-dependent 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of RIGI to activate the downstream signaling pathway that leads to interferon beta production (By similarity). UBE2V1-UBE2N together with TRAF3IP2 E3 ubiquitin ligase mediate 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF6, a component of IL17A-mediated signaling pathway.
Interacts with HNRNPDL. Interacts with the 5FMC complex; the interaction requires association with CHTOP. Interacts with CAVIN1.
Involved in transcriptional regulation. Represses the transcription of a number of genes including gastrin, stromelysin and enolase. Binds to the G-rich box in the enhancer region of these genes (By similarity).
Sumoylated with SUMO2. Desumoylated by SENP3, resulting in the stimulation of transcription of its target genes (By similarity).
Belongs to the sepiapterin reductase family.
Component of multiple SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and a variable F-box domain-containing protein as substrate-specific subunit. Component of the SCF(FBXW11) complex containing FBXW11. Component of the SCF(SKP2) complex containing SKP2, in which it interacts directly with SKP1, SKP2 and RBX1. Component of the SCF(FBXW2) complex containing FBXW2. Component of the SCF(FBXO32) complex containing FBXO32. Component of the probable SCF(FBXO7) complex containing FBXO7. Component of the SCF(FBXO10) complex containing FBXO10. Component of the SCF(FBXO11) complex containing FBXO11. Component of the SCF(FBXO25) complex containing FBXO25. Component of the SCF(FBXO33) complex containing FBXO33. Component of the probable SCF(FBXO4) complex containing FBXO4. Component of the SCF(FBXO44) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and FBXO44. Component of the SCF(BTRC) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and BTRC. This complex binds phosphorylated NFKBIA. Part of a SCF complex consisting of CUL1, RBX1, SKP1 and FBXO2. Component of a SCF(SKP2)-like complex containing CUL1, SKP1, TRIM21 and SKP2. Component of the SCF(FBXO17) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and FBXO17. Component of the SCF(FBXO27) complex, composed of SKP1, CUL1 and FBXO27. Component of the SCF(CCNF) complex consisting of CUL1, RBX1, SKP1 and CCNF (By similarity). Interacts with CCNF (By similarity). Component of the SCF(FBXL3) complex composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXL3. Component of the SCF(FBXL21) complex composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXL21. Component of the SCF(FBXO9) composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXO9. Component of the SCF(FBXW7) composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXW7. Interacts with CHEK2; mediates CHEK2 ubiquitination and regulates its function. Part of a complex with TIP120A/CAND1 and RBX1. The unneddylated form interacts with TIP120A/CAND1 and the interaction mediates the exchange of the F-box substrate-specific subunit. Can self-associate. Interacts with FBXW8. Interacts with RNF7. Interacts with CUL7; the interaction seems to be mediated by FBXW8. Interacts with TRIM21. Interacts with COPS2. Interacts with DCUN1D1 and UBE2M. Interacts with DCUN1D3. Interacts with DCUN1D4. Identified in a complex with RBX1 and GLMN (By similarity). Interacts with CEP68 as part of the SCF(FBXW11) complex; the interaction is probably mediated by FBXW11 and the complex also contains CDK5RAP2 and PCNT. Interacts (when neddylated) with ARIH1; leading to activate the E3 ligase activity of ARIH1. Interacts with COPS9. Interacts with UBXN1 (By similarity). Interacts with KAT7, probably as part of an SCF complex; the interaction mediates KAT7 ubiquitination (By similarity). Interacts with NOTCH2 (By similarity). Part of a complex that contains DCUN1D5, CUL1 and RBX1; this interaction is bridged by CUL1 (By similarity). Interacts (unneddylated form) with DCUN1D1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D3, DCUN1D4 and DCUN1D5; these interactions promote the cullin neddylation (By similarity).
Core component of multiple cullin-RING-based SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, which mediate the ubiquitination of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. SCF complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins. In the SCF complex, serves as a rigid scaffold that organizes the SKP1-F-box protein and RBX1 subunits. May contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the complex is dependent on the neddylation of the cullin subunit and exchange of the substrate recognition component is mediated by TIP120A/CAND1. The functional specificity of the SCF complex depends on the F-box protein as substrate recognition component. SCF(BTRC) and SCF(FBXW11) direct ubiquitination of CTNNB1 and participate in Wnt signaling. SCF(FBXW11) directs ubiquitination of phosphorylated NFKBIA. SCF(BTRC) directs ubiquitination of NFKBIB, NFKBIE, ATF4, SMAD3, SMAD4, CDC25A, FBXO5 and probably NFKB2. SCF(BTRC) and/or SCF(FBXW11) direct ubiquitination of CEP68. SCF(SKP2) directs ubiquitination of phosphorylated CDKN1B/p27kip and is involved in regulation of G1/S transition. SCF(SKP2) directs ubiquitination of ORC1, CDT1, RBL2, ELF4, CDKN1A, RAG2, FOXO1A, and probably MYC and TAL1. SCF(FBXW7) directs ubiquitination of cyclin E, NOTCH1 released notch intracellular domain (NICD), and probably PSEN1. SCF(FBXW2) directs ubiquitination of GCM1. SCF(FBXO32) directs ubiquitination of MYOD1. SCF(FBXO7) directs ubiquitination of BIRC2 and DLGAP5. SCF(FBXO33) directs ubiquitination of YBX1. SCF(FBXO1) directs ubiquitination of BCL6 and DTL but does not seem to direct ubiquitination of TP53. SCF(BTRC) mediates the ubiquitination of NFKBIA at 'Lys-21' and 'Lys-22'; the degradation frees the associated NFKB1-RELA dimer to translocate into the nucleus and to activate transcription. SCF(CCNF) directs ubiquitination of CCP110. SCF(FBXL3) and SCF(FBXL21) direct ubiquitination of CRY1 and CRY2. SCF(FBXO9) directs ubiquitination of TTI1 and TELO2. SCF(FBXO10) directs ubiquitination of BCL2. Interacts with COPS9. Interacts with KAT7, probably as part of an SCF complex; the interaction mediates KAT7 ubiquitination.
Neddylated; which enhances the ubiquitination activity of SCF and prevents binding of the inhibitor CAND1. Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.
Interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPase that plays important roles in innate immunity against a diverse range of bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens, such as bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium bovis BCG as well as the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Confers protection to several pathogens, including the bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium bovis BCG as well as the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii.
Interacts with VPS4B. Interacts with CHMP1B. Interacts with CHMP2A; the interaction probably involves the open conformation of (polymerized) CHMP2A. Interacts with CHMP3. Interacts with CHMP5; the interaction involves soluble CHMP5. Interacts with IST1 (By similarity).
Involved in the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. Thought to be a cofactor of VPS4A/B, which catalyzes disassembles membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies. Involved in the sorting and down-regulation of EGFR (By similarity).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP (By similarity). The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding (By similarity).
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9 (By similarity).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. CFTR transporter (TC 3.A.1.202) subfamily.
Binds and hydrolyzes ATP via the two cytoplasmic ABC transporter nucleotide-binding domains. The two ATP-binding domains interact with each other, forming a head-to-tail dimer. Normal ATPase activity requires interaction between the two domains. The first ABC transporter nucleotide-binding domain has no ATPase activity by itself.
Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis. Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane (By similarity). Channel activity is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3)(-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration. Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters. Contributes to the regulation of the pH and the ion content of the epithelial fluid layer. Modulates the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) complex, in part by regulating the cell surface expression of the ENaC complex. May regulate bicarbonate secretion and salvage in epithelial cells by regulating the transporter SLC4A7. Can inhibit the chloride channel activity of ANO1 (By similarity). Plays a role in the chloride and bicarbonate homeostasis during sperm epididymal maturation and capacitation (By similarity).
Monomer; does not require oligomerization for channel activity. May form oligomers in the membrane (By similarity). Interacts with SLC26A3, SLC26A6 and NHERF1 (By similarity). Interacts with SHANK2 (By similarity). Interacts with MYO6 (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with GOPC (via PDZ domain); this promotes CFTR internalization and thereby decreases channel activity. Interacts with SLC4A7 through NHERF1. Found in a complex with MYO5B and RAB11A. Interacts with ANO1. Interacts with SLC26A8 (By similarity). Interacts with AHCYL1; the interaction increases CFTR activity (By similarity). Interacts with CSE1L (By similarity). The core-glycosylated form interacts with GORASP2 (via PDZ GRASP-type 1 domain) in respone to ER stress (By similarity). Interacts with MARCHF2; the interaction leads to CFTR ubiqtuitination and degradation (By similarity).
Phosphorylated; cAMP treatment promotes phosphorylation and activates the channel. Dephosphorylation decreases the ATPase activity (in vitro). Phosphorylation at PKA sites activates the channel. Phosphorylation at PKC sites enhances the response to phosphorylation by PKA. Phosphorylated by AMPK; this inhibits channel activity.
The PDZ-binding motif mediates interactions with GOPC and with the SLC4A7, NHERF1/EBP50 complex.
The disordered R region mediates channel activation when it is phosphorylated, but not in the absence of phosphorylation.
Ubiquitinated, leading to its degradation in the lysosome. Deubiquitination by USP10 in early endosomes enhances its endocytic recycling to the cell membrane. Ubiquitinated by RNF185 during ER stress. Ubiquitinated by MARCHF2 (By similarity).
Methionine-sulfoxide reductase that specifically reduces methionine (R)-sulfoxide back to methionine. While in many cases, methionine oxidation is the result of random oxidation following oxidative stress, methionine oxidation is also a post-translational modification that takes place on specific residue. Acts as a regulator of actin assembly by reducing methionine (R)-sulfoxide mediated by MICALs (MICAL1, MICAL2 or MICAL3) on actin, thereby promoting filament repolymerization. Plays a role in innate immunity by reducing oxidized actin, leading to actin repolymerization in macrophages.
Truncated MSRB1/SEPX1 proteins produced by failed UGA/Sec decoding are ubiquitinated by the CRL2(FEM1C) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-33 is the initiator.
Also able to convert testosterone (T) into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism.
Belongs to the dienelactone hydrolase family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. Highly divergent.
Interacts with LRP2; LRP2 mediates APOM renal uptake and subsequent lysosomal degradation.
Probably involved in lipid transport. Can bind sphingosine-1-phosphate, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid (By similarity).
Probably involved in lipid transport. Can bind sphingosine-1-phosphate, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, retinol, all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid.
Exists as an octamer composed of four CKMT2 homodimers.
Mitochondrial creatine kinase binds cardiolipin.
Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa (By similarity).
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. AKR/ZDHHC17 subfamily.
Interacts (via ANK repeats) with CLIP3. Interacts (via ANK repeats) with DNAJC5 (via C-terminus). Interacts (via ANK repeats) with HTT. Interacts (via ANK repeats) with MAP6. Interacts (via ANK repeats) with SNAP23. Interacts (via ANK repeats) with SNAP25. May interact (via ANK repeats) with SPRED2.
Palmitoyltransferase that could catalyze the addition of palmitate onto various protein substrates. Palmitoyltransferase for HTT and GAD2. May play a role in Mg(2+) transport.
Belongs to the beta-microseminoprotein family.
Part of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex SCF(FBXO9) composed of CUL1, SKP1, RBX1 and FBXO9. Interacts with TTI1 and TELO2; when TTI1 and TELO2 are phosphorylated by CK2.
Substrate recognition component of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins and plays a role in several biological processes such as cell cycle, cell proliferation, or maintenance of chromosome stability. Ubiquitinates mTORC1-bound TTI1 and TELO2 when they are phosphorylated by CK2 following growth factor deprivation, leading to their degradation. In contrast, does not mediate ubiquitination of TTI1 and TELO2 when they are part of the mTORC2 complex. As a consequence, mTORC1 is inactivated to restrain cell growth and protein translation, while mTORC2 is the activated due to the relief of feedback inhibition by mTORC1. Plays a role in maintaining epithelial cell survival by regulating the turn-over of chromatin modulator PRMT4 through ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasomal pathway. Regulates also PPARgamma stability by facilitating PPARgamma/PPARG ubiquitination and thereby plays a role in adipocyte differentiation.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Mitochondrial S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of 5-methyl-uridine in tRNAs and 12S rRNA. Catalyzes the methylation of uridine at position 54 (m5U54) in all tRNAs. Specifically methylates the uridine in position 429 of 12S rRNA (m5U429). Does not affect RNA stability or mitochondrial translation.
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. It is capable of binding to actin, calmodulin and tropomyosin. The interaction of calponin with actin inhibits the actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity (By similarity).
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. It is capable of binding to actin, calmodulin and tropomyosin. The interaction of calponin with actin inhibits the actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity.
Constituent of preproteasomes, but not of mature 20S proteasomes. Within the preproteasome, may directly interact with PSMB1/beta6, PSMB4/beta7, PSMB5/beta5, PSMB6/beta1 and PSMB9/beta1i. Interaction with PSMB8/beta5i is controversial. Forms tetramers (By similarity).
Molecular chaperone essential for the assembly of standard proteasomes and immunoproteasomes. Degraded after completion of proteasome maturation (By similarity). Mediates the association of 20S preproteasome with the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity).
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ZNG1 subfamily.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of 13 subunits: EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L and EIF3M. The eIF-3 complex appears to include 3 stable modules: module A is composed of EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3G and EIF3I; module B is composed of EIF3F, EIF3H, and EIF3M; and module C is composed of EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3K and EIF3L. EIF3C of module C binds EIF3B of module A and EIF3H of module B, thereby linking the three modules. EIF3J is a labile subunit that binds to the eIF-3 complex via EIF3B. The eIF-3 complex interacts with RPS6KB1 under conditions of nutrient depletion. Mitogenic stimulation leads to binding and activation of a complex composed of MTOR and RPTOR, leading to phosphorylation and release of RPS6KB1 and binding of EIF4B to eIF-3 (By similarity). Interacts with ALKBH4, IFIT1 and IFIT2 (By similarity). Interacts with BZW2/5MP1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A19 subfamily.
Interacts in a tissue-specific manner with ACE2 in small intestine and with CLTRN in the kidney. Interacts with CLTRN; this interaction is required for trafficking of SLC6A19 to the plasma membrane and for its catalytic activation in kidneys. Interacts with ACE2; this interaction is required for trafficking of SLC6A19 to the plasma membrane and for its catalytic activation in intestine. Interacts with ANPEP; the interaction positively regulates its amino acid transporter activity (By similarity).
Transporter that mediates resorption of neutral amino acids across the apical membrane of renal and intestinal epithelial cells. This uptake is sodium-dependent and chloride-independent. Requires CLTRN in kidney or ACE2 in intestine for cell surface expression and amino acid transporter activity.
On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for anti-Muellerian hormone.
COPII is composed of at least five proteins: the Sec23/24 complex, the Sec13/31 complex and Sar1 (By similarity). Interacts with SAR1A (By similarity).
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules for their transport to the Golgi complex.
Component of the pre-catalytic spliceosome B and the catalytic spliceosome C complexes. Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns (By similarity). Interacts with EIF4A3 and PRPF19 in an RNA-independent manner. Direct interaction with EIF4A3 is mediated by the MIF4G domain. Full interaction with EIF4A3 occurs only when EIF4A3 is not part of the EJC and prevents EIF4A3 binding to RNA.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs (By similarity). Promotes exon-junction complex (EJC) assembly. Hinders EIF4A3 from non-specifically binding RNA and escorts it to the splicing machinery to promote EJC assembly on mature mRNAs. Through its role in EJC assembly, required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
May play a role in cell cycle regulation. Dual specificity phosphatase active toward substrates containing either phosphotyrosine or phosphoserine residues.
Component of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system also called ER-associated degradation (ERAD) involved in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Binds to ubiquilins and this interaction is required for efficient degradation of CD3D via the ERAD pathway.
Interacts with PSEN1 and PSEN2 (By similarity). Interacts with UBXN6 (By similarity). Interacts with UBQLN1, UBQLN2 and UBQLN4 (By similarity). Component of the HRD1 complex, which comprises at least SYNV1/HRD1, FAM8A1, HERPUD1/HERP, OS9, SEL1L and UBE2J1. FAM8A1 binding to SYNV1 may promote recruitment of HERPUD1 to the HRD1 complex (By similarity).
Component of the Mediator complex, which is composed of MED1, MED4, MED6, MED7, MED8, MED9, MED10, MED11, MED12, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED18, MED19, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED26, MED27, MED29, MED30, MED31, CCNC, CDK8 and CDC2L6/CDK11. The MED12, MED13, CCNC and CDK8 subunits form a distinct module termed the CDK8 module. Mediator containing the CDK8 module is less active than Mediator lacking this module in supporting transcriptional activation. Individual preparations of the Mediator complex lacking one or more distinct subunits have been variously termed ARC, CRSP, DRIP, PC2, SMCC and TRAP (By similarity).
Essential counter-regulatory carboxypeptidase of the renin-angiotensin hormone system that is a critical regulator of blood volume, systemic vascular resistance, and thus cardiovascular homeostasis. Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9, a nine-amino acid peptide with anti-hypertrophic effects in cardiomyocytes, and angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7, which then acts as a beneficial vasodilator and anti-proliferation agent, counterbalancing the actions of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Also removes the C-terminal residue from three other vasoactive peptides, neurotensin, kinetensin, and des-Arg bradykinin, but is not active on bradykinin. Also cleaves other biological peptides, such as apelins, casomorphins and dynorphin A. Plays an important role in amino acid transport by acting as binding partner of amino acid transporter SLC6A19 in intestine, regulating trafficking, expression on the cell surface, and its catalytic activity.
Homodimer. Interacts with the catalytically active form of TMPRSS2 (By similarity). Interacts with SLC6A19; this interaction is essential for expression and function of SLC6A19 in intestine (By similarity). Interacts with ITGA5:ITGB1 (By similarity). Probably interacts (via endocytic sorting signal motif) with AP2M1; the interaction is inhibited by phosphorylation of Tyr-781 (By similarity). Interacts (via PDZ-binding motif) with NHERF1 (via PDZ domains); the interaction may enhance ACE2 membrane residence (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Tyr-781 probably inhibits interaction with AP2M1 and enables interactions with proteins containing SH2 domains.
Proteolytic cleavage by ADAM17 generates a secreted form. Also cleaved by serine proteases: TMPRSS2, TMPRSS11D and HPN/TMPRSS1 (By similarity).
The cytoplasmic tail contains several linear motifs such as LIR, PDZ-binding, PTB and endocytic sorting signal motifs that would allow interaction with proteins that mediate endocytic trafficking and autophagy.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c. Interacts with DNAJC30; interaction is direct.
Trimethylated by ATPSCKMT at Lys-109. Methylation is required for proper incorporation of the C subunit into the ATP synthase complex and mitochondrial respiration.
Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta-arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs to the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type. Internalized arrestin-receptor complexes traffic to intracellular endosomes, where they remain uncoupled from G-proteins. Two different modes of arrestin-mediated internalization occur. Class A receptors, like ADRB2, OPRM1, ENDRA, D1AR and ADRA1B dissociate from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergo rapid recycling. Class B receptors, like AVPR2, AGTR1, NTSR1, TRHR and TACR1 internalize as a complex with arrestin and traffic with it to endosomal vesicles, presumably as desensitized receptors, for extended periods of time. Receptor resensitization then requires that receptor-bound arrestin is removed so that the receptor can be dephosphorylated and returned to the plasma membrane. Mediates endocytosis of CCR7 following ligation of CCL19 but not CCL21. Involved in internalization of P2RY1, P2RY4, P2RY6 and P2RY11 and ATP-stimulated internalization of P2RY2. Involved in phosphorylation-dependent internalization of OPRD1 and subsequent recycling or degradation. Involved in ubiquitination of IGF1R. Beta-arrestins function as multivalent adapter proteins that can switch the GPCR from a G-protein signaling mode that transmits short-lived signals from the plasma membrane via small molecule second messengers and ion channels to a beta-arrestin signaling mode that transmits a distinct set of signals that are initiated as the receptor internalizes and transits the intracellular compartment. Acts as signaling scaffold for MAPK pathways such as MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and MAPK10 (JNK3). ERK1/2 and JNK3 activated by the beta-arrestin scaffold are largely excluded from the nucleus and confined to cytoplasmic locations such as endocytic vesicles, also called beta-arrestin signalosomes. Acts as signaling scaffold for the AKT1 pathway. GPCRs for which the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on both ARRB1 and ARRB2 (codependent regulation) include ADRB2, F2RL1 and PTH1R. For some GPCRs the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on either ARRB1 or ARRB2 and is inhibited by the other respective beta-arrestin form (reciprocal regulation). Increases ERK1/2 signaling in AGTR1- and AVPR2-mediated activation (reciprocal regulation). Involved in CCR7-mediated ERK1/2 signaling involving ligand CCL19. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated ERK activity. Is involved in type-1A angiotensin II receptor/AGTR1-mediated MAPK10 activity. Is involved in dopamine-stimulated AKT1 activity in the striatum by disrupting the association of AKT1 with its negative regulator PP2A. Involved in AGTR1-mediated chemotaxis. Appears to function as signaling scaffold involved in regulation of MIP-1-beta-stimulated CCR5-dependent chemotaxis. Involved in attenuation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription in response to GPCR or cytokine stimulation by interacting with and stabilizing CHUK. Suppresses UV-induced NF-kappa-B-dependent activation by interacting with CHUK. The function is promoted by stimulation of ADRB2 and dephosphorylation of ARRB2. Involved in p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis by regulating MDM2 and reducing the MDM2-mediated degradation of p53/TP53. May serve as nuclear messenger for GPCRs. Upon stimulation of OR1D2, may be involved in regulation of gene expression during the early processes of fertilization. Also involved in regulation of receptors other than GPCRs. Involved in endocytosis of TGFBR2 and TGFBR3 and down-regulates TGF-beta signaling such as NF-kappa-B activation. Involved in endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein receptor/LDLR. Involved in endocytosis of smoothened homolog/Smo, which also requires GRK2. Involved in endocytosis of SLC9A5. Involved in endocytosis of ENG and subsequent TGF-beta-mediated ERK activation and migration of epithelial cells. Involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6 which prevents TRAF6 autoubiquitination and oligomerization required for activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. Involved in insulin resistance by acting as insulin-induced signaling scaffold for SRC, AKT1 and INSR. Involved in regulation of inhibitory signaling of natural killer cells by recruiting PTPN6 and PTPN11 to KIR2DL1. Involved in IL8-mediated granule release in neutrophils. Involved in the internalization of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 (By similarity). Acts as an adapter protein coupling FFAR4 receptor to specific downstream signaling pathways, as well as mediating receptor endocytosis. During the activation step of NLRP3 inflammasome, directly associates with NLRP3 leading to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibition of inflammation. Involved in the internalization of FFAR4.
