Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
The sequence shown here is derived from an EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ whole genome shotgun (WGS) entry which is preliminary data.
Belongs to the dynein light chain Tctex-type family.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family.
Belongs to the neutral sphingomyelinase family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I35 (TIMP) family.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA). May participate to the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
The C-terminal di-lysine motif may confer endoplasmic reticulum localization.
Regulates intra- and extracellular levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), probably functioning as PPi transporter.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Receptor for glutamate that functions as a ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily.
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
May be a substrate-recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin-Cullin-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. IRG family.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, the latter serving as common substrate for de novo cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Belongs to the sodium:solute symporter (SSF) (TC 2.A.21) family.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. CSF-1/PDGF receptor subfamily.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 4 subfamily.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and transfers it to substrates, generally promoting their degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the non-oxidative phase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Catalyzes the reversible conversion of sedheptulose-7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into erythrose-4-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Binds to various kinds of negatively charged substances such as heparin, phospholipids, and dextran sulfate. May prevent activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation cascade by binding to phospholipids on the surface of damaged cells.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS9 subfamily.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family.
Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family.
Sperm surface zona pellucida binding protein. Helps to bind spermatozoa to the zona pellucida with high affinity. Might function in binding zona pellucida and carbohydrates.
In muscle, parvalbumin is thought to be involved in relaxation after contraction. It binds two calcium ions.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ACMSD family.
Converts alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde (ACMS) to alpha-aminomuconate semialdehyde (AMS). ACMS can be converted non-enzymatically to quinolate (QA), a key precursor of NAD, and a potent endogenous excitotoxin of neuronal cells which is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. In the presence of ACMSD, ACMS is converted to AMS, a benign catabolite. ACMSD ultimately controls the metabolic fate of tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. In mammals, the coatomer can only be recruited by membranes associated to ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are small GTP-binding proteins; the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors.
Belongs to the intermediate filament family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
Thrombomodulin is a specific endothelial cell receptor that forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This complex is responsible for the conversion of protein C to the activated protein C (protein Ca). Once evolved, protein Ca scissions the activated cofactors of the coagulation mechanism, factor Va and factor VIIIa, and thereby reduces the amount of thrombin generated.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
The N-terminal C2 domain associates with lipid membranes upon calcium binding.
Belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 1 may preferentially bind zinc ions, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium and/or manganese ions.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. SCS7 subfamily.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) ions per subunit that likely form a catalytic dimetal center.
Catalyzes stereospecific hydroxylation of free fatty acids at the C-2 position to produce (R)-2-hydroxy fatty acids, which are building blocks of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids common in neural tissue and epidermis. Plays an essential role in the synthesis of galactosphingolipids of the myelin sheath. Responsible for the synthesis of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids involved in the formation of epidermal lamellar bodies critical for skin permeability barrier. Participates in the synthesis of glycosphingolipids and a fraction of type II wax diesters in sebaceous gland, specifically regulating hair follicle homeostasis. Involved in the synthesis of sphingolipids of plasma membrane rafts, controlling lipid raft mobility and trafficking of raft-associated proteins.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily.
RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 2 family.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 10 family.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. Adducin subfamily.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the endothelin/sarafotoxin family.
Belongs to the phosphatidyl serine synthase family.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of methanethiol, an organosulfur compound known to be produced in substantial amounts by gut bacteria. Selenium-binding protein which may be involved in the sensing of reactive xenobiotics in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intra-Golgi protein transport.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family. MtnA subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P).
Belongs to the integrin alpha chain family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the peptidase C65 family. Otulin subfamily.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex. Component of pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II).
Polynucleotide kinase that can phosphorylate the 5'-hydroxyl groups of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and double-stranded DNA:RNA hybrids. dsRNA is phosphorylated more efficiently than dsDNA, and the RNA component of a DNA:RNA hybrid is phosphorylated more efficiently than the DNA component. Appears to have roles in both tRNA splicing and mRNA 3'-end formation. Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex. Phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of the tRNA 3'-exon during tRNA splicing; this phosphorylation event is a prerequisite for the subsequent ligation of the two exon halves and the production of a mature tRNA. Component of the pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II), which seems to be required for mRNA 3'-end formation. Also phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of exogenously introduced short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which is a necessary prerequisite for their incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, endogenous siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are produced by the cleavage of dsRNA precursors by DICER1 already contain a 5'-phosphate group, so this protein may be dispensible for normal RNA-mediated gene silencing.
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Heterohexamer; disulfide linked. Contains 2 sets of 3 non-identical chains (alpha, beta and gamma). The 2 heterotrimers are in head to head conformation with the N-termini in a small central domain.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.8) family.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Catalyzes the dehydration of methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) into 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P). Functions in the methionine salvage pathway. May play a role in apoptosis.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
May play a role as a nucleotide-sugar transporter.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class subfamily.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts. Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Belongs to the JHDM3 histone demethylase family.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication.
Belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily. Transglutaminase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 23 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PIM subfamily.
Proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity involved in cell survival and cell proliferation.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. NNMT/PNMT/TEMT family.
Interacts with the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 (via C-terminus). Does not interact with cannabinoid receptor CNR2.
Suppresses cannabinoid receptor CNR1-mediated tonic inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Kappa family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.
Exhibits ester hydrolase activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate.
Monovalent cation channel required for maintenance of rapid intracellular calcium release. May act as a potassium counter-ion channel that functions in synchronization with calcium release from intracellular stores.
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Sodium-independent transporter of chloride and iodide.
Part of the E2F6.com-1 complex in G0 phase composed of E2F6, MGA, MAX, TFDP1, CBX3, BAT8, EUHMTASE1, RING1, RNF2, MBLR, BAT8 and YAF2.
Putative Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of genes, probably via a modification of chromatin, rendering it heritably changed in its expressibility. Its association with a chromatin-remodeling complex suggests that it may contribute to prevent expression of genes that trigger the cell into mitosis. Binds to monomethylated and dimethylated 'Lys-20' on histone H4. Binds histone H3 peptides that are monomethylated or dimethylated on 'Lys-4', 'Lys-9' or 'Lys-27'.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK3 subfamily.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP/ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP/ATP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Efficiently phosphorylates AMP and dAMP using ATP as phosphate donor, but phosphorylates only AMP when using GTP as phosphate donor. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
Belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35B subfamily.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Plays a role as an effector of the ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2, ARL2.
A connexon is composed of a hexamer of connexins.
Belongs to the connexin family. Beta-type (group I) subfamily.
One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Plays a role in U6 snRNP assembly and function. Binds to the 3' end of U6 snRNA.
Probable component of the Integrator (INT) complex, a complex involved in the small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) U1 and U2 transcription and in their 3'-box-dependent processing.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family.
The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv1.2/KCNA2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Required for cis-Golgi integrity and efficient ER to Golgi transport.
The B box-type and RING-type zinc fingers although degenerate play a central role in function of the protein.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated C18 to C26 acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate to the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Functional P2XRs are organized as homomeric and heteromeric trimers.
Receptor for ATP that acts as a ligand-gated ion channel.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. May promote termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first commited step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL4 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that specifically elongates C24:0 and C26:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate to the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the chemokine-like receptor (CMKLR) family.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor. May play a protective role against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity under glutathione depleted conditions in neuronal cells by regulating the intracellular ROS levels via inhibition of p38 MAPK (MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14). Participates in docking and fusion stage of ER to cis-Golgi transport. Plays an important physiological role in VLDL-transport vesicle-Golgi fusion and thus in VLDL delivery to the hepatic cis-Golgi.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Catalytic subunit of tRNA (adenine-N(1)-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N(1)-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in a 2 step reaction: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is composed of 13 subunits: EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L and EIF3M.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 3 family.
May be signaling molecules that resemble neuropeptides.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Belongs to the DOK family. Type B subfamily.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
Seems to promote the survival of visceral and proprioceptive sensory neurons.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-X family.
DNA polymerase that functions in several pathways of DNA repair. Involved in base excision repair (BER) responsible for repair of lesions that give rise to abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Also contributes to DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Has both template-dependent and template-independent (terminal transferase) DNA polymerase activities. Has also a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity.
May be a centrosome-associated protein. Interacts with MYOC; affects its secretion and its aggregation.
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the bombesin/neuromedin-B/ranatensin family.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domains.
May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily.
Belongs to the chloride channel CLIC family.
Members of this family may change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as chloride channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion.
Belongs to the calcium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. RSAD2 family.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic13 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
Catalyzes the final step in the metabolic pathway of hydroxyproline.
Belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the sulfate adenylyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the APS kinase family.
Belongs to the arylamine N-acetyltransferase family.
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family.
Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Catalyzes the initial step of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in N-linked protein glycosylation pathway: transfers GlcNAc-1-P from UDP-GlcNAc onto the carrier lipid dolichyl phosphate (P-dolichol), yielding GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Forms a complex composed of PDGFRL, TNK2 and GRB2.
Calsequestrin is a high-capacity, moderate affinity, calcium-binding protein and thus acts as an internal calcium store in muscle.
Receptor for neurturin. Mediates the NRTN-induced autophosphorylation and activation of the RET receptor. Also able to mediate GDNF signaling through the RET tyrosine kinase receptor.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to cysteines occuring in specific C-terminal amino acid sequences.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of Rab proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX, such as RAB1A, RAB3A, RAB5A and RAB7A.
Catalyzes the cleavage of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) and L-3-hydroxykynurenine (L-3OHKyn) into anthranilic acid (AA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OHAA), respectively.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. GTP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for GTP.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(s) subfamily.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Plays a role in cytokinesis. Displays serine/threonine protein kinase activity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. DMPK subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (ADGR) subfamily.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX15/PRP43 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.
May interact with target proteins during translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. May protect unfolded target proteins against degradation and facilitate correct glycosylation.
Belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily. BPI/LBP family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GPRK subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Very large inducible GTPase (VLIG) family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the SAICAR synthetase family.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR5 subfamily.
Belongs to the prickle / espinas / testin family.
