Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Belongs to the alkaline phosphatase family.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Expressed in late pupal and adult stages.
Found only in indirect flight muscles (IFM).
Possibly involved in the regulation of flight muscles contraction, possibly by modulating actin-myosin interaction.
Several forms of flightin are thought to be produced through post-translational modifications, possibly by phosphorylation.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Divalent metal ions. Mg(2+) is the most effective.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Involved in exocytosis by regulating a late step in synaptic vesicle fusion. Could play a role in neurotransmitter release by regulating membrane flow in the nerve terminal (By similarity).
Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic.
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins. May be involved in Mg(2+) transport.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout development, with highest expression observed in embryos (at protein level).
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Phosphorylated in oocytes during prophase I of meiosis.
Belongs to the X(+)/potassium ATPases subunit beta family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with Alms1a (PubMed:32965218).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays a central role in centriole duplication. Able to trigger procentriole formation on the surface of the mother centriole cylinder, using mother centriole as a platform, leading to the recruitment of centriole biogenesis proteins such as Sas-6. When overexpressed, it is able to induce centrosome amplification through the simultaneous generation of multiple procentrioles adjoining each parental centriole during S phase. Centrosome amplification following overexpression can initiate tumorigenesis, highlighting the importance of centrosome regulation in cancers.
Ubiquitinated by the SCF-slmb ubiquitin ligase complex; leading to its degradation by the proteasome during interphase and regulating centriole number and ensuring the block to centriole reduplication.
Expressed in whole larval extracts, fat body and larval brain (PubMed:29127204). At prepupal stages, expressed towards the wing margin; during the junctional remodeling phase relocalizes to intracellular compartments; before prehair formation, enriched at P-D membranes (at protein level) (PubMed:23292348).
Interacts with fz and fz2 (PubMed:20579883). Interacts (via N-terminus) with stan (PubMed:23292348). As an accessory component of the multisubunit proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump, might interacts with VhaAC45 (PubMed:29995586).
Multifunctional protein which functions as transmembrane receptor in the planar cell polarity (PCP) and is involved in the assembly of the proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump (PubMed:20579883, PubMed:20579879, PubMed:29127204, PubMed:29995586). As transmembrane receptor mediates fz/PCP signaling through interaction with fz and stabilizes asymmetric PCP domains through its interaction with stan (PubMed:20579883, PubMed:20579879, PubMed:23292348, PubMed:29995586). Also mediates Wnt/beta-cat signaling through interaction with fz/fz2 (PubMed:20579883, PubMed:20579879). Probably by controlling the assembly of the V-ATPase pump and thus the acidification of the endo-lysosomal system, plays a role in many neuronal processes including synapse morphology and synaptic transmission (PubMed:26376863).
Proteolytically cleaved by a furin-like convertase in the trans-Golgi network to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (PubMed:23292348, PubMed:29127204). Cleavage is reduced in the fat body (PubMed:29127204).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal (PubMed:20579883). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wings results in increased apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid accumulation (PubMed:20579883, PubMed:20579879, PubMed:29127204, PubMed:29995586). This is accompanied by severe growth defects including venation defects, defective wing-hair polarity (as a result of defective fz and stan trafficking) and wg signaling (PubMed:20579883, PubMed:20579879, PubMed:29127204, PubMed:29995586). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the notum causes severe planar polarity defects affecting orientation morphology and number of sensory bristles or microchaetae (PubMed:20579879). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in defective phototaxis and presynaptic transmission in vacuolated photoreceptor neurons and pigment cells (PubMed:26376863). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons leads to defective autophagy and neurodegeneration, impaired synapse morphology, ultrastructural organization and axonal transport of the active zone component brp, ultimately resulting in lethality at different developmental stages (PubMed:26376863). The few adult survivors show strongly reduced spontaneous movements and poor climbing abilities (PubMed:26376863). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the mushroom body results in altered short- and long-term memory (PubMed:26376863). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body results in increased autophagy (PubMed:29127204).
Stabilizes asymmetric Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) domains through its interaction with stan.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Component of the TIM23 complex at least composed of Tim23, Tim17 (Tim17a1, Tim17a2 or Tim17b1) and a Tim50.
Deletion of several nucleotides that changes the frame.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA11 subunit family.
Belongs to the vitelline membrane protein family.
Expressed during vitelline membrane biosynthesis.
According to some authors (PubMed:15965240) it may not be directly involved in NMD, as mutants do not abolish NMD. However, other data clearly show its involvement in NMD (PubMed:12881430, PubMed:16199763).
Component of a post-splicing multiprotein NMD complex.
Serine/threonine protein kinase involved in mRNA surveillance. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons, probably by phosphorylating Upf1.
Synthesized in the midgut of both larvae and adults, primarily in the ventriculus and gastric caeca.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Acts as a Ras effector and participates in MAPK pathway activation. Probably acts as a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates Raf kinase and stimulate Raf activity at specialized signaling complexes upon Ras activation (By similarity).
In their assays, PubMed:11741918 could not detect any effect on activation of the ERK pathway.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits VhaAC45 and ATP6AP2 (By similarity).
Associates with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex (also known as MINOS or MitOS complex).
Its C-terminal part seems to contain many membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets, that have the potential to adopt a transmembrane beta-barrel type structure.
May play a role in the maintenance of the structure of mitochondrial cristae.
Cecropins have lytic and antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Induced as part of the humoral response to a bacterial invasion. Transcripts appear within one hour after injection of bacteria into the hemocoel, reach a maximum after 2-6 hours and have almost disappeared after 24 hours. Similar response is seen when flies ingest bacteria present in their food.
Strongly expressed in larval, pupal and adult fat body and hemocytes after injection of bacteria. Maximal expression is seen in pupae.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:18562695, PubMed:26485283). RNAi-mediated knockdown in somatic gonadal cells results in female, but not male, infertility associated with extensive disintegration of the egg chambers and cell death in nurse cells (PubMed:26485283). RNAi-mediated knockdown in spermatocytes causes abnormal localization of nuclear type-B lamin Lam, abnormal spindle envelope integrity and overall defective cytokinesis in meiosis (PubMed:27402967).
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:18562695, PubMed:31626769). Expressed in embryonal and larval neuroblasts (at protein level) (PubMed:18562695). Expressed during oogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:31626769).
Expressed in spermatocytes (at protein level).
Plays a role in nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and maintenance (PubMed:20547758). Required for nuclear import of Mad (PubMed:20547758). Mediates the association between the nuclear pore complex and a subset of active chromatin regions adjacent to lamin-associated domains (PubMed:31784359). Plays a role in double strand break repair by relocalizing the heterochromatic double strand breaks (DSBs) to the nuclear periphery as part of the homologous recombination (HR) repair process (PubMed:26502056). Regulates cytokinesis during spermatocyte meiosis by maintaining type-B lamin Lam localization to the spindle envelope (PubMed:27402967). Regulates female gonad development and oogenesis (PubMed:26485283).
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family. Or1a subfamily.
Interacts with Orco. Complexes exist early in the endomembrane system in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), coupling these complexes to the conserved ciliary trafficking pathway (By similarity).
Not expressed in either the antenna or maxillary palp.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to pentanol, hexanol, octanol, nonanol, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, methyl caproate, anisole, heptanal, 2-heptanone, r-carvone, and nonanoic acid. Responds also to pyrazines.
The atypical heteromeric and topological design of the odorant receptors appears to be an insect-specific solution for odor recognition, making the OR/Orco complex an attractive target for the development of highly selective insect repellents to disrupt olfactory-mediated host-seeking behaviors of insect disease vectors. Odor-evoked OR currents are independent of known G-protein-coupled second messenger pathways.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
May be involved in maintaining Golgi structure and in intra-Golgi transport.
Nuclear chaperone required for maturation and nuclear export of pre-60S ribosome subunits.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class II subfamily.
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. Mth subfamily.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase ATAT1 family.
Specifically acetylates 'Lys-40' in alpha-tubulin on the lumenal side of microtubules. Promotes microtubule destabilization and accelerates microtubule dynamics; this activity may be independent of acetylation activity. Acetylates alpha-tubulin with a slow enzymatic rate, due to a catalytic site that is not optimized for acetyl transfer. Enters the microtubule through each end and diffuses quickly throughout the lumen of microtubules. Acetylates only long/old microtubules because of its slow acetylation rate since it does not have time to act on dynamically unstable microtubules before the enzyme is released.
Required for the activation of Aurora-A (aur) at the onset of mitosis.
An essential component of the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 which functions as an activator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238). GATOR2 activates the TORC1 signaling pathway through the inhibition of the GATOR1 subcomplex, controlling the switch to cell proliferation and growth under nutrient replete conditions and during female oocyte development (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238). GATOR2 probably acts as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase toward GATOR1 (By similarity). In the presence of abundant amino acids, the GATOR2 complex mediates ubiquitination of components of the GATOR1 complex, leading to GATOR1 inactivation (By similarity). This GATOR2 component is required for activating TORC1 and promoting cell growth in both germline and somatic cells (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238). In addition to its role in regulation of the TORC1 complex, functions independently of TORC1 to promote the acidification of lysosomes and facilitates autophagic flux (PubMed:27166823).
Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13. Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR2 subcomplex which is likely composed of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with Nup44A/Seh1 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with mio (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with Nplr3 (PubMed:27166823).
No effect on viability. Decreased TORC1 complex activity. Decreased body size and weight. Mutant females have small ovaries, reduced egg chamber growth and exhibit a 90% reduction in eggs laid per day. Activation of autophagy and accumulation of autolysosomes independent of nutritional status.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rheb family.
Binds GTP and exhibits intrinsic GTPase activity (By similarity). Activates the protein kinase activity of TORC1, and thereby plays a role in the regulation of apoptosis (PubMed:22493059). Stimulates the phosphorylation of S6K through activation of TORC1 signaling (PubMed:22493059). May also have a role in activating TORC2 signaling (PubMed:22493059).
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Component of nuclear RNase P and RNase MRP.
Component of ribonuclease P, a ribonucleoprotein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the constitutive expression of Drs.
Serine protease inhibitor with activity toward trypsin. Involved in innate immunity to fungal infection by negatively regulating the Toll signaling pathway and suppressing the expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin. Acts upstream of SPE and grass, and downstream of the fungal cell wall pattern recognition receptor GNBP3. May function specifically in the GNBP3-dependent beta-1,3-glucan branch of the Toll pathway.
Up-regulated by the Gram-positive bacterium M.luteus, the fungus B.bassiana and the yeast C.albicans.
Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family.
Bindings to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and SHP2.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Acetylated on Lys-6 and Lys-13 during prophase I of meiosis. Phosphorylation of H2A 'Thr-119' is a prerequisite for H4 Lys-6 acetylation but not for H4 Lys-13 acetylation.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family.
Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. CLIP subfamily.
The clip domain consists of 35-55 residues which are 'knitted' together usually by 3 conserved disulfide bonds forming a clip-like compact structure.
Abundant in 6-12 hours embryos, reduced expression in second and third instar larval stages and adults.
Belongs to the ryanodine receptor (TC 1.A.3.1) family.
During embryonic stages 9-10, expression is seen in mesoderm of all segments in progenitors of the cephalic and somatic muscles. Adults exhibit high expression in tubular 'jump' muscles of thorax and leg, and lower expression in the brain, ventral ganglion, head muscles and proboscis muscles.
Intracellular calcium channel that is required for proper muscle function during embryonic development and may be essential for excitation-contraction coupling in larval body wall muscles.
The calcium release channel activity resides in the C-terminal region while the remaining part of the protein resides in the cytoplasm.
Component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP) thought to participate in the processing and modification of pre-ribosomal RNA. Regulation of cell size by ribosome synthesis is an important parameter for stem cell maintenance and function.
Induces premature differentiation of germline stem cells (GSCs).
Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Vitellogenin is the major yolk protein of eggs where it is used as a food source during embryogenesis.
Drosophilid specific gene duplication generates rgr and tef. Teflon has a function unique to Drosophilids.
Expressed at a low level in a variety of tissues, highest expression is in testis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development.
Specifically required in males for proper segregation of autosomal bivalents at meiosis I. Expression is required in the male germ line prior to spermatocyte stage S4. May have a role as a bridging molecule maintaining adhesion to hold autosome bivalents together via heterochromatic connections.