Homooligomer; the self-association is mediated by InsP6-binding (Probable). Heterooligomer with ARRB1; the association is mediated by InsP6-binding. Interacts with ADRB2 and CHRM2. Interacts with PDE4A. Interacts with PDE4D. Interacts with MAPK10, MAPK1 and MAPK3. Interacts with DRD2. Interacts with FSHR. Interacts with CLTC. Interacts with HTR2C. Interacts with CCR5. Interacts with CXCR4. Interacts with SRC. Interacts with DUSP16; the interaction is interrupted by stimulation of AGTR1 and activation of MAPK10. Interacts with CHUK; the interaction is enhanced stimulation of ADRB2. Interacts with RELA. Interacts with MDM2; the interaction is enhanced by activation of GPCRs. Interacts with SLC9A5. Interacts with TRAF6. Interacts with IGF1R. Interacts with ENG. Interacts with KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL4. Interacts with LDLR. Interacts with AP2B1. Interacts with C5AR1. Interacts with RAF1. Interacts with MAP2K1. Interacts with MAPK1. Interacts with MAPK10; the interaction enhances MAPK10 activation by MAP3K5. Interacts with MAP2K4; the interaction is enhanced by presence of MAP3K5 and MAPK10. Interacts with MAP3K5. Interacts with AKT1. Interacts with IKBKB and MAP3K14. Interacts with SMO (activated). Interacts with GSK3A and GSK3B. Associates with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Interacts with CXCR4; the interaction is dependent on C-terminal phosphorylation of CXCR4 and allows activation of MAPK1 and MAPK3. Interacts with GPR143. Interacts with HCK and CXCR1 (phosphorylated) (By similarity). Interacts with ACKR3 and ACKR4 (By similarity). Interacts with ARRDC1; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with GPR61, GPR62 and GPR135 (By similarity). Interacts (via NACHT and LRR domains) with NLRP3; this interaction is direct and inducible by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (By similarity). Interacts with FFAR4 (via C-terminus); this interaction is stimulated by long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) (By similarity).
Hydroxylation by PHD2 modulates the rate of internalization by slowing down recruitment to the plasma membrane and inhibiting subsequent co-internalization with class A receptors.
Phosphorylated at Thr-382 in the cytoplasm; probably dephosphorylated at the plasma membrane. The phosphorylation does not regulate internalization and recycling of ADRB2, interaction with clathrin or AP2B1 (By similarity).
The ubiquitination status appears to regulate the formation and trafficking of beta-arrestin-GPCR complexes and signaling. Ubiquitination appears to occur GPCR-specific. Ubiquitinated by MDM2; the ubiquitination is required for rapid internalization of ADRB2. Deubiquitinated by USP33; the deubiquitination leads to a dissociation of the beta-arrestin-GPCR complex. Stimulation of a class A GPCR, such as ADRB2, induces transient ubiquitination and subsequently promotes association with USP33. Stimulation of a class B GPCR promotes a sustained ubiquitination. Deubiquitinated by USP20; allowing USP20 to deubiquitinate TRAF6 leading to inhibition of NF-kappa-B signaling (By similarity).
Component of the RNA exosome complex. The catalytically inactive RNA exosome core (Exo-9) complex is believed to associate with catalytic subunits EXOSC10, and DIS3 or DIS3L in cytoplasmic- and nuclear-specific RNA exosome complex forms (By similarity).
Putative cytoplasm-specific catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events. In the cytoplasm, the RNA exosome complex is involved in general mRNA turnover and specifically degrades inherently unstable mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) within their 3' untranslated regions, and in RNA surveillance pathways, preventing translation of aberrant mRNAs. It seems to be involved in degradation of histone mRNA.
Acetylation at Lys-305 is stimulated by high glucose concentration, it decreases enzyme activity and promotes its lysosomal-dependent degradation via chaperone-mediated autophagy.
Catalyzes the final rate-limiting step of glycolysis by mediating the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP. The ratio between the highly active tetrameric form and nearly inactive dimeric form determines whether glucose carbons are channeled to biosynthetic processes or used for glycolytic ATP production. The transition between the 2 forms contributes to the control of glycolysis and is important for tumor cell proliferation and survival.
FGFR1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation is reduced by interaction with TRIM35.
Has high pyruvate kinase activity by itself and does not require allosteric activation by D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) for activity.
There are 4 isozymes of pyruvate kinase in mammals (L, R, M1, M2) encoded by 2 different genes: PKLR and PKM. The L and R isozymes are generated from the PKLR by differential splicing of RNA; the M1 and M2 forms are produced from the PKM gene by differential splicing. L type is major isozyme in the liver, R is found in red cells, M1 is the main form in muscle, heart and brain, and M2 is found in early fetal tissues as well as in most cancer cells.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Interacts with cytoplasmic tails of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors such as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1/CHRM1 and calcitonin receptor/CALCR.
May play a role in regulation of a variety of G-protein coupled receptors.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
May be involved in MAP kinase activation, epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) down-regulation and cell cycling.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 10 family.
Converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma-butyrobetaine with high efficiency (in vitro). Can catalyze the irreversible oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes to the corresponding acids in an NAD-dependent reaction, but with low efficiency.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
Protein-lysine methyltransferase that selectively catalyzes the trimethylation of EEF1A at 'Lys-79'.
Was originally thought to be an N(6)-adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase based on primary sequence and predicted secondary structure.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters and may function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Interacts with CEP290 (By similarity). Interacts with PCM1 (By similarity). Interacts with ARMC9, TOGARAM1, CSPP1 and CEP104 (By similarity).
Microtubule-binding protein required for ciliogenesis. May function in ciliogenesis by mediating the transport of proteins like BBS4 to the cilium, but also through the organization of the centriolar satellites (By similarity). Plays a role in retina morphogenesis and/or homeostasis (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Adapter protein that plays a role in regulating cell-surface expression of adrenergic receptors and probably also other G protein-coupled receptors. Plays a role in NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination and endocytosis af activated ADRB2 and subsequent ADRB2 degradation. May recruit NEDD4 to ADRB2. Alternatively, may function as adapter protein that does not play a major role in recruiting NEDD4 to ADRB2, but rather plays a role in a targeting ADRB2 to endosomes.
Interacts (via PPxY motifs) with NEDD4 (via WW domains). Interacts with ADRB2. Interacts with ADRB3. Interacts with HGS (via PPxY motifs). Does not bind TXN (thioredoxin). Interacts with ITCH.
Forms protease inhibiting heterodimer with TMPRSS7.
Most important serine protease inhibitor in plasma that regulates the blood coagulation cascade. AT-III inhibits thrombin, matriptase-3/TMPRSS7, as well as factors IXa, Xa and XIa. Its inhibitory activity is greatly enhanced in the presence of heparin (By similarity).
Contains one covalently linked retinal chromophore.
Found in mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complexes (EJC). Found in a post-splicing complex with NXF1, RBM8A, UPF1, UPF2, UPF3A, UPF3B and RNPS1. Component of the heterotrimeric ASAP (apoptosis- and splicing-associated protein) and PSAP complexes consisting of RNPS1, SAP18 and either ACIN1 or PNN, respectively; the ASAP and PSAP complexes probably are formed mutually exclusive. Component of the active spliceosome. Associates with polysomes. Interacts with the cleaved p110 isoform of CDC2L1, CSNK2A1, PNN, SART3, SRP54, SRRM1 and TRA2B/SFRS10 (By similarity).
Found in mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complexes (EJC). Found in a post-splicing complex with NXF1, RBM8A, UPF1, UPF2, UPF3A, UPF3B and RNPS1. Component of the heterotrimeric ASAP (apoptosis- and splicing-associated protein) and PSAP complexes consisting of RNPS1, SAP18 and either ACIN1 or PNN, respectively; the ASAP and PSAP complexes probably are formed mutually exclusive. Component of the active spliceosome. Associates with polysomes. Interacts with the cleaved p110 isoform of CDC2L1, CSNK2A1, PNN, SART3, SRP54, SRRM1 and TRA2B/SFRS10.
Part of pre- and post-splicing multiprotein mRNP complexes. Auxiliary component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Component of the ASAP and PSAP complexes which bind RNA in a sequence-independent manner and are proposed to be recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process and to regulate specific excision of introns in specific transcription subsets. The ASAP complex can inhibit RNA processing during in vitro splicing reactions. The ASAP complex promotes apoptosis and is disassembled after induction of apoptosis. Enhances the formation of the ATP-dependent A complex of the spliceosome. Involved in both constitutive splicing and, in association with SRP54 and TRA2B/SFRS10, in distinctive modulation of alternative splicing in a substrate-dependent manner. Involved in the splicing modulation of BCL2L1/Bcl-X (and probably other apoptotic genes); specifically inhibits formation of proapoptotic isoforms such as Bcl-X(S); the activity is different from the established EJC assembly and function. Participates in mRNA 3'-end cleavage. Involved in UPF2-dependent nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Also mediates increase of mRNA abundance and translational efficiency. Binds spliced mRNA 20-25 nt upstream of exon-exon junctions (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on one or more of the four Ser/Thr residues (Ser-43, Thr-49, Ser-52 or Ser-53). Ser-53 phosphorylation site is important for splicing and translation stimulation activity in vitro (By similarity).
The RRM domain is required for the formation of the ASAP complex.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins. Seems to negatively regulate the level of HIF1A expression, although this effect could be indirect (By similarity).
External component of the CIA complex. In the CIA complex, interacts directly with CIAO1 and MMS19.
GlcNAcylation decreases enzyme activity.
Homo- and heterotetramers (By similarity). Phosphofructokinase (PFK) enzyme functions as a tetramer composed of different combinations of 3 types of subunits, called PFKM (M), PFKL (L) and PFKP (P). The composition of the PFK tetramer differs according to the tissue type it is present in. The kinetic and regulatory properties of the tetrameric enzyme are dependent on the subunit composition, hence can vary across tissues (Probable). Interacts with ATG4B; promoting phosphorylation of ATG4B.
Phosphorylation at Ser-386 promotes interaction with ATG4B.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35D subfamily.
Nucleotide sugar antiporter transporting UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) from the cytosol into the lumen of the Golgi in exchange of UMP. By supplying UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a donor substrate to heparan sulfate synthases, probably takes part in the synthesis of these glycoconjugates.
Acetylated by p300 on several sites in diffentiating myocytes. Acetylation on Lys-4 increases DNA binding and transactivation (By similarity).
Forms a complex with class II HDACs in undifferentiating cells. On myogenic differentiation, HDACs are released into the cytoplasm allowing MEF2s to interact with other proteins for activation. Interacts with EP300 in differentiating cells; the interaction acetylates MEF2C leading to increased DNA binding and activation (By similarity). Interacts with HDAC7 and CARM1 (By similarity). Interacts with HDAC4, HDAC7 and HDAC9; the interaction with HDACs represses transcriptional activity (By similarity). Interacts with LPIN1. Interacts with MYOCD. Interacts with AKAP13. Interacts with FOXK1; the interaction inhibits MEF2C transactivation activity (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminus) with HABP4; this interaction decreases DNA-binding activity of MEF2C in myocardial cells in response to mechanical stress (By similarity). Interacts with JPH2; interaction specifically takes place with the Junctophilin-2 N-terminal fragment cleavage product of JPH2 (By similarity). Interacts (via MADS box) with SOX18 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated on Ser-59; which enhances DNA binding activity. Phosphorylated on Ser-396; which is required for Lys-391 sumoylation and inhibits transcriptional activity.
Proteolytically cleaved in cerebellar granule neurons on several sites by caspase 3 and caspase 7 following neurotoxicity. Preferentially cleaves the CDK5-mediated hyperphosphorylated form which leads to neuron apoptosis and transcriptional inactivation (By similarity).
Sumoylated on Lys-391 with SUMO2 but not SUMO1; which represses transcriptional activity.
The beta domain is required for enhancement of transcriptional activity.
Transcription activator which binds specifically to the MEF2 element present in the regulatory regions of many muscle-specific genes. Controls cardiac morphogenesis and myogenesis, and is also involved in vascular development. Enhances transcriptional activation mediated by SOX18. Plays an essential role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory by suppressing the number of excitatory synapses and thus regulating basal and evoked synaptic transmission. Crucial for normal neuronal development, distribution, and electrical activity in the neocortex. Necessary for proper development of megakaryocytes and platelets and for bone marrow B-lymphopoiesis. Required for B-cell survival and proliferation in response to BCR stimulation, efficient IgG1 antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens and for normal induction of germinal center B-cells. May also be involved in neurogenesis and in the development of cortical architecture (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex.
Heterodimer with MPP1 (By similarity). Forms a heterotrimeric complex composed of PALS1, LIN7B and PATJ; the N-terminal L27 domain of PALS1 interacts with the L27 domain of PATJ and the C-terminal L27 domain of PALS1 interacts with the L27 domain of LIN7B (By similarity). Component of a complex composed of PALS1, CRB1 and MPP4 (By similarity). Component of a complex whose core is composed of ARHGAP17, AMOT, PALS1, PATJ and PARD3/PAR3 (By similarity). Component of a complex composed of PALS1, CRB1 and EPB41L5. Within the complex, interacts (via HOOK domain) with EPB41L5 (via FERM domain), and interacts with CRB1 (via intracellular domain) (By similarity). Component of a complex composed of PALS1, MPP3 and CRB1; PALS1 acts as a bridging protein between MPP3 (via guanylate kinase-like domain) and CRB1 (By similarity). Component of a complex composed of CRB3, PALS1 and PATJ (By similarity). Interacts (via PDZ domain) with PATJ (via N-terminus). Interacts with EZR (By similarity). Interacts (via PDZ domain) with CRB1 (via C-terminal ERLI motif) (By similarity). While the PDZ domain is sufficient for interaction with CRB1, the adjacent SH3 and guanylate kinase-like domains are likely to contribute to a high affinity interaction (By similarity). Interacts with WWTR1/TAZ (via WW domain) (By similarity). Interacts with MPP7 (By similarity). Interacts (via PDZ domain) with CRB3 (via C-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with LIN7C. Interacts with MPDZ. Interacts with PARD6B. Interacts with SC6A1. Interacts with CDH5; the interaction promotes PALS1 localization to cell junctions and is required for CDH5-mediated vascular lumen formation and endothelial cell (By similarity). Interacts with NPHP1 (via coiled coil and SH3 domains) (By similarity). Interacts with NPHP4 (By similarity). Interacts with CRB2 (By similarity).
Plays a role in tight junction biogenesis and in the establishment of cell polarity in epithelial cells (By similarity). Also involved in adherens junction biogenesis by ensuring correct localization of the exocyst complex protein EXOC4/SEC8 which allows trafficking of adherens junction structural component CDH1 to the cell surface (By similarity). Plays a role through its interaction with CDH5 in vascular lumen formation and endothelial membrane polarity (By similarity). Required during embryonic and postnatal retinal development (By similarity). Required for the maintenance of cerebellar progenitor cells in an undifferentiated proliferative state, preventing premature differentiation, and is required for cerebellar histogenesis, fissure formation, cerebellar layer organization and cortical development (By similarity). Plays a role in neuronal progenitor cell survival, potentially via promotion of mTOR signaling (By similarity). Plays a role in the radial and longitudinal extension of the myelin sheath in Schwann cells (By similarity). May modulate SC6A1/GAT1-mediated GABA uptake by stabilizing the transporter (By similarity). May play a role in the T-cell receptor-mediated activation of NF-kappa-B (By similarity). Required for localization of EZR to the apical membrane of parietal cells and may play a role in the dynamic remodeling of the apical cytoskeleton (By similarity). Required for the normal polarized localization of the vesicular marker STX4 (By similarity). Required for the correct trafficking of the myelin proteins PMP22 and MAG (By similarity). Involved in promoting phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of transcriptional coactivators YAP1 and WWTR1/TAZ which leads to suppression of TGFB1-dependent transcription of target genes such as CCN2/CTGF, SERPINE1/PAI1, SNAI1/SNAIL1 and SMAD7 (By similarity).
The L27 domain 1 functions in targeting to the tight junctions by binding to and stabilizing PATJ.
The PDZ domain binds to the C-terminus of SC6A1.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB2 subunit family.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF3 subfamily.
Interacts with the iron-sulfur protein subunit within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Promotes maturation of the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer, protecting it from the deleterious effects of oxidants. May act together with SDHAF1.
Functions as cell surface receptor for TIMP1 and plays a role in the activation of cellular signaling cascades. Plays a role in the activation of ITGB1 and integrin signaling, leading to the activation of AKT, FAK/PTK2 and MAP kinases. Promotes cell survival, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, spreading and migration, via its role in the activation of AKT and FAK/PTK2. Plays a role in VEGFA signaling via its role in regulating the internalization of KDR/VEGFR2. Plays a role in intracellular vesicular transport processes, and is required for normal trafficking of the PMEL luminal domain that is essential for the development and maturation of melanocytes. Plays a role in the adhesion of leukocytes onto endothelial cells via its role in the regulation of SELP trafficking. May play a role in mast cell degranulation in response to Ms4a2/FceRI stimulation, but not in mast cell degranulation in response to other stimuli.
This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis.
Exerts its effect at some terminal stage of cytochrome c oxidase synthesis, probably by being involved in the insertion of the copper B into subunit I.
May modulate the Rho pathway signaling by providing a scaffold for the Lbc Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARHGEF1).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation. 6 homodimers assemble to form a ring-like dodecamer. Interacts with NEK6. Interacts with LRRK2. Interacts with MAP3K13 (By similarity). Interacts with RPS6KC1 (via PX domain).
Phosphorylated by LRRK2; phosphorylation reduces perodixase activity.
The enzyme can be inactivated by further oxidation of the cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH) to sulphinic acid (C(P)-SO2H) and sulphonic acid (C(P)-SO3H) instead of its condensation to a disulfide bond.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides. Acts synergistically with MAP3K13 to regulate the activation of NF-kappa-B in the cytosol (By similarity). Required for the maintenance of physical strength (By similarity).
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-2 is the initiator.
Required for neurogenesis in the neural plate and retina. Strongly cooperates with neural bHLH factors to promote neurogenesis.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport and autophagic pathways. Believed to act as a core component of the putative HOPS and CORVET endosomal tethering complexes.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes (By similarity).
Interacts with the prenylated catalytic subunits of PDE6, an oligomer composed of two catalytic chains and two inhibitory chains; has no effect on enzyme activity but promotes the release of the prenylated enzyme from cell membrane.
Promotes the release of prenylated target proteins from cellular membranes. Modulates the activity of prenylated or palmitoylated Ras family members by regulating their subcellular location. Required for normal ciliary targeting of farnesylated target proteins, such as INPP5E. Modulates the subcellular location of target proteins by acting as a GTP specific dissociation inhibitor (GDI). Increases the affinity of ARL3 for GTP by several orders of magnitude. Stabilizes ARL3-GTP by decreasing the nucleotide dissociation rate.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Found in the Intron Large (IL) complex, a post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex containing the excised intron, U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs, and splicing factors. Interacts with TUFT1. Interacts with DHX15; indicative for a recruitment of DHX15 to the IL complex. Interacts with GCFC2 (By similarity).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing, specifically in spliceosome disassembly during late-stage splicing events. Intron turnover seems to proceed through reactions in two lariat-intron associated complexes termed Intron Large (IL) and Intron Small (IS). In cooperation with DHX15 seems to mediate the transition of the U2, U5 and U6 snRNP-containing IL complex to the snRNP-free IS complex leading to efficient debranching and turnover of excised introns. May play a role in the differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts or in the forming of the enamel extracellular matrix (By similarity).
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
An iron-sulfur cluster promotes IRP2 polyubiquitination and degradation in response to both iron and oxygen concentrations.
Component of some SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex that plays a central role in iron homeostasis by promoting the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of IREB2/IRP2. The C-terminal domain of FBXL5 contains a redox-sensitive [2Fe-2S] cluster that, upon oxidation, promotes binding to IRP2 to effect its oxygen-dependent degradation. Under iron deficiency conditions, the N-terminal hemerythrin-like (Hr) region, which contains a diiron metal center, cannot bind iron and undergoes conformational changes that destabilize the FBXL5 protein and cause its ubiquitination and degradation. When intracellular iron levels start rising, the Hr region is stabilized. Additional increases in iron levels facilitate the assembly and incorporation of a redox active [2Fe-2S] cluster in the C-terminal domain. Only when oxygen level is high enough to maintain the cluster in its oxidized state can FBXL5 recruit IRP2 as a substrate for polyubiquination and degradation. Promotes ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the dynactin complex component DCTN1. Within the nucleus, promotes the ubiquitination of SNAI1; preventing its interaction with DNA and promoting its degradation. Negatively regulates DNA damage response by mediating the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of the DNA repair protein NABP2.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. Interacts with ACO1/IRP1, IREB2/IRP2; the interaction depends on the [2Fe-2S] cluster. Interacts with DCTN1/p150-glued.
Polybiquitinated upon iron and oxygen depletion, leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Ubiquitination is regulated by the hemerythrin-like region that acts as an oxygen and iron sensor. Undergoes constitutive ubiquitin-dependent degradation at the steady state by HERC2.
The hemerythrin-like region acts as an oxygen and iron sensor by binding oxygen through a diiron metal-center. In absence of oxygen and iron, the protein is ubiquitinated and degraded (By similarity).
Belongs to the YTHDF family. YTHDF3 subfamily.
Interacts with CNOT1; promoting recruitment of the CCR4-NOT complex. Interacts with YTHDF1. Interacts with YTHDF2 (By similarity). Interacts with PAN3 (By similarity).