Homopentamer. Pentaxin (or pentraxin) have a discoid arrangement of 5 non-covalently bound subunits.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate (By similarity). Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
In the central section; belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: the flavoprotein (FP) SDHA, iron-sulfur protein (IP) SDHB, and a cytochrome b560 composed of SDHC and SDHD.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Binds calmodulin. Interacts with NDUFAF3.
Molecular adapter which is involved in cilium biogenesis. Part of a functional complex including OFD1 a centriolar protein involved in cilium assembly. Could regulate the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of OFD1, and its subsequent ubiquitination by PJA2 which ultimately leads to its proteasomal degradation.
Type IV collagen is the major structural component of glomerular basement membranes (GBM), forming a 'chicken-wire' meshwork together with laminins, proteoglycans and entactin/nidogen.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation.
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Associates with GIRK2, GIRK3 or GIRK4 to form a G-protein activated heteromultimer pore-forming unit. The resulting inward current is much larger.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ3 subfamily.
This potassium channel is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. This receptor plays a crucial role in regulating the heartbeat.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Component C2 which is part of the classical pathway of the complement system is cleaved by activated factor C1 into two fragments: C2b and C2a. C2a, a serine protease, then combines with complement factor C4b to generate the C3 or C5 convertase.
Belongs to the vinculin/alpha-catenin family.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. ALDH1L subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIA subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Belongs to the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Belongs to the SLC34A transporter family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
The C-terminal part of the hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis activity that results in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (N-product and C-product). In addition, the C-terminal part displays a cholesterol transferase activity that results by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product.
The dually lipidated hedgehog protein N-product is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development.
Initiates blood coagulation by forming a complex with circulating factor VII or VIIa. The [TF:VIIa] complex activates factors IX or X by specific limited proteolysis. TF plays a role in normal hemostasis by initiating the cell-surface assembly and propagation of the coagulation protease cascade.
Interacts with HSPE; the interaction, inhibited by heparin, promotes the generation of activated factor X and activates coagulation in the presence of activated factor VII.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
May play a role in the response to environmental stress. Appears to act upstream of the JUN N-terminal pathway.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. JAK subfamily.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2 complex (transcription and export complex 2). Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module).
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2 and the SAGA complexes. The transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histones. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription. The TREX-2 complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). TREX-2 participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery.
The SMN complex catalyzes the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs.
Belongs to the CISD protein family. CISD2 subfamily.
Regulator of autophagy that contributes to antagonize BECN1-mediated cellular autophagy at the endoplasmic reticulum. Participates in the interaction of BCL2 with BECN1 and is required for BCL2-mediated depression of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores during autophagy.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase E subfamily.
Catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in proteins.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth.
May be involved in cell cycle regulation.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Converts O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) required for selenoprotein biosynthesis.
Homotetramer formed by a catalytic dimer and a non-catalytic dimer serving as a binding platform that orients tRNASec for catalysis. Each tetramer binds the CCA ends of two tRNAs which point to the active sites of the catalytic dimer.
Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex seems to bind preferentially to single-stranded DNA.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
Component of the Wnt-Fzd-LRP5-LRP6 complex that triggers beta-catenin signaling through inducing aggregation of receptor-ligand complexes into ribosome-sized signalosomes.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Forms phosphorylated oligomer aggregates on Wnt-signaling.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
The N- and C-terminal barrels adopt an identical fold despite having only 13% of conserved residues.
The N-terminal region may be exposed to the interior of the granule, whereas the C-terminal portion may be embedded in the membrane. During phagocytosis and degranulation, proteases may be released and activated and cleave BPI at the junction of the N- and C-terminal portions of the molecule, providing controlled release of the N-terminal antibacterial fragment when bacteria are ingested.
The cytotoxic action of BPI is limited to many species of Gram-negative bacteria; this specificity may be explained by a strong affinity of the very basic N-terminal half for the negatively charged lipopolysaccharides that are unique to the Gram-negative bacterial outer envelope.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. BTN/MOG family.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. Is also active with manganese (in vitro).
Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling.
Belongs to the organo anion transporter (TC 2.A.60) family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92.
May play a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIa family.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with magoh and rbm8a; the interaction is direct. Associates (eIF2A-like region) with the 40S ribosomal subunit and the 48S preinitiation complex.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily.
Plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival, cell division, angiogenesis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Functions as potent mitogen in vitro. Acts as a ligand for FGFR1 and integrins. Binds to FGFR1 in the presence of heparin leading to FGFR1 dimerization and activation via sequential autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues which act as docking sites for interacting proteins, leading to the activation of several signaling cascades. Binds to integrins. Its binding to integrins and subsequent ternary complex formation with integrins and FGFR1 are essential for FGF1 signaling.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family.
High affinity receptor for urotensin-2 and urotensin-2B. The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Although the final Cys may be farnesylated, the terminal tripeptide is probably not removed, and the C-terminus is not methylated.
Belongs to the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory chain family.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The alpha chain may bind calmodulin.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. Torsin subfamily.
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 16 family.
Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. Has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle. May play an important role in regulating renal hemodynamics, intestinal epithelial transport, adrenal aldosterone secretion, and uterine function.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Scaffold protein that connects plasma membrane proteins with members of the ezrin/moesin/radixin family and thereby helps to link them to the actin cytoskeleton and to regulate their surface expression.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily.
Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain.
Homodimer. Heterodimer; with a rar molecule.
Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (rars) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, and thus regulates transcriptional activity.
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. It is capable of binding to actin, calmodulin and tropomyosin. The interaction of calponin with actin inhibits the actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Catalyzes two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis: converts (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate (SAICAR) to fumarate plus 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide, and thereby also contributes to de novo IMP synthesis, and converts succinyladenosine monophosphate (SAMP) to AMP and fumarate.
Homotetramer. Residues from neighboring subunits contribute catalytic and substrate-binding residues to each active site.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ammonium transporter (TC 2.A.49) family. Rh subfamily.
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Pseudokinase which, in complex with CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta), binds to and activates STK11/LKB1. Adopts a closed conformation typical of active protein kinases and binds STK11/LKB1 as a pseudosubstrate, promoting conformational change of STK11/LKB1 in an active conformation.
May be involved in the intracellular transport of sterols or other lipids. May bind cholesterol or other sterols.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
Putative Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv1.4/KCNA4 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family.
Belongs to the eIF4E-binding protein family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Mu family.
The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. SNRPC/U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. snrpc/U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates E complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
U1 snRNP is composed of the 7 core Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins SNRNP70/U1-70K, SNRPA/U1-A and SNRPC/U1-C. SNRPC/U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ZNG1 subfamily.
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. In the homodimer, two zinc ions are bound between subunits.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the aromatic-ring hydroxylase family. KMO subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn). Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid.
Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus.
Accessory subunit that is involved in the functional assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. Complex I has an NADH dehydrogenase activity with ubiquinone as an immediate electron acceptor and mediates the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
May function as a negative regulator of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced autophagy.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity of complex I.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Catalyzes the transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis.
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Contactin family.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) (TC 2.A.3.8) family.
Plays a key role in steroid hormone synthesis by enhancing the metabolism of cholesterol into pregnenolone. Mediates the transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone.
Belongs to the helicase family. RLR subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family. CACNG subfamily.
Regulates the activity of L-type calcium channels that contain CACNA1C as pore-forming subunit (By similarity). Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization. Shows specificity only for GRIA1 and GRIA2.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Subunit of non-clathrin- and clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-3 appears to be involved in the sorting of a subset of transmembrane proteins targeted to lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRG2 sub-subfamily.
Interacts with phosphorylated C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2A, and participates in dephosphorylation of the CTD by RPAP2. May act as a negative regulator of cyclin-D1 (CCND1) and cyclin-E (CCNE1) in the cell cycle.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Argininosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. May have a role in nuclear energy homeostasis. Has also ATPase activity. May be involved in regulation of Cajal body (CB) formation.
Monomer and homodimer. Interacts with COIL (via C-terminus).
Downstream effector molecule involved in the transmission of signals from tyrosine kinase receptors and small GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes formation of actin filaments. Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Vesicular transporter family.
Belongs to the protein sulfotransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides, using 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as cosubstrate.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the reversible epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose and the reversible epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. The reaction with UDP-Gal plays a critical role in the Leloir pathway of galactose catabolism in which galactose is converted to the glycolytic intermediate glucose 6-phosphate. It contributes to the catabolism of dietary galactose and enables the endogenous biosynthesis of both UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc when exogenous sources are limited. Both UDP-sugar interconversions are important in the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Maf subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphatase and actin regulator family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Belongs to the prenylcysteine oxidase family.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-2 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
General regulator of phagocytosis. Required to uptake Gram negative bacterium by macrophages.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35A subfamily.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-3/CLCN3 subfamily.
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Can form homo- and heteropolymers with other CLDN. Homopolymers interact with CLDN1 and CLDN2 homopolymers. Directly interacts with TJP1/ZO-1, TJP2/ZO-2 and TJP3/ZO-3.
Plays a major role in tight junction-specific obliteration of the intercellular space, through calcium-independent cell-adhesion activity.
Component of cohesin complex, a complex required for the cohesion of sister chromatids after DNA replication. The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. At anaphase, the complex is cleaved and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate.
Part of the cohesin complex which is composed of a heterodimer between a SMC1 protein (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3, which are attached via their hinge domain, and RAD21 which link them at their heads, and one STAG protein.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein O/MICOS complex subunit Mic27 family.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
LIF has the capacity to induce terminal differentiation in leukemic cells. Its activities include the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, the induction of neuronal cell differentiation, and the stimulation of acute-phase protein synthesis in hepatocytes.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 7 family.
Responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
Endogenous F(1)F(o)-ATPase inhibitor limiting ATP depletion when the mitochondrial membrane potential falls below a threshold and the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase starts hydrolyzing ATP to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. Required to avoid the consumption of cellular ATP when the F(1)F(o)-ATP synthase enzyme acts as an ATP hydrolase.
Forms an alpha-helical dimer with monomers associated via an antiparallel alpha-helical coiled coil, leaving each N-terminal inhibitory region accessible for interaction with an F1 catalytic domain. The inhibitory N-terminal region binds the alpha(ADP-bound)-beta(ADP-bound) (ATP5F1A-ATP5F1B) interface of F1-ATPase, and also contact the central gamma subunit (ATP5F1C). This dimeric state is favored by pH values below 7.0, and at higher values the dimers associate to form inactive homotetramer, where the inhibitory region is occluded, masking its inhibitory activity.