Acts as a transcriptional coactivator in Wg signaling caused by altered arm signaling. Pont and rept interfere antagonistically with nuclear arm signaling function, and are required to enhance or reduce arm activity, respectively. Also an essential cofactor for the normal function of Myc; required for cellular proliferation and growth.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically.
Forms homohexameric rings. May form a dodecamer with rept made of two stacked hexameric rings (By similarity). Component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex. Interacts with Myc and pont.
Higher expression occurs in primordia of mesoderm, anterior and posterior midgut and cephalic furrow early in gastrulation, as well as in endoderm and mesoderm lineages during germ band extension. Later in development expression is only maintained in endoderm cells. Expressed in thoracic and abdominal segment neural precursors of all embryonic chordotonal organs.
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and probably DNA repair.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Associates to the CCR4-NOT complex composed of at least Pop2/Caf1-55, Ccr4, Not1, Rga/Not2, and Not3.
Binds 2 magnesium ions, but the ions are only loosely bound to the protein.
Doesn't have a role in light-mediated behavioral response.
Expressed at every stage (PubMed:19581445). Expressed in the embryonic salivary glands, the distal part of the proventriculus and the ring gland as well as weak expression in the midgut (PubMed:19581445). At third instar larval stage, expressed at the proventricular and ring gland (PubMed:19581445). No transcript detected in the larval central brain, in the imaginal disks, the salivary glands, or in the fat body (PubMed:19581445).
Expressed in the head, in the dorsal neurons DN3, a subgroup of clock neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:19966839). Ubiquitously expressed in both males and females (PubMed:19581445).
In dorsal neurons, contributes to the light-mediated behavioral response.
Nutritional conditions, such as food deprivation, and higher temperature during the larval stage increase protein expression in the adult flies (Ref.7, PubMed:19581445). Levels of expression at the pupal stage are phenocritical for the cu-dependent wing phenotype (PubMed:19581445). In the dorsal neurons DN3, a subgroup of clock neurons, accumulates rhythmically with a peak around ZT12 (PubMed:19966839).
Phosphatase which catalyzes the conversion of NADP(+) to NAD(+) and of NADPH to NADH (PubMed:31147539). Shows a small preference for NADPH over NADP(+) (PubMed:31147539). Because of its association with the CCR4-NOT complex, has a role in mRNA deadenylation and decay (PubMed:20504953). Required at the pupal stage for proper wing morphogenesis after eclosion (PubMed:19581445).
The purified protein lacks deadenylase activity.
Viable and fertile with upward bent (curled) wings and proximally crossed posterior scutellar bristles (PubMed:19581445). RNAi-mediated knockdown has a similar phenotype (PubMed:19581445). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing, nervous system, ring gland, muscles, fat body, tracheal system, salivary gland, or gut has no impact on wing morphogenesis (PubMed:19581445).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:14638854, PubMed:17032737). Interacts with Nup214 and emb to attenuate emb-mediated protein export (PubMed:14638854, PubMed:17032737). Interacts with tamo for nuclear import of target proteins including dl, msl-1, Ran and Ran-like (PubMed:12653959).
Essential component of nuclear pore complex (PubMed:10921908, PubMed:14638854, PubMed:17032737). Required for the anchoring of Nup214 and emb on the nuclear envelope and thereby attenuates nuclear export signal (NES)-mediated nuclear export (PubMed:14638854). Together with Nup214, required for the nuclear import of the Rel family transcription factors dorsal (dl) and Dorsal-related immunity factor (Dif) and the activation of an immune response (PubMed:10921908, PubMed:17032737).
Expressed during embryonic development (at protein level) (PubMed:12537569). Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:10921908).
In the embryo, expression is prominent in a subset of the cells of the developing CNS, dynamic stripes of epidermal cells, lymph glands and intestinal tract including the proventriculus and foregut. In the larva, expression was seen in the fusion cells of the trachea, fat body, imaginal tissues, and with abundance in the proliferating parts of the nerve cord, optic lobes of the brain and imaginal disks (PubMed:10921908). Expressed in the salivary glands (PubMed:20144761).
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Contaminating sequence. Potential poly-A sequence.
Belongs to the folylpolyglutamate synthase family.
A NHL-domain family protein that functions a translational repressor to inhibit cell proliferation (PubMed:11274060). Plays a central role in translation repression of hb mRNA by being recruited by nanos (nos) and pum to the Nanos Response Element (NRE), a 16 bp sequence in the hb mRNA 3'-UTR (PubMed:11274060). Probably recruited by other proteins to repress translation of other mRNAs in other tissues (PubMed:11274060). Involved in the regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis and cell growth (PubMed:11807032). Participates in abdominal segmentation and imaginal disk development (PubMed:11274060). During neuroblast division, segregates asymmetrically and inhibits self-renewal of one of the two daughter cells (PubMed:16564014). Together with the asymmetrically segregating transcription factor prospero ensures that the daughter cell will stop growing, exit the cell cycle, and differentiate into neurons possibly by modulating the function of dm in ganglion mother cells (GMC) (PubMed:11807032, PubMed:16564014). Restricts developmental potential of type II intermediary neuronal progenitor (INP) cells playing a role in proliferation and maturation of the neuroblasts (PubMed:24550111, PubMed:14561773, PubMed:22143802, PubMed:18342578).
Expressed during embryogenesis, mainly in nervous tissues. Expressed in the embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems including the embryonic brain. In third instar larva it is expressed in the larval central nervous system including the brain and the ventral ganglion, in two glands (the ring gland and the salivary gland, and in parts of the foregut) the gastric caeca and the proventriculus.
In larval brain, results in deregulated cell cycle and defective differentiation of immature intermediate neuroblast progenitors ultimately leading to overgrowth and proliferation (PubMed:16564014, PubMed:18342578). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larval brain results in overproliferation of type II neuroblast cells on the dorsal side of the larval brains but had no effect in the type I neuroblast lineage in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:22143802, PubMed:18342578).
Interacts with nanos (nos) and pum (PubMed:11274060). Acts via the formation of a quaternary complex composed of pum, nanos, brat and the 3'-UTR mRNA of hb (PubMed:11274060). Not recruited by nanos and pum to cyclin B 3'-UTR mRNA (PubMed:11274060). Might interact with mira; the interaction seems to be important for brat localization during mitosis (PubMed:16564014).
The NHL repeats form six-bladed beta-propeller that mediate the interaction with the pumilio repeats of pum, and are essential for translational effector function.
Embryonic lethality. Mutant embryos establish functional septate junctions but, due to rudimentary septae formation during subsequent embryonic development, these become non-functional (PubMed:25704509). Abnormal liquid clearance of tracheal tubes (PubMed:25704509). Convoluted and elongated tracheal branches (PubMed:25704509, PubMed:25982676). During late embryogenesis, mislocalization of septate junction core components pck/mega, kune, Nrx-IV and Nrg and impaired cell adhesion at the lateral cell membrane (PubMed:25704509). Mislocalization of Fas3 in the epithelia of mutant embryos and loss of accumulation of Gli at tricellular junctions (PubMed:25982676).
Expression detected in embryonic epithelia and central nervous system (at protein level) (PubMed:25982676). First detected during stage 13 in the tracheal system, the foregut, the hindgut, the salivary glands and the epidermis (PubMed:25704509, PubMed:25982676). Expression persists in these tissues until the end of embryogenesis (PubMed:25704509). Expression in epithelia declines from late stage 15 and expression appears in the central nervous system during stage 16 (PubMed:25982676).
May be proteolytically cleaved in the extracellular domain.
Required for the maturation but not the establishment of septate junctions in developing epithelial cells and is involved in epithelial cell adhesion during septate junction maturation (PubMed:25704509). Plays a role in the proper localization of the septate junction core components pck/mega, kune, Nrx-IV and Nrg during late embryogenesis (PubMed:25704509). Involved in the formation of tricellular junctions which mediate cell contact where three epithelial cells meet but not of bicellular junctions (PubMed:25982676). Required for the accumulation of Gli at tricellular junctions.
The name 'bark beetle' derives from the convoluted tracheal branches seen in mutant embryos which resemble the tracks of bark beetle larvae (PubMed:25704509). The name 'anakonda' is also based on the convoluted tracheal tube phenotype of mutant embryos (PubMed:25982676).
Belongs to the major royal jelly protein family.
Expressed at all stages with highest levels in late-stage pupae and adults.
Tautomerization of L-dopachrome with decarboxylation to give 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI). Also catalyzes the tautomerization of the methyl ester of L-dopachrome and dopamine chrome. May play a role in melanization reactions during late pupal and adult stages.
Acetyltransferase required for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion and couple the processes of cohesion and DNA replication to ensure that only sister chromatids become paired together. In contrast to the structural cohesins, the deposition and establishment factors are required only during S phase.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ECO subfamily.
Flies display disrupt centromeric sister chromatid cohesion very early in division. This failure of sister chromatid cohesion does not require separase and is correlated with a failure of the cohesin component Scc1 to accumulate in centromeric regions.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Directs the termination of nascent peptide synthesis (translation) in response to the termination codons UAA, UAG and UGA.
Heterodimer of two subunits, one of which binds GTP.
RS domain directs localization of proteins to the speckled subnuclear compartment and the purpose of this localization is to allow colocalization and co-concentration of components of the splicing and splicing regulatory machinery to permit relatively high rates and/or efficiencies of reaction and interaction.
Regulator of pre-mRNA splicing (and, possibly, of other RNA processing events). Regulates its own expression at the level of RNA processing.
Three mRNAs are produced during development. The smallest of these (3.5 kb RNA) is the majority species during precellular blastoderm development after which its levels drop rapidly, but persists as a minority species throughout the rest of the life of the organism. The larger two transcripts (4.4 and 5.2 kb RNAs) first appear around cellular blastoderm and levels increase substantially during next few hours and are the preponderant RNA species throughout the remainder of the life of the organism.
Expressed in most, if not all, ectodermal tissues which produce a cuticle.
The extracellular domain is sufficent for conferring apical characteristics on the salivary gland membrane.
Vital for larval development (PubMed:1339334). During salivary tube elongation, possibly modulates cellular adhesion between the apical surface and apical extracellular matrix, and acts as an apical membrane determinant that functions in apical membrane expansion independently of crb and Cad99C (PubMed:24718992).
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup133 family.
Forms part of the Nup107-Nup160 subcomplex in the nuclear pore.
Probable component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (Probable). Plays a role in NPC assembly and/or maintenance (PubMed:20547758).
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. NagA family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA).
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Detected in all tissues with neurogenic abilities, for example the neurogenic ectoderm.
Essential for proper differentiation of ectoderm. Acts synergistically with neurogenic locus proteins Notch and Delta during the separation of neural and epidermal cell lineages in response to the lateral inhibition signal. Voltage-insensitive monovalent cation channel. Ion transport is blocked by the presence of divalent cations.
Separation of neuroblasts from the ectoderm into the inner part of embryo is one of the first steps of CNS development in insects, this process is under control of the neurogenic genes. Mutation in bib gene underlies 'big brain' development defect.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is semi-pupal lethal, with 50% of pupae dying at the late pupal stage or during eclosion (PubMed:16861233). Adults display impaired melanization at the site of septic infection (septic injury) using either Gram-negative (E.coli) or Gram-positive bacteria (M.luteus) (PubMed:16861233). No significant increase in PPO1 activity after septic injury using fungi (B.bassiana) and bacteria (PubMed:16861233). Survival and induction of antimicrobial peptides (Dpt and Drs) is not affected after bacterial or fungal infection (PubMed:16861233). Aseptic wounding has no effect on survival (PubMed:22227521).
Serine protease which plays an essential role in the melanization immune response by acting downstream of sp7 to activate prophenoloxidase (PPO1) (PubMed:16861233). May function in diverse Hayan-dependent PPO1-activating cascades that are negatively controlled by different serpin proteins; Spn27A in the hemolymph and Spn77BA in the trachea (PubMed:18854145, PubMed:16861233). Regulation of melanization and PPO1 activation appears to be largely independent of the Toll signaling pathway (PubMed:16861233).
Highly expressed in testis and ejaculatory bulb.
May play an important function during spermatogenesis and/or in the male genital tract.
Weakly expressed in embryos, larvae and adult females. Strong expression in adult males.