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates their stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing. Acts as a regulator of mRNA stability by promoting degradation of m6A-containing mRNAs via interaction with the CCR4-NOT complex or PAN3. The YTHDF paralogs (YTHDF1, YTHDF2 and YTHDF3) share m6A-containing mRNAs targets and act redundantly to mediate mRNA degradation and cellular differentiation (By similarity). Acts as a negative regulator of type I interferon response by down-regulating interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression: acts by binding to FOXO3 mRNAs. Binds to FOXO3 mRNAs independently of METTL3-mediated m6A modification (By similarity). Can also act as a regulator of mRNA stability in cooperation with YTHDF2 by binding to m6A-containing mRNA and promoting their degradation. Recognizes and binds m6A-containing circular RNAs (circRNAs); circRNAs are generated through back-splicing of pre-mRNAs, a non-canonical splicing process promoted by dsRNA structures across circularizing exons. Promotes formation of phase-separated membraneless compartments, such as P-bodies or stress granules, by undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation upon binding to mRNAs containing multiple m6A-modified residues: polymethylated mRNAs act as a multivalent scaffold for the binding of YTHDF proteins, juxtaposing their disordered regions and thereby leading to phase separation. The resulting mRNA-YTHDF complexes then partition into different endogenous phase-separated membraneless compartments, such as P-bodies, stress granules or neuronal RNA granules. May also recognize and bind N1-methyladenosine (m1A)-containing mRNAs: inhibits trophoblast invasion by binding to m1A-methylated transcripts of IGF1R, promoting their degradation (By similarity).
The disordered regions have the ability to interact with each other and to 'phase separate' into liquid droplets within the cytosol following binding to mRNAs containing multiple m6A-modified residues. This leads to the partition of m6A-containing mRNAs into membraneless compartments, where mRNAs may be stored, degraded or used to transport mRNAs to dendritic arbors in neurons.
Activated by insulin. Inhibited by diphenylene iodonium. Inhibited by plumbagin. Activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (By similarity).
Constitutive NADPH oxidase which generates superoxide intracellularly upon formation of a complex with CYBA/p22phox. Regulates signaling cascades probably through phosphatases inhibition. May function as an oxygen sensor regulating the KCNK3/TASK-1 potassium channel and HIF1A activity. May regulate insulin signaling cascade. May play a role in apoptosis, bone resorption and lipolysaccharide-mediated activation of NFKB (By similarity).
Interacts with, relocalizes and stabilizes CYBA/p22phox. Interacts with TLR4. Interacts with protein disulfide isomerase (By similarity). Interacts with PPP1R15A (By similarity).
N-glycosylation is required for the function.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of 13 subunits: EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L and EIF3M. The eIF-3 complex appears to include 3 stable modules: module A is composed of EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3G and EIF3I; module B is composed of EIF3F, EIF3H, and EIF3M; and module C is composed of EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3K and EIF3L. EIF3C of module C binds EIF3B of module A and EIF3H of module B, thereby linking the three modules. EIF3J is a labile subunit that binds to the eIF-3 complex via EIF3B. The eIF-3 complex interacts with RPS6KB1 under conditions of nutrient depletion. Mitogenic stimulation leads to binding and activation of a complex composed of MTOR and RPTOR, leading to phosphorylation and release of RPS6KB1 and binding of EIF4B to eIF-3. Interacts with COPS3, COPS6, COPS7 (COPS7A or COPS7B), EIF4G1, EPAS1, MCM7, NCBP1, PSMC6, TRIM27 and UPF2 (By similarity). Interacts with IFIT1 and IFIT2 (By similarity). Interacts with BZW2/5MP1 (By similarity).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis, and uses different modes of RNA stem-loop binding to exert either translational activation or repression. Required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD); may act in conjunction with UPF2 to divert mRNAs from translation to the NMD pathway. May interact with MCM7 and EPAS1 and regulate the proteasome-mediated degradation of these proteins.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). May play a role in coupling of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis (By similarity). Regulator of osteoclast fusion and bone formation (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR.
Homodimer; binds DNA as homodimer. Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with other members of ATF family and with JUN family members. Interacts with JNK2; the interaction does not phosphorylate ATF7 but acts as a docking site for other ATF-associated partners such as JUN family members. Interacts (via its transactivation domain) with TAF12 (isoforms TAFII15 and TAFII20); the interaction potentiates the transactivation activity (isoform TAFII20 only) and is inhibited by ATF7 sumoylation. Interacts with TAF4; the interaction inhibits the TAF12-dependent transactivation. Interacts with MAPK9; the interaction does not phosphorylate ATF7 but acts as a docking site for ATF7-associated partners such as JUN. Interacts with Ku complex components XRCC6 and XRCC7. Interacts with TERT.
On EGF stimulation, phosphorylated first on Thr-53 allowing subsequent phosphorylation on Thr-51. This latter phosphorylation prevents sumoylation, increases binding to TAF12 and enhances transcriptional activity (By similarity). Social isolation stress as well as TNF-alpha also induce the phosphorylation of ATF7. Phosphorylated in proliferating colonic and small intestinal epithelial cells (By similarity).
Stress-responsive chromatin regulator that plays a role in various biological processes including innate immunological memory, adipocyte differentiation or telomerase regulation (By similarity). In absence of stress, contributes to the formation of heterochromatin and heterochromatin-like structure by recruiting histone H3K9 tri- and di-methyltransferases thus silencing the transcription of target genes such as STAT1 in adipocytes, or genes involved in innate immunity in macrophages and adipocytes. Stress induces ATF7 phosphorylation that disrupts interactions with histone methyltransferase and enhances the association with coactivators containing histone acetyltransferase and/or histone demethylase, leading to disruption of the heterochromatin-like structure and subsequently transcriptional activation (By similarity). In response to TNF-alpha, which is induced by various stresses, phosphorylated ATF7 and telomerase are released from telomeres leading to telomere shortening (By similarity). Plays also a role in maintaining epithelial regenerative capacity and protecting against cell death during intestinal epithelial damage and repair (By similarity).
Sumoylation delays nuclear localization and inhibits transactivation activity through preventing binding to TAF12. RANBP2 appears to be the specific E3 ligase.
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids. May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics.
Interacts with chaperones HSP70 and HSP90; this interaction is required for initial targeting to mitochondria.
The omega-1 hydroxylase activity is stimulated by cytochrome b5.
Acetylation on Lys-393 activates transcriptional activity. Acetylated by p300 on several sites in diffentiating myocytes. Acetylation on Lys-4 increases DNA binding and transactivation. Hyperacetylation by p300 leads to enhanced cardiac myocyte growth and heart failure (By similarity).
Binds DNA as a homo- or heterodimer (By similarity). Dimerizes with MEF2D. Interacts with HDAC7. Interacts with PIAS1; the interaction enhances sumoylation. Interacts with HDAC4, HDAC9 and SLC2A4RG. Interacts (via the N-terminal) with MAPK7; the interaction results in the phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of MEF2A (By similarity).
Constitutive phosphorylation on Ser-398 promotes Lys-393 sumoylation thus preventing acetylation at this site. Dephosphorylation on Ser-398 by PPP3CA upon neuron depolarization promotes a switch from sumoylation to acetylation on residue Lys-393 leading to inhibition of dendrite claw differentiation. Phosphorylation on Thr-302 and Thr-309 are the main sites involved in p38 MAPK signaling and activate transcription. Phosphorylated on these sites by MAPK14/p38alpha and MAPK11/p38beta, but not by MAPK13/p38delta nor by MAPK12/p38gamma. Phosphorylation on Ser-398 by CDK5 induced by neurotoxicity inhibits MEF2A transcriptional activation leading to apoptosis of cortical neurons. Phosphorylation on Thr-302, Thr-309 and Ser-345 can be induced by EGF (By similarity).
Sumoylation on Lys-393 is enhanced by PIAS1 and represses transcriptional activity. Phosphorylation on Ser-398 is required for sumoylation. Has no effect on nuclear location nor on DNA binding. Sumoylated with SUMO1 and, to a lesser extent with SUMO2 and SUMO3. PIASx facilitates sumoylation in postsynaptic dendrites in the cerebellar cortex and promotes their morphogenesis (By similarity).
Transcriptional activator which binds specifically to the MEF2 element, 5'-YTA[AT](4)TAR-3', found in numerous muscle-specific genes. Also involved in the activation of numerous growth factor- and stress-induced genes. Mediates cellular functions not only in skeletal and cardiac muscle development, but also in neuronal differentiation and survival. Plays diverse roles in the control of cell growth, survival and apoptosis via p38 MAPK signaling in muscle-specific and/or growth factor-related transcription. In cerebellar granule neurons, phosphorylated and sumoylated MEF2A represses transcription of NUR77 promoting synaptic differentiation.Associates with chromatin to the ZNF16 promoter (By similarity).
Downstream effector molecule involved in the transmission of signals from tyrosine kinase receptors and small GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes formation of actin filaments. Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes consensus sequences at the breakpoint junctions in chromosomal translocations, mostly involving immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor gene segments. Seems to recognize single-stranded DNA ends generated by staggered breaks occurring at recombination hot spots (By similarity).
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes consensus sequences at the breakpoint junctions in chromosomal translocations, mostly involving immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor gene segments. Seems to recognize single-stranded DNA ends generated by staggered breaks occurring at recombination hot spots.
Exhibits both single-stranded and double-stranded endoribonuclease activity. May act as an activator of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by facilitating endonucleolytic cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand (By similarity).
Exhibits both single-stranded and double-stranded endoribonuclease activity. May act as an activator of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by facilitating endonucleolytic cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand.
Ring-shaped heterooctamer of six TSN and two TSNAX subunits, DNA/RNA binding occurs inside the ring.
Component of a SNARE complex consisting of STX5, YKT6, GOSR2 and BET1L.
Vesicle SNARE required for targeting and fusion of retrograde transport vesicles with the Golgi complex. Required for the integrity of the Golgi complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Has sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase activity. Converts D-erythro-sphinganine to D-erythro-sphingosine (E-sphing-4-enine) (By similarity). Catalyzes the equilibrium isomerization of retinols (By similarity).
Interacts with RLBP1; the interaction increases synthesis of chromophore-precursors by DEGS1.
Myristoylation can target the enzyme to the mitochondria leading to an increase in ceramide levels.
Cleaves linear and branched multiubiquitin polymers with a marked preference for branched polymers. Involved in unanchored 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin disassembly. Binds linear and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin with a lower affinity (By similarity).
Acts in combination with TSN as an endonuclease involved in the activation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Possible role in spermatogenesis (By similarity).
Ring-shaped heterooctamer of six TSN and two TSNAX subunits. Interacts with GOLGA3, TSNAXIP1, SUN1 and AKAP9. Interacts with the homodimeric form of C1D following gamma-radiation. Interacts with TSN and C1D in a mutually exclusive manner (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Kinesin subfamily.
Composed of three structural domains: a large globular N-terminal domain which is responsible for the motor activity of kinesin (it hydrolyzes ATP and binds microtubule), a central alpha-helical coiled coil domain that mediates the heavy chain dimerization; and a small globular C-terminal domain which interacts with other proteins (such as the kinesin light chains), vesicles and membranous organelles.
Microtubule-dependent motor required for slow axonal transport of neurofilament proteins (NFH, NFM and NFL). Can induce formation of neurite-like membrane protrusions in non-neuronal cells in a ZFYVE27-dependent manner. The ZFYVE27-KIF5A complex contributes to the vesicular transport of VAPA, VAPB, SURF4, RAB11A, RAB11B and RTN3 proteins in neurons. Required for anterograde axonal transportation of MAPK8IP3/JIP3 which is essential for MAPK8IP3/JIP3 function in axon elongation.
Oligomer composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. Interacts with GRIP1. Interacts with FMR1 (via C-terminus); this interaction is increased in a mGluR-dependent manner. Interacts with BORCS5. Interacts with ZFYVE27. Interacts with VAPA, VAPB, SURF4, RAB11A (GDP-bound form), RAB11B (GDP-bound form) and RTN3 in a ZFYVE27-dependent manner. Interacts with BICD2. Interacts with DTNB (By similarity).
Forms a conjugate with ATG5. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate forms a complex with several units of ATG16L1. Forms an 800-kDa complex composed of ATG12-ATG5 and ATG16L2 (By similarity). Interacts with ATG3, ATG7 and ATG10. ATG12-ATG5 also interacts with MAVS, MGA, RARRES3 and TECPR1 (By similarity). Interacts with SH3BGRL (By similarity).
Shares weak sequence similarity with ubiquitin family, but contains an 'ubiquitin superfold' and the C-terminal Gly is required for isopeptide linkage.
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagy vesicles formation. Conjugation with ATG5 through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving also ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate also regulates negatively the innate antiviral immune response by blocking the type I IFN production pathway through direct association with RARRES3 and MAVS. Also plays a role in translation or delivery of incoming viral RNA to the translation apparatus (By similarity).
Binds the Arp2/3 complex through the C-terminal region and actin through verprolin homology (VPH) domain.
Component of the WAVE1 complex composed of ABI2, CYFIP1 or CYFIP2, BRK1, NCKAP1 and WASF1/WAVE1. Within the complex, a heterodimer containing NCKAP1 and CYFIP1 interacts with a heterotrimer formed by WAVE1, ABI2 and BRK1. CYFIP2 binds to activated RAC1 which causes the complex to dissociate, releasing activated WASF1. The complex can also be activated by NCK1. Binds actin and the Arp2/3 complex. Interacts with BAIAP2. Interacts with SHANK3; the interaction mediates the association of SHANK3 with the WAVE1 complex. Interacts with ABI1 (via N-terminus) (By similarity). Interacts with SORBS2; this interaction greatly enhances phosphorylation by ABL1 and dephosphorylation by PTPN12 and might mediate partial to focal adhesion sites.
Downstream effector molecule involved in the transmission of signals from tyrosine kinase receptors and small GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes formation of actin filaments. Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity). As component of the WAVE1 complex, required for BDNF-NTRK2 endocytic trafficking and signaling from early endosomes (By similarity). Also involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics (By similarity).
'Pegasus' was the winged horse in Greek mythology.
Belongs to the Ikaros C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
C-terminal zinc fingers mediate homodimerization.
Self-associates. Interacts with other family members; IKZF1, IKZF2, IKZF3 and IKZF4 (By similarity).
The N-terminal zinc fingers are involved in sequence-specific DNA binding and heterotypic associations with other family members.
Transcriptional repressor that binds the core 5'GNNTGTNG-3' DNA consensus sequence (By similarity). Involved in megakaryocyte differentiation (By similarity).
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Involved in nucleotide metabolism via production of dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides, and decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA.
Interacts with CD320 (via LDL-receptor class A domains).
Primary vitamin B12-binding and transport protein. Delivers cobalamin to cells.
PP2A consists of a common heterodimeric core enzyme, composed of a 36 kDa catalytic subunit (subunit C) and a 65 kDa constant regulatory subunit (PR65 or subunit A), that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. Proteins that associate with the core dimer include three families of regulatory subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families), the 48 kDa variable regulatory subunit, viral proteins, and cell signaling molecules (By similarity). Interacts with TOMM22 (By similarity). Interacts with IER5 (via N- and C-terminal regions) (By similarity).
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
A short soluble form is also released from the membrane by proteolysis. The sIL11RA is formed either by limited proteolysis of membrane-bound receptors, a process referred to as ectodomain shedding, or directly secreted from the cells after alternative mRNA splicing. mIL11RA is cleaved by the proteases ADAM10, ELANE and PRTN3.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 3 subfamily.
On IL11 binding, forms a multimer complex with IL6ST/gp130.
Receptor for interleukin-11 (IL11). The receptor systems for IL6, LIF, OSM, CNTF, IL11 and CT1 can utilize IL6ST for initiating signal transmission. The IL11/IL11RA/IL6ST complex may be involved in the control of proliferation and/or differentiation of skeletogenic progenitor or other mesenchymal cells. Essential for the normal development of craniofacial bones and teeth. Restricts suture fusion and tooth number.
Soluble form of IL11 receptor (sIL11RA) that acts as an agonist of IL11 activity. The IL11:sIL11RA complex binds to IL6ST/gp130 on cell surfaces and induces signaling also on cells that do not express membrane-bound IL11RA in a process called IL11 trans-signaling.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). May play a role in coupling of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis (By similarity). In aerobic conditions, involved in intracellular iron homeostasis, thus triggering the activity of Fe(2+) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes, and leading to HIF1A hydroxylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation (By similarity). May play a role in cilium biogenesis through regulation of the transport and the localization of proteins to the cilium (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR (By similarity). Interacts with ATP6AP2; ATP6AP2 is a V-ATPase accessory protein and the interaction promotes v-ATPase complex assembly (By similarity). Interacts with TMEM9; TMEM9 is a v-ATPase assembly regulator and the interaction induces the interaction with ATP6AP2 (By similarity). Interacts with PIP4P1 (By similarity).
Acetylation at Lys-251 impairs antiapoptotic function.
Antiapoptotic factor that may have a role in protein assembly. Negatively regulates ACIN1. By binding to ACIN1, it suppresses ACIN1 cleavage from CASP3 and ACIN1-mediated DNA fragmentation. Also known to efficiently suppress E2F1-induced apoptosis (By similarity).
Monomer. Interacts with FGF2 and ACIN1 (By similarity).
3'-5' RNA helicase that plays a key role in the male and female germline by promoting transition from mitotic to meiotic divisions in stem cells. Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs that plays a role in the efficiency of RNA processing and stability. Essential for ensuring a successful progression of the meiotic program in the germline by regulating the level of m6A-containing RNAs. Acts by binding and promoting degradation of m6A-containing mRNAs: the 3'-5' RNA helicase activity is required for this process and RNA degradation may be mediated by XRN1 exoribonuclease. Required for both spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Interacts with MEIOC; binds transcripts that regulate the mitotic cell cycle inhibiting progression into metaphase, thereby allowing meiotic prophase to proceed normally (By similarity). Interacts (via ANK repeats) with XRN1. Interacts with ZCCHC4. Associates with the small ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Interacts with RBM46 (By similarity).
The YTH domain mediates RNA-binding. It recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs.
Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family.
Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate.
Functions as a Na(+)-independent bidirectional multispecific transporter. Contributes to the renal and hepatic elimination of endogenous organic compounds from the systemic circulation into the urine and bile, respectively. Capable of transporting a wide range of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides, with cGMP, 2'deoxyguanosine and GMP being the preferred substrates. Functions as a pH- and chloride-independent cGMP bidirectional facilitative transporter that can regulate both intracellular and extracellular levels of cGMP and may be involved in cGMP signaling pathways. Mediates orotate/glutamate bidirectional exchange and most likely display a physiological role in hepatic release of glutamate into the blood. Involved in renal secretion and possible reabsorption of creatinine. Able to uptake prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and may contribute to PGE2 renal excretion. Also transports alpha-ketoglutarate and urate. Apart from the orotate/glutamate exchange, the counterions for the uptake of other SLC22A7/OAT2 substrates remain to be identified.
Interacts with NCOA6, CITED1 and XRCC5/KU86. Interacts with SS18. Interacts with STIL and interferes with its interaction with CENPJ. Interacts with gamma-tubulin. Part of the HDP-RNP complex composed of at least HEXIM1, PRKDC, XRCC5, XRCC6, paraspeckle proteins (SFPQ, NONO, PSPC1, RBM14, and MATR3) and NEAT1 RNA.
May function as a nuclear receptor coactivator, enhancing transcription through other coactivators such as NCOA6 and CITED1. Regulates centriole biogenesis by suppressing the formation of aberrant centriolar protein complexes in the cytoplasm and thus preserving mitotic spindle integrity. Prevents the formation of the STIL-CENPJ complex (which can induce the formation of aberrant centriolar protein complexes) by interfering with the interaction of STIL with CENPJ. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.
Following DNA damage, phosphorylated by HIPK2 which promotes DAZAP2 localization to the nucleus, reduces interaction of DAZAP2 with HIPK2 and SIAH1, and prevents DAZAP2-dependent ubiquitination of HIPK2 by E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH1 and subsequent HIPK2 proteasomal degradation.
In unstressed cells, promotes SIAH1-mediated polyubiquitination and degradation of the serine/threonine-protein kinase HIPK2, probably by acting as a loading factor that potentiates complex formation between HIPK2 and ubiquitin ligase SIAH1 (By similarity). In response to DNA damage, localizes to the nucleus following phosphorylation by HIPK2 and modulates the expression of a subset of TP53/p53 target genes by binding to TP53 at target gene promoters (By similarity). This limits the expression of a number of cell death-mediating TP53 target genes, reducing DNA damage-induced cell death (By similarity). Enhances the binding of transcription factor TCF7L2/TCF4, a Wnt signaling pathway effector, to the promoters of target genes (By similarity). Plays a role in stress granule formation (By similarity).
Interacts with SOX6. Interacts with DAZ1 and DAZL. Interacts with IL17RB. May interact with FAM168B. Interacts with INCA1. Interacts with EIF4G1 and EIF4G2 (By similarity). Interacts (via PPAY motif) with NEDD4 (via WW domains) (By similarity). Interacts with transcription factor TCF4; the interaction results in localization of DAZAP2 to the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with transcription factors TCF7 and TCF7L1 (By similarity). Interacts with transcription factor LEF1 (By similarity). Interacts with serine/threonine-protein kinase HIPK2; the interaction results in phosphorylation of DAZAP2 which causes localization of DAZAP2 to the nucleus, reduces interaction of DAZAP2 with HIPK2 and prevents DAZAP2-dependent degradation of HIPK2 (By similarity). Interacts with ubiquitin ligase SIAH1; the interaction is decreased following phosphorylation of DAZAP2 by HIPK2 (By similarity). Interacts with TP53; the interaction is triggered by DNA damage (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by SMURF2, leading to proteasomal degradation. Ubiquitinated by NEDD4, leading to proteasomal degradation.
Involved in retrograde transport of recycling endosomes.
The PH domain specifically binds phosphatidylserine, which is enriched in recycling endosome membranes, it doesn't recognize PIPs.
Catalytic component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex that acts by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester. May act as an RNA ligase with broad substrate specificity, and may function toward other RNAs.
Ligation probably proceeds through 3 nucleotidyl transfer steps, with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini being hydrolyzed to 3'-P termini in a step that precedes 3'-P activation with GMP. In the first nucleotidyl transfer step, RTCB reacts with GTP to form a covalent RTCB-histidine-GMP intermediate with release of PPi; in the second step, the GMP moiety is transferred to the RNA 3'-P; in the third step, the 5'-OH from the opposite RNA strand attacks the activated 3'-P to form a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond and release GMP.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin-like PRXL2 family. Prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin-ethanolamide H(2) (prostamide H(2)) to prostamide F(2alpha) with NADPH as proton donor. Also able to reduce prostaglandin H(2) to prostaglandin F(2alpha) (By similarity).