Homodimer; represents the active form and is present at a pH value below 6.5. Homotetramer; represents the inactive form and is present at a pH value above 7.0.
Indirectly acts as a regulator of heme synthesis in erythroid tissues: regulates heme synthesis by modulating the mitochondrial pH and redox potential, allowing fech to efficiently catalyze the incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Homodimer and heterodimer with SSTR3 and SSTR5. Heterodimerization with SSTR3 inactivates SSTR3 receptor function. Heterodimerization with SSTR5 is enhanced by agonist stimulation of SSTR2 and increases SSTR2 cell growth inhibition activity. Following agonist stimulation, homodimers dissociate into monomers which is required for receptor internalization. Interacts with beta-arrestin; this interaction is necessary for receptor internalization and is destabilized by heterodimerization with SSTR5 which results in increased recycling of SSTR2 to the cell surface. Interacts (via C-terminus) with SHANK1 (via PDZ domain).
Receptor for somatostatin-14 and -28. This receptor is coupled via pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. In addition it stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase and PLC via pertussis toxin insensitive as well as sensitive G proteins. Inhibits calcium entry by suppressing voltage-dependent calcium channels. Acts as the functionally dominant somatostatin receptor in pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells where it mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin-14 on hormone secretion. Inhibits cell growth through enhancement of MAPK1 and MAPK2 phosphorylation and subsequent up-regulation of CDKN1B. Stimulates neuronal migration and axon outgrowth and may participate in neuron development and maturation during brain development. Mediates negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling through PTPN6. Inactivates SSTR3 receptor function following heterodimerization.
Receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Upon ligand binding, this G-protein-coupled receptor triggers activation of the phosphatidylinositol (IP3)-calcium-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2) during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Has also a structural role in the COQ enzyme complex, stabilizing other COQ polypeptides. Involved in lifespan determination in a ubiquinone-independent manner.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex, composed of at least COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7 and COQ9. Interacts with ADCK4 and COQ6. Interacts with COQ9.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein which is abundant in auditory neurons.
Receptor for both interleukin 4 and interleukin 13. Couples to the JAK1/2/3-STAT6 pathway. The IL4 response is involved in promoting Th2 differentiation. The IL4/IL13 responses are involved in regulating IgE production and, chemokine and mucus production at sites of allergic inflammation. In certain cell types, can signal through activation of insulin receptor substrates, IRS1/IRS2.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. MPPE1 family.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Metallophosphoesterase required for transport of GPI-anchor proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. Acts in lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation by mediating the removal of a side-chain ethanolamine-phosphate (EtNP) from the second Man (Man2) of the GPI intermediate, an essential step for efficient transport of GPI-anchor proteins.
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm.
Probably catalyzes the deacetylation of acetylated carbohydrates an important step in the degradation of oligosaccharides.
Component of some SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complexes. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module).
Component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA, a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates in a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histone H2B. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription.
The C-terminal SGF11-type zinc-finger domain forms part of the 'catalytic lobe' of the SAGA deubiquitination module.
The long N-terminal helix forms part of the 'assembly lobe' of the SAGA deubiquitination module.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase pfkB family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 6 subfamily.
Part of the dynactin complex that activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules.
Part of the SNAPc complex composed of 5 subunits: SNAPC1, SNAPC2, SNAPC3, SNAPC4 and SNAPC5. SNAPC3 interacts with SNAPC1.
Part of the SNAPc complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes. Binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. Recruits TBP and BRF2 to the U6 snRNA TATA box.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the post-translational methylation of isoprenylated C-terminal cysteine residues.
Associates with MYD88 and IRAK2 to form a ternary complex called the Myddosome.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Pelle subfamily.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a critical role in initiating innate immune response against foreign pathogens.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. IAN subfamily.
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
The histidine box domains are involved in binding the catalytic metal ions.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL54 family.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
Allosterically activated by ADP, AMP, or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and allosterically inhibited by ATP or citrate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade "E" sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade 'E' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. KQT (TC 1.A.1.15) subfamily. Kv7.1/KCNQ1 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Plays a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
pH-dependent, voltage-insensitive, background potassium channel protein.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA. The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) transfer of adenylate to an RNA-N3'P to produce RNA-N3'PP5'A; (C) and attack of the adjacent 2'-hydroxyl on the 3'-phosphorus in the diester linkage to produce the cyclic end product. The biological role of this enzyme is unknown but it is likely to function in some aspects of cellular RNA processing.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the CoA-transferase III family.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Belongs to the TMEM97/sigma-2 receptor family.
Intracellular orphan receptor that binds numerous drugs and which is highly expressed in various proliferating cells. Corresponds to the sigma-2 receptor, which is thought to play important role in regulating cell survival, morphology and differentiation. May play a role as a regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. May function as sterol isomerase. May alter the activity of some cytochrome P450 proteins.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family.
Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine).
The lysine tyrosylquinone cross-link (LTQ) is generated by condensation of the epsilon-amino group of a lysine with a topaquinone produced by oxidation of tyrosine.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Maintains stem cell potency. Increases STAT3 phosphorylation and controls ERK phosphorylation. May act as a scaffold, increasing STAT3 recruitment onto endosomes.
The OCIA domain is necessary and sufficient for endosomal localization.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 2 subfamily.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Chemorepulsive axon guidance protein required for the development of spinal cord and forebrain commissures. Acts as a chemorepulsive guidance protein for commissural axons during development. Able to inhibit or repel neurite outgrowth from dorsal spinal cord.
Belongs to the beta-microseminoprotein family.
Plays a role in endocytic trafficking. Required for receptor recycling from endosomes, both to the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
Belongs to the SLAIN motif-containing family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFC1 subunit family.
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage.
Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits.
Belongs to the endoribonuclease YbeY family.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer. Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. HEN1 family.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
Extremely potent competitive inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, this protein interacts with the catalytic subunit of the enzyme after the cAMP-induced dissociation of its regulatory chains.
Belongs to the VPS10-related sortilin family. SORCS subfamily.
Belongs to the RRM HNRPC family. RALY subfamily.
Belongs to the D-glutamate cyclase family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Vasopressin/oxytocin receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Exhibits phosphohistidine phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Required for biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Part of the complex catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, the first step of GPI biosynthesis.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit alpha family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Belongs to the tigger transposable element derived protein family.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Divalent metal cations. Mn(2+) or Co(2+).
Metalloprotease that acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the cleavage of the N-terminal residues of a subset of Wnt proteins. Following cleavage, Wnt proteins become oxidized and form large disulfide-bond oligomers, leading to their inactivation.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein C1 family.
Inhibitor of lipoprotein binding to the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, LDL receptor-related protein, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor. Associates with high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in the plasma and makes up about 10% of the protein of the VLDL and 2% of that of HDL. Appears to interfere directly with fatty acid uptake and is also the major plasma inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Binds free fatty acids and reduces their intracellular esterification. Modulates the interaction of APOE with beta-migrating VLDL and inhibits binding of beta-VLDL to the LDL receptor-related protein.
Component of the gamma-secretase complex.
Potential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral proteins such as Notch receptors.
Belongs to the constitutive coactivator of PPAR-gamma family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft.
Adds a GMP to the 5'-end of tRNA(His) after transcription and RNase P cleavage.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
Belongs to the connexin family. Alpha-type (group II) subfamily.
Belongs to the WD repeat LIS1/nudF family.
Can self-associate. Interacts with dynein, dynactin, NDE1 and NDEL1.
Dimerization mediated by the LisH domain may be required to activate dynein.
Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the peripheral transport of microtubule fragments and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. May be required for proliferation of neuronal precursors and neuronal migration.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Homodimer; homodimerization requires the C4-type zinc finger motif and decreases during mitosis in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
Plays a role in determining ER morphology.
The C4-type zinc finger motif is necessary both for its ER three-way tubular junction localization and formation.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 3 subfamily.
Has peptide-independent ATPase activity.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the early step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Interacts with FLNA (via filamin repeat 21); increases PKA-mediated phosphorylation of FLNA.
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles.
Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
Plays a role in establishing and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. NDST subfamily.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Required for S phase entry of the cell cycle.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns-4-P).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Exhibits trypsin-like activity as defined by cleavage of synthetic substrates with Arg or Lys as the P1 site.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKC subfamily.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domain.
Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class I subfamily.
May be involved in collagen fiber assembly.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 11 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein UQCRFS1, 2 core protein subunits UQCRC1/QCR1 and UQCRC2/QCR2, and 6 low-molecular weight protein subunits UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and subunit 9, the cleavage product of Rieske protein UQCRFS1. The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)). Interacts with UQCC6.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Belongs to the dynein light intermediate chain family.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
Functional component of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by forming a channel that allows the retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins into the cytosol where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome.
Belongs to the X(+)/potassium ATPases subunit beta family.
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Adapter protein that links membrane-bound small G-proteins to cytoplasmic effector proteins. Necessary for CDC42-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and for RAC1-mediated membrane ruffling. Involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by WASF family members and the Arp2/3 complex. Plays a role in neurite growth. Acts syngeristically with ENAH to promote filipodia formation. Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to bacterial infection. Participates in actin bundling when associated with EPS8, promoting filopodial protrusions.
RING-type zinc finger-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that assembles with melanoma antigen protein (MAGE) to catalyze the direct transfer of ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to a specific substrate. Involved in maintenance of genome integrity, DNA damage response and DNA repair.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 56 family.
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ11 subfamily.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
Catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid, one of the steps in tyrosine catabolism.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
Belongs to the complement C6/C7/C8/C9 family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes consensus sequences at the breakpoint junctions in chromosomal translocations, mostly involving immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor gene segments. Seems to recognize single-stranded DNA ends generated by staggered breaks occurring at recombination hot spots.
Exhibits both single-stranded and double-stranded endoribonuclease activity. May act as an activator of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by facilitating endonucleolytic cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand.
Ring-shaped heterooctamer of six TSN and two TSNAX subunits, DNA/RNA binding occurs inside the ring.