Although strongly related to metalloprotease proteins, it lacks the JAMM motif that probably constitutes the catalytic center. Its function as protease is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. The CSN complex plays an essential role in oogenesis and embryogenesis and is required for proper photoreceptor R cell differentiation and promote lamina glial cell migration or axon targeting. It also promotes Ubl-dependent degradation of cyclin E (CycE) during early oogenesis.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Isoform GPDH-1 is predominant in thorax and isoform GPDH-3 in abdomen.
Isoform GPDH-2 and isoform GPDH-3 are expressed in both larvae and adults. Isoform GPDH-1 is expressed only in adults.
There are two common alleles; fast and slow. The sequence of fast is shown here.
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the ATP dependent decarboxylation of (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate to form isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Functions in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway leading to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), a key precursor for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids and sterol synthesis.
Component of the super elongation complex (SEC), at least composed of Ell, Cdk9, cyclin-T (CycT), lilli and ear.
Embryos lacking maternal lilli show specific defects in the establishment of a functional cytoskeleton during cellularization, and exhibit a pair-rule segmentation phenotype. Adults lacking lilli exhibit reduction in cell and organ size and partial suppression of the increased growth associated with loss of PTEN function.
Has a role in transcriptional regulation. Acts in parallel with the Ras/MAPK and the PI3K/PKB pathways in the control of cell identity and cellular growth. Essential for regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell growth but not for cell proliferation or growth rate. Required specifically for the microtubule-based basal transport of lipid droplets. Plays a partially redundant function downstream of Raf in cell fate specification in the developing eye. Pair-rule protein that regulates embryonic cellularization, gastrulation and segmentation.
Molecular scaffold for [Fe-S] cluster assembly of mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Expressed in embryonic ectoderm. In larvae, expression is restricted to imaginal disks and brain.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis where it is first detected during gastrulation. Also expressed in larvae and adults.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic region) with Myo31DF.
Overexpression in segment H1 of the imaginal ring causes aberrant gut looping in about 40% of the cases, but no phenotype is observed when both Myo31DF and ds are overexpressed.
Phosphorylated by fj on Ser/Thr of cadherin domains.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in subdomain H1 of the imaginal ring causes loss of H2 cell orientation bias, resulting in aberrant looping of the adult hindgut.
Required for normal morphogenesis of adult structures derived from imaginal disks (PubMed:7601355, PubMed:26073018). Plays a role in planar cell polarity and in determining body left-right asymmetry. Expression in segment H1 of the imaginal ring and interaction with Myo31DF are required to induce changes of cell shape and orientation in segment H2, which then gives rise to normal, dextral looping of the adult hindgut (PubMed:26073018).
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Conjugated to URM1, a ubiquitin-like protein.
Essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
'Caupolican' is named after the Araucanian American-Indian tribe, also called mohawks, who shaved all but a medial stripe of hairs on the head.
Belongs to the TALE/IRO homeobox family.
Controls proneural and vein forming genes. Positive transcriptional controller of ac-sc (achaete-scute). May act as an activator that interacts with the transcriptional complex assembled on the ac and sc promoters and participates in transcription initiation.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Larvae are able to survive on maternal contribution until the third larval stage but they fail to initiate the rapid growth phase and die.
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome (By similarity). Essential during development as it acts as a retrograde signal from mitochondria to the nucleus to slow down cell proliferation if mitochondrial energy output is low.
A cysteine residue is required for ubiquitin-thioester formation.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrate (PubMed:32339205). Required for regulation of cell proliferation in imaginal disks and germ cells. Acts as a negative regulator of hh, ci and dpp expression in the anterior of the eye disk (PubMed:12421709, PubMed:7958417). Catalyzes 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of akirin, thereby activating the immune deficiency pathway (Imd) (PubMed:32339205).
Ectopic expression of hh and dpp, resulting in non autonomous overgrowth of the disc and premature photoreceptor differentiation that propagates into the surrounding tissue.
Expressed at all stages of development, with high levels at the embryonic and pupal stages (at protein level).
Expressed in the larval body and salivary glands.
Interacts with RpS3; the interaction is RNA-independent. Associates with free 40S ribosome subunits.
Lethal at the second larval stage because of defects in pre-rRNA processing. RNAi-mediated knockdown in fat body cells results in accumulation of RpS2 and the pre-40S ribosome in the nucleus and overall decreased cell and nucleus size. RNAi-mediated knockdown in wing imaginal disk results in caspase-dependent cell-death.
Necessary for the biogenesis of 40S ribosome subunits by regulating pre-rRNA processing. Non-ribosomal factor required for efficient nuclear export of the ribosomal 40S subunit. Necessary for endoreplication driven by Myc.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family.
Expression is high in early embryos, reduced in late embryonic and larval stages, up-regulated at the early prepupal stage and then reduced until the adult stage where it is again up-regulated.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with EcR.
Methylates (mono- and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in proteins. May methylate histone H3 at 'Arg-17' and activate transcription via chromatin remodeling. Coordinates ecdysone-mediated expression of cell death genes.
Present ubiquitously (at protein level). Expressed in the imaginal disks and in larval brains, and to a much lesser degree in the polytene larval tissue such as salivary glands.
The dimethylated protein is the major form.
Expressed at high levels in adult ovary.
Expressed maternally and zygotically (PubMed:1968224). Expressed at high levels in embryos at 0-2 and 8-12 h of development (PubMed:17087725, PubMed:1968224). Moderate levels detected at later stages of embryogenesis, in unfertilized eggs and adult females, and relatively low levels of expression were detected in larvae and adult males (PubMed:17087725).
Homotrimer (PubMed:17087725). Forms a complex with activator 1 heteropentamer in the presence of ATP (By similarity). Interacts with E2f (PubMed:19081076). Interacts with the catalytic subunits of two DNA polymerase complexes: PolD1 from the delta complex and PolE1/DNApol-epsilon255 from the epsilon complex (PubMed:17087725).
Likely to be an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta complex and is probably involved in the control of DNA replication and repair by increasing the polymerase's processibility.
Mutant flies show temperature-sensitive lethality, hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents such as ionizing radiation and methyl methanesulfonate, suppression of position-effect variegation and female sterility.
GlcNAcylation at Ser-110 promotes monoubiquitination of Lys-118. It fluctuates in response to extracellular glucose, and associates with transcribed genes (Probable).
Methylation at Pro-2 increases upon heat shock.
Monoubiquitination of Lys-118 by Bre1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation.
Was reported to be phosphorylated at Ser-34. However, the paper was retracted because some data, results and conclusions in the paper are not reliable.
Defective larval tissue histolysis and epithelial fusion during metamorphosis (PubMed:12530966). Impaired fasciculation of ISNb nerves (PubMed:18045838).
Expressed in embryos beginning at 8-12 hours, in first instar larvae, in pupae and in male and female adults with highest expression in early pupae (PubMed:11967260, PubMed:12530966). In epithelial cells, weakly expressed at late pupal stages with significantly elevated expression at the early adult stage of 0-4 hours after eclosion and levels returning to normal by 3 days after eclosion (PubMed:20412776).
Has metalloproteinase activity (PubMed:11967260). Required for larval tissue histolysis during metamorphosis and is involved in pupal head eversion and fusion of the wing imaginal tissue (PubMed:12530966). Required for growth of the dorsal air sac primordium and development of the dorsal air sacs (PubMed:19751719). Promotes embryonic motor axon fasciculation (PubMed:18045838). Cleaves and activates frac to promote motor axon bundling during outgrowth (PubMed:21471368). Promotes the reshaping of adult sensory neuron dendrites from a radial to lattice-like shape which occurs after eclosion by degrading the basement membrane on which the dendrites grow (PubMed:20412776). Involved in inhibition of follicle stem cell proliferation by cleaving Dlp, inhibiting its interaction with wg and preventing Dlp-mediated spreading of wg to follicle stem cells to enhance their proliferation (PubMed:25267296). Plays a role in wound healing (PubMed:22262460). Involved in fat body dissociation which occurs during metamorphosis by degrading basement membrane components, leading to destruction of cell-basement membrane junctions (PubMed:25520167). Required for posterior follicle cell degradation and ovulation (PubMed:25695427).
Widely expressed during embryogenesis including in the mesoderm, developing gut, central and peripheral nervous systems and imaginal disks (PubMed:12530966). In the embryonic nervous system, expressed in neurons and glia (PubMed:18045838). In third instar larvae, strongly expressed in the morphogenetic furrow of eye imaginal disks and in the optic lobe region of the brain (PubMed:11967260). Expressed in posterior follicle cells in all mature stage 14 follicles but not in earlier follicles and is also expressed in some anterior follicle cells that help form dorsal eggshell structures (PubMed:25695427).
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Acetylcholine receptor (TC 1.A.9.1) subfamily.
Late embryonic, late pupal and second instar larvae stages.
Belongs to the Golgi pH regulator (TC 1.A.38) family.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily.
Expressed in several embryonic tissues; dorsal vessel, oenocyte and fat body. CNS expression is dynamic and confined to temporally restricted subsections of the NB lineage; expressed in many NB and GMCs, but only a small number of neurons.
Receptor that is required in photoreceptors R1, R3, R4 and R6 during eye development; generation of the ganglion mother cell-2 (GMC-2) fate in the nb7-3 lineage, coinciding with the transition in the expression of HB to KR in the neuroblasts (NBs).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Activity abolished by tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium vanadate. Activated by rl.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Homozygous embryonic lethal, while hypomorphic alleles (reduction in gene dosage) lead to extra photoreceptor cells in the eye, ectopic veins in wings and severe defects in oogenesis in females. Females with the germ line mutation lay only a small number of eggs. The laid eggs are abnormal, approximately 77% of the laid eggs are shorter and some display severe defects in chorion formation. These embryos could not escape the embryonic stage and progress beyond the two-nuclei stage. Null mutants are viable and fertile exhibiting a mild, but significant increase in wing vein material. They are slightly rough eyed. Null mutation affects the R3 and R4 photoreceptors with a low penetrance resulting in either the loss of one cell of the R3/R4 pair or in the misdifferentiation of these photoreceptors. R3 and R4 are often symmetrically arranged in the eye in opposite to the asymmetrical positions they adopt in wild-type ommatidium. Ommatidia of the null mutants often contain a mystery cell having differentiated as a photoreceptor. Null mutants also exhibit mild delay in tracheal branching. Delay in 12% dorsal branches (DBs) compared with 0.3% in wild-type between metameres 4 to 8 that have reached the dorsal midline at stage 14-15. Null mutants have defects in cell intercalation.
Interacts (via N-terminal region) with phosphorylated rl.
Low expression in the various developmental stages, although relatively high levels detected in 8 to 12 hour embryos, as well as in pupae and adults, particularly in the head region. Expressed in third-instar eye imaginal disks posterior to the morphogenetic furrow where photoreceptor differentiation occurs. Preferentially detected in wing imaginal disks in two stripes of cells interrupted at the dorsoventral boundary, which correspond to the developing veins L3 and L4. In pupal wings the maximal levels of expression are present in all longitudinal veins, with low levels detected in most intervein cells. Uniformly distributed in the syncytial blastoderm (stage 4). At early stage 5, accumulates at the embryonic poles and is absent from the central region. This pattern evolves very rapidly with the formation of a third central domain of expression from 85% to 40% egg length. In older embryos, the main places where high levels accumulate correspond to the invaginating mesoderm, the tracheal pits at stage 11, the visceral mesoderm at stage 13, the heart, the midline and the apodema. Expression in tracheal branches at later stages.
Negatively regulates the activity of members of the MAP kinase family in response to changes in the cellular environment. Has a specificity for the ERK family. Acts as negative regulator in a variety of developmental processes including cell differentiation and proliferation controlled by the Ras/ERK pathway. Suppresses the photoreceptor cell differentiation and wing vein formation. Required for proper oogenesis and early embryogenesis. Functions autonomously in a subset of photoreceptor progenitor cells in eye imaginal disks. Appears also to be required in surrounding non-neuronal cells for ommatidial patterning and photoreceptor differentiation. Plays a role in the maintenance of epithelial integrity during tracheal development.
Ubiquitous expression in eye and wing imaginal disks. Enriched in ovary.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family. GB1 subfamily.
Expression levels are high during embryonic development. Expressed within neuropil regions of the brain and ventral nerve cord in larval CNS and larval body-wall muscles (at protein level).
GTPase tethering membranes through formation of trans-homooligomers and mediating homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum tubular network biogenesis. May also regulate microtubule polymerization and Golgi biogenesis. Required for dopaminergic neurons survival and the growth of muscles and synapses at neuromuscular junctions.