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family. MTAP subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. Involved in the breakdown of MTA, a major by-product of polyamine biosynthesis. Responsible for the first step in the methionine salvage pathway after MTA has been generated from S-adenosylmethionine. Has broad substrate specificity with 6-aminopurine nucleosides as preferred substrates.
Forms a heterodimer with SIMC1. Interacts with SLF1 (via N-terminus); this interaction links RAD18 to the SMC5-SMC6 complex. Interacts with RAD18; this interaction is increased in a SLF1-dependent manner. Interacts with SMC5 and SMC6.
Plays a role in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway by regulating postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA and genomic stability maintenance. The SLF1-SLF2 complex acts to link RAD18 with the SMC5-SMC6 complex at replication-coupled interstrand cross-links (ICL) and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) sites on chromatin during DNA repair in response to stalled replication forks. Promotes the recruitment of the SMC5-SMC6 complex to DNA lesions. May play a role in SMC5-SMC6 complex recruitment for viral restriction. Forms a complex with SIMC1 and this complex is required to recruit SMC5-SMC6 complex to PML nuclear bodies and sites of viral replication.
May act as a morphogenetic regulator of cell adhesion.
Interacts in a calcium-dependent manner with LMAN1.
The MCFD2-LMAN1 complex forms a specific cargo receptor for the ER-to-Golgi transport of selected proteins.
Catalyzes one of the two ATP producing reactions in the glycolytic pathway via the reversible conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. In addition to its role as a glycolytic enzyme, it seems that PGK-1 acts as a polymerase alpha cofactor protein (primer recognition protein). May play a role in sperm motility.
Belongs to the SCAMP family. SCAMP5 subfamily.
Interacts (via C-terminal part) with SYT1 and SYT2; interaction with synaptotagmins making a link with the SNARE molecules. Interacts with SLC9A7 (By similarity).
Required for the calcium-dependent exocytosis of signal sequence-containing cytokines such as CCL5. Probably acts in cooperation with the SNARE machinery (By similarity).
Accessory component of the multisubunit proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump.
In aerobic conditions, required for intracellular iron homeostasis, thus triggering the activity of Fe(2+) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes, and leading to HIF1A hydroxylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Necessary for endolysosomal acidification and lysosomal degradation (By similarity). May be involved in Golgi homeostasis (By similarity).
Required for the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (CIV), also known as cytochrome c oxidase. May participate in merging the COX1 and COX2 assembly lines.
Acetylated mainly by p300/CBP, recruited to the complex by CPSF6. Acetylation decreases interaction with PAPAO. Deacetylated by the class I/II HDACs, HDAC1, HDAC3 and HDAC10, and by the class III HDACs, SIRT1 and SIRT2.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs. NUDT21/CPSF5 activates indirectly the mRNA 3'-processing machinery by recruiting CPSF6 and/or CPSF7. Binds to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized upstream of pA signals that act as enhancers of pre-mRNA 3'-end processing. The homodimer mediates simultaneous sequence-specific recognition of two 5'-UGUA-3' elements within the pre-mRNA. Plays a role in somatic cell fate transitions and pluripotency by regulating widespread changes in gene expression through an APA-dependent function. Binds to chromatin. Binds to, but does not hydrolyze mono- and di-adenosine nucleotides.
Homodimer (via N- and C-terminus); binds RNA as homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex which is a heterotetramer composed of two subunits of NUDT21/CPSF5 and two subunits of CPSF6 or CPSF7 or a heterodimer of CPSF6 and CPSF7. The cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex associates with the CPSF and CSTF complexes to promote the assembly of the core mRNA 3'-processing machinery. Interacts with CPSF6 (via the RRM domain); this interaction is direct and enhances binding to RNA. Interacts with CPSF7. Interacts with FIP1L1; this interaction occurs in a RNA sequence-specific manner. Interacts with PABPN1. Interacts (via N-terminus) with PAPOLA (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct and diminished by acetylation. Interacts with SNRNP70. Interacts with VIRMA.
Homodimer (via N- and C-terminus); binds RNA as homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Lacks the conserved metal-binding residues in the NUDIX motif and is not expected to have hydrolase activity.
Belongs to the FAM175 family. Abraxas subfamily.
Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-AGAGTG-3' and has transcriptional activator activity. May have a tumor-suppressor function. May play a role in apoptosis (By similarity).
May play a role in the degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. May remove the 7-methyl guanine cap structure from mRNA molecules, yielding a 5'-phosphorylated mRNA fragment and 7m-GDP (By similarity).
Component of the MSL histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of the KAT8/MOF, MSL1/hampin, MSL2 and MSL3. Interacts (via the MRG domain) with MSL1 and KAT8/MOF.
May be involved in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. May have a role in X inactivation. Component of the MSL complex which is responsible for the majority of histone H4 acetylation at 'Lys-16' which is implicated in the formation of higher-order chromatin structure. Specifically recognizes histone H4 monomethylated at 'Lys-20' (H4K20Me1) in a DNA-dependent manner and is proposed to be involved in chromosomal targeting of the MSL complex (By similarity).
Interacts with BECN1 (By similarity). Interacts with TJP1. Interacts with TP53INP2. Interacts with TMEM41B. Interacts with ATP2A2, PLN and SLN; competes with PLN and SLN to prevent them from forming an inhibitory complex with ATP2A2. Interacts with ATG2A (By similarity).
Phospholipid scramblase involved in lipid homeostasis and membrane dynamics processes. Has phospholipid scramblase activity toward cholesterol and phosphatidylserine, as well as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Required for autophagosome formation: participates in early stages of autophagosome biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by reequilibrating the leaflets of the ER as lipids are extracted by ATG2 (ATG2A or ATG2B) to mediate autophagosome assembly. Regulates ATP2A2 activity to control ER-isolation membrane contacts for autophagosome formation. In addition to autophagy, involved in other processes in which phospholipid scramblase activity is required. Modulates ER contacts with lipid droplets, mitochondria and endosomes. Plays an essential role in formation of cell junctions (By similarity). Upon stress such as bacterial and viral infection, promotes formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles followed by cell death. Involved in the cytoplasmic vacuolization of acinar cells during the early stage of acute pancreatitis (By similarity).
Belongs to the selenophosphate synthase 1 family. Class II subfamily.
Synthesizes selenophosphate from selenide and ATP.
The conserved active site Cys (or selenocysteine) residue in position 29 is replaced by a Thr. However, as function in selenoprotein synthesis is probable, it is possible Cys-31 is the active site.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked antiparallel dimer.
May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis and in vitro, vasodilates renal artery strips.
May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis. In vitro, selectively vasodilates intestinal and vascular smooth muscle strips.
May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis. In vitro, selectively vasodilates intestinal smooth muscle but not vascular smooth muscle strips.
May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis. In vitro, vasodilates intestinal smooth muscle but not smooth muscle strips.
Receptor for the neuromedin-U and neuromedin-S neuropeptides.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap2 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Methylates the ribose of the second nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) (cap0) to produce m(7)GpppRmpNm (cap2). Recognizes a guanosine cap on RNA independently of its N(7) methylation status. Display cap2 methylation on both cap0 and cap1. Displays a preference for cap1 RNAs.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Contributes to the neddylation of all cullins by transferring NEDD8 from N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme to different cullin C-terminal domain-RBX complexes and may play a role in the cell cycle progression by regulating the SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase complex, after UV damage. At the cell membrane, can promote and as well inhibit cullins neddylation.
Part of a complex containing DCUN1D3, CUL3 and RBX1. Interacts (via the DCUN1 domain) with the unneddylated cullins: interacts with CUL1, CUL2, CUL3, CUL4A, CUL4B and CUL5; these interactions promote the cullin neddylation and the identity of the cullin dictates the affinity of the interaction. Interacts preferentially with CUL3; this interaction triggers the relocalization of CUL3 to the cell membrane where CUL3 is neddylated. Interacts (via DCUN1 domain) with RBX1. May also interact with regulators or subunits of cullin-RING ligases such as RNF7, ELOB and DDB1; these interactions are bridged by cullins. Interacts (via DCUN1 domain) with CAND1; this interaction is bridged by cullins and strongly inhibits cullin neddylation. These CAND-cullin-DCNL complexes can only be neddylated in the presence of a substrate adapter. Interacts (via DCUN1 domain) with the N-terminally acetylated form of UBE2M and UBE2F.
The DCUN1 domain, also known as PONY domain, mediates the interaction with different cullins. The DCUN1 domain mediates the interaction with the N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme leading to the NEDD8 transfer from N-terminally acetylated NEDD8-conjugating E2s enzyme to different cullin C-terminal domain-RBX complexes; the neddylation efficiency correlates with the DCUN1D5-cullin and DCUN1D5-E2 interaction affinities. This domain is also involved in CAND1-, cullins- and RBX1-binding.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 6 subfamily.
Phosphorylation at Thr-186 by CDK1 during mitotic prometaphase creates a binding site for PLK1 that facilitates its recruitment to kinetochores.
Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex part of a tripartite complex with dynein and a adapter, such as BICDL1, BICD2 or HOOK3. The dynactin complex is built around ACTR1A/ACTB filament and consists of an actin-related filament composed of a shoulder domain, a pointed end and a barbed end. Its length is defined by its flexible shoulder domain. The soulder is composed of 2 DCTN1 subunits, 4 DCTN2 and 2 DCTN3. The 4 DCNT2 (via N-terminus) bind the ACTR1A filament and act as molecular rulers to determine the length. The pointed end is important for binding dynein-dynactin cargo adapters. Consists of 4 subunits: ACTR10, DCNT4, DCTN5 and DCTN6. Within the complex DCTN6 forms a heterodimer with DCTN5 (By similarity). The barbed end is composed of a CAPZA1:CAPZB heterodimers, which binds ACTR1A/ACTB filament and dynactin and stabilizes dynactin (By similarity). Interacts with PLK1 (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 18 family.
A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. May act as a major enzyme for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in the liver. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid. Primarily catalyzes stereoselective epoxidation of the last double bond of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), displaying a strong preference for the (R,S) stereoisomer. Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation and omega-1 hydroxylation of PUFA. May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent). Plays a role in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of heterocyclic amines and the O-deethylation of phenacetin. Metabolizes caffeine via N3-demethylation.
Interacts with PGRMC1; the interaction requires PGRMC1 homodimerization.
Covalently linked to a small RNA of about 20 nucleotides.
Interacts with NUPR1; regulates apoptotic process.
Prothymosin alpha may mediate immune function by conferring resistance to certain opportunistic infections.
Troponin I is the inhibitory subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity.
Involved in mitochondrial RNA maturation and mitochondrial respiratory chain function.
Activated by cytosolic calcium, which is necessary for binding to membrane lipids. Activated by phosphorylation in response to mitogenic stimuli.
Has primarily calcium-dependent phospholipase and lysophospholipase activities, with a major role in membrane lipid remodeling and biosynthesis of lipid mediators of the inflammatory response (By similarity). Plays an important role in embryo implantation and parturition through its ability to trigger prostanoid production (By similarity). Preferentially hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A2 activity). Selectively hydrolyzes sn-2 arachidonoyl group from membrane phospholipids, providing the precursor for eicosanoid biosynthesis via the cyclooxygenase pathway. In an alternative pathway of eicosanoid biosynthesis, hydrolyzes sn-2 fatty acyl chain of eicosanoid lysophopholipids to release free bioactive eicosanoids. Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-1 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A1 activity) only if an ether linkage rather than an ester linkage is present at the sn-2 position. This hydrolysis is not stereospecific. Has calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase activities in the presence of phosphoinositides. Has O-acyltransferase activity. Catalyzes the transfer of fatty acyl chains from phospholipids to a primary hydroxyl group of glycerol (sn-1 or sn-3), potentially contributing to monoacylglycerol synthesis (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at both Ser-505 and Ser-727 in response to mitogenic stimuli.
The N-terminal C2 domain associates with lipid membranes upon calcium binding.
The N-terminal C2 domain associates with lipid membranes upon calcium binding. It modulates enzyme activity by presenting the active site to its substrate in response to elevations of cytosolic calcium. In the presence of phosphoinositides, regulates phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase activities in a calcium-independent way.
Interacts (via coiled coil) with TRIM17 (via coiled coil).
May play a role in the process of differentiation and maturation of neuronal cells (By similarity). May regulate the activity of TRIM17 (By similarity). Is a negative regulator of PAX6 expression (By similarity).
C1 is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex of C1q, C1r and C1s in the molar ration of 1:2:2. C1r is a dimer of identical chains, each of which is activated by cleavage into two chains, A and B, connected by disulfide bonds (By similarity).
C1r B chain is a serine protease that combines with C1q and C1s to form C1, the first component of the classical pathway of the complement system.
The iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent 3-hydroxylation of aspartate and asparagine is (R) stereospecific within EGF domains.
May act as a competitive inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent enzymes such as calcineurin in neurons.
Phosphorylation at Ser-56 favors interaction with CALM1.
Belongs to the PtdIns transfer protein family. PI transfer class IIA subfamily.
Belongs to the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase family.
Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein TBP, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Interacts with TAF13 both in vitro and intracellularly; also interacts directly with TBP.
TBP and TAFII18 bind to distinct domains of TAFII28.
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters with or without a TATA box via its subunit TBP, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. TAF11, together with TAF13 and TBP, play key roles during promoter binding by the TFIID and TFIIA transcription factor complexes.
The histidine box domains are involved in binding the catalytic metal ions.
Associates with IL23A to form the IL-23 interleukin, a heterodimeric cytokine which functions in innate and adaptive immunity. IL-23 may constitute with IL-17 an acute response to infection in peripheral tissues. IL-23 binds to a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of IL12RB1 and IL23R, activates the Jak-Stat signaling cascade, stimulates memory rather than naive T-cells and promotes production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-23 induces autoimmune inflammation and thus may be responsible for autoimmune inflammatory diseases and may be important for tumorigenesis.
Cytokine that can act as a growth factor for activated T and NK cells, enhance the lytic activity of NK/lymphokine-activated killer cells, and stimulate the production of IFN-gamma by resting PBMC.
Heterodimer with IL12A; disulfide-linked. The heterodimer is known as interleukin IL-12.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Dispensable for SPC enzymatic activity (By similarity).
Component of the signal peptidase complex paralog A (SPC-A) composed of a catalytic subunit SEC11A and three accessory subunits SPCS1, SPCS2 and SPCS3. Component of the signal peptidase complex paralog C (SPC-C) composed of a catalytic subunit SEC11C and three accessory subunits SPCS1, SPCS2 and SPCS3. Within the complex, interacts with SPCS2 and SPCS3. The complex induces a local thinning of the ER membrane which is used to measure the length of the signal peptide (SP) h-region of protein substrates. This ensures the selectivity of the complex towards h-regions shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Inhibits translation initiation and cap-dependent translation. May excert its function by hindering the interaction between EIF4A1 and EIF4G. Inhibits the helicase activity of EIF4A. Modulates the activation of JUN kinase. Down-regulates the expression of MAP4K1, thus inhibiting events important in driving invasion, namely, MAPK85 activation and consequent JUN-dependent transcription. May play a role in apoptosis. Tumor suppressor. Inhibits tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation. Binds RNA (By similarity).
Interacts (via MI domains) with EIF4A2 (By similarity). Interacts (via MI domains) with EIF4A1 (via N-terminal domain). Heterotrimer with EIF4A1; one molecule of PDCD4 binds two molecules of EIF4A1. Interacts with EIF4G1. May form a complex with EIF4A1 and EIF4G1. The interaction between PDCD4 and EIF4A1 interferes with the interaction between EIF4A1 and EIF4G. When phosphorylated, interacts with BTRC and FBXW11 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated at Ser-67 by RPS6KB1 in response to mitogens; phosphorylation promotes proteasomal degradation of PDCD4.
Polyubiquitinated, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Rapidly degraded in response to mitogens. Phosphorylation of the phosphodegron promotes interaction with BTRC and proteasomal degradation (By similarity).
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and mostly are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. The MVB pathway appears to require the sequential function of ESCRT-O, -I,-II and -III complexes. ESCRT-III proteins mostly dissociate from the invaginating membrane before the ILV is released. The ESCRT machinery also functions in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, such as the terminal stages of cytokinesis and the budding of enveloped viruses (lentiviruses). ESCRT-III proteins are believed to mediate the necessary vesicle extrusion and/or membrane fission activities, possibly in conjunction with the AAA ATPase VPS4. Selectively binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 in preference to other phosphoinositides tested. Involved in late stages of cytokinesis. Plays a role in endosomal sorting/trafficking of EGF receptor (By similarity).
Probable core component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III). ESCRT-III components are thought to multimerize to form a flat lattice on the perimeter membrane of the endosome. Several assembly forms of ESCRT-III may exist that interact and act sequentially. Forms a metastable monomer in solution; its core structure (without part of the putative autoinhibitory C-terminal acidic region) oligomerizes into a flat lattice via two different dimerization interfaces. In vitro, heteromerizes with CHMP2A (but not CHMP4) to form helical tubular structures that expose membrane-interacting sites on the outside whereas VPS4B can associate on the inside of the tubule. May interact with IGFBP7; the relevance of such interaction however remains unclear. Interacts with CHMP2A. Interacts with CHMP4A; the interaction requires the release of CHMP4A autoinhibition. Interacts with VPS4A. Interacts with STAMBP; the interaction appears to relieve the autoinhibition of CHMP3 (By similarity). Interacts with VTA1 (By similarity).
The acidic C-terminus and the basic N-termminus are thought to render the protein in a closed, soluble and inactive conformation through an autoinhibitory intramolecular interaction. The open and active conformation, which enables membrane binding and oligomerization, is achieved by interaction with other cellular binding partners, probably including other ESCRT components.
Neuroendocrine peptide which is a critical regulator of cellular and organ growth, development, migration, differentiation and survival and of epithelial calcium ion transport. Regulates endochondral bone development and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during the formation of the mammary glands and teeth. Required for skeletal homeostasis. Promotes mammary mesenchyme differentiation and bud outgrowth by modulating mesenchymal cell responsiveness to BMPs. Up-regulates BMPR1A expression in the mammary mesenchyme and this increases the sensitivity of these cells to BMPs and allows them to respond to BMP4 in a paracrine and/or autocrine fashion. BMP4 signaling in the mesenchyme, in turn, triggers epithelial outgrowth and augments MSX2 expression, which causes the mammary mesenchyme to inhibit hair follicle formation within the nipple sheath.
Osteostatin is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption.
PTHrP interacts with PTH1R (via N-terminal extracellular domain).
There are several secretory forms, including osteostatin, arising from endoproteolytic cleavage of the initial translation product. Each of these secretory forms is believed to have one or more of its own receptors that mediates the normal paracrine, autocrine and endocrine actions.
Polyubiquitinated by RCHY1 in the presence of androgen, leading to proteasomal degradation.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. In mammals, the coatomer can only be recruited by membranes associated with ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are small GTP-binding proteins; the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors (By similarity).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. In mammals, the coatomer can only be recruited by membranes associated with ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are small GTP-binding proteins; the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors.
Both the N-terminal core domain and the C-terminal headpiece domain are sufficient for binding to F-actin and necessary for actin bundling activity.
Membrane-cytoskeleton-associated protein with F-actin-binding activity that induces F-actin bundles formation and stabilization. Its F-actin-bundling activity is reversibly regulated upon its phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). Binds to the erythrocyte membrane glucose transporter-1 SLC2A1/GLUT1, and hence stabilizes and attaches the spectrin-actin network to the erythrocytic plasma membrane. Plays a role in maintaining the functional integrity of PKA-activated erythrocyte shape and the membrane mechanical properties. Also plays a role as a modulator of actin dynamics in fibroblasts; acts as negative regulator of the RhoA activation pathway. In platelets, functions as a regulator of internal calcium mobilization across the dense tubular system that affects platelet granule secretion pathways and aggregation. Also required for the formation of a diverse set of cell protrusions, such as filopodia and lamellipodia, necessary for platelet cell spreading, motility and migration. Acts as a tumor suppressor and inhibits malignant cell transformation (By similarity).
Monomeric; under reducing conditions. Self-associates. Exists under oxidizing condition as a trimer linked by disulfide bonds. Found in a complex with DMTN, F-actin and spectrin. Found in a complex with ADD2, DMTN and SLC2A1. Interacts with F-actin, ITPKB and spectrin. Interacts with SLC2A1 (via C-terminus cytoplasmic region). Interacts with RASGRF2 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Ser-403 by PKA causes the C-terminal headpiece domain to associate with the N-terminal core domain, and leads to the inhibition of its actin bundling activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits including PSMD13, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components.
Conjugated to ATG12; which is essential for autophagy, but is not required for association with isolation membrane.
Forms a conjugate with ATG12. The ATG5-ATG12 conjugate forms a complex with several units of ATG16L1. Forms an 800-kDa complex composed of ATG12-ATG5 and ATG16L2 (By similarity). Interacts with TECPR1; the interaction is direct and does not take place when ATG16L1 is associated with the ATG5-ATG12 conjugate. Interacts with DHX58/RIG-1, IFIH1/MDA5 and MAVS/IPS-1 in monomeric form as well as in ATG12-ATG5 conjugate form. The interaction with MAVS is further enhanced upon vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Interacts with ATG3 (By similarity). Interacts with ATG7 and ATG10 (By similarity). Interacts with FADD (By similarity). Interacts with Bassoon/BSN; this interaction is important for the regulation of presynaptic autophagy (By similarity). Interacts with ATG16L2 (By similarity).
Involved in autophagic vesicle formation. Conjugation with ATG12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. Involved in mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, and in subsequent cellular longevity. Plays a critical role in multiple aspects of lymphocyte development and is essential for both B and T lymphocyte survival and proliferation. Required for optimal processing and presentation of antigens for MHC II. Involved in the maintenance of axon morphology and membrane structures, as well as in normal adipocyte differentiation. Promotes primary ciliogenesis through removal of OFD1 from centriolar satellites and degradation of IFT20 via the autophagic pathway.
May play an important role in the apoptotic process, possibly within the modified cytoskeleton. Its expression is a relatively late event in the apoptotic process, occurring downstream of caspase activity. Plays a crucial role in IFN-gamma-induced autophagic cell death by interacting with FADD.