Belongs to the integrin beta chain family.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
In the central section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. CAD subfamily.
Heterodimer with other nuclear receptors.
Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. May play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm.
S-nitrosylation inhibits channel currents and ATP release.
Structural component of the gap junctions and the hemichannels.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
Associates with 90S and pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles.
Component of the 90S pre-ribosome involved in the maturation of rRNAs. Required for early cleavages of the pre-RNAs in the 40S ribosomal subunit maturation pathway.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GalNAc-T subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. DOT1 family.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates histone H3 to form H3K79me3. This methylation is required for telomere silencing and for the pachytene checkpoint during the meiotic cell cycle by allowing the recruitment of RAD9 to double strand breaks. Nucleosomes are preferred as substrate compared to free histone.
Histone methyltransferase. Methylates 'Lys-79' of histone H3.
In contrast to other lysine histone methyltransferases, it does not contain a SET domain, suggesting the existence of another mechanism for methylation of lysine residues of histones.
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL6 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that elongates fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons with higher activity toward C16:0 acyl-CoAs. Catalyzes the synthesis of unsaturated C16 long chain fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, C18:0 and those with low desaturation degree. May participate to the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that play a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. CPSF4 binds RNA polymers with a preference for poly(U).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Required for RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Binds to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them. Lacks endonuclease activity and does not appear to cleave target mRNAs.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMK subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 39 family.
Transfers mannose from Dol-P-mannose to Ser or Thr residues on proteins.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 4 family.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Interconverts simultaneously and stereospecifically pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD(+).
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.
Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits. Thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactivated (closed) state.
Can bind about 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL40 family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family. KappaB-Ras subfamily.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Belongs to the gluconokinase GntK/GntV family.
Component of the SOSS complex, a multiprotein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and influences diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response including cell-cycle checkpoint activation, recombinational repair and maintenance of genomic stability. Required for efficient homologous recombination-dependent repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Ubiquitin ligase protein which is a component of the N-end rule pathway. Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
Belongs to the dolichyldiphosphatase family.
Required for efficient N-glycosylation. Necessary for maintaining optimal levels of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides. Hydrolyzes dolichyl pyrophosphate at a very high rate and dolichyl monophosphate at a much lower rate. Does not act on phosphatidate.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Atypical chemokine receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Inhibits calcineurin-dependent transcriptional responses by binding to the catalytic domain of calcineurin A. Could play a role during central nervous system development.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits including PSMD13, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair.
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
Belongs to the DOK family. Type A subfamily.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Belongs to the quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in peptide and protein thiols to disulfides with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Belongs to the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of either pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) into pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP).
Regulates ciliary localization of the BBSome complex. Together with the BBSome complex, controls SMO ciliary trafficking and contributes to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulation. May play a role in neurite outgrowth. May have tumor suppressor function.
Self-associates. Interacts with BBS9; the interaction mediates the association of LZTL1 with the BBsome complex and regulates BBSome ciliary trafficking.
Recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' present in viral and cellular promoters and in the origin of replication of adenovirus type 2. These proteins are individually capable of activating transcription and replication.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-5/BimC subfamily.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A15 subfamily.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. Gal/GlcNAc/GalNAc subfamily.
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Regulates the activity of L-type calcium channels that contain CACNA1C as pore-forming subunit (By similarity). Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs), including GRIA1 and GRIA4. Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Belongs to the secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP) family.
Belongs to the beta/gamma-crystallin family.
Homo/heterodimer, or complexes of higher-order. The structure of beta-crystallin oligomers seems to be stabilized through interactions between the N-terminal arms.
Belongs to the GTR/RAG GTP-binding protein family.
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein that plays a crucial role in the cellular response to amino acid availability through regulation of the mTORC1 signaling cascade.
Belongs to the chromogranin/secretogranin protein family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Associated with the PA200 or PA28, the 20S proteasome mediates ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. This type of proteolysis is required in several pathways including spermatogenesis (20S-PA200 complex) or generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides (20S-PA28 complex).
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP regulatory subunit family.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the sulfatase-modifying factor family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Glucose transporter subfamily.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Alpha family.
Belongs to the VAMP-associated protein (VAP) (TC 9.B.17) family.
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
It is also responsible for the non-negligible production of methylglyoxal a reactive cytotoxic side-product that modifies and can alter proteins, DNA and lipids.
Triosephosphate isomerase is an extremely efficient metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the rod/cone cGMP-PDE gamma subunit family.
Participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. cGMP-PDEs are the effector molecules in G-protein-mediated phototransduction in vertebrate rods and cones.
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamyltransferase family.
Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of glutathione and glutathione conjugates.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Key component of the proton channel; it may play a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Plays an important role in the regulation of dynamic actin-based, cytoskeletal activities. Agonist-dependent changes in LASP1 phosphorylation may also serve to regulate actin-associated ion transport activities, not only in the parietal cell but also in certain other F-actin-rich secretory epithelial cell types.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.
Belongs to the FAM175 family. Abraxas subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
Could coordinate an aspect of bone turnover.
Binds GTP but lacks intrinsic GTPase activity and is resistant to Rho-specific GTPase-activating proteins.
Stimulates the RNA helicase activity of EIF4A in the translation initiation complex. Binds weakly mRNA.
Ligand for the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT. Plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. RarA/MGS1/WRNIP1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Belongs to the teashirt C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Has GTP:AMP phosphotransferase and ITP:AMP phosphotransferase activities.
Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family.
Innate immunity protein that plays several important functions in antimicrobial and antitumor defense systems.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Receptor for the neuromedin-U and neuromedin-S neuropeptides.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC24A subfamily.
Involved in autophagic vesicle formation. Conjugation with ATG12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. Involved in mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, and in subsequent cellular longevity. Plays a critical role in multiple aspects of lymphocyte development and is essential for both B and T lymphocyte survival and proliferation. Required for optimal processing and presentation of antigens for MHC II. Involved in the maintenance of axon morphology and membrane structures, as well as in normal adipocyte differentiation. Promotes primary ciliogenesis through removal of OFD1 from centriolar satellites and degradation of IFT20 via the autophagic pathway.
May play an important role in the apoptotic process, possibly within the modified cytoskeleton. Its expression is a relatively late event in the apoptotic process, occurring downstream of caspase activity. Plays a crucial role in IFN-gamma-induced autophagic cell death by interacting with FADD.
Belongs to the NADP-dependent oxidoreductase L4BD family.
Interacts with PTBP2; the interaction is direct.
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adaptor-related complex which is not clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to lysosomes. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family. Ribosome biogenesis protein NSA2 subfamily.
Component of the pre-66S ribosomal particle.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. May play a part in the quality control of pre-60S particles.
Necessary for the survival of cerebellar neurons. Induces neuritogenesis by activating the Ras-MAP kinase pathway. May play a role in the maintenance of a critical intracellular glycosylation level and homeostasis.
Tetramer of heterotrimers consisting of exclusion domain, heavy- and light chains.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex).
Junctophilins contribute to the formation of junctional membrane complexes (JMCs) which link the plasma membrane with the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum in excitable cells. Provides a structural foundation for functional cross-talk between the cell surface and intracellular calcium release channels.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Transports zinc ions across cell and organelle membranes into the cytoplasm and regulates intracellular zinc homeostasis. Participates in the zinc ions efflux out of the secretory compartments. Also functions as membrane androgen receptor that mediates, through a G protein, the non-classical androgen signaling pathway, characterized by the activation of MAPK3/MAPK1 (Erk1/2) and transcription factors CREB1 or ATF1. Moreover, has dual functions as membrane-bound androgen receptor and as an androgen-dependent zinc transporter both of which are mediated through an inhibitory G protein (Gi) that mediates both MAP kinase and zinc signaling leading to the androgen-dependent apoptotic process.
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid with addition of molecular dioxygen.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31) family.
Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex which exhibits DNA- and nucleosome-activated ATPase activity and catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an essential intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Protein O-mannose kinase that specifically mediates phosphorylation at the 6-position of an O-mannose of the trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-beta-1,4-mannose) to generate phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide (N-acetylgalactosamine-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine-beta-1,4-(phosphate-6-)mannose). Phosphorylated O-mannosyl trisaccharide is a carbohydrate structure present in alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1), which is required for binding laminin G-like domain-containing extracellular proteins with high affinity. Only shows kinase activity when the GalNAc-beta-3-GlcNAc-beta-terminus is linked to the 4-position of O-mannose, suggesting that this disaccharide serves as the substrate recognition motif.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs.
Heterodimer with MAGOH. Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGOH and RBM8A.
G-protein coupled receptor for cannabinoids. Mediates many cannabinoid-induced effects in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in peripheral tissues. Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Belongs to the EGF-CFC (Cripto-1/FRL1/Cryptic) family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and participates in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) for misfolded lumenal proteins. May act by triming the ubiquitin chain on the associated substrate to facilitate their threading through the VCP/p97 pore. Cleaves both polyubiquitin and di-ubiquitin.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
This coatomer complex protein, essential for Golgi budding and vesicular trafficking, is a selective binding protein (RACK) for protein kinase C, epsilon type. It binds to Golgi membranes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Plays a role in cytoskeletal rearrangements during the late wrapping and/or compaction phases of myelinogenesis as well as in maintenance and stability of myelin sheath in the adult. May play an important role in late-stage oligodendroglia maturation, myelin/Ranvier node formation during CNS development, and in the maintenance and plasticity of related structures in the mature CNS.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Component of the signal peptidase complex.
Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM63 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can specifically remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins. Has exodeubiquitinase activity and has a preference for long polyubiquitin chains. May play a regulatory role at the level of protein turnover.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Plays an important role in the degradation of dermatan and keratan sulfates.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the enolization of 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P) into the intermediate 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate (HK-MTPenyl-1-P), which is then dephosphorylated to form the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene).
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Protein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Plays a role in RNA processing and termination.
Belongs to the WD repeat coronin family.
Belongs to the TNF receptor-associated factor family.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.
Belongs to the riboflavin transporter family.
Plasma membrane transporter mediating the uptake by cells of the water soluble vitamin B2/riboflavin that plays a key role in biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of the carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Belongs to the AspA/AstE family. Aspartoacylase subfamily.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I47 (latexin) family.
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis.