Homooligomer; trans-homooligomer between proteins on adjacent membranes. Interacts with spas; interaction may regulate microtubule dynamics.
The gene is essential with only a few escapers. Flies display a short life span and are sensitive to mechanical shocks. Following bumping they undergo muscle spasm, followed by paralysis, delayed spasm and finally recovery. The sensitivity to shocks increases with age.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Defects in fatty acid oxidation results in a significant increase in the medium-chain acylcarnitines C6, C8, and C10, which is further elevated under starvation conditions.
Medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase that catalyzes the first step of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, an aerobic process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA and allows the production of energy from fats (PubMed:29563254). The first step of fatty acid beta-oxidation consists in the removal of one hydrogen from C-2 and C-3 of the straight-chain fatty acyl-CoA thioester, resulting in the formation of trans-2-enoyl-CoA (By similarity). Electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) is the electron acceptor that transfers electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase) (By similarity). May contribute to Pink1-mediated regulation of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, through a mechanism that is independent of its acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity (PubMed:29563254).
Phosphorylated (PubMed:29563254). Phosphorylation at Ser-347 by Pink1, may contribute to regulating levels of acylcarnitines and amino acids such as C3 acylcarnitine, beta alanine, arginine, lysine, and argininosuccininc acid, but does not appear to be required for function as a acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (PubMed:29563254).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr10a subfamily.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ.
Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates.
Probable gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates.
Monoubiquitination of Lys-119 by sce/dRING gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
Phosphorylation on Ser-2 is enhanced during mitosis. Phosphorylation on Ser-2 directly represses transcription (By similarity).
The chromatin-associated form, but not the free cytoplasmic form, is phosphorylated on Thr-120 by NHK-1 during mitosis, and dephosphorylated during S-phase. Also phosphorylated on Thr-120 by NHK-1 during prophase I of meiosis; which is required for acetylation of H3 'Lys-14' and H4 'Lys-5', diassembly of the synaptonemal complex, and karyosome formation.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family. Or2a subfamily.
Expressed in 10-40 sensory cells in the third antenna segment and in the maxillary palp.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability.
Catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration. This is a prerequisite for the S-specific NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase to allow the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX.
Belongs to the tenascin family. Teneurin subfamily.
Expressed in muscles and motor neurons (at protein level).
Expressed in the central nervous system and heart. Expressed in the developing antennal lobe. Expressed in subset of matching olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) and projection neurons (PN) in select glomeruli between 12 to 48 hours after puparium formation (apf) (at protein level). Expressed in odd-numbered blastoderm parasegments, the central nervous system, muscle attachment points and tracheal precursor cells. Expressed in the ventral nerve cord, the cardiac mesoderm and epidermis at late embryonic stages. Expressed in all imaginal disks.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with Ten-a. Interacts with Ten-a; the interaction occurs at the neuromuscular junction. Interacts with alpha-Spec and cher.
Involved in neural development, regulating the establishment of proper connectivity within the nervous system. Acts as a homophilic and heterophilic synaptic cell adhesion molecule that drives synapse assembly. Promotes bi-directional trans-synaptic signaling with Ten-a to organize neuromuscular synapses. Functions in olfactory synaptic partner matching by promoting homophilic cell adhesion between pre-synaptic olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) axons and post-synaptic projection neurons (PN) dendrites partner in the developing antennal lobe to form stable connections. Also required for peripheral axon growth cone guidance and target recognition of motor neurons.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation occurs at tyrosine residues.
Shows peripheral motor neuron axon guidance defects.
The name odz (odd Oz) reflects the odd pair rule nature of the gene and Oz reflects the prominent expression of the gene in the brain, heart and neurons, corresponding to the three gifts that the Wizard of Oz bestowed.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Localized primarily to the photoreceptors, in the eye.
Required in photoreceptor transmitter synthesis (PubMed:8096176). Catlayzes the conversion of L-histidine to histamine (Probable).
Component of the signal peptidase complex.
Its strong elasticity suggests that it may be used for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Recombinant protein can be cast into a rubber-like biomaterial by rapid photochemical cross-linking. The resilience (recovery after deformation) of cross-linked recombinant resilin exceeds that of unfilled synthetic polybutadiene, a high resilience rubber.
Plays a central role in insect flight by providing low stiffness, high strain and efficient energy storage.
Has a particular type of basic domain (presence of a helix-interrupting proline) that binds to the N-box (CACNAG), rather than the canonical E-box (CANNTG).
The C-terminal WRPW motif is a transcriptional repression domain necessary for the interaction with Groucho, a transcriptional corepressor recruited to specific target DNA by Hairy-related proteins.
The RNA is supplied maternally, and later on, expression is ubiquitous during all stages of embryonic development.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein (Groucho).
Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription. May serve as a transcriptional regulator of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C) genes. Belongs to notch signaling pathway and depends on Su(H) for transcriptional activation.
Activity towards pre-miRNAs is not inhibited by inorganic phosphate.
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Component of the miRNA-directed RISC loading complex (miRLC), composed of at least Dcr-1, AGO1 and loqs, which processes pre-miRNAs and loads the resulting miRNAs into the Argonaute 1 (AGO1)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) (PubMed:19451544, PubMed:15918769). Interacts (via helicase domain) with dicing cofactor loqs isoform-PB (loqs-PB) (via DRBM 3 domain); this interaction enhances processing of pre-miRNAs by increasing substrate binding affinity of the dicer (PubMed:17666393, PubMed:36182693, PubMed:15985611, PubMed:19635780). Also able to interact with loqs isoforms PA and PC, however the relevance of such interactions are unclear in vivo (PubMed:17666393, PubMed:19635780). Different regions of the Dcr-1-loqs-PB heterodimer collaborate to recognize, bind and position the pre-miRNA for Dcr-1 mediated cleavage (PubMed:36182693). In the absence of authentic miRNA substrates, the heterodimer favors a closed, catalytically incompetent, conformation, whereas binding of authentic pre-miRNA substrates stabilizes the relatively rare open, catalytically competent, conformation of the heterodimer (PubMed:36182693). During substrate recognition, the Dcr-1 PAZ domain and pre-miRNA interact with the DRBM 1 domain of loqs-PB, which likely contributes to substrate recognition and stabilization (PubMed:36182693). At the miRNA binding stage, the Dcr-1 DRBM domain and loqs-PB DRBM domains then bind the pre-miRNA in tandem to form a tight 'belt' around the pre-miRNA stem, the pre-miRNA loop is docked in the loop-binding region formed by DUF283, DRBM and part of the N terminus of Dcr-1, and the loqs-PB DRBM 1 and the wing domain of Dcr-1 act together to bind the 5' and 3' pre-miRNA termini within the PAZ and platform domains of Dcr-1 (PubMed:36182693). These interactions between the proteins and their pre-miRNA substrate stabilize a distorted form of the pre-miRNA and position the scissile phosphodiester bonds of the pre-miRNA at the RNase III catalytic cleavage sites of Dcr-1 (PubMed:36182693). Following Dcr-1 mediated cleavage, the miRNA duplex remains bound to loqs-PB DRBM 1, which dissociates from the Dcr-1 RNase III 1 domain but remains in contact with the PAZ and wing domains, suggesting that the heterodimer presents the mature miRNA to Ago2 for loading into the RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) (PubMed:36182693). Interacts with AGO2 and Fmr1 to form a RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC), a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex involved in translation regulation; other components of the complex are RpL5, RpL11, AGO2 and Rm62 (PubMed:11498593, PubMed:12368261). Interacts with piwi and vas; these interactions occur in the polar granules (PubMed:16949822).
Endoribonuclease which functions in microRNA- (miRNA) gene silencing and, independently of its ribonuclease III activity, also acts in the short interfering RNA- (siRNA) gene silencing pathway (PubMed:11201747, PubMed:11498593, PubMed:15066283, PubMed:15985611, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:17666393, PubMed:17928574, PubMed:19451544, PubMed:15918769, PubMed:21926993, PubMed:21419681, PubMed:36182693, PubMed:19635780). Cleaves hairpin precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNA) to generate mature miRNAs (miRNAs) that are between twenty-one to twenty-four nucleotides in length and function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:15985611, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:17666393, PubMed:17928574, PubMed:19451544, PubMed:21419681, PubMed:15918769, PubMed:21926993, PubMed:36182693, PubMed:19635780, PubMed:23063653). Also functions in miRNA loading and assembly of the Argonaute 1 (AGO1)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), with the miRNAs serving as a guide to direct the miRISC to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:19451544, PubMed:17928574). Independently of its catalytic activity, functions in the siRNA silencing pathway by promoting assembly of the siRNA-directed Argonaute 2 (AGO2)-containing RISC (siRISC) (PubMed:15066283). Required for the proper formation of a stable intermediate (R2) in siRISC assembly, which is formed from the R1 precursor complex (containing Dcr-2, R2D2 and the siRNA) and is used for assembly of the mature (R3) siRISC complex (PubMed:15066283). It is not required for siRNA biogenesis (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:21419681). During embryogenesis, involved in germline fate determination (PubMed:16949822).
RNase III 1 domain is necessary for cleaving the 3' (bottom) strand of pre-miRNA hairpins (pri-let-7) (PubMed:17666393, PubMed:36182693). Together with the RNase III 2 domain forms a cleavage processing center with the RNase III 1 and RNase III 2 domains cutting the 3' (bottom) and 5' (top) strand respectively, excising the miRNA from the pre-miRNA pri-let-7 and creating the characteristic two-nucleotide 3' overhang terminus (PubMed:17666393, PubMed:36182693).
RNase III 2 domain is necessary for cleaving the 5' (top) strand of pre-miRNA hairpins (pri-let-7) (PubMed:17666393, PubMed:36182693). Together with the RNase III 1 domain forms a cleavage processing center with the RNase III 1 and RNase III 2 domains cutting the 3' (bottom) and 5' (top) strand respectively, excising the miRNA from the pre-miRNA pri-let-7 and creating the characteristic two-nucleotide 3' overhang terminus (PubMed:17666393, PubMed:36182693).
The PAZ domain is important for substrate discrimination as it recognizes and binds the characteristic two-nucleotide, 3' overhanging (3'ovr) termini of pre-miRNA substrates prior to cleavage (PubMed:36182693). The PAZ and platform domains form a binding pocket that binds the 5' terminal nucleotide of the pre-miRNA (PubMed:36182693).
The helicase domain is essential for substrate discrimination (PubMed:21926993). Probably identifies authentic miRNA substrates, by binding to the miRNA characteristic single-stranded terminal loop, checking the loop size, and measuring the distance between the terminal loop and the 3' overhanging (3'ovr) termini which is bound by the PAZ domain (PubMed:21926993).
Within the closed conformation of the Dcr-1-loqs-PB heterodimer, the DRBM domain blocks access of pre-miRNA substrates to the RNase III active sites.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which plays a key role in de novo assembly and insertion of NPC in the nuclear envelope.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
'Oysgedart' is a Yiddish word meaning skinny, chosen because of this protein's role in phospholipid synthesis.
Acyltransferase with broad-specificity, that mediates the acylation of lysophospholipids to produce phospholipids (glycerophospholipids). Converts lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) to phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or PS) (LPSAT activity), lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) to phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity), also lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphochethanolamine or LPE) to phosphatidylchethanolamine (LPEAT activity) and lysophosphatidylglycerol (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) or LPG) to phosphatidylglycerol (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) or PG) (LPGAT activity). Has a preference for unsaturated fatty acids of at least 16 carbons such as oleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA) and palmitoleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA). Glycerophospholipids are important structural and functional components of cellular membrane, acyl-chain remodeling regulates the molecular species distribution of glycerophospholipids which can affect membrane fluidity and curvature. Essential for fertility and viability together with Nessy protein (Nes).
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family.
Interacts with Arl8 (in GTP-bound form).
May have a role in lysosome distribution by interacting with Arl8.
Thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. It is capable of binding to actin, calmodulin and tropomyosin. The interaction of calponin with actin inhibits the actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Heavy Metal importer (TC 3.A.1.210) subfamily.
At stage 8, when the formation of the midline precursor cells depends on Notch signaling, high level of expression is seen in the midline precursor cells and a lower level in the surrounding epidermal cells. Between stages 11 and 14, expression is uniform throughout the epidermis, and at stage 16, high level of expression is restricted to the central nervous system. Expressed in the larval leg, wing and eye imaginal disks. Expression is over the wing disk and accumulates within the pleural region.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. First detected at the syncytial blastoderm stage.