Component of the 9-1-1 cell-cycle checkpoint response complex that plays a major role in DNA repair. The 9-1-1 complex is recruited to DNA lesion upon damage by the RAD17-replication factor C (RFC) clamp loader complex. Acts then as a sliding clamp platform on DNA for several proteins involved in long-patch base excision repair (LP-BER). The 9-1-1 complex stimulates DNA polymerase beta (POLB) activity by increasing its affinity for the 3'-OH end of the primer-template and stabilizes POLB to those sites where LP-BER proceeds; endonuclease FEN1 cleavage activity on substrates with double, nick, or gap flaps of distinct sequences and lengths; and DNA ligase I (LIG1) on long-patch base excision repair substrates. The 9-1-1 complex is necessary for the recruitment of RHNO1 to sites of double-stranded breaks (DSB) occurring during the S phase. Possesses 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity (By similarity).
Component of the toroidal 9-1-1 (RAD9-RAD1-HUS1) complex, composed of RAD9A, RAD1 and HUS1. The 9-1-1 complex associates with LIG1, POLB, FEN1, RAD17, HDAC1, RPA1 and RPA2. The 9-1-1 complex associates with the RAD17-RFC complex. RAD1 interacts with POLB, FEN1, HUS1, HUS1B, RAD9A and RAD9B. Interacts with DNAJC7 (By similarity).
May be a regulator of keratinocyte proliferation or differentiation.
Interacts with SEC61B, SEC61A1 and the SEC61 complex. Interacts with CANX (By similarity).
Interacts with target proteins during their translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Protects unfolded target proteins against degradation during ER stress. May facilitate glycosylation of target proteins after termination of ER stress. May modulate the use of N-glycosylation sites on target proteins (By similarity).
Required for gamma-tubulin complex recruitment to the centrosome.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm.
AcSDKP is inactivated by ACE, which removes the dipeptide Lys-Pro from its C-terminus.
Identified in a complex composed of ACTA1, COBL, GSN AND TMSB4X (By similarity). Interacts with SERPINB1 (By similarity).
Potent inhibitor of bone marrow derived stem cell differentiation (By similarity). Acts by inhibits the entry of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells into the S-phase (By similarity).
Does not bind lactose, and may not bind carbohydrates.
Most of the residues in the galectin domain that have been shown to be critical for carbohydrate-binding in other galectins are not conserved.
Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with a RAR molecule. Binds DNA preferentially as a RAR/RXR heterodimer. Interacts with RARA (By similarity).
Homodimer. Heterodimer; with a rar molecule.
Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (rars) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes.
Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. The high affinity ligand for RXRs is 9-cis retinoic acid (By similarity).
Interacts (via N- and C-terminus) with DDX1. Interacts (via N- and C-terminus) with C14orf166. Interacts with FAM98B. Interacts with PLEKHM1 (via N- and C-terminus).
Positively stimulates PRMT1-induced protein arginine methylation. Involved in skeletal homeostasis. Positively regulates lysosome peripheral distribution and ruffled border formation in osteoclasts.
Plays a role in differentiation and/or proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. Proposed to be involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, another study suggests that it is not required for EMT or stem cell self-renewal and acts during later stages of differentiation.
May function in the transport of nucleosides and/or nucleoside derivatives between the cytosol and the lumen of an intracellular membrane-bound compartment.
The C-terminal domain is necessary for retention within intracellular membranes.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. Substrate-recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Inhibits EGF signaling by mediating the degradation of the Tyr-phosphorylated EGF receptor/EGFR (By similarity).
Interacts with DDI2; probably also interacts with DDI1.
Replication termination factor which is a component of the elongating replisome. Required for ATR pathway signaling upon DNA damage and has a positive activity during DNA replication. Might function to facilitate fork pausing at replication fork barriers like the rDNA. May be globally required to stimulate ATR signaling after the fork stalls or encounters a lesion. Interacts with nascent DNA.
Undergoes proteasomal degradation, via DDI1 and DDI2. Removal from stalled replisomes and degradation are required for genome stability.
Acetylated. Lysine acetylation by p300/EP300 is increased on high glucose conditions. Lysine acetylation promotes ubiquitination by UBR5. Acetylation is enhanced in the presence of BAG6. Deacetylated by SIRT2. Deacetylation of Lys-91 is carried out by SIRT1 and depends on PCK1 phosphorylation levels.
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase that catalyzes the reversible decarboxylation and phosphorylation of oxaloacetate (OAA) and acts as the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Regulates cataplerosis and anaplerosis, the processes that control the levels of metabolic intermediates in the citric acid cycle. At low glucose levels, it catalyzes the cataplerotic conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle. At high glucose levels, it catalyzes the anaplerotic conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of formation and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T-cells: up-regulated in these cells, where it generates phosphoenolpyruvate, via gluconeogenesis. The resultant phosphoenolpyruvate flows to glycogen and pentose phosphate pathway, which is essential for memory CD8(+) T-cells homeostasis (By similarity). In addition to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity, also acts as a protein kinase when phosphorylated at Ser-90: phosphorylation at Ser-90 by AKT1 reduces the binding affinity to oxaloacetate and promotes an atypical serine protein kinase activity using GTP as donor. The protein kinase activity regulates lipogenesis: upon phosphorylation at Ser-90, translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyzes phosphorylation of INSIG proteins (INSIG1 and INSIG2), thereby disrupting the interaction between INSIG proteins and SCAP and promoting nuclear translocation of SREBP proteins (SREBF1/SREBP1 or SREBF2/SREBP2) and subsequent transcription of downstream lipogenesis-related genes (By similarity).
In eukaryotes there are two isozymes: a cytoplasmic one and a mitochondrial one.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity is regulated by acetylation and glucose levels (By similarity). The anaplerotic conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate is improved by PCK1 acetylation on Lys-91 (K91ac), Lys-473 (K473ac) and Lys-521 (K521ac) (By similarity). High glucose concentrations favor PCK1 anaplerotic activity by triggering acetylation on Lys-91 (K91ac). At low glucose levels, SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of Lys-91 promotes the cataplerotic conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Phosphorylation at Ser-90 reduces the binding affinity to oxaloacetate and converts the enzyme into an atypical protein kinase using GTP as donor (By similarity).
Phosphorylated in a GSK3B-mediated pathway; phosphorylation affects the efficiency of SIRT1-mediated deacetylation, and regulates PCK1 ubiquitination and degradation. Phosphorylation at Ser-90 by AKT1 reduces the binding affinity to oxaloacetate and promotes the protein kinase activity: phosphorylated PCK1 translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it phosphorylates INSIG1 and INSIG2.
Ubiquitination by UBR5 leads to proteasomal degradation.
Component of a complex composed at least of MKKS, BBS10, BBS12, TCP1, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5 and CCT8.
Probable molecular chaperone that assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Plays a role in the assembly of BBSome, a complex involved in ciliogenesis regulating transports vesicles to the cilia. Involved in adipogenic differentiation.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Has a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Phosphorylates SF2/ASF (By similarity).
Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Interacts with Clk1 C-terminus (By similarity).
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Exhibits ester hydrolase activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate.
Regulator of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) required for neural tube and optic fissure closure, and enteric neural crest cell (ENCCs) migration during development. Acts as an activator of PP1 by interacting with PPP1CA and preventing phosphorylation of PPP1CA at 'Thr-320'. During neural tube closure, localizes to the ventral neural tube and activates PP1, leading to down-regulate cell proliferation within cranial neural tissue and the neural retina. Also acts as a regulator of migration of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) by activating PP1, leading to dephosphorylation and subsequent activation of cofilin (COF1 or COF2) and repression of the integrin signaling through the RHO/ROCK pathway (By similarity).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs. As part of the U7 snRNP it is involved in histone 3'-end processing.
Is a positive regulator of nascent focal adhesion assembly, involved in the modulation of endothelial cell attachment to the extracellular matrix.
Part of a complex composed of THSD1, PTK2/FAK1, TLN1 and VCL. Interacts with TLN1.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in telomere-length regulation, DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates. Also disassembles T loops and prevents telomere fragility by counteracting telomeric G4-DNA structures, which together ensure the dynamics and stability of the telomere.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
Interacts with TERF1. Interacts (via PIP-box) with PCNA; the interaction is direct and essential for suppressing telomere fragility. Interacts with MMS19; the interaction mediates the association of RTEL1 with the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex.
The PIP-box (PCNA interacting peptide) motif mediates the interaction with PCNA and localization to replication foci.
Catalyzes the conversion of the nucleoside breakdown products ribose-1-phosphate and deoxyribose-1-phosphate to the corresponding 5-phosphopentoses. Catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate but with a lower catalytic efficiency. In vitro, has also a low glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase activity which is most probably not physiologically relevant.
Associates with proteins harboring glycine-rich transmembrane domains and ensures their efficient localization to the cell surface.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB8 subunit family.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-2 (or BLOC2) composed of HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6.
May regulate the synthesis and function of lysosomes and of highly specialized organelles, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.
Allosterically activated by benzodiazepines (By similarity). Activated by pentobarbitol (By similarity). Inhibited by the antagonist bicuculline (By similarity). Inhibited by zinc ions (By similarity).
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRG2 sub-subfamily.
Heteropentamer, formed by a combination of alpha, beta, gamma, delta and rho chains (By similarity). Interacts with GABARAP (By similarity). Interacts with KIF21B (By similarity). Identified in a complex of 720 kDa composed of LHFPL4, NLGN2, GABRA1, GABRB2, GABRG2 and GABRB3 (By similarity). Interacts with LHFPL4 (By similarity). Interacts with SHISA7; interaction leads to the regulation of GABA(A) receptor trafficking, channel deactivation kinetics and pharmacology (By similarity).
Ligand-gated chloride channel which is a component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (By similarity). Plays an important role in the formation of functional inhibitory GABAergic synapses in addition to mediating synaptic inhibition as a GABA-gated ion channel (By similarity). The gamma2 subunit is necessary but not sufficient for a rapid formation of active synaptic contacts and the synaptogenic effect of this subunit is influenced by the type of alpha and beta subunits present in the receptor pentamer (By similarity). The alpha1/beta2/gamma2 receptor, alpha2/beta2/gamma2 receptor and the alpha1/beta3/gamma2 receptor exhibit synaptogenic activity whereas the alpha2/beta3/gamma2 receptor shows very little or no synaptogenic activity (By similarity). Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine (By similarity).
Palmitoylated by ZDHHC3/GODZ; required for the accumulation of GABA(A) receptors at the postsynaptic membrane of inhibitory GABAergic synapses.
This subunit carries the benzodiazepine binding site.
Adapter protein that links membrane-bound small G-proteins to cytoplasmic effector proteins. Necessary for CDC42-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and for RAC1-mediated membrane ruffling. Involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by WASF family members and the Arp2/3 complex. Plays a role in neurite growth. Acts syngeristically with ENAH to promote filipodia formation. Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to bacterial infection. Participates in actin bundling when associated with EPS8, promoting filopodial protrusions.
According to a well-established model, RNF8 initiate H2A 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination leading to recruitment of RNF168 to amplify H2A 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination. However, other data suggest that RNF168 is the priming ubiquitin ligase by mediating monoubiquitination of 'Lys-13' and 'Lys-15' of nucleosomal histone H2A (H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub respectively). These data suggest that RNF168 might be recruited to DSBs sites in a RNF8-dependent manner by binding to non-histone proteins ubiquitinated via 'Lys-63'-linked and initiates monoubiquitination of H2A, which is then amplified by RNF8. Additional evidence is however required to confirm these data.
Autoubiquitinated through 'Lys-48' and 'Lys-63' of ubiquitin. 'Lys-63' polyubiquitination is mediated by UBE2N. 'Lys-29'-type polyubiquitination is also observed, but it doesn't require its own functional RING-type zinc finger.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a key role in DNA damage signaling via 2 distinct roles: by mediating the 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of histones H2A and H2AX and promoting the recruitment of DNA repair proteins at double-strand breaks (DSBs) sites, and by catalyzing 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination to remove target proteins from DNA damage sites. Following DNA DSBs, it is recruited to the sites of damage by ATM-phosphorylated MDC1 and catalyzes the 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of histones H2A and H2AX, thereby promoting the formation of TP53BP1 and BRCA1 ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF). Also controls the recruitment of UIMC1-BRCC3 (RAP80-BRCC36) and PAXIP1/PTIP to DNA damage sites. Also recruited at DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) sites and catalyzes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of histones H2A and H2AX, leading to recruitment of FAAP20 and Fanconi anemia (FA) complex, followed by interstrand cross-link repair. H2A ubiquitination also mediates the ATM-dependent transcriptional silencing at regions flanking DSBs in cis, a mechanism to avoid collision between transcription and repair intermediates. Promotes the formation of 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains via interactions with the specific ubiquitin-conjugating UBE2N/UBC13 and ubiquitinates non-histone substrates such as PCNA. Substrates that are polyubiquitinated at 'Lys-63' are usually not targeted for degradation. Also catalyzes the formation of 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains via interaction with the ubiquitin-conjugating UBE2L6/UBCH8, leading to degradation of substrate proteins such as CHEK2, JMJD2A/KDM4A and KU80/XRCC5: it is still unclear how the preference toward 'Lys-48'- versus 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination is regulated but it could be due to RNF8 ability to interact with specific E2 specific ligases. For instance, interaction with phosphorylated HERC2 promotes the association between RNF8 and UBE2N/UBC13 and favors the specific formation of 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains. Promotes non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by promoting the 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination and degradation the of KU80/XRCC5. Following DNA damage, mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of JMJD2A/KDM4A in collaboration with RNF168, leading to unmask H4K20me2 mark and promote the recruitment of TP53BP1 at DNA damage sites (By similarity). Following DNA damage, mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of POLD4/p12, a subunit of DNA polymerase delta. In the absence of POLD4, DNA polymerase delta complex exhibits higher proofreading activity (By similarity). In addition to its function in damage signaling, also plays a role in higher-order chromatin structure by mediating extensive chromatin decondensation. Involved in the activation of ATM by promoting histone H2B ubiquitination, which indirectly triggers histone H4 'Lys-16' acetylation (H4K16ac), establishing a chromatin environment that promotes efficient activation of ATM kinase. Required in the testis, where it plays a role in the replacement of histones during spermatogenesis. At uncapped telomeres, promotes the joining of deprotected chromosome ends by inducing H2A ubiquitination and TP53BP1 recruitment, suggesting that it may enhance cancer development by aggravating telomere-induced genome instability in case of telomeric crisis. Promotes the assembly of RAD51 at DNA DSBs in the absence of BRCA1 and TP53BP1 Also involved in class switch recombination in immune system, via its role in regulation of DSBs repair. May be required for proper exit from mitosis after spindle checkpoint activation and may regulate cytokinesis. May play a role in the regulation of RXRA-mediated transcriptional activity. Not involved in RXRA ubiquitination by UBE2E2 (By similarity).
Homodimer. Forms a E2-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of the RNF8 homodimer and a E2 heterodimer of UBE2N and UBE2V2. Interacts with class III E2s, including UBE2E1, UBE2E2, and UBE2E3 and with UBE2N. Interacts with RXRA. Interacts (via FHA domain) with phosphorylated HERC2 (via C-terminus). Interacts with PIWIL1; leading to sequester RNF8 in the cytoplasm. Interacts with WRAP53/TCAB1.
The FHA domain specifically recognizes and binds ATM-phosphorylated MDC1 and phosphorylated HERC2 (By similarity). This domain is also required for proper recruitment to DNA damage sites after UV irradiation, ionizing radiation, or treatment with an alkylating agent (By similarity).
Appears to be a negative regulator of type-1 angiotensin II receptor-mediated signaling by regulating receptor internalization as well as mechanism of receptor desensitization such as phosphorylation. Induces also a decrease in cell proliferation and angiotensin II-stimulated transcriptional activity (By similarity).
Interacts with RACK1, and with the carboxy-terminal region of AGTR1.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Expressed by the liver; secreted in plasma.
Major transport protein for glucocorticoids and progestins in the blood of almost all vertebrate species.
Proteolytic cleavage leads to an important conformation change. This reduces the affinity for steroids (By similarity).
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Associates with F-actin. Interacts with DCTN1; this interaction regulates DCTN1 distribution at the cell cortex. Interacts with PTK2/FAK and MAPRE1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by CDK1 and PLK1. CDK1 is the priming kinase for PLK1 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation by PLK1 is required for proper spindle orientation at metaphase (By similarity).
Plays a role in mitotic spindle orientation and mitotic progression. Regulates the distribution of dynactin at the cell cortex in a PLK1-dependent manner, thus stabilizing cortical and astral microtubule attachments required for proper mitotic spindle positioning. May link microtubules to the actin cytospkeleton and focal adhesions. May be required for directed cell migration and centrosome orientation. May also be necessary for proper stacking of the Golgi apparatus (By similarity).
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP4 subfamily.
Deubiquitinating enzyme that removes conjugated ubiquitin from target proteins. Deubiquitinates PDPK1. Deubiquitinates TRIM21. Deubiquitinates receptor ADORA2A which increases the amount of functional receptor at the cell surface. Deubiquitinates HAS2. Deubiquitinates RHEB in response to EGF signaling, promoting mTORC1 signaling. May regulate mRNA splicing through deubiquitination of the U4 spliceosomal protein PRPF3. This may prevent its recognition by the U5 component PRPF8 thereby destabilizing interactions within the U4/U6.U5 snRNP. May also play a role in the regulation of quality control in the ER.
Interacts with RB1 (both dephosphorylated and hypophosphorylated forms) (By similarity). Interacts with RBL1 and RBL2 (By similarity). Interacts with ADORA2A (via cytoplasmic C-terminus); the interaction is direct. Interacts with SART3; recruits USP4 to its substrate PRPF3 (By similarity).
Monoubiquitinated by TRIM21. Ubiquitination does not lead to its proteasomal degradation. Autodeubiquitinated.
Phosphorylated at Ser-445 by PKB/AKT1 in response to EGF stimulus, promoting its ability deubiquitinate RHEB.
The DUSP and ubiquitin-like 1 domains promote ubiquitin release and thus enhance USB4 catalytic activity. However, these domains do not bind ubiquitin.
The completion of the deubiquitinase reaction is mediated by the DUSP and ubiquitin-like 1 domains which promotes the release of ubiquitin from the catalytic site enabling subsequent reactions to occur.
Component of the CTLH E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that selectively accepts ubiquitin from UBE2H and mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor HBP1 (By similarity). Required for internalization of the GABA receptor GABRA1 from the cell membrane via endosomes and subsequent GABRA1 degradation. Acts as a mediator of cell spreading and cytoskeletal responses to the extracellular matrix component THBS1 (By similarity).
Homodimer; may form higher oligomers (By similarity). Identified in the CTLH complex that contains GID4, RANBP9 and/or RANBP10, MKLN1, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, ARMC8, WDR26 and YPEL5. Within this complex, MAEA, RMND5A (or alternatively its paralog RMND5B), GID8, WDR26, and RANBP9 and/or RANBP10 form the catalytic core, while GID4, MKLN1, ARMC8 and YPEL5 have ancillary roles (By similarity). Interacts with RANBP9 (By similarity). Part of a complex consisting of RANBP9, MKLN1 and GID8 (By similarity). Interacts with GABRA1 (By similarity). Interacts with the C-terminal tail of PTGER3 (By similarity).
The LisH mediates head to tail dimerization.
Interacts with SEC61B. May interact with Derlin-1/DERL1.
Involved in the translocation of nascent protein chains into or through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by facilitating the proper chain positioning at the SEC61 channel. Regulates the exposure of nascent secretory protein chain to the cytosol during translocation into the ER. May affect the phospholipid bilayer in the vicinity of the lateral gate of the SEC61 channel, thereby facilitating ER protein transport. Intimately associates with transmembrane (TM) domain of nascent membrane proteins during the entire integration process into the ER membrane. Associates with the second TM domain of G-protein-coupled receptor opsin/OPSD nascent chain in the ER membrane, which may facilitate its integration into the membrane. Under conditions of ER stress, participates in the disposal of misfolded ER membrane proteins during the unfolded protein response (UPR), an integrated stress response (ISR) pathway, by selectively retrotranslocating misfolded ER-membrane proteins from the ER into the cytosol where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome.
Homotetramer, and heterotetramer with CRMP1, DPYSL3, DPYSL4 or DPYSL5. Interacts through its C-terminus with the C-terminus of CYFIP1/SRA1. Interacts with HTR4. Interacts with CLN6. Interacts with MICALL1 (By similarity).
Lacks most of the conserved residues that are essential for binding the metal cofactor and hence for dihydropyrimidinase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Phosphorylation by DYRK2 at Ser-522 is required for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK3B. Phosphorylation at Thr-514 by GSK3B abolishes tubulin-binding leading to destabilization of microtubule assembly in axons and neurodegeneration (By similarity).
Plays a role in neuronal development and polarity, as well as in axon growth and guidance, neuronal growth cone collapse and cell migration. Necessary for signaling by class 3 semaphorins and subsequent remodeling of the cytoskeleton. May play a role in endocytosis (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. GTPBP1 subfamily.
Interacts with EXOSC2/RRP4, EXOSC3/RRP40, EXOSC5/RRP46, HNRNPD, HNRNPR and SYNCRIP. Identified in a complex with AANAT mRNA, but does not bind mRNA by itself (By similarity).
Promotes degradation of target mRNA species. Plays a role in the regulation of circadian mRNA stability. Binds GTP and has GTPase activity (By similarity).
Homodimer in endoplasmic reticulum, endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and cis-Golgi network. Interacts with IL1RL1. Interacts with RNF26; this interaction is important to modulate innate immune signaling through the cGAS-STING pathway.
Potential role in vesicular protein trafficking, mainly in the early secretory pathway. May act as a cargo receptor at the lumenal side for incorporation of secretory cargo molecules into transport vesicles and may be involved in vesicle coat formation at the cytoplasmic side. Plays a positive role in IL-33-mediated IL-8 and IL-6 production by interacting with interleukin-33 receptor IL1RL1. Plays also a role in the modulation of innate immune signaling through the cGAS-STING pathway by interacting with RNF26.
Facilitates bidirectional transport of amino acids. May act as a glutamate sensor that regulates glutamate-glutamine cycle and mTOR signaling in the brain. The transport mechanism remains to be elucidated.
Interacts with Sec23/24 complex components SEC24B and SEC24D (By similarity). Interacts with CCR5 (By similarity). Interacts with ADRB2 in the early secretory pathway (By similarity).
Involved in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface; it promotes the exit of GPCRs from the early secretory pathway, likely through interaction with the COPII machinery.
Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone (By similarity). Acts on LPA containing saturated or unsaturated fatty acids C16:0-C20:4 at the sn-1 position using C18:1, C20:4 or C18:2-CoA as the acyl donor (By similarity). Also acts on lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylserine using C18:1 or C20:4-CoA. Has a preference for arachidonoyl-CoA as a donor (By similarity). Has also a modest lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase (LPIAT) activity, converts lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) into phosphatidylinositol (By similarity).
Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine).
The lysine tyrosylquinone cross-link (LTQ) is generated by condensation of the epsilon-amino group of a lysine with a topaquinone produced by oxidation of tyrosine.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ATZ/TRZ family.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia.
Required for gap junction formation (By similarity). Required, with CNTNAP1, for radial and longitudinal organization of myelinated axons. Plays a role in the formation of functional distinct domains critical for saltatory conduction of nerve impulses in myelinated nerve fibers. Demarcates the juxtaparanodal region of the axo-glial junction.
Trans-Golgi-associated GTPase that regulates protein sorting. Controls the targeting of ARL1 and its effector to the trans-Golgi. Required for the lipidation of chylomicrons in the intestine and required for VLDL lipidation in the liver.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form (By similarity). Important for iron homeostasis (By similarity). Has ferroxidase activity (By similarity). Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation (By similarity). Also plays a role in delivery of iron to cells (By similarity). Mediates iron uptake in capsule cells of the developing kidney (By similarity).
Belongs to the kynurenine formamidase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-formyl-L-kynurenine to L-kynurenine, the second step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation. Kynurenine may be further oxidized to nicotinic acid, NAD(H) and NADP(H). Required for elimination of toxic metabolites.
The main chain amide nitrogen atoms of the second glycine and its adjacent residue in the HGGXW motif define the oxyanion hole, and stabilize the oxyanion that forms during the nucleophilic attack by the catalytic serine during substrate cleavage.
Functions in biogenesis and organization of the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH), where it promotes formation of complex filamentous gel-like structure that may play a role in the water barrier permeability. May serve as a receptor for binding and endocytosis of cytokines (IL-1, IL-2) and TNF. Facilitates neutrophil migration across renal epithelia.
Homodimer that then polymerizes into long filaments. The filaments can additionally assemble laterally to form a sheet. The filaments consist of a zigzag-shaped backbone with laterally protruding arms which interact with bacterial adhesin fimH. Two fimH molecules can bind to a single UMOD monomer.
In the urine, may contribute to colloid osmotic pressure, retards passage of positively charged electrolytes, and inhibits formation of liquid containing supersaturated salts and subsequent formation of salt crystals. Protects against urinary tract infections by binding to type 1 fimbriated E.coli. Binds to bacterial adhesin fimH which mediates the stable formation of bacterial aggregates, prevents the binding of E.coli to uroplakins UPK1A and UPK1B which act as urothelial receptors for type I fimbriae, and allows for pathogen clearance through micturation. Also promotes aggregation of other bacteria including K.pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa and S.mitis and so may also protect against other uropathogens.
Proteolytically cleaved at a conserved C-terminal proteolytic cleavage site to generate the secreted form found in urine. This cleavage is catalyzed by HPN.
The ZP domain mediates polymerization, leading to the formation of long filaments. The core of the filament consists of interlocked ZP domains which assemble into a helical structure. Each ZP domain consists of an N-terminal (ZP-N) and C-terminal (ZP-C) region connected by a flexible linker; the linker allows the ZP domain to wrap around the ZP-C subdomain of the preceding subunit. The heavily glycosylated N-terminal part of the protein (containing several EGF-like domains) forms branches which protrude from the core and are involved in pathogen capture.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation. Required for stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins at the cell surface.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. Substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin, insulin and AGRP.
Autoproteolytically processed at the GPS domain; this cleavage modulates receptor activity. Additionally, furin is involved in the cleavage at another site, in the middle of the extracellular domain, generating a soluble fragment.
Heterodimer of 2 chains generated by proteolytic processing; the large extracellular N-terminal fragment and the membrane-bound C-terminal fragment predominantly remain associated and non-covalently linked. Interacts with GABPB2 (By similarity). Interacts (via carboxy-terminus) with TAX1BP3. Interacts with GNAZ. Interacts with SH3GL2 (By similarity).
Orphan G-protein coupled receptor involved in cell adhesion and probably in cell-cell interactions. Activates NFAT-signaling pathway, a transcription factor, via the G-protein GNAZ. Involved in angiogenesis inhibition (By similarity).
Receptor activity is regulated by proteolytic processing. The long N-terminal has a an inhibitory effect on the constitutive signaling activity. Removal of the N-terminal region induces an increase of the receptor activity.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose. Necessary for the biosynthesis of the core tetrasaccharide in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.
Homodimer and homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with AKT1 (By similarity).
Involved in spermatozoa motility (By similarity). May also regulate cilium motility through its role in the assembly of the axonemal radial spokes (By similarity).
Cleaved on the N-terminus before locating to the plasma membrane.
Interacts with SLC39A10; which triggers cells to undergo EMT and mitosis. Found in a complex with SLC39A6, SLC39A10 and with the 'Ser-727' phosphorylated form of STAT3 throughout mitosis (By similarity). Found in a complex with SLC39A6, SLC39A10 and with NCAM1; this complex controls NCAM1 phosphorylation and integration into focal adhesion complexes during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Found in a complex with SLC39A6, SLC39A10 and with GSK3B that controls NCAM1 phosphorylation (By similarity).
Phosphorylated by ZAP70 in response to TCR stimulation leading to its activation.
Zinc-influx transporter which plays a role in zinc homeostasis and in the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). When associated with SLC39A10, the heterodimer formed by SLC39A10 and SLC39A6 mediates cellular zinc uptake to trigger cells to undergo epithelial- to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (By similarity). The SLC39A10-SLC39A6 heterodimer also controls NCAM1 phosphorylation and its integration into focal adhesion complexes during EMT (By similarity). Zinc influx inactivates GSK3B, enabling unphosphorylated SNAI1 in the nucleus to down-regulate adherence genes such as CDH1, causing loss of cell adherence. In addition, the SLC39A10-SLC39A6 heterodimer plays an essentiel role in initiating mitosis by importing zinc into cells to initiate a pathway resulting in the onset of mitosis. Participates in the T-cell receptor signaling regulation by mediating cellular zinc uptake into activated lymphocytes. Regulates the zinc influx necessary for proper meiotic progression to metaphase II (MII) that allows the oocyte-to-egg transition (By similarity).
Component of the shieldin complex, consisting of SHLD1, SHLD2, SHLD3 and MAD2L2/REV7. Within the complex, SHLD2 forms a scaffold which interacts with a SHLD3-MAD2L2 subcomplex via its N-terminus, and with SHLD1 via its C-terminus. Interacts with TP53BP1. Interacts with RIF1.
Component of the shieldin complex, which plays an important role in repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). During G1 and S phase of the cell cycle, the complex functions downstream of TP53BP1 to promote non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and suppress DNA end resection. Mediates various NHEJ-dependent processes including immunoglobulin class-switch recombination, and fusion of unprotected telomeres.
Homodimerization via the leucine zipper domains is required for autophosphorylation.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the formation of UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate, a constituent of complex glycosaminoglycans (By similarity). Required for the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. Required for embryonic development via its role in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (By similarity). Required for proper brain and neuronal development (By similarity).
The allosteric switch region moves by about 5 Angstroms when UDP-xylose is bound, and occupies part of the UDP-glucose binding site. At the same time it promotes domain movements that disrupt the active hexameric ring structure and lead to the formation of a horseshoe-shaped, inactive hexamer.
The protein goes through several conformation states during the reaction cycle, giving rise to hysteresis. In the initial state, the ligand-free protein is in an inactive conformation (E*). Substrate binding triggers a change to the active conformation (E). UDP-xylose binding triggers the transition to a distinct, inhibited conformation. The presence of an intrinsically disordered C-terminus promotes a more dynamic protein structure and favors a conformation with high affinity for UPD-xylose.
UDP-alpha-D-xylose (UDX) acts as a feedback inhibitor. It binds at the same site as the substrate, but functions as allosteric inhibitor by triggering a conformation change that disrupts the active hexameric ring structure and gives rise to an inactive, horseshoe-shaped hexamer.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ11 subfamily.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Involved in down-regulation of MYB- and JUN-dependent transcription. Enhances ligand-dependent transcriptional activity of nuclear hormone receptors. May play a role in cell differentiation.
Homodimer. Component of the CCR4-NOT complex; distinct complexes seem to exist that differ in the participation of probably mutually exclusive catalytic subunits. Interacts with MYB, ATF2, RARA, RARB, RARG, RXRA, RXRB and RXRG. Identified in a complex with ATF2 bound to target DNA. Interacts with NANOS2. Directly interacts with ZNF335 (By similarity).
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Belongs to the type II (or gamma) interferon family.
Type II interferon produced by immune cells such as T-cells and NK cells that plays crucial roles in antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor responses by activating effector immune cells and enhancing antigen presentation. Primarily signals through the JAK-STAT pathway after interaction with its receptor IFNGR1 to affect gene regulation. Upon IFNG binding, IFNGR1 intracellular domain opens out to allow association of downstream signaling components JAK2, JAK1 and STAT1, leading to STAT1 activation, nuclear translocation and transcription of IFNG-regulated genes. Many of the induced genes are transcription factors such as IRF1 that are able to further drive regulation of a next wave of transcription. Plays a role in class I antigen presentation pathway by inducing a replacement of catalytic proteasome subunits with immunoproteasome subunits. In turn, increases the quantity, quality, and repertoire of peptides for class I MHC loading. Increases the efficiency of peptide generation also by inducing the expression of activator PA28 that associates with the proteasome and alters its proteolytic cleavage preference. Up-regulates as well MHC II complexes on the cell surface by promoting expression of several key molecules such as cathepsins B/CTSB, H/CTSH, and L/CTSL. Participates in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells during development and under homeostatic conditions by affecting their development, quiescence, and differentiation.
Activated by phosphorylation on Ser-486 by an unknown kinase (may be mTORC2 but not confirmed), transforming it into a substrate for PDPK1 which then phosphorylates it on Thr-320.
Interacts with GSK3B and FLII. Interacts with PDPK1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is involved in the regulation of a wide variety of ion channels, membrane transporters, cell growth, proliferation, survival and migration. Up-regulates Na(+) channels: SCNN1A/ENAC and SCN5A, K(+) channels: KCNA3/KV1.3, KCNE1, KCNQ1 and KCNH2/HERG, epithelial Ca(2+) channels: TRPV5 and TRPV6, chloride channel: BSND, creatine transporter: SLC6A8, Na(+)/dicarboxylate cotransporter: SLC13A2/NADC1, Na(+)-dependent phosphate cotransporter: SLC34A2/NAPI-2B, amino acid transporters: SLC1A5/ASCT2 and SLC6A19, glutamate transporters: SLC1A3/EAAT1, SLC1A6/EAAT4 and SLC1A7/EAAT5, glutamate receptors: GRIA1/GLUR1 and GRIK2/GLUR6, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger: SLC9A3/NHE3, and the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase. Plays a role in the regulation of renal tubular phosphate transport and bone density. Phosphorylates NEDD4L and GSK3B. Positively regulates ER transcription activity through phosphorylation of FLII. Negatively regulates the function of ITCH/AIP4 via its phosphorylation and thereby prevents CXCR4 from being efficiently sorted to lysosomes (By similarity).
Two specific sites, one in the kinase domain (Thr-320) and the other in the C-terminal regulatory region (Ser-486), need to be phosphorylated for its full activation.
Alcohol dehydrogenase. Oxidizes primary as well as secondary alcohols. Ethanol is a very poor substrate.
Dimer of identical or heterodimer of closely related subunits alpha, beta, or gamma that are encoded by genes ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C, respectively.
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Possible tumor suppressor which may play a role in cell growth.
In association with mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex components and mitochondrial outer membrane sorting assembly machinery (SAM) complex components may regulate mitochondrial dynamics playing a role in determining mitochondrial length, distribution and motility.
Interacts with mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex components IMMT/MIC60 and MICOS10/MIC10 (By similarity). Interacts with mitochondrial outer membrane sorting assembly machinery (SAM) complex components SAMM50 and MTX1 (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of the SLX1-SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA. Has a preference for 5'-flap structures, and promotes symmetrical cleavage of static and migrating Holliday junctions (HJs). Resolves HJs by generating two pairs of ligatable, nicked duplex products.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. D (Shal) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv4.2/KCND2 sub-subfamily.
Component of the GPI transamidase complex, necessary for transfer of GPI to proteins (By similarity). Mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by replacing a protein's C-terminal GPI attachment signal peptide with a pre-assembled GPI. During this transamidation reaction, the GPI transamidase forms a carbonyl intermediate with the substrate protein (By similarity).
Forms a complex with PIGT, PIGS, PIGU and GAA1.
The disulfide bond between PIGK/GPI8 and PIGT is important for normal enzyme activity.
Is able to inhibit all four classes of proteinases by a unique 'trapping' mechanism. This protein has a peptide stretch, called the 'bait region' which contains specific cleavage sites for different proteinases. When a proteinase cleaves the bait region, a conformational change is induced in the protein which traps the proteinase. The entrapped enzyme remains active against low molecular weight substrates (activity against high molecular weight substrates is greatly reduced). Following cleavage in the bait region a thioester bond is hydrolyzed and mediates the covalent binding of the protein to the proteinase (By similarity).
Forms a complex, named COMB/coordinator of mitochondrial CYTB biogenesis, composed of UQCC1, UQCC2, UQCC4, UQCC5 and UQCC6; stabilizes nascent cytochrome b/MT-CYB and promotes its membrane insertion. Forms a complex, named COMA, composed of UQCC1, UQCC2 and UQCC4; activates MT-CYB translation. Forms a complex, named COMC, composed of UQCC1, UQCC2; UQCC3 and UQCC4; mediates MT-CYB hemylation and association with the first nuclear-encoded complex III subunit UQCRQ. Complexes COMA and COMB are bound to the mitochondrion inner membrane by UQCC4.
Required for the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III (CIII) or cytochrome b-c1 complex), a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous signaling cascades. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Signaling by an activated GPCR promotes GDP release and GTP binding. The alpha subunit has a low GTPase activity that converts bound GTP to GDP, thereby terminating the signal. Both GDP release and GTP hydrolysis are modulated by numerous regulatory proteins (By similarity). Signaling is mediated via effector proteins, such as adenylate cyclase. Inhibits adenylate cyclase activity, leading to decreased intracellular cAMP levels (By similarity). The inactive GDP-bound form prevents the association of RGS14 with centrosomes and is required for the translocation of RGS14 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Required for normal cytokinesis during mitosis (By similarity). Required for cortical dynein-dynactin complex recruitment during metaphase (By similarity).
Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site. Part of a spindle orientation complex at least composed of GNAI1, GPSM2 and NUMA1. Identified in complex with the beta subunit GNB1 and the gamma subunit GNG1. Identified in complex with the beta subunit GNB1 and the gamma subunit GNG2. GTP binding causes dissociation of the heterotrimer, liberating the individual subunits so that they can interact with downstream effector proteins. Interacts (GDP-bound form) with GPSM1; this inhibits guanine nucleotide exchange and GTP binding. Interacts (GDP-bound form) with GPSM2 (via GoLoco domains); this inhibits guanine nucleotide exchange. Interacts with RGS10; this strongly enhances GTP hydrolysis. Interacts with RGS1 and RGS16; this strongly enhances GTPase activity. Interacts with RGS4. Interacts with RGS12. Interacts (via active GTP- or inactive GDP-bound forms) with RGS14 (via RGS and GoLoco domains). Interacts with RGS3, RGS6, RGS7, RGS8, RGS17, RGS18 and RGS20 (in vitro). Interacts (GDP-bound form) with RIC8A (via C-terminus). Interacts (inactive GDP-bound form) with NUCB1 (via GBA motif); the interaction leads to activation of GNAI1 (By similarity). Interacts (inactive GDP-bound form) with CCDC88C/DAPLE (via GBA motif); the interaction leads to activation of GNAI1 (By similarity). Interacts (inactive GDP-bound form) with CCDC8A/GIV (via GBA motif) (By similarity).
Myristoylation at Gly-2 is required for membrane anchoring before palmitoylation.
Palmitoylation at Cys-3 varies with membrane lipid composition.
Associated with nucleolar and cytoplasmic pre-60S particles (By similarity). At the end of biogenesis it dissociates from cytoplasmic pre-60S particles and is likely to be exchanged for its ribosomal homolog, RPL24 (By similarity).
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Ensures the docking of GTPBP4/NOG1 to pre-60S particles (By similarity).
Binds heme and transports it to the liver for breakdown and iron recovery, after which the free hemopexin returns to the circulation.
The isolated N-terminal domain binds one heme. The full-length protein also binds one heme, but at a different site. The physiological significance of this is not clear (By similarity).
Component of the elastin-associated microfibrils.
Belongs to the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis.
Functions as a GC-rich promoter-specific transactivating transcription factor.
Interacts with GTF2B, GTF2F2, RNA polymerase II and TBP.
A previous study found the localization of TMEM174 in the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). A more recent study detected TMEM174 in cell membrane (By similarity). The difference between these two studies could be due to the use of different cell lines.
Interacts with SLC34A1; regulates SLC34A1 internalization by PTH and FGF23.
Regulator of plasma phosphate homeostasis. Decreases serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake by regulating the sodium-phosphate cotransporter SLC34A1 trafficking by PTH and FGF23 in the kidney.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5' end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore. The CBC complex is also involved in mediating U snRNA and intronless mRNAs export from the nucleus. The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. The pioneer round of mRNA translation mediated by the CBC complex plays a central role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), NMD only taking place in mRNAs bound to the CBC complex, but not on eIF4E-bound mRNAs. The CBC complex enhances NMD in mRNAs containing at least one exon-junction complex (EJC), promoting the interaction between upf1 and upf2. The CBC complex is also involved in 'failsafe' NMD, which is independent of the EJC complex, while it does not participate in Staufen-mediated mRNA decay (SMD). During cell proliferation, the CBC complex is also involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis via its interaction with srrt/ars2, thereby being required for miRNA-mediated RNA interference. The CBC complex also acts as a negative regulator of parn, thereby acting as an inhibitor of mRNA deadenylation. In the CBC complex, ncbp2/cbp20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ncbp1/cbp80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. The conventional cap-binding complex with NCBP2 binds both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and messenger (mRNA) and is involved in their export from the nucleus.
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ncbp1/cbp80 and ncbp2/cbp20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Antizyme inhibitor (AZI) protein that positively regulates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and polyamine uptake. AZI is an enzymatically inactive ODC homolog that counteracts the negative effect of ODC antizymes (AZs) OAZ1, OAZ2 and OAZ3 on ODC activity by competing with ODC for antizyme-binding. Inhibits antizyme-dependent ODC degradation and releases ODC monomers from their inactive complex with antizymes, leading to formation of the catalytically active ODC homodimer and restoring polyamine production.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. ODC antizyme inhibitor subfamily.
Monomer. Interacts with OAZ1 and OAZ3; this interaction disrupts the interaction between the antizyme and ODC1.
Ubiquitinated, leading to its proteasomal degradation; a process that is reduced in presence of antizyme OAZ1.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers.
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. May be the terminally assembled subunit of Complex I.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFV3 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-4 (PP-X) subfamily.
Methylation at the C-terminal Leu-307 is critical for interactions with regulatory subunits and functions in DNA repair.
Protein phosphatase that is involved in many processes such as microtubule organization at centrosomes, maturation of spliceosomal snRNPs, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha signaling, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK8, regulation of histone acetylation, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, NF-kappa-B activation and cell migration. The PPP4C-PPP4R1 PP4 complex may play a role in dephosphorylation and regulation of HDAC3. The PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3A PP4 complex specifically dephosphorylates H2AX phosphorylated on Ser-140 (gamma-H2AX) generated during DNA replication and required for DNA DSB repair. Dephosphorylates NDEL1 at CDK1 phosphorylation sites and negatively regulates CDK1 activity in interphase (By similarity). In response to DNA damage, catalyzes RPA2 dephosphorylation, an essential step for DNA repair since it allows the efficient RPA2-mediated recruitment of RAD51 to chromatin (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits. Component of the PP4 complexes PPP4C-PPP4R1, PPP4C-PPP4R2, PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3A, PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3B and PPP4C-PPP4R4. The PPP4C-PPP4R2 complex appears to be a tetramer composed of 2 molecules of PPP4C and 2 molecules of PPP4R2. Interacts with REL, NFKB1/p50 and RELA. Interacts with SMN1 and GEMIN4. Interacts with IRS4 (phosphorylated). Interacts with SMEK1/PPP4R3A; the interaction requires PP4R2. Interacts with HDAC3 (By similarity).
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with the protein microsomal triglyceride transfer MTTP. Homodimer. Monomers and homotetramers may also occur. Interacts with P4HA2, forming a heterotetramer consisting of 2 alpha subunits (P4HA2) and 2 beta (P4HB), where P4HB plays the role of a structural subunit; this tetramer catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxyproline in collagen (By similarity). Also constitutes the structural subunit of the microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein MTTP in mammalian cells. Stabilizes both enzymes and retain them in the ER without contributing to the catalytic activity. Binds UBQLN1. Interacts with ERO1B. Interacts with ILDR2 (By similarity). Interacts with ERN1/IRE1A (via N-terminus); the interaction is enhanced by phosphorylation of P4HB by FAM20C in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and results in attenuation of ERN1 activity (By similarity).
Phosphorylation of Ser-357 by FAM20C is induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and results in a functional switch from oxidoreductase to molecular chaperone. It also promotes interaction with ERN1.
This multifunctional protein catalyzes the formation, breakage and rearrangement of disulfide bonds. At the cell surface, seems to act as a reductase that cleaves disulfide bonds of proteins attached to the cell. May therefore cause structural modifications of exofacial proteins. Inside the cell, seems to form/rearrange disulfide bonds of nascent proteins. At high concentrations and following phosphorylation by FAM20C, functions as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins. At low concentrations, facilitates aggregation (anti-chaperone activity). May be involved with other chaperones in the structural modification of the TG precursor in hormone biogenesis. Also acts as a structural subunit of various enzymes such as prolyl 4-hydroxylase and microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein MTTP. Receptor for LGALS9; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration.
Belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family.
This is one of the several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase.
Actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. Seems to contact the mother actin filament. In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA. The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs).