Forms a well-packed pentamer with an overall cylindrical shape. The inner core of the pentamer is formed with the second transmembrane region and the second coiled-coil region: while the transmembrane regions pack into a five-helix bundle having a largely polar pore across the membrane, the coiled-coil outside the membrane forms a pentamer with a hydrophobic core. The inner core is wrapped by the first transmembrane region through contacts between the first and the second transmembrane regions. The second transmembrane is followed by the inner juxtamembrane region (IJMH) that orients at a wide angle relative to the second transmembrane. The two core domains are held together on the periphery by the outer juxtamembrane helix (OJMH).
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which specifically catalyzes the second step in ufmylation. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Together with methyltransferase FTSJ1, methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at position 32 of the anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs.
Directly interacts with tubulin-gamma; this interaction determines centrosomal localization.
Plays a role in the organization of both preexisting and nascent microtubules in interphase cells. During mitosis, required for the organization and orientation of the mitotic spindle.
Interacts with a broad range of peroxisomal membrane proteins, including PEX3, PEX10, PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14 and PEX16, PXMP2/PMP22, PXMP4/PMP24, SLC25A17/PMP34, ABCD1/ALDP, ABCD2/ALDRP, and ABCD3/PMP70. Also interacts with the tumor suppressor CDKN2A/p19ARF.
Necessary for early peroxisomal biogenesis. Acts both as a cytosolic chaperone and as an import receptor for peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs). Binds and stabilizes newly synthesized PMPs in the cytoplasm by interacting with their hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains, and targets them to the peroxisome membrane by binding to the integral membrane protein PEX3. Excludes CDKN2A from the nucleus and prevents its interaction with MDM2, which results in active degradation of TP53.
Required for proper homologous chromosome pairing and efficient cross-over and intragenic recombination during meiosis.
Belongs to the myelin proteolipid protein family.
Acts as a specific nuclear import carrier for HSP70 proteins following heat-shock stress: acts by mediating the nucleoporin-dependent translocation of ATP-bound HSP70 proteins into the nucleus. HSP70 proteins import is required to protect cells from heat shock damages. Does not translocate ADP-bound HSP70 proteins into the nucleus.
Forms an asymmetric homodimer; required for binding and nuclear import of HSP70 proteins. Interacts with ATP-bound HSP70 proteins.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Jun subfamily.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Belongs to the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX21/DDX50 subfamily.
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Mediates the production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 13 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Dimeric, linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibin A is a dimer of alpha and beta-A. Inhibin B is a dimer of alpha and beta-B.
The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Monocarboxylate porter (TC 2.A.1.13) family.
Regulates ADAM17 protease, a sheddase of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands and TNF, thereby plays a role in sleep, cell survival, proliferation, migration and inflammation. Does not exhibit any protease activity on its own.
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 20 family.
May be involved in fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 dependent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methylcob(III)alamin (MeCbl) to homocysteine, yielding enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin and methionine in the cytosol. MeCbl is an active form of cobalamin (vitamin B12) used as a cofactor for methionine biosynthesis. Cob(I)alamin form is regenerated to MeCbl by a transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. The processing of cobalamin in the cytosol occurs in a multiprotein complex composed of at least MMACHC, MMADHC, MTRR (methionine synthase reductase) and MTR which may contribute to shuttle safely and efficiently cobalamin towards MTR in order to produce methionine.
Modular enzyme with four functionally distinct domains. The isolated Hcy-binding domain catalyzes methyl transfer from free methylcobalamin to homocysteine. The Hcy-binding domain in association with the pterin-binding domain catalyzes the methylation of cob(I)alamin by methyltetrahydrofolate and the methylation of homocysteine. The B12-binding domain binds the cofactor. The AdoMet activation domain binds S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Under aerobic conditions cob(I)alamin can be converted to inactive cob(II)alamin. Reductive methylation by S-adenosyl-L-methionine and flavodoxin regenerates methylcobalamin.
Mediates feedback control of cholesterol synthesis.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Belongs to the transglutaminase-like superfamily. PNGase family.
Specifically deglycosylates the denatured form of N-linked glycoproteins in the cytoplasm and assists their proteasome-mediated degradation. Cleaves the beta-aspartyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycan and the amide side chain of Asn, converting Asn to Asp. Prefers proteins containing high-mannose over those bearing complex type oligosaccharides. Can recognize misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum that are exported to the cytosol to be destroyed and deglycosylate them, while it has no activity toward native proteins. Deglycosylation is a prerequisite for subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of some, but not all, misfolded glycoproteins.
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIb family.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. SDE3 subfamily.
May be involved in the negative control of osteogenic differentiation of osteochondrogenic precursor cells in peripheral zones of fetal cartilage and at the cartilage-bone interface.
Belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Plays a role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
Belongs to the JHDM2 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code.
Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs are known to mediate the association with nuclear receptors.
The JmjC domain and the C6-type zinc-finger are required for the demethylation activity.
Belongs to the avidin/streptavidin family.
Belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family.
Belongs to the anion channel-forming bestrophin (TC 1.A.46) family. Calcium-sensitive chloride channel subfamily.
Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family.
Component of the TIM23 complex, at least composed of TIM23, TIM17, TIM50 and TIM21.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Belongs to the flagellar radial spoke RSP3 family.
Belongs to the chloride channel MCLC family.
Involved in nucleotide metabolism via production of dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides, and decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DIPP subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. SYK/ZAP-70 subfamily.
Catalytic component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex that acts by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester. May act as an RNA ligase with broad substrate specificity, and may function toward other RNAs.
Ligation probably proceeds through 3 nucleotidyl transfer steps, with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini being hydrolyzed to 3'-P termini in a step that precedes 3'-P activation with GMP. In the first nucleotidyl transfer step, RTCB reacts with GTP to form a covalent RTCB-histidine-GMP intermediate with release of PPi; in the second step, the GMP moiety is transferred to the RNA 3'-P; in the third step, the 5'-OH from the opposite RNA strand attacks the activated 3'-P to form a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond and release GMP.
Interacts with DIAPH1. Forms a nuclear ternary complex with MRTFA and SRF.
Tumor suppressor which functions to suppress MRTFA-induced SRF transcriptional activity.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Belongs to the peptidase S9B family. DPPIV subfamily.
Hydrolyzes N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (MMA) which act as inhibitors of NOS. Has therefore a role in the regulation of nitric oxide generation.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. The magnesium ions interact primarily with the substrate.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. RPB4 and RPB7 form a subcomplex that protrudes from the 10-subunit Pol II core complex.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
Belongs to the natriuretic peptide family.
Belongs to the osteocalcin/matrix Gla protein family.
Gamma-carboxyglutamate residues are formed by vitamin K dependent carboxylation. These residues are essential for the binding of calcium.
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
Component of ribonuclease P, a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
Specifically binds 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), suggesting that it acts as a specific reader of 5hmC.
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with the ATP-specific beta subunit SUCLA2, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with the GTP-specific beta subunit SUCLG2 forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and specificity for either ATP or GTP is provided by different beta subunits.
Assembly factor required for Rieske Fe-S protein UQCRFS1 incorporation into the cytochrome b-c1 (CIII) complex. Functions as a chaperone, binding to this subunit within the mitochondrial matrix and stabilizing it prior to its translocation and insertion into the late CIII dimeric intermediate within the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase family. MAT2B subfamily.
Heterotrimer; composed of a catalytic MAT2A homodimer that binds one regulatory MAT2B chain. Heterohexamer; composed of a central, catalytic MAT2A homotetramer flanked on either side by a regulatory MAT2B chain. NADP binding increases the affinity for MAT2A.
Regulatory subunit of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. Regulates MAT2A catalytic activity by changing its kinetic properties, increasing its affinity for L-methionine.
Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. SLC25A38 subfamily.
Mitochondrial glycine transporter that imports glycine into the mitochondrial matrix. Plays an important role in providing glycine for the first enzymatic step in heme biosynthesis, the condensation of glycine with succinyl-CoA to produce 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) in the miochondrial matrix. Required during erythropoiesis.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. HutI family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the protein arginine deiminase family.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. DTWD2 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family. ChaC subfamily.
Catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione into 5-oxo-L-proline and a Cys-Gly dipeptide. Acts specifically on glutathione, but not on other gamma-glutamyl peptides.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. ATM subfamily.
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking.
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Glycine receptor (TC 1.A.9.3) subfamily. GLRA1 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
May play some role in mitochondrial processes.
May associate with CD21. May regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores.
Belongs to the XRCC4-XLF family. XLF subfamily.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Forms a homohexamer that can probably bind six kinase subunits.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
Belongs to the carnosine N-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
Belongs to the proton-activated chloride channel family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class II subfamily.
Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common core component of RNA polymerases I and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Negative regulator of sphingolipid synthesis.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA10 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This a component of the hydrophobic protein fraction.
Deposition-and-exchange histone chaperone specific for H2AZ1, specifically chaperones H2AZ1 and deposits it into nucleosomes. As component of the SRCAP complex, mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2AZ1/H2B dimers for nucleosomal H2A/H2B, leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling.
Associates with the cytoplasmic CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex to trigger ARE-containing mRNA deadenylation and decay processes.
Zinc-finger RNA-binding protein that destabilizes several cytoplasmic AU-rich element (ARE)-containing mRNA transcripts by promoting their poly(A) tail removal or deadenylation, and hence provide a mechanism for attenuating protein synthesis. Acts as a 3'-untranslated region (UTR) ARE mRNA-binding adapter protein to communicate signaling events to the mRNA decay machinery. Functions by recruiting the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex and probably other components of the cytoplasmic RNA decay machinery to the bound ARE-containing mRNAs, and hence promotes ARE-mediated mRNA deadenylation and decay processes. Binds to 3'-UTR ARE of numerous mRNAs.
Component of complexes involved in DNA repair and protein ubiquitination. May play a role in the regulation of the circadian clock.
The core of the protein consists of three WD40 beta-propeller domains.
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. UNG family.
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine.
Belongs to the squalene monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that mediates the release of intracellular calcium.