Interacts with vg for function in the wing disk. Interacts with Su(H) for function in the eye disk.
Loss of wingless, vestigial, cut, and E(spl)-m8 expression at the dorsal/ventral (D/V) boundary of the wing disk causing improper boundary specification. This causes defective wing pouch development and consequent thickening of wing veins.
Notch pathway component, may contribute to the specificity between lateral and inductive Notch signaling pathways in the wing disk. Required during many developmental stages including oogenesis, embryogenesis and imaginal development of the eye, wing and leg. Ebi and sno regulate EGFR-dependent Delta transcription in the developing eye, by antagonizing a repressor function of Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)). They are required in the R-cells for normal cone cell development.
Required for normal axon patterning during neurogenesis.
General regulator of phagocytosis. Required to uptake Gram negative bacterium by macrophages.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP] family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. PHOSPHO family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. Fos subfamily.
Developmentally regulated transcription factor AP-1 binds and recognizes the enhancer DNA sequence: 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3'. May play a role in the function or determination of a particular subset of cells in the developing embryo. It is able to carry out its function either independently of or in conjunction with Jra.
Early expression in the embryo is mesodermal and some of this expression is localized to a region surrounding the cephalic furrow. Later in embryonic development expression is ectodermal, corresponding to muscle attachment sites. Also observed in part of the mid- and hindgut and in the anal pad.
Homodimer. Heterodimer with Jra. The kay-Jra heterodimer binds more stably to the AP-1 site than either of the two proteins alone.
Isoform A and isoform B are expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotically expressed throughout embryogenesis, until second larval instar. Isoform A is more highly expressed than isoform B.
Isoform D and isoform sro are expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is present throughout embryogenesis, fading by second larval instar. Isoform D has higher expression level than isoform sro.
Loss of isoform A causes embryonic lethality.
Loss of isoform D causes embryonic lethality.
Mammals typically have four copies of fos, Drosophila has a single gene with multiple transcription start sites giving rise to multiple protein isoforms.
May perform a regulatory function, acting as a dominant negative regulator of isoform alpha.
Cyc mutants don't display PER and TIM cycling, and are completely arrhythmic.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Forms a heterodimer with Clock in order to activate PER and TIM transcription.
Putative transcription factor involved in the generation of biological rhythms. Activates cycling transcription of Period (PER) and Timeless (TIM) by binding to the E-box (5'-CACGTG-3') present in their promoters.
Involved in transvection phenomena (= synapsis-dependent gene expression), where the synaptic pairing of chromosomes carrying genes with which zeste interacts influences the expression of these genes. Zeste binds to DNA and stimulates transcription from a nearby promoter.
Self-associates forming complexes of several hundred monomers.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor (By similarity).
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family. MtnA subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P).
Bari1 transposable element insertion in the 3' end of the gene leads to ten-fold more abundant expression than in flies lacking the insert.
Expression in third-instar larvae is detected in the midgut and Malpighian tubules of both lufenuron-resistant and wild-type strains, higher expression level is seen in lufenuron-resistant strains.
Has a role in resistance to insecticide lufenuron, but no other insecticides.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
Isoform B is expressed almost exclusively in adult heads.
Isoform B is required for eye pigment production, Isoform C may be required for normal embryonic development and segment pattern formation.
Isoform C is expressed in embryos, larvae and adults.
Toroid-shaped homodecamer, composed of two pentamers of five dimers.
Synthesized in the fat body and ovarian follicle cells and accumulate in the oocyte.
Tyrosine sulfation occurs in the female only and plays an essential functional role.
Inner and outer segments, and the inner plexiform regions of the retina.
Probably plays an important role in the photoreceptor transduction.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
Belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family.
Maternally transcribed. During neurogenesis, expression is reactivated in neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells, and disappears as neurons differentiate.
Belongs to the invertebrate defensin family. Type 1 subfamily.
By bacterial infection (at protein level).
Responsible for the anti Gram-positive activity of immune hemolymph. Expressed in the absence of immune challenge during metamorphosis.
Acts via the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Required for repression of transposons and neighboring genes in ovarian somatic and germline cells.
Mutant females are viable but sterile (PubMed:23913922). They have small and severely deformed ovaries (PubMed:23913921, PubMed:23913922). Soma- and germline-specific transposable elements are severely derepressed in the ovary (PubMed:23913922). Ovaries lack a follicle cell layer and show misexpression of orb (PubMed:23913921).
The zinc fingers are required for transcriptional silencing activity.
Appears to function in brain development.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Bicoid subfamily.
Expressed in the procephalic region and in the clypeolabrum from stage 8 on and later in the brain and the central nervous system.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB8 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Flies lacking tty are viable and fertile. Was named 'tweety' after the cartoon character that cannot fly. Indeed, a mutant involving a genomic region that contain tty leads to flies that cannot fly.
Non-essential protein that probably acts as a chloride channel.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Expressed in the phototransducing compartment of photoreceptor cells, the rhabdomeres (at protein level).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Required for photoreceptor cell function. The ninaC proteins combines putative serine/threonine-protein kinase and myosin activities (PubMed:2449973). Essential for the expression and stability of the rtp protein in the photoreceptors (PubMed:20107052). The rtp/ninaC complex is required for stability of inad and inac and the normal termination of phototransduction in the retina (PubMed:20739554).
Component of the nuclear pore complex that has a direct role in nuclear protein import (By similarity). Actively displaces NLSs from importin-alpha, and facilitates disassembly of the importin-alpha:beta-cargo complex and importin recycling (By similarity). Binds to transcriptionally active chromatin sites when located in the nucleoplasm and is involved in transcriptional activation (PubMed:20144760).
Contains FG repeats. FG repeats are interaction sites for karyopherins (importins, exportins) and form probably an affinity gradient, guiding the transport proteins unidirectionally with their cargo through the NPC. FG repeat regions are highly flexible and lack ordered secondary structure. The overall conservation of FG repeats regarding exact sequence, spacing, and repeat unit length is limited.
Detected in sensory neurons which have a ciliary structure such as the chordotonal neurons, Orco-expressing olfactory receptor neurons, labellar gustatory receptor neurons and in the femoral chordotonal organ (at protein level) (PubMed:24068974, PubMed:26723017). In the chordotonal neurons of the Johnston's organ expressed in the proximal to distal cilia, with lower levels of expression in the distal portion (at protein level) (PubMed:24068974). Also detected in the salivary glands and antenna (at protein level) (PubMed:24068974). Expressed in photoreceptor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:23228091). At stage 9 expression is detected in a subset of neuroblasts (PubMed:12204260). By stage 12 expression is found in both the CNS and PNS (PubMed:12204260). In late-stage embryos, expression persists in the CNS and PNS with more abundant expression in the antennal-maxillary sensory neurons and in bilateral groups of cells in the brain (PubMed:12204260).
Functions in regulating protein trafficking, retinal maintenance and lipid storage (PubMed:23228091, PubMed:23355467, PubMed:24068974, PubMed:26723017). Protects photoreceptor cells R1 to R6 against light-induced retinal degeneration by stimulating norpA-mediated endocytosis of the rhodopsin ninaE (Rh1) (PubMed:23228091). In the auditory receptor neurons, functions as a cilia trafficking regulator of various transient receptor potential (TRP) channel components including iav and nompC (PubMed:24068974, PubMed:26723017). Likely to deliver pre-ciliary vesicles containing membrane proteins such as iav and nompC to the intraflagellar transport complex (IFT) at the cilia base (PubMed:24068974, PubMed:26723017). Plays a role in the inhibition of fat storage (PubMed:23355467).
Most abundant at 2-8 hours of embryonic development.
The C-terminus is important for mediating light-induced rhodopsin endocytosis.
Viable and fertile however flies display a decreased climbing index and extracellular sound-evoked potentials are completely abolished (PubMed:24068974). This hearing defect is likely due to the abnormal localization of the two transient receptor potential channels iav and nompC, as well as eys within the cilia (PubMed:24068974). There is no localization of iav to the proximal cilia, and nompc which is typically found in the distal cilia, is localized to the proximal cilia (PubMed:24068974). Also eys displays a much broader expression pattern (PubMed:24068974). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body of larvae fed a high sugar diet, results in an increase in body weight, an increase in triglyceride accumulation and a decrease in hemolymph glucose levels (PubMed:23355467).
Not known. Encoded in the intron of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory chain type I.
Neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity.
Belongs to the activator 1 large subunit family.
The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activator 1. This subunit binds to the primer-template junction (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown shows aberrant neuromuscular junctions in the larval muscle and abnormal wings, locomotive defects and a shortened lifespan in the adult. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the nervous system results also in aberrant neuromuscular junctions characterized by reduced number of type Ib boutons and increased bouton size in the larval muscle.
Ubiquitin-like modifier which can be covalently attached via an isopeptide bond to substrate proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer (By similarity). The so-called ufmylation, requires the UFM1-activating E1 enzyme Uba5, the UFM1-conjugating E2 enzyme Ufc1, and the UFM1-ligase E3 enzyme Ufl1 (By similarity). This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins may play a crucial role in a number of cellular processes (By similarity). The Ufm1 cascade might play a role in the development of the neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:26872069).
Expressed throughout development, from embryo to adult stage, in different tissues such as larval motor neurons, salivary glands, testis and ovaries (at protein level).
Interacts with tubulin (PubMed:15331635). Interacts (in GTP-bound form) with Rilpl (PubMed:30115618). Interacts with unc-104 (PubMed:30174114).
Lethal from late larval stages (PubMed:29940804, PubMed:30115618). In garland cells, results in defective late endosome-lysosome fusion and inability to form a rapidly exchanging terminal lysosomal network (PubMed:29940804). In motor neurons, results in defective anterograde axonal long-range transport of lysosome-related vesicles which leads to defective protein localization to presynaptic active zone and synaptic vesicles (PubMed:30174114, PubMed:30115618, PubMed:33822845). Fully mature presynaptic vesicles containing synaptic vesicle proteins (e.g. VGlut) and presynaptic active zone proteins (e.g. brp/Bruchpilot) accumulate in the soma of motor neurons (PubMed:33822845). This results into a reduction of number of boutons per synapses which limits neurotransmitter release and leads to posterior paralysis (PubMed:30174114, PubMed:30115618). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larval presynaptic motor neurons results in defective presynaptic biogenesis (PubMed:30174114).
Required for normal functioning of the late endocytic pathway including lysosome motility and late endosome-lysosome fusion (PubMed:16537643, PubMed:29940804, PubMed:30115618). Not required for the delivery of lysosomal membrane protein-containing vesicles to late endosomes (PubMed:29940804). In larval motor neurons, mediates the anterograde axonal long-range transport of presynaptic lysosome-related vesicles required for presynaptic biogenesis and synaptic function (PubMed:30174114, PubMed:30115618). Acts downstream of Rab2 during presynaptic precursor vesicle biogenesis (PubMed:33822845). Essential role in chromosome segregation (PubMed:15331635).
'Noisette' means 'hazel nut' in French, and is due to the small size of testes in mutants.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis from syncytial blastoderm stage.
Probable component of a the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins complex (U2 snRNP).
Probable subunit of a splicing factor complex required for 'A' complex assembly formed by the stable binding of U2 snRNP to the branchpoint sequence (BPS) in pre-mRNA (By similarity). Involved in male fertility.
Ubiquitous. In ovaries and testes, it is expressed in all germ and somatic cells. Highly expressed in spermatogonias and spermatocytes. Highly expressed in the germ cells of larval testes, while it is weakly expressed in fat body cells, in polyploid nuclei of salivary glands, and in larval brain.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Heterodimer of a large and a small subunit.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Under complex allosteric control mediated by deoxynucleoside triphosphates and ATP binding to separate specificity and activation sites on the M1 subunit. The type of nucleotide bound at the specificity site determines substrate preference. It seems probable that ATP makes the enzyme reduce CDP and UDP, dGTP favors ADP reduction and dTTP favors GDP reduction. Stimulated by ATP and inhibited by dATP binding to the activity site (By similarity).
Acts as an adapter to assemble/stabilize a Toll/wek/Myd88/tube complex; required for efficient recruitment of Myd88 to Toll. Dispensable for innate immune response; plays a minimal role, if any, in the immune defense against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Involved in dorsoventral axis determination.