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ACTR2/ARP2, ACTR3/ARP3, ARPC1B/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC (By similarity). Interacts with SHANK3; the interaction probably mediates the association of SHANK3 with the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity). Interacts with DNAI3; this interaction reduces binding of the Arp2/3 complex to the VCA domain of nucleation promoting factors (By similarity).
Component of the Arp2/3 complex composed of ARP2, ARP3, ARPC1B/p41-ARC, ARPC2/p34-ARC, ARPC3/p21-ARC, ARPC4/p20-ARC and ARPC5/p16-ARC. Interacts with SHANK3; the interaction probably mediates the association of SHANK3 with the Arp2/3 complex.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Interacts with CLOCK. Forms a ternary complex with the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Interacts with CAD and HSPA5 (By similarity).
Transcriptional repressor which may act as a negative-feedback regulator of CLOCK-BMAL1 transcriptional activity in the circadian-clock mechanism. May stimulate BMAL1-dependent phosphorylation of CLOCK. However, the physiogical relevance of these observations is unsure, since experiments in knockout mice showed that CIPC is not critially required for basic circadian clock.
Plays a role into cellular response to oxidative stress. Decreases cell proliferation (By similarity).
Plays a role into cellular response to oxidative stress. Decreases cell proliferation.
Can induce apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner and plays a role in p53/TP53-dependent apoptosis.
Interacts with PDCD6; PDCD6 can stabilze SHISA5.
The proline-rich region is required for endoplasmic reticulum localization.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
Phosphorylation at Ser-27 inactivates its catalytic activity but does not affect the interaction with WDR4.
Antiporter that transports nucleotide sugars across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in exchange for another nucleotide sugar. May couple UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate (UDP-GlcA) or UDP-alpha-D-xylose (UDP-Xyl) efflux to UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate (UDP-GlcA) influx into the ER lumen, which in turn stimulates glucuronidation and excretion of endobiotics and xenobiotics.
Activated by autophosphorylation and homodimerization.
Activates the JUN N-terminal pathway through activation of the MAP kinase kinase MAP2K7. Acts synergistically with PRDX3 to regulate the activation of NF-kappa-B in the cytosol. This activation is kinase-dependent and involves activating the IKK complex, the IKBKB-containing complex that phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B (By similarity).
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues.
Homodimer; forms dimers through the leucine-zipper motif. Interacts with the C-terminus of MAPK8IP1 through the kinase catalytic domain. Binds PRDX3. Associates with the IKK complex through the kinase domain (By similarity).
Associates with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex, composed of at least MICOS10/MIC10, CHCHD3/MIC19, CHCHD6/MIC25, APOOL/MIC27, IMMT/MIC60, APOO/MIC23/MIC26 and QIL1/MIC13. This complex was also known under the names MINOS or MitOS complex. The MICOS complex associates with mitochondrial outer membrane proteins SAMM50, MTX1 and MTX2 (together described as components of the mitochondrial outer membrane sorting assembly machinery (SAM) complex) and DNAJC11, mitochondrial inner membrane protein TMEM11 and with HSPA9. The MICOS and SAM complexes together with DNAJC11 are part of a large protein complex spanning both membranes termed the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex.
Required for mitochondrial inner membrane organization. Seems to function through its association with the MICOS complex and the mitochondrial outer membrane sorting assembly machinery (SAM) complex.
Belongs to the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family.
The SMN complex catalyzes the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs.
DNA- and RNA-binding protein, involved in several nuclear processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, apoptosis and transcription regulation. In association with FUBP1 regulates MYC transcription at the P2 promoter through the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor. Acts as a transcriptional repressor through the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor. Represses FUBP1-induced transcriptional activation but not basal transcription. Decreases ERCC3 helicase activity. Is also involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Promotes splicing of an intron with weak 3'-splice site and pyrimidine tract in a cooperative manner with U2AF2. Involved in apoptosis induction when overexpressed in HeLa cells. Modulates alternative splicing of several mRNAs. Binds to relaxed DNA of active promoter regions. Binds to the pyrimidine tract and 3'-splice site regions of pre-mRNA; binding is enhanced in presence of U2AF2. Binds to Y5 RNA in association with RO60. Binds to poly(U) RNA (By similarity).
Homodimer (By similarity). Associates with the spliceosome (By similarity). Found in a complex with RO60 and Y5 RNA (By similarity). Found in a complex with FUBP1 and far upstream element (FUSE) DNA segment (By similarity). Interacts directly with ERCC3 (By similarity). Interacts with CDK7 and GTF2H1 (By similarity). Interacts with SRSF11/P54 (By similarity).
The third RNA recognition motif, called PUMP domain, is atypical and may rather mediate homodimerization and/or protein-protein interactions.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments (By similarity).
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Component of the WASH complex, composed of F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha (CAPZA1, CAPZA2 or CAPZA3), F-actin-capping protein subunit beta (CAPZB), WASHC1, WASHC2, WASHC3, WASHC4 and WASHC5. Interacts with RCSD1/CAPZIP (By similarity).
Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. In some cell types, such as erythrocytes, its primary function may be the generation of NADP(+). Can utilize both NAD and NADP. Has higher affinity for NADP, but higher catalytic efficiency with NADH (By similarity). Involved in cellular response to oxidative stress (By similarity).
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma (By similarity). In this context, interacts with GNB2 (By similarity). The heterodimer formed by GNB1 and GNG2 interacts with ARHGEF5 (By similarity). The heterodimer formed by GNB1 and GNG2 interacts with GRK2 (By similarity).
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction (By similarity).
Essential component of a SCF-type E3 ligase complex, SCF(NIPA), a complex that controls mitotic entry by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of cyclin B1 (CCNB1). Its cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation regulates the assembly of the SCF(NIPA) complex, restricting CCNB1 ubiquitination activity to interphase. Its inactivation results in nuclear accumulation of CCNB1 in interphase and premature mitotic entry (By similarity).
Interacts with SKP1. Component of a SCF(NIPA) E3 complex with SKP1, RBX1 and CUL1 when not phosphorylated on Ser-354. Interacts with CCNB1 (By similarity).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylated on Ser residues at G2/M phase, but not during S and G0 phases. May also be weakly phosphorylated on Tyr residues. Ser-354 phosphorylation, a major site during the course of cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation, results in its dissociation from the SCF(NIPA) complex, thereby preventing CCNB1 degradation leading to mitotic entry (By similarity).
The F-box-like region is required for the interaction with SKP1.
Forms a complex with CASK and APBA1 or CASKIN1. Component of the brain-specific heterotrimeric complex (LIN-10-LIN-2-LIN-7 complex) composed of at least APBA1, CASK, and LIN7, which associates with the motor protein KIF17 to transport vesicles along microtubules (By similarity). Can also interact with other modular proteins containing protein-protein interaction domains like PALS1, PALS2, MPP7, DLG1, DLG2 and DLG3 through its L27 domain. Interacts with DLG4 and GRIN2B as well as CDH1 and CTNNB1, the channels KCNJ12/Kir2.2, KCNJ4/Kir2.3 and probably KCNJ2/Kir2.1 and SLC6A12/BGT-1 via its PDZ domain. The association of LIN7A with cadherin and beta-catenin is calcium-dependent, occurs at synaptic junctions and requires the actin cytoskeleton. Interacts with EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB3 and ERBB4 with both PDZ and KID domains. Associates with KIF17 via APBA1. Interacts with HTR4. Forms a tripartite complex composed of DLG1, MPP7 and LIN7 (LIN7A or LIN7C) (By similarity). Interacts with MAPK12 (By similarity).
Plays a role in establishing and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells. Forms membrane-associated multiprotein complexes that may regulate delivery and recycling of proteins to the correct membrane domains. The tripartite complex composed of LIN7 (LIN7A, LIN7B or LIN7C), CASK and APBA1 associates with the motor protein KIF17 to transport vesicles containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR2B along microtubules (By similarity). This complex may have the potential to couple synaptic vesicle exocytosis to cell adhesion in brain. Ensures the proper localization of GRIN2B (subunit 2B of the NMDA receptor) to neuronal postsynaptic density and may function in localizing synaptic vesicles at synapses where it is recruited by beta-catenin and cadherin. Required to localize Kir2 channels, GABA transporter (SLC6A12) and EGFR/ERBB1, ERBB2, ERBB3 and ERBB4 to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells (By similarity).
The L27 domain mediates interaction with CASK and is involved in the formation of multimeric complexes and the association of LIN7 to membranes.
The PDZ domain regulates endocytosis and recycling of the receptor at the membrane.
The kinase interacting site is required for proper delivery of ERBB2 to the basolateral membrane.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily.
Component of the SIN3-repressing complex. Enhances the ability of SIN3-HDAC1-mediated transcriptional repression. When tethered to the promoter, it can direct the formation of a repressive complex to core histone proteins. Auxiliary component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Component of the ASAP and PSAP complexes which bind RNA in a sequence-independent manner and are proposed to be recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process and to regulate specific excision of introns in specific transcription subsets. The ASAP complex can inhibit mRNA processing during in vitro splicing reactions. The ASAP complex promotes apoptosis and is disassembled after induction of apoptosis. Involved in the splicing modulation of BCL2L1/Bcl-X (and probably other apoptotic genes); specifically inhibits the formation of proapoptotic isoforms such as Bcl-X(S); the activity is different from the established EJC assembly and function (By similarity).
Component of the SIN3-repressing complex. Enhances the ability of SIN3-HDAC1-mediated transcriptional repression. When tethered to the promoter, it can direct the formation of a repressive complex to core histone proteins. Auxiliary component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Component of the ASAP and PSAP complexes which bind RNA in a sequence-independent manner and are proposed to be recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process and to regulate specific excision of introns in specific transcription subsets. The ASAP complex can inhibit mRNA processing during in vitro splicing reactions. The ASAP complex promotes apoptosis and is disassembled after induction of apoptosis. Involved in the splicing modulation of BCL2L1/Bcl-X (and probably other apoptotic genes); specifically inhibits the formation of proapoptotic isoforms such as Bcl-X(S); the activity is different from the established EJC assembly and function.
Found in a mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC). Component of the heterotrimeric ASAP (apoptosis- and splicing-associated protein) and PSAP complexes consisting of RNPS1, SAP18 and either ACIN1 or PNN, respectively; the ASAP and PSAP complexes probably are formed mutually exclusive. For the ASAP complex, the association of SAP18 seems to require a preformed RNPS1:ACIN1 complex. Forms a complex with SIN3A and HDAC1. Interacts with SUFU (By similarity).
Homodimer. Interacts with A1CF. Interacts with APOBEC1; form an mRNA editing complex.
Single-stranded RNA-binding protein that functions in a variety of RNA processes, including alternative splicing, RNA stabilization, and RNA editing. Functions as an enzyme-substrate adapter for the cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. With APOBEC1 forms an mRNA editing complex involved into cytidine to uridine editing of a variety of mRNA molecules. Through the binding of their 3'UTR, also stabilizes a variety of mRNAs and regulates the expression of genes such as the interferon alpha/beta receptor and interleukin-10. Also involved in the alternative splicing of several genes including TJP1. Binds the pre-mRNA (U)GCAUG consensus sequences in downstream intronic regions of alternative exons, regulating their exclusion and inclusion into mRNAs (By similarity). Independently of its RNA-binding activity, could negatively regulate MAVS by promoting its lysosomal degradation (By similarity).
The RRM domains are required for mRNA stabilization.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
G-protein coupled receptor activated by glutamate that regulates axon outgrowth through the MAPK-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway during neuronal development (By similarity). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase that it inhibits (By similarity).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with PICK1.
Plays a key role in maintaining the cardiac electrical stability by modulating cell surface expression of SCN5A. May play a role i the modulation of anxiety behavior by regulating GABAergic neuronal system in the nucleus accumbens.
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Auxillary component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex which catalyzes acetylation of N-terminal methionine residues. Involved in regulation of apoptosis and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (By similarity).
Auxillary component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex which catalyzes acetylation of N-terminal methionine residues. Involved in regulation of apoptosis and proliferation of smooth muscle cells.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex, which is composed of NAA35, NAA38 and NAA30.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Alpha family.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
May play a role in regulated exocytosis. Modulates the localization of synaptophysin/SYP into synaptic-like microvesicles and may therefore play a role in synaptic-like microvesicle formation and/or maturation (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity (By similarity).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. MFSD6 family.
As a co-chaperone for HSPA5 it is required for proper folding, trafficking or degradation of proteins. Binds directly to both unfolded proteins that are substrates for ERAD and nascent unfolded peptide chains, but dissociates from the HSPA5-unfolded protein complex before folding is completed. May help recruiting HSPA5 and other chaperones to the substrate. Stimulates HSPA5 ATPase activity. It is necessary for maturation and correct trafficking of PKD1.
Contains high-mannose Endo H-sensitive carbohydrates.
Cys-169, Cys-171, Cys-193 and Cys-196 form intramolecular disulfide bonds. The preferential partner for each Cys is not known (By similarity).
Part of a large chaperone multiprotein complex comprising DNAJB11, HSP90B1, HSPA5, HYOU, PDIA2, PDIA4, PDIA6, PPIB, SDF2L1, UGT1A1 and very small amounts of ERP29, but not, or at very low levels, CALR nor CANX. Binds to denatured substrates in an ATP-independent manner. Interacts via the J domain with HSPA5 in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity).
Allosteric enzyme whose activity is greatly influenced by the end products of its metabolic pathway, dCTP and dTTP.
Supplies the nucleotide substrate for thymidylate synthetase.
Interacts (via AF-2 motif) with the coactivators NCOA1, NCOA2 and PPARGC1A (via LXXLL motif) (By similarity). Interacts with the corepressor NCOR1 (By similarity). Interacts with CRY1 (By similarity). Interacts (via AF-2 motif) with PROX1 (By similarity). Interacts with FOXP3 (By similarity). Interacts with NR0B2 (By similarity).
Nuclear receptor that binds DNA as a monomer to ROR response elements (RORE) containing a single core motif half-site 5'-AGGTCA-3' preceded by a short A-T-rich sequence. Key regulator of cellular differentiation, immunity, peripheral circadian rhythm as well as lipid, steroid, xenobiotics and glucose metabolism. Considered to have intrinsic transcriptional activity, have some natural ligands like oxysterols that act as agonists (25-hydroxycholesterol) or inverse agonists (7-oxygenated sterols), enhancing or repressing the transcriptional activity, respectively. Recruits distinct combinations of cofactors to target gene regulatory regions to modulate their transcriptional expression, depending on the tissue, time and promoter contexts. Regulates the circadian expression of clock genes such as CRY1, BMAL1 and NR1D1 in peripheral tissues and in a tissue-selective manner. Competes with NR1D1 for binding to their shared DNA response element on some clock genes such as BMAL1, CRY1 and NR1D1 itself, resulting in NR1D1-mediated repression or RORC-mediated activation of the expression, leading to the circadian pattern of clock genes expression. Therefore influences the period length and stability of the clock. Involved in the regulation of the rhythmic expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, including PLIN2 and AVPR1A. Negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation through the regulation of early phase genes expression, such as MMP3. Controls adipogenesis as well as adipocyte size and modulates insulin sensitivity in obesity. In liver, has specific and redundant functions with RORA as positive or negative modulator of expression of genes encoding phase I and Phase II proteins involved in the metabolism of lipids, steroids and xenobiotics, such as SULT1E1. Also plays a role in the regulation of hepatocyte glucose metabolism through the regulation of G6PC1 and PCK1. Essential for thymopoiesis and the development of several secondary lymphoid tissues, including lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Required for the generation of LTi (lymphoid tissue inducer) cells. Regulates thymocyte survival through DNA-binding on ROREs of target gene promoter regions and recruitment of coactivaros via the AF-2. Also plays a key role, downstream of IL6 and TGFB and synergistically with RORA, for lineage specification of uncommitted CD4(+) T-helper (T(H)) cells into T(H)17 cells, antagonizing the T(H)1 program. Probably regulates IL17 and IL17F expression on T(H) by binding to the essential enhancer conserved non-coding sequence 2 (CNS2) in the IL17-IL17F locus. May also play a role in the pre-TCR activation cascade leading to the maturation of alpha/beta T-cells and may participate in the regulation of DNA accessibility in the TCR-J(alpha) locus. Regulates the rhythmic expression of PROX1 and promotes its nuclear localization. Plays an indispensable role in the induction of IFN-gamma dependent anti-mycobacterial systemic immunity (By similarity).
The AF-2 (activation function-2) motif is required for recruiting coregulators containing LXXLL motifs such as NCOA1 and NCOA2.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules unsing 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix. Plays a role in the assembly and stabilization of complex IV (By similarity).
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Binds directly to helix 1 of the histone fold of histone H4, a region that is not accessible when H4 is in chromatin (By similarity). Subunit of the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, which is composed of RBBP4, CHAF1B and CHAF1A (By similarity). Subunit of the core histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex, which is composed of HDAC1, HDAC2, RBBP4 and RBBP7 (By similarity). The core HDAC complex associates with SIN3A, ARID4B/SAP180, SAP18, SAP30, SAP130, SUDS3/SAP45 and possibly ARID4A/RBP1 and ING1 to form the SIN3 HDAC complex (By similarity). Component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) repressor complex, composed of core proteins MTA1, MTA2, MTA3, RBBP4, RBBP7, HDAC1, HDAC2, MBD2, MBD3, and peripherally associated proteins CDK2AP1, CDK2AP2, GATAD2A, GATAD2B, CHD3, CHD4 and CHD5 (By similarity) The exact stoichiometry of the NuRD complex is unknown, and some subunits such as MBD2 and MBD3, GATAD2A and GATAD2B, and CHD3, CHD4 and CHD5 define mutually exclusive NuRD complexes (By similarity). The NuRD complex may also interact with MBD3L1 and MBD3L2 (By similarity). Component of the PRC2 complex, which consists of the core subunits EED, EZH1 or EZH2, SUZ12, and RBBP4, and various combinations of accessory subunits including AEBP2, JARID2, PHF19, MTF2 and EPOP (By similarity). Forms a monomeric PRC2.2 (class 2) complex consisting of at least SUZ12, RBBP4, AEBP2 and JARID2 (By similarity). Forms a dimeric PRC2.1 (class 1, PRC-PCL) complex consisting of at least SUZ12, RBBP4, and PHF19; PHF19 stabilizes the dimeric structure which enhances PRC2 interaction with chromatin (By similarity). Component of the NURF-1 ISWI chromatin remodeling complex (also called the nucleosome-remodeling factor (NURF) complex) at least composed of SMARCA1 (isoform 2), BPTF, RBBP4 and RBBP7 (By similarity). Within the complex interacts with isoform 2 of SMARCA1 (By similarity). Component of the BPFT-SMARCA1 complex at least composed of SMARCA1 (isoform 1), BPFT, RBBP4 and RBBP7; the complex is catalytically inactive and does not remodel chromatin (By similarity). Within the complex interacts with isoform 1 of SMARCA1 (By similarity). Interacts with the ISWI chromatin remodeling complex component SMARCA5; the interaction is direct (By similarity). Interacts with the viral protein-binding domain of the retinoblastoma protein (RB1) (By similarity). Component of the DREAM complex (also named LINC complex) at least composed of E2F4, E2F5, LIN9, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, MYBL1, MYBL2, RBL1, RBL2, RBBP4, TFDP1 and TFDP2 (By similarity). The complex exists in quiescent cells where it represses cell cycle-dependent genes (By similarity). It dissociates in S phase when LIN9, LIN37, LIN52 and LIN54 form a subcomplex that binds to MYBL2 (By similarity). Found in a complex composed of at least SINHCAF, SIN3A, HDAC1, SAP30, RBBP4, OGT and TET1 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF827; the interaction is direct and recruits RBBP4 to telomeres (By similarity). Interacts with MTA1; the interaction is direct and mutually exclusive with binding histone H4 (By similarity). Interacts with ARMC12 (via ARM domains) (By similarity). Interacts with BRCA1 (By similarity). Interacts with CDK2AP1 (By similarity). Interacts with CREBBP, and this interaction may be enhanced by the binding of phosphorylated CREB1 to CREBBP (By similarity). Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity). Interacts with HDAC7 (By similarity). Interacts with PHF6 (By similarity). Interacts with PWWP2B (By similarity). Interacts with SPEN/MINT (By similarity). Interacts with SUV39H1 (By similarity).
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA. Component of several complexes which regulate chromatin metabolism. These include the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, which is required for chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair; the core histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex, which promotes histone deacetylation and consequent transcriptional repression; the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase complex (the NuRD complex), which promotes transcriptional repression by histone deacetylation and nucleosome remodeling; the PRC2 complex, which promotes repression of homeotic genes during development; and the NURF (nucleosome remodeling factor) complex.
Initiates blood coagulation by forming a complex with circulating factor VII or VIIa. The [TF:VIIa] complex activates factors IX or X by specific limited proteolysis. TF plays a role in normal hemostasis by initiating the cell-surface assembly and propagation of the coagulation protease cascade.
Interacts with HSPE; the interaction, inhibited by heparin, promotes the generation of activated factor X and activates coagulation in the presence of activated factor VII.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Interacts with EIF2AK2. Associates with microtubules; it is unsure whether such interaction is direct or indirect.
Involved in spermatogenesis and sperm function. Plays a role in regulation of cell growth. Binds to double-stranded DNA and RNA. Binds most efficiently to poly(I:C) RNA than to poly(dI:dC) DNA. Binds also to single-stranded poly(G) RNA. Binds non-specifically to the mRNA PRM1 3'-UTR and adenovirus VA RNA (By similarity).
Interacts with SDHA within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Required for flavinylation (covalent attachment of FAD) of the flavoprotein subunit SDHA of the SDH catalytic dimer.
Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine (By similarity). May also function as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids (By similarity).
Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA). As a member of the malate-aspartate shuttle, it has a key role in the intracellular NAD(H) redox balance. Is important for metabolite exchange between mitochondria and cytosol, and for amino acid metabolism. Facilitates cellular uptake of long-chain free fatty acids.