The receptor contains a calcium channel in its C-terminal extremity. Its large N-terminal cytoplasmic region has the ligand-binding site in the N-terminus and modulatory sites in the middle portion immediately upstream of the channel region.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Belongs to the complexin/synaphin family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. LTrpC subfamily. TRPM2 sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cGMP subfamily.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
The M domain binds the 7SL RNA in presence of SRP19 and binds the signal sequence of presecretory proteins.
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which binds GTP and forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA. The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another. SRP receptor compaction upon binding with cargo-loaded SRP and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Contains approximately 16 iron atoms per subunit.
Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine.
Belongs to the RNase H2 subunit B family.
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
The RNase H2 complex is a heterotrimer composed of the catalytic subunit RNASEH2A and the non-catalytic subunits RNASEH2B and RNASEH2C.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH2 subfamily.
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. DPH1 and DPH2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the DPH1 subunit.
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial trafficking.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. SerC subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine and of 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate to phosphohydroxythreonine.
Probable C-mannosyltransferase that mediates C-mannosylation of tryptophan residues on target proteins.
Directs RNA polymerase II nuclear import.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the GatB/GatE family. GatB subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A (QRSL1), B (GATB) and C (GATC) subunits.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. NADC subfamily.
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 33 family.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the zona pellucida-binding protein Sp38 family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA40 subfamily.
Belongs to the opioid growth factor receptor family.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class CDC14 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 79 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Belongs to the SRC/p160 nuclear receptor coactivator family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intracellular lipid transport.
Forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.
Belongs to the nucleoporin NSP1/NUP62 family.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. NIT1/NIT2 family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. C/EBP subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Belongs to the RIN (Ras interaction/interference) family.
Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Plasminogen subfamily.
Converted into plasmin by plasminogen activators, both plasminogen and its activator being bound to fibrin.
Plasmin dissolves the fibrin of blood clots and acts as a proteolytic factor in a variety of other processes including embryonic development, tissue remodeling, tumor invasion, and inflammation. In ovulation, weakens the walls of the Graafian follicle. It activates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, collagenases and several complement zymogens, such as C1 and C5. Cleavage of fibronectin and laminin leads to cell detachment and apoptosis. Also cleaves fibrin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor. Its role in tissue remodeling and tumor invasion may be modulated by CSPG4. Binds to cells.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 61 family.
Belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator family.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein (GCSH) shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein (GLDC) to the T protein (GCST).
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-5/CLCN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase B chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 65 family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
May modify the assembly dynamics of microtubules, such that microtubules are slightly longer, but more dynamic.
Activated by RHOA binding. Inhibited by Y-27632.
Protein kinase which is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity.
Binds and promotes bundling of vimentin filaments originating from the Golgi.
Folate-dependent enzyme, that displays both transferase and deaminase activity. Serves to channel one-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool.
Homooctamer, including four polyglutamate binding sites. The subunits are arranged as a tetramer of dimers, and form a planar ring-shaped structure.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the cyclodeaminase/cyclohydrolase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the formiminotransferase family.
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Belongs to the helicase family. SKI2 subfamily.
Probably involved in transcriptional regulation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fibroblast growth factor receptor subfamily.
Component of the U5 snRNP complex that is required for spliceosome assembly and for pre-mRNA splicing.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type subunit AP2A1 or AP2A2 and beta-type subunit AP2B1), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP2M1) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP2S1).
Component of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components. Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes which can bind directly to both the clathrin lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes are considered to be the major clathrin adaptors contributing the CCV formation. AP-2 also serves as a cargo receptor to selectively sort the membrane proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. AP-2 seems to play a role in the recycling of synaptic vesicle membranes from the presynaptic surface. AP-2 recognizes Y-X-X-[FILMV] (Y-X-X-Phi) and [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] endocytosis signal motifs within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-2 may also play a role in maintaining normal post-endocytic trafficking through the ARF6-regulated, non-clathrin pathway. The AP-2 alpha subunit binds polyphosphoinositide-containing lipids, positioning AP-2 on the membrane. The AP-2 alpha subunit acts via its C-terminal appendage domain as a scaffolding platform for endocytic accessory proteins. The AP-2 alpha and AP-2 sigma subunits are thought to contribute to the recognition of the [ED]-X-X-X-L-[LI] motif.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL2 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS31 family.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR0 subfamily.
Component of the 60-80S U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (U3 snoRNP). Required for the early cleavages during pre-18S ribosomal RNA processing.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase subfamily.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of protein biosynthesis. May increase the efficiency of translation by recycling ribosomes from one round of translation to another.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX5/DBP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA in the cytosol.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RRP8 family.
Probable methyltransferase required to silence rDNA.
Negatively regulates nitric oxide production by inducing nitric oxide synthase translocation to actin cytoskeleton and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Belongs to the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Heme-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the L-tryptophan (L-Trp) pyrrole ring and converts L-tryptophan to N-formyl-L-kynurenine. Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the indole moiety.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup133 family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. PHOSPHO family.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. Twinfilin subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA43 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Belongs to the galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase family.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Belongs to the dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS) (TC 2.A.23) family.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).
Belongs to the thiamine pyrophosphokinase family.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Belongs to the delta-EF1/ZFH-1 C2H2-type zinc-finger family.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase subfamily.
Dual specificity phosphatase able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues, with a preference for phosphotyrosine as a substrate.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ2 subfamily.
Belongs to the LAPTM4/LAPTM5 transporter family.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex assembles, via its C-terminus that bridges alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3).
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to G(i)-alpha and G(o)-alpha, but not to G(s)-alpha.
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. The CBC complex is involved in mRNA export from the nucleus, leading to the recruitment of the mRNA export machinery to the 5' end of mRNA and to mRNA export in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore. The CBC complex is also involved in mediating U snRNA and intronless mRNAs export from the nucleus. The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. The pioneer round of mRNA translation mediated by the CBC complex plays a central role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), NMD only taking place in mRNAs bound to the CBC complex, but not on eIF4E-bound mRNAs. The CBC complex enhances NMD in mRNAs containing at least one exon-junction complex (EJC), promoting the interaction between upf1 and upf2. The CBC complex is also involved in 'failsafe' NMD, which is independent of the EJC complex, while it does not participate in Staufen-mediated mRNA decay (SMD). During cell proliferation, the CBC complex is also involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis via its interaction with srrt/ars2, thereby being required for miRNA-mediated RNA interference. The CBC complex also acts as a negative regulator of parn, thereby acting as an inhibitor of mRNA deadenylation. In the CBC complex, ncbp2/cbp20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ncbp1/cbp80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. The conventional cap-binding complex with NCBP2 binds both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and messenger (mRNA) and is involved in their export from the nucleus.
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ncbp1/cbp80 and ncbp2/cbp20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Bicoid subfamily.
Transcriptional repressor that binds to the promoter region of target genes. Plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and of the Wnt pathway. Binds preferentially to the sequence 5'-TTCATTCATTCA-3'. Binding to the histone H1.0 promoter is enhanced by interaction with RB1. Disrupts the interaction between DNA and TCF4.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Dimer of an alpha chain and a beta chain linked by a disulfide bond. Interacts with SRPX2; the interaction increases HGF mitogenic activity.
Potent mitogen for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells, seems to be a hepatotrophic factor, and acts as a growth factor for a broad spectrum of tissues and cell types. Activating ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase MET by binding to it and promoting its dimerization.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Participates in O-mannosyl glycosylation by catalyzing the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to O-linked mannose on glycoproteins. Catalyzes the synthesis of the GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-Ser/Thr moiety on alpha-dystroglycan and other O-mannosylated proteins, providing the necessary basis for the addition of further carbohydrate moieties. Is specific for alpha linked terminal mannose.
The manganese ion interacts primarily with the substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
The stem domain mediates specific interaction with beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine moieties of O-glycosylated proteins. It also interacts with its product, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-O-alpha-D-mannosylprotein.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Mediates chloride-bicarbonate exchange with a chloride bicarbonate stoichiometry of 2:1 in the intestinal epithelia. Plays a role in the chloride and bicarbonate homeostasis during sperm epididymal maturation and capacitation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Binds to the IL-1 type I receptor following IL-1 engagement, triggering intracellular signaling cascades leading to transcriptional up-regulation and mRNA stabilization.
Interacts with MYD88. IL-1 stimulation leads to the formation of a signaling complex which dissociates from the IL-1 receptor following the binding of PELI1.
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Heterodimer with IL12A; disulfide-linked. The heterodimer is known as interleukin IL-12.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAC subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Heterooligomer of subunits alpha (IDH3A), beta (IDH3B), and gamma (IDH3G) in the apparent ratio of 2:1:1. The heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3B subunit and the heterodimer containing one IDH3A and one IDH3G subunit assemble into a heterotetramer (which contains two subunits of IDH3A, one of IDH3B and one of IDH3G) and further into the heterooctamer.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site.
Belongs to the L-aspartate dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Peptidase M19 family.
Binds specifically to collagen. Could be involved as a chaperone in the biosynthetic pathway of collagen.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP2/CFD1 subfamily.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters per heterotetramer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini of NUBP1 and two labile, bridging clusters between subunits of the NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The NUBP1-NUBP2 heterotetramer forms a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins.
Heterotetramer of 2 NUBP1 and 2 NUBP2 chains.
Auxillary component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex which catalyzes acetylation of N-terminal methionine residues.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex, which is composed of NAA35, NAA38 and NAA30.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP8 subfamily.
Component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex; specifically part of a complex module associated with the DBINO domain of INO80. Exists as monomers and dimers, but the dimer is most probably the biologically relevant form required for stable interactions with histones that exploits the twofold symmetry of the nucleosome core.
Plays an important role in the functional organization of mitotic chromosomes. Exhibits low basal ATPase activity, and unable to polymerize.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and probably DNA repair.
Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
GAP activity stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid.
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family.
PH domain binds phospholipids including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). May mediate protein binding to PIP2 or PIP3 containing membranes.
The BAR domain mediates homodimerization, it can neither bind membrane nor impart curvature, but instead requires the neighboring PH domain to achieve these functions.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I39 (alpha-2-macroglobulin) family.
Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins; catalytic subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Homomultimerizes and interacts with various extracellular matrix components.