Homodimer. Interacts with Myd88 and Toll.
May be involved in the metabolism of insect hormones and in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
Mitotic defects including failure in cytokinesis.
Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains.
Phosphorylation plays a central role in myosin regulation.
Required for cytokinesis, could regulate contractile ring function.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits. The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Transcription factor required for gene expression specific to photoreceptor cells.
Expressed in one to two pairs of neurons in each of the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of the larval CNS. Coexpressed with CCAP in most CCAP-specific neurons. Coexpressed with Pburs in four bilateral neurons in thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of the ventral nervous system.
Expression is low in larval stages and increases before ecdysis; consistent with role in postecdysial cuticle changes.
Final heterodimeric neurohormone released at the end of the molting cycle, involved in the sclerotization (tanning) of the insect cuticle, melanization and wing spreading. Heterodimer specifically activates the G protein-coupled receptor rk.
Essential transcription regulator during early development. Coactivates transcription of some euchromatin genes and repress transcription in of euchromatin genes translocated to heterochromatin.
Expressed throughout all stages of development. Expressed at higher level in adult females.
The PHD fingers mediate the transcription repression in heterochromatin.
The SAY domain is essential for fly viability and transcription activation.
Widely expressed. Highly expressed in ovary. Expressed in nursing cells and growing oocytes at all stages of development and accumulates in mature oocytes. Expressed in the nuclei of syncytium blastoderm of early embryos and in the nuclei of different tissues of late embryos, larvae, and adults.
Cleaved into an alpha and beta chain by autocatalysis; this activates the enzyme. The N-terminal residue of the beta subunit is responsible for the nucleophile hydrolase activity (By similarity).
Cleaves the GlcNAc-Asn bond which joins oligosaccharides to the peptide of asparagine-linked glycoproteins.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains arranged as a dimer of alpha/beta heterodimers.
Belongs to the palmitoyl-protein thioesterase family.
Low level expression is detected in embryonic development with no distinct tissue specific enrichment. Expression levels increase at third larval instar stage and continue through to adulthood.
Probable thioesterase removing fatty acyl groups from various substrates such as S-palmitoyl-CoA. Because of structural constraints, may be unable to remove palmitate from peptides or proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family.
Negatively regulates proliferation of neuronal precursor cells, thereby controlling the timing of postembryonic neurogenesis.
Synthesized in some glial cells and secreted.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 92 family.
Acyltransferase required to remodel newly synthesized phospholipid cardiolipin (1',3'-bis-[1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol or CL), a key component of the mitochondrial inner membrane, with tissue specific acyl chains necessary for adequate mitochondrial function. Its role in cellular physiology is to improve mitochondrial performance (By similarity). CL is critical for the coassembly of lipids and proteins in mitochondrial membranes(PubMed:17082194, PubMed:16855048, PubMed:19416660, PubMed:19700766, PubMed:19114128). For instance, remodeling of the acyl groups of CL in the mitochondrial inner membrane affects the assembly and stability of respiratory chain complex IV and its supercomplex forms (By similarity). Catalyzes the transacylation between phospholipids and lysophospholipids, with the highest rate being between phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) and CL (PubMed:17082194, PubMed:19416660, PubMed:22941046). Catalyzes both 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysophosphatidylcholine or LPC) reacylation and PC-CL transacylation, that means, it exchanges acyl groups between CL and PC by a combination of forward and reverse transacylations. Also catalyzes transacylations between other phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or PE) and CL, between PC and PE, and between PC and phosphatidate (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate or PA), although at lower rate (PubMed:17082194). Not regiospecific, it transfers acyl groups into any of the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of the monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), which is an important prerequisite for uniformity and symmetry in CL acyl distribution. Cannot transacylate dilysocardiolipin (DLCL), thus, the role of MLCL is limited to that of an acyl acceptor (PubMed:19416660). CoA-independent, it can reshuffle molecular species within a single phospholipid class (PubMed:17082194, PubMed:22941046). Redistributes fatty acids between MLCL, CL, and other lipids, which prolongs the half-life of CL (PubMed:31110016). Its action is completely reversible, which allows for cyclic changes, such as fission and fusion or bending and flattening of the membrane. Hence, by contributing to the flexibility of the lipid composition, it plays an important role in the dynamics of mitochondria membranes (PubMed:22941046). Essential for the final stage of spermatogenesis, spermatid individualization (PubMed:19164547). Required for the initiation of mitophagy (By similarity).
Associates with multiple protein complexes (PubMed:25598000). Association with large protein complexes occurs only in the presence of cardiolipin (PubMed:25598000).
Cardiolipin (CL) deficiency, faster turnover, abnormal CL fatty acyl composition and abnormal muscle mitochondria (PubMed:17082194, PubMed:16855048, PubMed:19700766, PubMed:19114128, PubMed:31110016). Poor motor performance of flight muscles (PubMed:16855048, PubMed:19114128, PubMed:29405656). Significantly reduced climbing speed and endurance which does not improve with endurance training in contrast to wild-type flies (PubMed:16855048, PubMed:29405656). Normal response to cardiac pacing (PubMed:29405656). Male sterility (PubMed:19164547). Male-sterile phenotype can be suppressed by genetic inactivation of iPLA2-VIA, which prevents CL depletion and monolyso-CL accumulation without correcting the abnormal CL acyl composition, suggesting that the abnormal levels of CL and/or monolyso-CL are important pathogenetic factors (PubMed:19164547).
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity.
The enzyme was named after a masochistic character Tafazzi, once popular on Italian television, apparently due to the difficulty encountered for its identification and characterization.
Enriched expression in the embryonic and larval nervous systems. Strongly expressed in two large neurons that project over all the lobes of the mushroom bodies.
Increased growth of the perineurial glial layer of the larval peripheral nerve.
Required for associative learning and memory in adults. Expression pattern suggests a modulatory role in memory formation. Controls neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways associated with the structure of the larval peripheral nerve.
Belongs to the MPDU1 (TC 2.A.43.3) family.
Expressed at all developmental stages, with the highest levels at the first larval instar.
In third-instar larval tissues,highly expressed in the fat body, with significant expression in other organs including the brain, salivary glands, imaginal disks and gut.
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase that catalyzes 3-hydroxylation of 'Pro-62' of small ribosomal subunit uS12 (RpS23), thereby regulating protein translation termination efficiency.
(Microbial infection) After infection with E.chaffeensis, results in reduced bacterial replication rate and increased survival (PubMed:22851751). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole organism, in the fat body or hemocytes results in a similar phenotype to the genetic knockout (PubMed:23306065). However, knockdown in the eye, salivary gland or wing has no effect (PubMed:23306065).
(Microbial infection) Required for optimal replication of E.chaffeensis in the immune tissues, hemocytes, and fat body.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family.
Component of an acetyltransferase complex, at least composed of san, Ard1 and Nat1.
Flies display disrupt centromeric sister chromatid cohesion very early in division (PubMed:14653991, PubMed:18801358). This failure of sister chromatid cohesion does not require separase and is correlated with a failure of the cohesin component Scc1 to accumulate in centromeric regions (PubMed:14653991). In contrast, no mitotic defects are observed in germ line cells during oogenesis (PubMed:18801358).
N-alpha-acetyltransferase that acetylates the N-terminus of proteins that retain their initiating methionine (By similarity). Has a broad substrate specificity: able to acetylate the initiator methionine of most peptides (By similarity). Also displays N-epsilon-acetyltransferase activity by mediating acetylation of the side chain of specific lysines on proteins. Autoacetylates (PubMed:14653991). Required for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion and couple the processes of cohesion and DNA replication to ensure that only sister chromatids become paired together (PubMed:14653991, PubMed:18801358, PubMed:27996020). Required for the interaction between Scc1/vtd and SMC3, possibly by mediating N-terminal acetylation of Scc1/vtd (PubMed:27996020).
Decapping enzyme for NAD-capped RNAs: specifically hydrolyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of RNAs by removing the entire NAD moiety from the 5'-end of an NAD-capped RNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some RNAs and snoRNAs. In contrast to the canonical 5'-end N7 methylguanosine (m7G) cap, the NAD cap promotes mRNA decay. Also acts as a non-canonical decapping enzyme that removes the entire cap structure of m7G capped or incompletely capped RNAs and mediates their subsequent degradation. Specifically degrades pre-mRNAs with a defective 5'-end m7G cap and is part of a pre-mRNA capping quality control.
Inhibited by bacitracin and sulfhydryl-specific reagents.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
Component of the super elongation complex (SEC), at least composed of Ell, Cdk9, cyclin-T (CycT), lilli and ear. Associates with CDK9 to form P-TEFb.
Regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase pair (CDK9/cyclin T) complex, also called positive transcription elongation factor B (P-TEFb), which is proposed to facilitate the transition from abortive to production elongation by phosphorylating the CTD (carboxy-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II).
Required for normal progression of S-phase. Important for cell survival after DNA damage or replication stress (By similarity).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns-4-P).
Expressed in the brain and parts of the peripheral nervous system (at protein level) (PubMed:10037607). Expressed from embryonic stage 13 in the differentiating nervous system in a subset of glial cells, including longitudinal glia and segmental boundary cells (PubMed:10037607).
May have serine protease inhibitor activity (Probable). Might play a role in the glial-neuronal signaling pathway that is important in establishing the electrical properties of axonal membranes (PubMed:10037607).
Temperature-dependent loss of excitatory junctional potentials in the larval neuromuscular junction.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Delta family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (PubMed:22082028). May be involved in detoxification (PubMed:22082028).
Belongs to the organo anion transporter (TC 2.A.60) family.
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 22 family.
Unlikely to play an active role in the humoral immune defense. May have a function in the digestion of bacteria in the food.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at all oogenic stages.
Females exhibit disrupted chromosome segregation in the first meiotic division and produce very low numbers of viable progeny. This female sterility is partially suppressed when some oocytes undergo precocious anaphase. Analysis of the X chromosome of these progeny demonstrates they have inherited the two maternal X-chromosome homologs and have no paternal chromosome markers. This suggests that they developed from diploid gametes that underwent gynogenesis, a form of parthenogenesis that requires fertilization.
May play a key role in egg organization. May be a transcriptional regulator having a role in chromatin remodeling in concert with Hira, a histone chaperone. Involved in chromosome segregation by affecting kinetochores function in the first meiotic division.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP3 subfamily.
Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks (By similarity). Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity). Required during embryogenesis for the developmental migration of tail hemocytes anteriorly, along the ventral midline (PubMed:25739458).
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA) (By similarity). Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins SmD1 and SmD3. Required for arginine symmetrical dimethylation of piwi family proteins, piwi, aub and AGO3, during germline development. Required during oogenesis for pole cell formation in the pathway controlled by oskar (osk) and for abdominal segments during early embryogenesis. Involved in nanos (nos) and germ cell mRNAs localization.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed from stage 3 egg chambers onward, becoming restricted to the cortex of the oocytes at stage 10. Evenly distributed in preblastoderm embryos.
Flies are viable and do not display neuromuscular dysfunctions. Strong synthetic lethal phenotype in the presence of a hypomorphic Smn mutation.
Belongs to the LAP (LRR and PDZ) protein family.
During germ band extension, expression of isoform A occurs predominantly in neuroblasts derived from the neuro-ectoderm and later is restricted to CNS neurons and pole cells. Isoform C is strongly expressed in PNS and a subset of CNS neurons. In the adult, expressed in third antennal segment and maxillary palps, major olfactory organs and in Johnstons organ in the second antennal segment. Expression is also observed in cortical regions of the brain. Isoforms expressed in epithelia are coexpressed with dlg1 throughout development.
Expressed both zygotically and maternally in embryos. Isoform A and isoform C have high expression throughout embryonic development and very low expression in later developmental stages. In adults, isoform A is a male-specific isoform and isoform C a female specific.
Flies exhibit aberrant cell shape and loss of the monolayer organization of embryonic epithelia creating a corrugated cuticular surface that is riddled with holes hence the gene name scribble. Misdistribution of apical proteins and adherens junctions to the basolateral cell surface is also exhibited.
Required for polarization of the embryonic, imaginal disk and follicular epithelia. Specifically restricts apical membrane determinants to the apical cell surface; acts to exclude crb from the basolateral domain and define adherens junction position. Regulates cellular growth and differentiation; acts as a tumor suppressor. Essential for odor guided behavior.