Component of a PRC1-like complex. Identified in a PRC1-like HPRC-H complex with CBX2, CBX4, CBX8, PHC1, PHC2, PHC3 RING1 and RNF2. Interacts with RNF2/RING2 (By similarity). Interacts with RING1 (By similarity). Part of a complex that contains RNF2, UB2D3 and BMI1, where RNF2 and BMI1 form a tight heterodimer, and UB2D3 interacts only with RNF2. The complex composed of RNF2, UB2D3 and BMI1 binds nucleosomes, and has activity only with nucleosomal histone H2A. Interacts with CBX7 and CBX8. Interacts with SPOP. Part of a complex consisting of BMI1, CUL3 and SPOP. Interacts with E4F1. Interacts with PHC2 (By similarity). Interacts with zinc finger protein ZNF277 (By similarity). May be part of a complex including at least ZNF277, BMI1 and RNF2/RING2 (By similarity).
Component of a Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex, a complex class required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of many genes, including Hox genes, throughout development. PcG PRC1 complex acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-119', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. The complex composed of RNF2, UB2D3 and BMI1 binds nucleosomes, and has activity only with nucleosomal histone H2A. In the PRC1-like complex, regulates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of RNF2/RING2.
May be polyubiquitinated; which does not lead to proteasomal degradation. Monoubiquitinated.
Belongs to the gluconokinase GntK/GntV family.
May be required for cellular fusion during osteoclastogenesis.
Essential component of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex which is responsible for the postranscriptional editing of a CAA codon for Gln to a UAA codon for stop in APOB mRNA. Binds to APOB mRNA and is probably responsible for docking the catalytic subunit, APOBEC1, to the mRNA to allow it to deaminate its target cytosine. The complex also seems to protect the edited APOB mRNA from nonsense-mediated decay (By similarity).
Part of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex with APOBEC1. Interacts with TNPO2; TNPO2 may be responsible for transport of A1CF into the nucleus. Interacts with SYNCRIP. Interacts with CELF2/CUGBP2. Interacts with RBM47.
The RRM domains are necessary but not sufficient for binding to APOB mRNA. Additional residues in the pre-RRM and C-terminal regions are required for RNA-binding and for complementing APOBEC1 activity (By similarity).
Interacts with DOCK3 (By similarity). Homodimer. Component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex composed of a presenilin homodimer (PSEN1 or PSEN2), nicastrin (NCSTN), APH1 (APH1A or APH1B) and PEN2. Such minimal complex is sufficient for secretase activity, although other components may exist. Interacts with HERPUD1, FLNA, FLNB and PARL (By similarity).
Probable catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors and APP (amyloid-beta precursor protein). Requires the other members of the gamma-secretase complex to have a protease activity. May play a role in intracellular signaling and gene expression or in linking chromatin to the nuclear membrane. May function in the cytoplasmic partitioning of proteins. The holoprotein functions as a calcium-leak channel that allows the passive movement of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol and is involved in calcium homeostasis. Is a regulator of mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum membrane tethering and modulates calcium ions shuttling between ER and mitochondria.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
Catalyzes the removal of O-acetyl ester groups from position 9 of the parent sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid.
May have a role in sperm development and fertilization.
May be a component of the Arp2/3 complex in which it may replace ARPC5.
May function as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound GDP for GTP.
Complex of five different subunits; alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
DNA helicase that may play a role in the repair of DNA that is damaged by ultraviolet light or other mutagens. Exhibits a magnesium-dependent ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity that unwinds single- and double-stranded DNA in a 3'-5' direction.
Interacts with EXO1. Interacts with MLH1.
Has a dual function in spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and in promoting the establishment of correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments. Promotes the formation of stable end-on bipolar attachments. Necessary for kinetochore localization of BUB1. Regulates chromosome segregation during oocyte meiosis. The BUB1/BUB3 complex plays a role in the inhibition of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) when spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated and inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C by phosphorylating its activator CDC20. This complex can also phosphorylate MAD1L1 (By similarity).
Interacts with BUB1 and BUBR1. The BUB1/BUB3 complex interacts with MAD1L1. Interacts with ZNF207/BuGZ; leading to promote stability and kinetochore loading of BUB3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the TAF9 family. CENP-S/MHF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase family.
Homooligomer. Interacts with RAN-GTP. Interacts with EMD (By similarity).
Phosphorylation may regulate its interaction with RAN-GTP.
The transmembrane domains are required and sufficient for its oligomerization.
Together with EMD, contributes to nuclear envelope stiffness in germ cells (By similarity). Required for female fertility (By similarity).
Farnesylated. Farnesylation is required for membrane targeting (By similarity).
Homotrimer. Interacts with ATF5 and tubulin (By similarity).
Inhibited by sodium orthovanadate and pentamidine.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase which stimulates progression from G1 into S phase during mitosis. May play a role in the development and maintenance of differentiating epithelial tissues (By similarity).
Acts as a cofactor for XPO1/CRM1-mediated nuclear export, perhaps as export complex scaffolding protein. Bound to XPO1/CRM1, stabilizes the XPO1/CRM1-cargo interaction. In the absence of Ran-bound GTP prevents binding of XPO1/CRM1 to the nuclear pore complex. Binds to CHC1/RCC1 and increases the guanine nucleotide exchange activity of CHC1/RCC1. Recruits XPO1/CRM1 to CHC1/RCC1 in a Ran-dependent manner. Negative regulator of TGF-beta signaling through interaction with the R-SMAD proteins, SMAD2 and SMAD3, and mediating their nuclear export (By similarity).
Interacts with CHC1 in a Ran-stimulated manner. Interacts with XPO1. Interacts (via its C-terminal R domain) with SMAD2 (dephosphorylated form via its MH1 and MH2 domains); the interaction results in the nuclear export of SMAD2 and termination of the TGF-beta signaling. Interacts (via its C-terminal R domain) with SMAD3 (dephosphorylated form via its MH1 domain); the interaction results in the nuclear export of SMAD3 and termination of the TGF-beta signaling (By similarity).
Facilitates the differentiation and the cornification of keratinocytes.
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) endoribonuclease playing a central role in short dsRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Cleaves naturally occurring long dsRNAs and short hairpin pre-microRNAs (miRNA) into fragments of twenty-one to twenty-three nucleotides with 3' overhang of two nucleotides, producing respectively short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and mature microRNAs. SiRNAs and miRNAs serve as guide to direct the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation. Gene silencing mediated by siRNAs, also called RNA interference, controls the elimination of transcripts from mobile and repetitive DNA elements of the genome but also the degradation of exogenous RNA of viral origin for instance. The miRNA pathway on the other side is a mean to specifically regulate the expression of target genes.
Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex assembles, via its C-terminus that bridges alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3) (By similarity).
Phosphorylated when associated with the catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2). Phosphorylated by ULK1; leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity and suggesting the existence of a regulatory feedback loop between ULK1 and AMPK.
The glycogen-binding domain may target AMPK to glycogen so that other factors like glycogen-bound debranching enzyme or protein phosphatases can directly affect AMPK activity.
Probably mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins; catalytic subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
As part of the spliceosome, plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Probable inactive PPIase with no peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs (By similarity).
Despite the fact that it belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family, it has probably no peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity.
Part of the activated spliceosome B/catalytic step 1 spliceosome, one of the forms of the spliceosome which has a well-formed active site but still cannot catalyze the branching reaction and is composed at least of 52 proteins, the U2, U5 and U6 snRNAs and the pre-mRNA. Recruited during early steps of activated spliceosome B maturation, it is probably one of the first proteins released from this complex as he matures to the spliceosome C complex. Component of the minor spliceosome, which splices U12-type introns (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is composed of 45 different subunits (By similarity). This is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme (By similarity). Complex I associates with ubiquinol-cytochrome reductase complex (Complex III) to form supercomplexes (By similarity). Interacts with MDM2 and AKAP1 (By similarity).
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor (By similarity). Essential for catalysing the entry and efficient transfer of electrons within complex I (By similarity). Plays a key role in the assembly and stability of complex I and participates in the association of complex I with ubiquinol-cytochrome reductase complex (Complex III) to form supercomplexes (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex, which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Activated by NDFIP1- and NDFIP2-binding.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Inhibits TGF-beta signaling by triggering SMAD2 and TGFBR1 ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Promotes ubiquitination and internalization of various plasma membrane channels such as ENaC, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, Nav1.5, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Kv1.3, KCNH2, EAAT1 or CLC5. Promotes ubiquitination and degradation of SGK1 and TNK2. Ubiquitinates BRAT1 and this ubiquitination is enhanced in the presence of NDFIP1. Plays a role in dendrite formation by melanocytes (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of TOR signaling (By similarity).
Interacts with UBE2E3 (By similarity). Interacts with NDFIP1; this interaction activates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (By similarity). Interacts with NDFIP2; this interaction activates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCNN1A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCNN1B (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCNN1G (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCN1A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCN2A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCN3A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCN5A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCN8A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCN9A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with SCN10A (By similarity). Interacts (via WW domains) with CLCN5 (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD2 (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD3 (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD6 (By similarity). Interacts with SMAD7 (By similarity). The phosphorylated form interacts with 14-3-3 proteins (By similarity). Interacts with TNK2 (By similarity). Interacts with WNK1 (By similarity). Interacts with SGK1 (By similarity). Interacts (via C2 domain) with NPC2 (By similarity). Interacts with ARRDC4 (By similarity). Interacts with KCNQ1; promotes internalization of KCNQ1 (By similarity). Interacts (via domains WW1, 3 and 4) with USP36; the interaction inhibits ubiquitination of, at least, NTRK1, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 by NEDD4L (By similarity). Interacts with PRRG4 (via cytoplasmic domain) (By similarity). Interacts with LDLRAD3; the interaction is direct (By similarity).
Phosphorylated; which impairs interaction with SCNN. Interaction with YWHAH inhibits dephosphorylation (By similarity).
Forms homooligomers. Forms heterodimers with G3BP1. Interacts with NFKBIA (via N-terminus). Interacts (via NTF2 domain) with USP10; inhibiting stress granule formation. Interacts (via NTF2 domain) with CAPRIN1; promoting stress granule formation. Associates (via RG-rich region) with 40S ribosome subunits. Interacts with PABPC1.
Scaffold protein that plays an essential role in cytoplasmic stress granule formation which acts as a platform for antiviral signaling. Plays an essential role in stress granule formation. Stress granules are membraneless compartments that store mRNAs and proteins, such as stalled translation pre-initiation complexes, in response to stress (By similarity). Promotes formation of stress granules phase-separated membraneless compartment by undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) upon unfolded RNA-binding: functions as a molecular switch that triggers RNA-dependent LLPS in response to a rise in intracellular free RNA concentrations (By similarity).
Under physiological conditions, G3BP2 adopts a compact state that is stabilized by intramolecular interactions between the RG-rich and the acidic regions that inhibit phase separation. Upon stress, polysomes disassemble and mRNAs are released in an unfolded protein-free state. Binding of unfolded mRNA to G3BP2 outcompetes the intramolecular interactions and RNA-bound G3BP2 adopts an expanded conformation in which the RG-rich region becomes exposed to engage in protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions, allowing physical cross-linking of RNA molecules to form protein-RNA condensates, leading to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).
Homodimer. Interacts (when binding to resveratrol) with PARP1; interaction stimulates the poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PARP1.
Resveratrol strongly inhibits the tyrosine--tRNA ligase activity.
The nuclear localization signal, which mediates localization to the nucleus, is also important for interacting with tRNA(Tyr), suggesting that it is sterically blocked when tRNA(Tyr) is bound.
Tyrosine--tRNA ligase that catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr). Also acts as a positive regulator of poly-ADP-ribosylation in the nucleus, independently of its tyrosine--tRNA ligase activity. Activity is switched upon resveratrol-binding: resveratrol strongly inhibits the tyrosine--tRNA ligase activity and promotes relocalization to the nucleus, where YARS1 specifically stimulates the poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PARP1.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL53 family.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxo-L-proline from L-gamma-glutamyl-L-epsilon-lysine.
Acts as a regulator of autophagy in response to S.aureus infection by promoting activation of LC3 (MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B or MAP1LC3C). Acts by interacting with ATG16L1, leading to promote a functional complex between LC3 and ATG16L1 and promoting LC3 lipidation and subsequent activation of autophagy. Modulates the O-glycosylation and complex N-glycosylation steps occurring during the Golgi maturation of several proteins such as APP, BACE1, SEAP or PRNP. Inhibits APP transport to the cell surface and further shedding.
Interacts with ATG16L1 (via WD repeats).
The ATG16L1-binding motif mediates interaction with ATG16L1 and promotes autophagy.
Forms a complex with PECAM1 and GNAQ. Interacts with PECAM1.
Receptor for bradykinin. It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
Interacts with POLR1F, EIF3L, TAF1B and TAF1C.
Phosphorylated at Thr-199 by MAPK9/JNK2, which abrogates initiation complex formation.
Required for efficient transcription initiation by RNA polymerase I. Required for the formation of the competent preinitiation complex (PIC). Dissociates from pol I as a consequence of transcription. In vitro, cannot activate transcription in a subsequent transcription reaction (By similarity).
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin Y subfamily.
Accessory component of the STT3B-containing form of the N-oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex which catalyzes the transfer of a high mannose oligosaccharide from a lipid-linked oligosaccharide donor to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains. Involved in N-glycosylation of STT3B-dependent substrates. Specifically required for the glycosylation of a subset of acceptor sites that are near cysteine residues; in this function seems to act redundantly with TUSC3. In its oxidized form proposed to form transient mixed disulfides with a glycoprotein substrate to facilitate access of STT3B to the unmodified acceptor site. Has also oxidoreductase-independent functions in the STT3B-containing OST complex possibly involving substrate recognition.
Accessory component of the STT3B-containing form of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. OST exists in two different complex forms which contain common core subunits RPN1, RPN2, OST48, OST4, DAD1 and TMEM258, either STT3A or STT3B as catalytic subunits, and form-specific accessory subunits. OST can form stable complexes with the Sec61 complex or with both the Sec61 and TRAP complexes. The association of TUSC3 or MAGT1 with the STT3B-containing complex seems to be mutually exclusvice.
May be involved in Mg(2+) transport in epithelial cells.
Homodimer. Interacts with RAN (GDP-bound form); the interaction is direct and regulates RAN nuclear import. Interacts with the nucleoporins NUP54, NUP58 and NUP62 (via FG repeats); recruits NUTF2 to the nuclear pore complex a step required for NUTF2-mediated GDP-bound RAN nuclear import. Interacts with CAPG; mediates its nuclear import.
Mediates the import of GDP-bound RAN from the cytoplasm into the nucleus which is essential for the function of RAN in cargo receptor-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport. Thereby, plays indirectly a more general role in cargo receptor-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport. Interacts with GDP-bound RAN in the cytosol, recruits it to the nuclear pore complex via its interaction with nucleoporins and promotes its nuclear import.
Regulates (in vitro) the inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner.
Interacts with TBP (By similarity). Part of a complex that contains CUL1 and RBX1. Interacts with unneddylated cullins: interacts with CUL1, CUL2, CUL3, CUL4A, CUL4B and CUL5. Does not bind neddylated CUL1. Interaction with cullins is abolished in presence of COMMD1, which antagonizes with CAND1 for interacting with cullins. Interacts with ERCC6 (By similarity). Interacts with DCUN1D1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D3, DCUN1D4 and DCUN1D5; these interactions are bridged by cullins and strongly inhibits the neddylation of cullins (By similarity).
Key assembly factor of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that promotes the exchange of the substrate-recognition F-box subunit in SCF complexes, thereby playing a key role in the cellular repertoire of SCF complexes. Acts as a F-box protein exchange factor. The exchange activity of CAND1 is coupled with cycles of neddylation conjugation: in the deneddylated state, cullin-binding CAND1 binds CUL1-RBX1, increasing dissociation of the SCF complex and promoting exchange of the F-box protein. Probably plays a similar role in other cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes (By similarity).
Among the many cysteines in the lumenal domain, most are probably involved in disulfide bonds.
Component of the U5 snRNP complex that is required for spliceosome assembly and for pre-mRNA splicing.
Interacts with PRPF8 (via RNase H homology domain) (By similarity). Component of a U5 snRNP complex that contains PRPF8 (By similarity).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity). Heterodimer with KCNK2; disulfide-linked (By similarity). In astrocytes, forms mostly heterodimeric potassium channels with KCNK2, with only a minor proportion of functional channels containing homodimeric KCNK1 (By similarity). Interacts with KCNK3 and KCNK9, forming functional heterodimeric channels (By similarity). Interacts with GNG4 (By similarity). Identified in a complex with PSD and ARF6; interacts only with PSD that is bound to ARF6 (By similarity). Interacts with UBE2I (By similarity).
Ion channel that contributes to passive transmembrane potassium transport and to the regulation of the resting membrane potential in brain astrocytes, but also in kidney and in other tissues. Forms dimeric channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. The channel is selective for K(+) ions at physiological potassium concentrations and at neutral pH, but becomes permeable to Na(+) at subphysiological K(+) levels, and upon acidification of the extracellular medium. The homodimer has very low potassium channel activity, when expressed in heterologous systems, and can function as weakly inward rectifying potassium channel (By similarity). Channel activity is modulated by activation of serotonin receptors (By similarity). Heterodimeric channels containing KCNK1 and KCNK2 have much higher activity, and may represent the predominant form in astrocytes (By similarity). Heterodimeric channels containing KCNK1 and KCNK3 or KCNK9 have much higher activity. Heterodimeric channels formed by KCNK1 and KCNK9 may contribute to halothane-sensitive currents (By similarity). Mediates outward rectifying potassium currents in dentate gyrus granule cells and contributes to the regulation of their resting membrane potential (By similarity). Contributes to the regulation of action potential firing in dentate gyrus granule cells and down-regulates their intrinsic excitability (By similarity). In astrocytes, the heterodimer formed by KCNK1 and KCNK2 is required for rapid glutamate release in response to activation of G-protein coupled receptors, such as F2R and CNR1 (By similarity). Required for normal ion and water transport in the kidney (By similarity). Contributes to the regulation of the resting membrane potential of pancreatic beta cells (By similarity). The low channel activity of homodimeric KCNK1 may be due to sumoylation. The low channel activity may be due to rapid internalization from the cell membrane and retention in recycling endosomes (By similarity).
Sumoylation is controversial. Sumoylated by UBE2I. Not sumoylated when expressed in xenopus oocytes or mammalian cells. Sumoylation inactivates the channel, but does not interfere with expression at the cell membrane. Sumoylation of a single subunit is sufficient to silence the dimeric channel. Sumoylation of KCNK1 is sufficient to silence heterodimeric channels formed by KCNK1 and KCNK3 or KCNK9. Desumoylated by SENP1; this activates the channel. Desumoylated by SENP1; this strongly increases halothane-mediated activation of heterodimeric channels formed with KCNK9. SENP1 treatment has no effect.
Type I receptor for TGF-beta family ligands BMP9/GDF2 and BMP10 and important regulator of normal blood vessel development. On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. May bind activin as well (By similarity).
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Acyltransferase which is required to remodel newly synthesized phospholipid cardiolipin, a key component of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Required for the initiation of mitophagy. Required to ensure progression of spermatocytes through meiosis.
Associates with multiple protein complexes.
DNA ligase involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ); required for double-strand break (DSB) repair and V(D)J recombination. Catalyzes the NHEJ ligation step of the broken DNA during DSB repair by resealing the DNA breaks after the gap filling is completed. Joins single-strand breaks in a double-stranded polydeoxynucleotide in an ATP-dependent reaction. LIG4 is mechanistically flexible: it can ligate nicks as well as compatible DNA overhangs alone, while in the presence of XRCC4, it can ligate ends with 2-nucleotides (nt) microhomology and 1-nt gaps. Forms a subcomplex with XRCC4; the LIG4-XRCC4 subcomplex is responsible for the NHEJ ligation step and XRCC4 enhances the joining activity of LIG4. Binding of the LIG4-XRCC4 complex to DNA ends is dependent on the assembly of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK to these DNA ends. LIG4 regulates nuclear localization of XRCC4.
Interacts with XRCC4; the LIG4-XRCC4 subcomplex has a 1:2 stoichiometry and XRCC4 is required for LIG4 stability. Component of the core long-range non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) complex (also named DNA-PK complex) composed of PRKDC, LIG4, XRCC4, XRCC6/Ku70, XRCC5/Ku86 and NHEJ1/XLF. Additional component of the NHEJ complex includes PAXX. Following autophosphorylation, PRKDC dissociates from DNA, leading to formation of the short-range NHEJ complex, composed of LIG4, XRCC4, XRCC6/Ku70, XRCC5/Ku86 and NHEJ1/XLF. Interacts with APLF.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan alpha/epsilon family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL1 subfamily.
PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
Functions as a key regulator of cell membrane composition by regulating proteins surface expression. Also, plays a role in regulation of processes including cell migration, cell proliferation, cell contraction and cell adhesion.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex (By similarity).
The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
As a component of the GATOR2 complex, functions as an activator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the mTORC1 signaling pathway (By similarity). The GATOR2 complex indirectly activates mTORC1 through the inhibition of the GATOR1 subcomplex (By similarity). GATOR2 probably acts as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase toward GATOR1 (By similarity). In the presence of abundant amino acids, the GATOR2 complex mediates ubiquitination of the NPRL2 core component of the GATOR1 complex, leading to GATOR1 inactivation (By similarity). In the absence of amino acids, GATOR2 is inhibited, activating the GATOR1 complex (By similarity). Within the GATOR2 complex, MIOS is required to prevent autoubiquitination of WDR24, the catalytic subunit of the complex (By similarity). The GATOR2 complex is required for brain myelination (By similarity).
Component of the GATOR2 subcomplex, composed of MIOS, SEC13, SEH1L, WDR24 and WDR59. The GATOR2 complex interacts with CASTOR1 and CASTOR2; the interaction is negatively regulated by arginine. CASTOR1 and CASTOR2 convey leucine availability via direct interaction with MIOS. The GATOR2 complex interacts with SESN1, SESN2 and SESN3; the interaction is negatively regulated by amino acids.
Short and branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase that catalyzes the removal of one hydrogen from C-2 and C-3 of the fatty acyl-CoA thioester, resulting in the formation of trans-2-enoyl-CoA. Among the different mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, acts specifically on short and branched chain acyl-CoA derivatives such as (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA as well as short straight chain acyl-CoAs such as butyryl-CoA (By similarity). Plays an important role in the metabolism of L-isoleucine by catalyzing the dehydrogenation of 2-methylbutyryl-CoA, one of the steps of the L-isoleucine catabolic pathway (By similarity). Can also act on valproyl-CoA, a metabolite of the valproic acid drug (By similarity).
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
May be involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation. Binds three calcium ions (By similarity).