Incorporated into fibronectin-containing matrix fibers. May play a role in cell adhesion and migration along protein fibers within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Could be important for certain developmental processes and contribute to the supramolecular organization of ECM architecture, in particular to those of basement membranes.
Acts as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA and RhoB GTPases.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL50 family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily. A-like 2 sub-subfamily.
Severs microtubules in vitro in an ATP-dependent manner. This activity may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell motility. Acts in association with DOCK1 and CRK. Was initially proposed to be required in complex with DOCK1 to activate Rac Rho small GTPases. May enhance the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of DOCK1.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the myelin basic protein family.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
May mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Alpha-L-fucosidase is responsible for hydrolyzing the alpha-1,6-linked fucose joined to the reducing-end N-acetylglucosamine of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Colipase is a cofactor of pancreatic lipase. It allows the lipase to anchor itself to the lipid-water interface. Without colipase the enzyme is washed off by bile salts, which have an inhibitory effect on the lipase.
Enterostatin has a biological activity as a satiety signal.
Forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with pancreatic lipase.
Belongs to the CND2 (condensin subunit 2) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Appears to regulate cell growth through interactions with the extracellular matrix and cytokines. Binds calcium and copper, several types of collagen, albumin, thrombospondin, PDGF and cell membranes. There are two calcium binding sites; an acidic domain that binds 5 to 8 Ca(2+) with a low affinity and an EF-hand loop that binds a Ca(2+) ion with a high affinity.
Promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it.
Component of intercellular desmosome junctions. Involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion.
Belongs to the dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. Two of the Ca(2+) ions are bound to the C2 domain.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB6 subunit family.
Mutarotase that catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-galactose and alpha-D-galactose during galactose metabolism.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. In the Pelota-HBS1L complex, pelo recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. GMF subfamily.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
Plays an important role in the synaptic function of specific neuronal systems. Associates with proteins involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion.
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands.
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a donut shape.
Probably involved with other LSm subunits in the general process of degradation of mRNAs.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOG2 subfamily.
GTPase that associates with pre-60S ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and is required for their nuclear export and maturation.
Belongs to the ZP domain family. ZPC subfamily.
Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy. The zona pellucida is composed of 3 to 4 glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4. ZP3 is essential for sperm binding and zona matrix formation.
Proteolytically cleaved before the transmembrane segment to yield the secreted ectodomain incorporated in the zona pellucida.
The ZP domain is involved in the polymerization of the ZP proteins to form the zona pellucida.
Belongs to the small G protein signaling modulator family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIM1 subfamily.
Belongs to the PtdIns transfer protein family. PI transfer class IIA subfamily.
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 11 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Glycine N-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. BRCC36 subfamily.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in binding dynein to membranous organelles or chromosomes.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs).
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. May be involved in Mg(2+) transport.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(12) subfamily.
Plays a role in mitochondrial morphogenesis.
Probably involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
Belongs to the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Catalyzes the oxidative ring opening of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to quinolinate.
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 family.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Cilium-specific protein required for the stability of the ciliary architecture. Plays a role in cytoplasmic preassembly of dynein arms. Involved in regulation of microtubule-based cilia and actin-based brush border microvilli.
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Activity on G(z)-alpha is inhibited by phosphorylation of the G-protein. Activity on G(z)-alpha and G(i)-alpha-1 is inhibited by palmitoylation of the G-protein.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Belongs to the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family.
Acts as a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, dephosphorylating tyrosine-, serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins. Also acts as a lipid phosphatase, removing the phosphate in the D3 position of the inositol ring from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate with order of substrate preference in vitro PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 > PtdIns(3,4)P2 > PtdIns3P > Ins(1,3,4,5)P4.
Interacts with KATNA1. This interaction enhances the microtubule binding and severing activity of KATNA1 and also targets this activity to the centrosome.
Participates in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. May act to target the enzymatic subunit of this complex to sites of action such as the centrosome. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic.
Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins.
Binds two Mg(2+) per subunit. Required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family.
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Actin filament (F-actin)-binding protein involved in cell-matrix adhesion and cell-cell adhesion. Regulates cell-surface E-cadherin expression and potentiates mechanosensing by the E-cadherin complex. May also play important roles in cell morphology and locomotion.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Key decatenating enzyme that alters DNA topology by binding to two double-stranded DNA molecules, generating a double-stranded break in one of the strands, passing the intact strand through the broken strand, and religating the broken strand.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner.
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
As a component of the GATOR1 complex functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 pathway.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
Receptor for cholecystokinin. Mediates pancreatic growth and enzyme secretion, smooth muscle contraction of the gall bladder and stomach. Has a 1000-fold higher affinity for CCK rather than for gastrin. It modulates feeding and dopamine-induced behavior in the central and peripheral nervous system. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Multi domain E3 ubiquitin ligase that also plays a role in DNA methylation and histone modifications.
The YDG domain mediates the interaction with histone H3.
The tudor-like regions specifically recognize and bind histone H3 unmethylated at 'Arg-2' (H3R2me0), while the PHD-type zinc finger specifically recognizes and binds histone H3 trimethylated at 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3).
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination and chromosome structure development during meiosis. Required at early steps in meiotic recombination that leads to non-crossovers pathways. Also needed for efficient completion of homologous synapsis by influencing crossover distribution along the chromosomes affecting both crossovers and non-crossovers pathways.
tRNA nucleus export receptor which facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.
Binds a dinuclear copper A center per subunit.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A, COX6B, COX6C, COX7A, COX7B, COX7C, COX8 and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity). Found in a complex with TMEM177, COA6, COX18, COX20, SCO1 and SCO2. Interacts with TMEM177 in a COX20-dependent manner. Interacts with COX20. Interacts with COX16 (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Phosphorylates D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate, a molecule that may play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
Belongs to the vacuolar ATPase subunit S1 family.
Plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Its association with piP-bodies suggests a participation in the secondary piRNAs metabolic process. Required for the localization of germ-cell factors to the meiotic nuage.
Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family.
Acts both as a regulator of telomere function and as a transcription regulator. Involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection as a component of the shelterin complex (telosome). Does not bind DNA directly: recruited to telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats via its interaction with terf2. Independently of its function in telomeres, also acts as a transcription regulator: recruited to extratelomeric 5'-TTAGGG-3' sites via its association with terf2 or other factors, and regulates gene expression.
Centrosomal protein involved in regulation of centriole duplication. Required to limit centriole duplication to once per cell cycle by preventing centriole reduplication.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. MTG1 subfamily.
Plays a role in the regulation of the mitochondrial ribosome assembly and of translational activity. Displays mitochondrial GTPase activity.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Catalyzes the exchange of an acyl for a long-chain alkyl group and the formation of the ether bond in the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids.
Belongs to the DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase (DRMBL) family.
Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia axoneme, which is required for motile cilia beating.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family. QTRT2 subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit QTRT1 and an accessory subunit QTRT2.
Non-catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine).
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.
Heterodimer of SAE1 and UBA2/SAE2. The heterodimer corresponds to the two domains that are encoded on a single polypeptide chain in ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. Interacts with UBE2I.
The heterodimer acts as an E1 ligase for SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, and probably SUMO4. It mediates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins followed by formation of a thioester bond between a SUMO protein and a conserved active site cysteine residue on UBA2/SAE2.
Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA.
May act as a specific coactivator for the mammalian TEFs.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators in vesicle trafficking.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and transfers it to its substrates.
Belongs to the potassium channel KCNE family.
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates. May protect cells from TP53-dependent apoptosis upon dsDNA break damage through association with PRP19-CD5L complex.
Involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Also participates in checkpoint controls that ensure DNA replication is completed before mitosis is initiated.
Belongs to the CRF-binding protein family.
Binds CRF and inactivates it. May prevent inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation in pregnancy.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 8 family.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate to form hypusine, an essential post-translational modification only found in mature eIF-5A factor.
Receptor specific to the heptapeptide core common to adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Plays a central role in energy homeostasis and somatic growth. This receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase (cAMP).
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complex consisting of at least 13 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. A homomeric c-ring of probably 10 subunits is part of the complex rotary element.
Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MNB/DYRK subfamily.
Belongs to the DZIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGF-beta-3) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-3, respectively.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
The conversion to 3-oxoalanine (also known as C-formylglycine, FGly), of a serine or cysteine residue in prokaryotes and of a cysteine residue in eukaryotes, is critical for catalytic activity.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Required for gamma-tubulin complex recruitment to the centrosome.
Homodimer. Interacts with APOC2; the interaction activates LPL activity in the presence of lipids.
Key enzyme in triglyceride metabolism. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and thereby plays an important role in lipid clearance from the blood stream, lipid utilization and storage. Mediates margination of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles in capillaries. Recruited to its site of action on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium by binding to GPIHBP1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Tyrosine nitration after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge down-regulates the lipase activity.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 1 subfamily.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase forming with the TGF-beta type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, TGFBR1, the non-promiscuous receptor for the TGF-beta cytokines TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3. Transduces the TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating a plethora of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, control of mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. The formation of the receptor complex composed of 2 TGFBR1 and 2 TGFBR2 molecules symmetrically bound to the cytokine dimer results in the phosphorylation and the activation of TGFRB1 by the constitutively active TGFBR2. Activated TGFBR1 phosphorylates SMAD2 which dissociates from the receptor and interacts with SMAD4. The SMAD2-SMAD4 complex is subsequently translocated to the nucleus where it modulates the transcription of the TGF-beta-regulated genes. This constitutes the canonical SMAD-dependent TGF-beta signaling cascade. Also involved in non-canonical, SMAD-independent TGF-beta signaling pathways.
Belongs to the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase family.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex, which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Associates primarily with CDK7 and MAT1 to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
Regulates CDK7, the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. AMIGO family.
Endoribonuclease; cleaves preferentially 3' to purine-pyrimidine dinucleotide motifs in single-stranded RNA. The cleavage product contains a free 3' -OH group. Has no activity with double-stranded RNA or DNA. Required for normal mitochondrial function and cell viability.
Required to protect lysosomal transporter MFSD1 from lysosomal proteolysis and for MFSD1 lysosomal localization.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar3-9 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFC2 subunit family.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its receptor. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system. Acts as a lipid sensor that regulates mitochondrial fusion by regulating activation of the JNK pathway.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family. SLC6A6 subfamily.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Belongs to the bZIP family. PAR subfamily.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Heterotetramer of two alpha chains and two beta chains.
Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCD family. Peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter (TC 3.A.1.203) subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 18 family.
Generates hydrogen peroxide which is required for the activity of thyroid peroxidase/TPO and lactoperoxidase/LPO. Plays a role in thyroid hormones synthesis and lactoperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial defense at the surface of mucosa. May have its own peroxidase activity through its N-terminal peroxidase-like domain.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the peroxidase family.
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta-2) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-2, respectively.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of enamine/imine intermediates that form during the course of normal metabolism. May facilitate the release of ammonia from these potentially toxic reactive metabolites, reducing their impact on cellular components. It may act on enamine/imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent dehydratases including L-threonine dehydratase.
Binds 2 zinc divalent cations per subunit.
Homodimer. Bile acids promote the assembly of inactive monomers into an active dimer and enable catalysis.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the calcium channel flower family.
Binds to WNT proteins and inhibits their activities. May be involved in mesoderm segmentation.
Component of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The Nup107-160 subcomplex is required for the assembly of a functional NPC. The Nup107-160 subcomplex is also required for normal kinetochore microtubule attachment, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. This subunit plays a role in recruitment of the Nup107-160 subcomplex to the kinetochore.
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 30 family.
UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase catalyzing the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose, a crucial precursor for the production of glycogen.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
This is one of the several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase.
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. CP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. FSH/LSH/TSH subfamily.
G protein-coupled receptor for follitropin, the follicle-stimulating hormone. Through cAMP production activates the downstream PI3K-AKT and ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathways.
Regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization and by mediating their resensitization. Does not show subunit-specific AMPA receptor regulation and regulates all AMPAR subunits.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Belongs to the hcp beta-lactamase family.
Required for assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the P-Pant transferase superfamily. AcpS family.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC1 subfamily.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Receptor for NPAF (A-18-F-amide) and NPFF (F-8-F-amide) neuropeptides, also known as morphine-modulating peptides. Can also be activated by a variety of naturally occurring or synthetic FMRF-amide like ligands. This receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type-1 seryl-tRNA synthetase subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Required for the assembly of mature ribosomes and ribosome biogenesis. Together with EFL1, triggers the GTP-dependent release of EIF6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating EIF6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. Required for normal levels of protein synthesis. May play a role in cellular stress resistance. May play a role in cellular response to DNA damage. May play a role in cell proliferation.
Sialate:O-sulfotransferase which catalyzes 8-O-sulfation at the Sia-glycan level using 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as a donor, forming 8-O-sulfated Sia (Sia8S)-glycans.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Component of a calcium channel complex consisting of a pore-forming alpha subunit (CACNA1S) and the ancillary subunits CACNB1 or CACNB2, CACNG1 and CACNA2D1. The channel complex contains alpha, beta, gamma and delta subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio, i.e. it contains either CACNB1 or CACNB2.
Regulatory subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel that gives rise to L-type calcium currents in skeletal muscle. Regulates channel inactivation kinetics.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 4 subfamily.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
RNA N6-methyltransferase that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of a subset of RNAs and is involved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine homeostasis by regulating expression of MAT2A transcripts. Able to N6-methylate a subset of mRNAs and U6 small nuclear RNAs (U6 snRNAs). In contrast to the METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer, only able to methylate a limited number of RNAs: requires both a 5'UACAGAGAA-3' nonamer sequence and a specific RNA structure.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
May contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that play a role in organelle transport.
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Component of a complex that binds and activates STK11/LKB1. In the complex, required to stabilize the interaction between CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta) and STK11/LKB1.
Component of a trimeric complex composed of STK11/LKB1, STRAD (STRADA or STRADB) and CAB39/MO25 (CAB39/MO25alpha or CAB39L/MO25beta): the complex tethers STK11/LKB1 in the cytoplasm and stimulates its catalytic activity.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB4 subunit family.
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Belongs to the FAM175 family. Abro1 subfamily.
Bifunctional mRNA-capping enzyme exhibiting RNA 5'-triphosphate monophosphatase activity in the N-terminal part and mRNA guanylyltransferase activity in the C-terminal part. Catalyzes the first two steps of cap formation: by removing the gamma-phosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of nascent mRNA to yield a diphosphate end, and by transferring the GMP moiety of GTP to the 5'-diphosphate terminus of RNA via a covalent enzyme-GMP reaction intermediate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic GTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the non-receptor class of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
May act by regulating membrane trafficking and cellular morphogenesis.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR4 subfamily.
In the cytosol, upon its detection of both bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and NBRE-containing mitochondrial DNA released by GSDMD pores during pyroptosis, it promotes non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation by stimulating association of NLRP3 and NEK7.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2A subfamily.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death.
Buffers cytosolic calcium. May stimulate a membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase and a 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Promotes maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, by maintaining spermine levels.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Belongs to the KIF-binding protein family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL51 family.
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex, 25-OH-vitamin D3-24 hydroxylation in the kidney, and sterol C-27 hydroxylation in the liver.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX1 subfamily.
The helicase domain is involved in the stimulation of RELA transcriptional activity.
Regulator of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) required for neural tube and optic fissure closure, and enteric neural crest cell (ENCCs) migration during development. Acts as an activator of PP1. During neural tube closure, localizes to the ventral neural tube and activates PP1, leading to down-regulate cell proliferation within cranial neural tissue and the neural retina. Also acts as a regulator of migration of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) by activating PP1, leading to repression of the integrin signaling through the rho/rock pathway.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 5 subfamily.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL52 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family. MTAP subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. Involved in the breakdown of MTA, a major by-product of polyamine biosynthesis. Responsible for the first step in the methionine salvage pathway after MTA has been generated from S-adenosylmethionine. Has broad substrate specificity with 6-aminopurine nucleosides as preferred substrates.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit.
Belongs to the UPL family. K-HECT subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
Functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB11A.
Interacts with GDP-bound and nucleotide-free forms of RAB11A.
The N-terminal half of the protein mediates interaction with RAB11A and functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Four long alpha-helices (interrupted by a central kink) assemble into coiled coils, giving rise to a 'V' shape.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SETD6 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB8 subunit family.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Belongs to the sepiapterin reductase family.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Substrate-binding subunit (component A) of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex. Binds unprenylated Rab proteins and presents the substrate peptide to the catalytic component B. The component A is thought to be regenerated by transferring its prenylated Rab back to the donor membrane.
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.
Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family.
Major acute phase reactant. Apolipoprotein of the HDL complex.
Hexadecamer of 4 heterotetramers, each composed of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits. Alpha (PHKA1 or PHKA2) and beta (PHKB) are regulatory subunits, gamma (PHKG1 or PHKG2) is the catalytic subunit, and delta is calmodulin.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
Belongs to the synaptophysin/synaptobrevin family.
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL53 family.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Part of a TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2, ERCC3, TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with RARA; the interaction requires prior phosphorylation of RARA on 'Ser-369' which then enhances interaction of RARA with CDK7.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA60 subfamily.
Required for initiation of chromosomal DNA replication. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.
Contains one covalently linked retinal chromophore.
Contains one covalently linked retinal chromophore. Upon light absorption, the covalently bound 11-cis-retinal is converted to all-trans-retinal. After hydrolysis of the Schiff base and release of the covalently bound all-trans-retinal, active rhodopsin is regenerated by binding of a fresh molecule of 11-cis-retinal.
Expressed in rod-shaped photoreceptor cells in the retina that mediate vision in dim ligh (at protein level).
Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity (PubMed:8654500). Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth (By similarity). Light-induced isomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins (PubMed:8654500). Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by arrestin and terminates signaling (By similarity).
Component of the BLOC-1 complex, a complex that is required for normal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LRO).
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex.
Acyl-CoA binding protein which acts as the peroxisome receptor for pexophagy but is dispensable for aggrephagy and nonselective autophagy. Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family.
Belongs to the dynactin subunit 4 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the processing of the 34S pre-rRNA to 18S rRNA and in 40S ribosomal subunit formation.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
Constitutes one of the two catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex, a complex responsible for identification and cleavage of the splice sites in pre-tRNA. It cleaves pre-tRNA at the 5'- and 3'-splice sites to release the intron. The products are an intron and two tRNA half-molecules bearing 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH termini. There are no conserved sequences at the splice sites, but the intron is invariably located at the same site in the gene, placing the splice sites an invariant distance from the constant structural features of the tRNA body.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE1 subfamily.
Belongs to the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) family.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs.
Homodimer (via N- and C-terminus); binds RNA as homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Belongs to the SLC41A transporter family.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Key enzyme involved in DNA replication and DNA repair. Involved in Okazaki fragments processing by cleaving long flaps that escape FEN1: flaps that are longer than 27 nucleotides are coated by replication protein A complex (RPA), leading to recruit DNA2 which cleaves the flap until it is too short to bind RPA and becomes a substrate for FEN1. Also involved in 5'-end resection of DNA during double-strand break (DSB) repair by mediating the cleavage of 5'-ssDNA.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP14/UBP6 subfamily.
Homodimer (Potential). Associates with the 26S proteasome. Interacts with FANCC, CXCR4 and ERN1. Interacts with TRIM14; this interaction recruits USP14 to cleave ubiquitin chains of CGAS.
Plays an important role in the regulation of interdigestive gastrointestinal motility and indirectly causes rhythmic contraction of duodenal and colonic smooth muscle.
Required for formation of the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). Component of the RISC loading complex (RLC), also known as the micro-RNA (miRNA) loading complex (miRLC), which is composed of DICER1, AGO2 and TARBP2. Within the RLC/miRLC, DICER1 and TARBP2 are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto AGO2. AGO2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from DICER1 and TARBP2. May also play a role in the production of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by DICER1.
Self-associates. Component of the RISC loading complex (RLC), or micro-RNA (miRNA) loading complex (miRLC), which is composed of DICER1, AGO2 and TARBP2. Note that the trimeric RLC/miRLC is also referred to as RISC.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Involved in an early step of the mitochondrial complex IV assembly process.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 23 family.
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue, next to the peptide chains in N-glycans.