May play an important role in the synaptic function of specific neuronal systems. Associates with proteins involved in vesicle docking and membrane fusion (By similarity).
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC24A subfamily.
Mediates endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Belongs to the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 1 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for activated transcription of the MtnA, MtnB and MtnD genes.
Intracellular mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that may play a role in different processes through the mono-ADP-ribosylation of proteins involved in those processes. Required for amino acid starvation-induced mono-ADP-ribosylation and subsequent formation of Sec bodies - which are stress assemblies that promote cell survival by preserving components of the ER exit sites (ERES) during amino-acid starvation. Catalyzes the mono-ADP-ribosylation of Sec16 which is essential for Sec body formation.
The lumenal and transmembrane domains are necessary for mono-ADP-ribosylation and Sec body formation.
Belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Named 'luna' based upon mutant embryo phenotype in which large vacuoles formed in the egg yolk resemble the lunar surface.
Probable transcription factor that is required for cell differentiation (PubMed:14527717, PubMed:24915236). Essential for proper separation of the sister chromatids during early nuclear division cycles in the syncytial pre-blastoderm embryo (PubMed:24915236).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos is semi-lethal, with half of the mutants dying prior to gastrulation and display numerous vacuoles. Escaper embryos die at the third instar larval or early pupal stages, displaying black necrotic plaques.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Is essential for the directed and fasciculated early outgrowth of the bolwig nerves, as well as for its navigation at later stages. Is required during post-transcriptional gene expression. Plays a role during morphogenetic process, apoptosis and the establishment of cell polarity.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Component of the SRP (signal recognition particle) receptor (By similarity). Ensures, in conjunction with the signal recognition particle, the correct targeting of the nascent secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane system (By similarity). Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SRP subunit Srp54 (By similarity). SRP receptor compaction and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). May have a role in axonogenesis (PubMed:8360279).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression peaks at 12-18 hours of embryonic development.
In 8-9 hours embryos, expression is seen in a segmental pattern along embryonic ventral midline.
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex subunit SRP54 (By similarity). The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another (By similarity). GTPase induced rearrangement of SR drives SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Complex I is composed of about 45 different subunits.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity). This is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DECD subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome (Probable). Interacts with the exon junction complex.
Required for mRNA export out of the nucleus. Probable RNA helicase that may regulate entry into mitosis by down-regulating the expression of other genes whose activity may be rate-limiting for entry into mitosis during embryogenesis. Binds to salivary gland chromosomes and modifies position effect variegation. Promotes an open chromatin structure that favors transcription during development by regulating the spread of heterochromatin.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class subfamily.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. FTS subfamily.
Lacks the conserved Cys residue necessary for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 activity.
Expressed maternally. Present during oogenesis and early stages of embryogenesis.
Interacts with pum and brat. Acts via the formation of a quaternary complex composed of pum, nanos, brat and the 3'-UTR mRNA of hb. Interacts with cup. Binds RNA with no specificity.
Maternal RNA-binding protein that is required for germ cells proliferation and self-renewal. Acts by forming a complex with pum and brat that regulates translation and mRNA stability. The complex binds to the Nanos Response Element (NRE), a 16 bp sequence in the hb mRNA 3'-UTR and prevents its translation. Controls posterior development. Rescuing factor for the abdominal defect of posterior group mutants. The other posterior group genes are not required for nanos function but rather play a role in localization or distribution of nanos protein.
Posterior part of the embryo. While the transcript is present throughout the embryo, nanos translation is controlled by smg, and the protein is found in pole plasm and pole cells.
The Nanos-type zinc finger is composed of two C2HC motifs, each motif binding one molecule of zinc. The presence of the zinc molecules is essential for the translation repression activity of the protein.
Preferentially expressed in Drosophila heads.
Receptor for both octopamine and tyramine, invertebrate neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. The rank order of potency for agonists is tyramine > octopamine > dopamine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > serotonin > histamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > chlorpromazine > phentolamine > mianserine > cyproheptadine > dihydroergotamine > clonidine > synephrine. Tyramine has a functional role in the olfactory system as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Highly expressed in embryos and pupae, and at lower level in larvae. In adults, it is expressed at higher level in females.
Expressed from stage 5 in two rather faint stripes at positions of 64% (anterior domain; AD) and 17% (posterior domain; PD) egg length. During early gastrulation, at stage 6, these two stripes become more evident and detectable at the region posterior to the cephalic furrow and in the hindgut primordium. The AD disappears as gastrulation proceeds, while the PD remains. At stage 15, the AD appears again in the foregut, and PD expression in the hindgut and anal pad. In imaginal disks, it is ubiquitously expressed in both males and females in genital and eye-antennal disks. Not expressed in the brain. In genital disks, it is expressed along the margin of the anterior bulbus in males, while in females it is expressed in the posterior compartment along the anterior-posterior border, with medial expansion in the most posterior region.
Flies show low mating success and reduced copulation duration. Men and female genitalia often remain inside the body, and genitalia and analia are missing in some homozygous flies. These flies are named after the famous dolls who also lack these 'features'.
Transcription factor required for terminalia development. Negative regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway: represses JAK/STAT-dependent expression of ventral veins lacking (vvl) in the posterior spiracles.
Homotetramer. Interacts with Hsc70 as well as DNAJ homologs and Hsp90 (By similarity).
One HIP oligomer binds the ATPase domains of at least two Hsc70 molecules dependent on activation of the Hsc70 ATPase by Hsp40. Stabilizes the ADP state of Hsc70 that has a high affinity for substrate protein. Through its own chaperone activity, it may contribute to the interaction of Hsc70 with various target proteins (By similarity).
Inner nuclear membrane protein (PubMed:15035436, PubMed:24700158). May have a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the nuclear lamina (PubMed:24700158). During pupal development, plays essential and redundant functions with the other LEM domain proteins; MAN1 and Ote (PubMed:24700158). Also has a redundant but important role with Ote in larval development (PubMed:24700158).
Uniform expression throughout development and in adults (at protein level) (PubMed:16439308). Isoform A: Expressed in larvae (PubMed:15035436). Isoform B: Lower levels of expression in larvae compared to isoform A (PubMed:15035436).
Viable and fertile, with no obvious phenotype (PubMed:15035436, PubMed:24700158). In the salivary gland nuclei of third-instar larvae, there are increased deformities in the nuclear lamina with 1 to 7 abnormal O-shaped Lam-containing structures (PubMed:24700158). No significant decrease in adult survival, however double mutants with either Ote or MAN1 do not survive to the adult stage (PubMed:24700158). Double bocks and Ote mutants larvae have small brains, their imaginal disks are reduced in size or absent, and only 10% of second-instar larvae reach the pupal stage (PubMed:24700158). In bocks and MAN1 double mutants, pupal survival and larvae development is unaffected (PubMed:24700158).
Although related to histidine acid phosphatases, it lacks the conserved active sites, suggesting that it has no phosphatase activity.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. VIP1 subfamily.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) at position 1 to produce PP-InsP5 which is in turn phosphorylated by IP6Ks to produce (PP)2-InsP4. Alternatively, phosphorylates PP-InsP5 at position 1, produced by IP6Ks from InsP6, to produce (PP)2-InsP4.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6).
The N-terminal kinase domain produces inositol polyphosphates. The C-terminal acid phosphatase-like domain binds inositol polyphosphates and negatively regulates their accumulation. The C-terminal domain reduces the amount of inositol pyrophosphates in a dose-dependent manner in vitro.
Participates in receptor endocytosis during interphase, is also involved in mitotic processes when endocytosis is switched off.
Belongs to the sodium:solute symporter (SSF) (TC 2.A.21) family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 13 family.
Component of the Cdk8 module of the Mediator complex, composed of CycC, Cdk8, kto and skd.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for leg and eye development and macrochaete specification or differentiation. Negatively regulates sex comb development. Required for activated transcription of the MtnB and MtnD genes.
Expressed ubiquitously throughout development.
Ubiquitin-protein hydrolase is involved both in the processing of ubiquitin precursors and of ubiquitinated proteins. This enzyme is a thiol protease that recognizes and hydrolyzes a peptide bond at the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin.
At embryonic stage 12, expressed in endoderm-derived tissues (at protein level) (PubMed:22854041). In late-stage embryos, third-instar larvae and adult flies, expressed in the midgut, outer epithelial layer of the proventriculus and Malpighian tubules, but not expressed in the foregut and hindgut (at protein level) (PubMed:22854041, PubMed:26848177).
Expressed throughout embryonic, larval and adult stages (at protein level).
Forms a complex with Ssk and Tsp2A (PubMed:26848177). Interacts with Ssk; the interaction may be necessary for the localization of both proteins to the cell apicolateral region (PubMed:22854041).
Homozygous larval lethal. Mutant embryos hatch into the first instar larvae, but die within 1 day. In mutant larvae midgut, a few septa are present at the cell contacts but large gaps between the lateral membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are frequently observed. Mutant larvae lack the three-layered structure of the proventriculus.
Required, together with Ssk and Tsp2A, for the proper organization of smooth septate junctions (sSJs), probably by mediating cell adhesion via its homophilic interaction (PubMed:22854041, PubMed:26848177). Also required for the correct subcellular localization of several sSJ components, such as Ssk, cora and l(2)gl, and for the barrier function of the midgut epithelium (PubMed:22854041). Required for maintaining the three-layered structure of the proventriculus (PubMed:22854041).
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr57a subfamily.
Expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ of larvae.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Expressed by subsets of neurons and muscles.
Expression begins around stage 10, primarily in the developing CNS. In stage 16 embryos, it is expressed at highest levels throughout the CNS, and weak expression is seen in portions of the peripheral nervous system, most clearly in the lateral sensory clusters.
Involved in growth cone guidance through its role in axonal repulsion (PubMed:15282266, PubMed:8269517). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival, motor neuron surival, and is important for climbing behavior and activity (PubMed:37041188).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males, significantly reduces survival to 30 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 9 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown also decreases activity throughout the day (during both light and dark cycles) and results in a significant loss of motor neurons in each thoracic cluster (T1, T2, T3) (PubMed:37041188).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. GalNAc-T subfamily.
During embryonic stages 16-17, very weak expression in the midgut.
May catalyze the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor.
The ricin B-type lectin domain binds to GalNAc and contributes to the glycopeptide specificity.
There are two conserved domains in the glycosyltransferase region: the N-terminal domain (domain A, also called GT1 motif), which is probably involved in manganese coordination and substrate binding and the C-terminal domain (domain B, also called Gal/GalNAc-T motif), which is probably involved in catalytic reaction and UDP-Gal binding.
Transcripts first detected during embryonic stages 16-17.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation (Potential).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex. The eIF-3 complex interacts with pix.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Expressed in the central nervous system and at different stages of gametogenesis. In embryos, it is expressed in central nervous system and brain. In testis, it is strongly expressed in pre-meiotic germ cells, but is not found in somatic or post-meiotic cells.
Predominantly expressed in embryos and in the adult germline (at protein level). Only present in mitotic cells; at the anaphase and telophase, its begins to degrade.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Uniformly distributed throughout adults.
Essential protein that may function as a transcription regulator. Vital for pupal development. Required for proper development of the optic lobes and wings, and abdominal pigmentation.
In third-instar larvae, expressed in the brain region that will develop into optic lobes and more weakly in the thoracic part of the ventral ganglion.
The peak periods of expression are: mid-embryogenesis, the second day of pupal development and in the adult.
Abnormal wing hair polarity and in many wing cells forming two or more hairs instead of the normal single hair.
Plays a role in the definition of cell polarity via the planar cell polarity (PCP) cascade. Acts downstream of fuz and accumulates asymmetrically in wing cells to regulate planar polarity in the wing. Probably acts by regulating ciliogenesis.
Cleaved. The cleavage, which probably takes place between the 6th and the 7th transmembrane regions, may be required for activation of the gamma-secretase activity.
Homodimer (By similarity). Component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex composed of a presenilin (Psn) homodimer, nicastrin (Nct), Aph-1 and Pen-2. Interacts with Mettl2. Isoform 2 shows a better interaction with Mettl2 than isoform 1.
Maternally expressed in nurse and follicle cells. In early embryos, expressed in all or most cells and later increases in CNS and epidermal tissues. In larvae, expression is seen in all imaginal disks, brain and optic lobes. In pupae, expression is seen in eye disk and brain.
Probable catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptor. Required for S3 cleavage of Notch, which releases activated Notch protein from the cell membrane. Involved in the patterning of the optic lobes.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Binds to chromosome ends in a sequence-dependent manner and is required for telomere capping.
Death at the larval/pupal boundary due to extensive telomere-telomere fusions in larval brain cells.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with Su(var)205 dimer (via hinge and chromoshadow domain) and with moi to form the terminin telomere-capping complex. Interacts with HP6, which is also part of the terminin complex.
Multiple telomeric associations (TAs) in the same metaphase spread often result in multicentric linear chromosomes that resemble little 'trains' of chromosomes, hence the name 'caravaggio', an Italian train.
Binds heparin (PubMed:35609633). Interacts with dally; the interaction promotes dally degradation (PubMed:35609633). Interacts with dpp and gbb (PubMed:35037619).
Expressed in the wing disks and wing veins, possibly on the surface of hemocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:35609633). Expressed during third-instar larval stage in wing disks in a stripe of cells at the anterior-posterior (A/P) compartment boundary, in the epithelial folds located in the central part of the wing pouch but with diminished expression along the dorsoventral (D/V) boundary (at protein level) (PubMed:35609633, PubMed:35037619). In pupal wings at 24 hrs, after puparium formation (APF), detected in a row of distal anterior cells (at protein level) (PubMed:35609633, PubMed:35037619).
Secretory protein that acts as a feedback regulator of dpp/BMP, wg and hh signaling pathways (PubMed:35609633, PubMed:35037619). In the developing wing, is a dosage-dependent modulator of dpp/BMP signaling involved in wing growth and crossvein patterning; low levels promote and high levels inhibit dpp/BMP signaling (PubMed:35609633, PubMed:35037619). In the early pupal wing, inhibits dpp/BMP signaling activity to prevent the formation of ectopic crossveins in the posterior compartment (PubMed:35609633, PubMed:35037619). Binds to dpp and gbb to modulate their release and activity decreasing dpp/BMP signaling in the responding cells (PubMed:35609633, PubMed:35037619). During wing development regulates dpp/BMP coreceptor dally availability on the cell surface (PubMed:35609633). Might have a role in testis development (PubMed:35609633).
Component of the 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase complex composed of Dph1, Dph2, Dph3 and a NADH-dependent reductase.
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. Dph1 and Dph2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising Dph3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Acts as an electron donor to reduce the Fe-S cluster in Dph1-Dph2 keeping the [4Fe-4S] clusters in the active and reduced state. Restores iron to Dph1-Dph2 iron-sulfur clusters which have degraded from [4Fe-4S] to [3Fe-4S] by donating an iron atom to reform [4Fe-4S] clusters, in a manner dependent on the presence of elongation factor 2 and SAM. Associates with the elongator complex and is required for tRNA Wobble base modifications mediated by the elongator complex. The elongator complex is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s 2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine).
The DPH-type metal-binding (MB) domain can also bind zinc. However, iron is the physiological binding partner as zinc binding impairs the protein electron donor function.
Expressed during embryogenesis and pupation.
Background potassium channel. Rectification is dependent on external potassium concentration. Acts as an outwardly rectifying channel but as external potassium levels increase, this is reversed.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.8) family.
Widespread expression in adult, strongest expression in muscle, brain and ovary. Also present at low levels in larva and embryo.
Activator of apoptosis, independent of rpr and hid, that acts on the effector Dredd.
Expression coincides with the onset of programmed cell death (PCD) at all stages of embryonic development.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 8 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for activated transcription of the MtnA and MtnB genes.
Expressed in central nervous system of the third instar larvae, with a relatively intense signal in the brain and weak signals in the ventral ganglion. Relatively low, but ubiquitous expression level is observed in leg and wing imaginal disks, no signal is detected in the eye-antennal disks. Expressed in all neurons in the adult brain.
Flies exhibit spontaneous ovulation in virgins, female sterility with impaired meiotic progression (eggs are arrested at anaphase of meiosis I, they fail to fully polyadenylate and translate bicoid mRNA and the male pronucleus fails to mature), and compromised postmating responses with lower ovulation level, higher remating rate, and shorter period for restoration of receptivity.
Interacts with Pp2B-14D, CanA-14F and CanB2.
Phosphorylation at Ser-215 and Ser-219 is essential for calcineurin activation and completion of female meiosis. Sgg is required for phosphorylation of Ser-215 in activated eggs. Ser-100, Thr-102 and Ser-219 are highly phosphorylated in both ovaries and activated eggs; however, phosphorylation at Ser-100 or Thr-102 is not required for sra function in completion of female meiosis.
Required for elongation of meiosis I spindle. Critical for ovulation, meiotic progression in oocytes and female courtship behavior, including their postmating changes. Regulates female meiosis by controlling calcineurin activity in the germline. Has a role in calcium signaling during egg activation; bcd mRNA polyadenylation and translation in the oocyte.
Essential for the development of polarized epithelia, for cell polarity associated with asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts during development, and for oocyte polarity formation. Promotes the formation of actin-rich projections at the oocyte cortex and the posterior enrichment of par-1 which is required for oocyte polarization. Regulates the localization of axis-specifying morphogens such as stau and grk.
Expressed abundantly in early embryogenesis. Moderate expression is found in larval and adult stages.
Expressed in the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and in gonads.
Has an accessory function in control of cell proliferation and differentiation during development.
Has an essential role in control of cell proliferation and differentiation during development and could act as a tumor suppressor.
May form multimeric complexes. Interacts with mahj. Interacts with aPKC; leading to phosphorylation (PubMed:18094021, PubMed:20644714). Interacts with ball (PubMed:31735666).
Phosphorylated by aPKC which lowers lipid affinity and promotes dissociation from the cell cortex (PubMed:26481050). In developing oocytes, aPKC-mediated phosphorylation restricts activity to the oocyte posterior and is required for oocyte polarity formation (PubMed:18094021, PubMed:18327897).
The phospho-regulated basic and hydrophobic (PRBH) motif is necessary and sufficient for interaction with phospholipids permitting cortical localization (PubMed:26481050). Phosphorylation of the PRBH motif by aPKC inhibits the association of the protein with the cortical membrane (PubMed:26481050).
The natural substrate for this enzyme may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Detected in the head and to a lesser extent in legs and wings.
Plays an olfactory role that is not restricted to pheromone sensitivity.
Almost exclusively restricted to precursors and early differentiating cells of the embryonic PNS. Expressed in the R8 photoreceptor during third instar eye development beginning within the morphogenetic furrow of the eye imaginal disk.
Mutants abolish the further up-regulation and maintenance of proneural gene expression in the SOPs.
Transcription factor both necessary and sufficient for proper development of most cell types of the embryonic and adult peripheral nervous system (PNS). Essential component of the proneural Notch signaling pathway required for proper sensory organ precursor (SOP) differentiation. Correct expression requires expression of scalloped (sd). Repression of rough (ro) in R8 photoreceptor is an essential mechanism of R8 cell fate determination.
Functions as a negative feedback regulator of TOR function.
Highly expressed in muscle-enriched tissues (at protein level).
Sesn-null flies do not exhibit developmental abnormalities. However, fat bodies from third-instar larvae contain more lipids and adults also contain more triglycerides. Flies heart function is compromised with arrhythmia and decreased heart rate. Skeletal muscle undergo accelerated age-related degeneration.
Up-regulated by reactive oxygen species/ROS generated, for instance, upon chronic TOR signaling activation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase subfamily.
Interacts with Raf and ksr; Dsor1 binding to ksr probably promotes ksr and Raf dimerization and ksr-mediated Raf transactivation.
Phosphorylation on Ser/Thr by MAP kinase kinase kinases regulates positively the kinase activity.
Required downstream of Raf in the sevenless (sev), torso (tor), and Drosophila EGF receptor homolog (DER) signal transduction pathways. Involved in both positive regulation (at the posterior terminus) and negative regulation (at the anterior domain) of tll, as in other terminal class gene products, maybe via the ERK-A kinase.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated AMEX complex (anchoring and mRNA export complex), composed of at least e(y)2 and xmas-2. Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complexes, at least composed of Ada2b, e(y)2, Pcaf/Gcn5, Taf10 and Nipped-A/Trrap. Within the SAGA complex, e(y)2, Sgf11, and not/nonstop form an additional subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module). Component of the THO complex, composed of at least e(y)2, HPR1, THO2, THOC5, THOC6 and THOC7. Interacts with e(y)1. Interacts with su(Hw) (via zinc fingers). Interacts with xmas-2; required for localization to the nuclear periphery. Interacts with the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the AMEX and the SAGA complexes. The SAGA complex is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates to a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histone H2B. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription. Required for nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation. Involved in transcription elongation by recruiting the THO complex onto nascent mRNA. The AMEX complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket). AMEX participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery.
Testis-specific paralog of the ubiquitously expressed transcription and mRNA export factor e(y)2. Cannot functionally replace e(y)2.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Expressed in Malpighian tubules, rectum, antennal palps and oviduct.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Essential for the proper assembly and activity of V-ATPase (By similarity).
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing results in planar cell polarity (PCP) defects including misorientation of hairs, multiple wing hairs and defective venation.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
Although the final Cys may be farnesylated, the terminal tripeptide is probably not removed, and the C-terminus is not methylated.
Belongs to the phosphorylase b kinase regulatory chain family.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I.
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The beta chain acts as a regulatory unit and modulates the activity of the holoenzyme in response to phosphorylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Component of the NURF complex composed of Caf1-55, E(bx), Nurf-38 and Iswi (PubMed:8521502). Component of the chromatin accessibility complex (CHRAC), composed of Chrac-14, Chrac-16, Acf and Iswi (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:11447119). Interacts directly with Chrac-14 and this interaction is further stabilized by associated Chrac-16 (PubMed:10856248).
Energy-transducing component of the chromatin-remodeling complexes NURF (nucleosome-remodeling factor), ACF (ATP-utilizing chromatin assembly and remodeling factor), and CHRAC (chromatin accessibility complex) (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:11447119). NURF catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitates transcription of chromatin. It is required for homeotic gene expression, proper larval blood cell development, normal male X chromosome morphology, ecdysteroid signaling and metamorphosis (PubMed:12502740, PubMed:16264191, PubMed:8521501, PubMed:8521502).
Present throughout embryonic, larval and pupal development and in female adults. Present at low levels in adult males (at protein level).
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells (By similarity).
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain and rigidify the connections, imparting a strong curvature to the full-length ectodomain.
Expressed in early blastoderm embryos in anterior and posterior gut precursors, and, later in a subset of cells in central nervous system.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis, maximally during the 5-12 hours period.
Required for the establishment of head structures. Required to function as an early patterning gene in the anterior-most blastoderm head segment anlage and for the establishment of a specific head skeletal structure that derives from the non-adjacent intercalary segment at a later stage of embryogenesis. Binds the consensus DNA sequence 5'-[AG]TAAA[TC]A-3'.
According to some authors (PubMed:12165468) it is involved in axon guidance by promoting ubiquitination of comm and subsequent endocytosis of the comm/robo complex. However, according to others (PubMed:15657595), it is not the case.
Essential E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Down-regulates Notch/N signaling pathway by promoting Notch ubiquitination, endocytosis and degradation.
Interacts (via WW2 domain) with comm (via PY-motifs) (PubMed:12165468, PubMed:16531238). Interacts with N (PubMed:15620649).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily.
Required for meiotic recombination (PubMed:9744869). Together with mei-P22, mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination (By similarity).
Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. Is also active with manganese (in vitro).
Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein coupled receptor signaling (PubMed:10603085, PubMed:23929551). Probably downstream of gustatory receptors, involved in taste perception of sucrose, trehalose and caffeine (PubMed:19046378). Has no role in bitter perception (PubMed:19046378). In the circadian brain neuron evening cells (E-cells), involved in circadian pacemaker synchronization by playing a role in signaling downstream of the G protein-coupled receptor Pdfr, probably in conjunction with other, as yet unidentified, adenylate cyclases (PubMed:23929551).
Does not have adenylyl cyclase activity and it is not involved in taste perception.
Expressed in labella, particularly in sugar-sensitive gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs).
Isoform B: Ubiquitously expressed in embryos, larvae and adult (PubMed:10603085). Isoform C: Temporally restricted to the earliest hours of embryogenesis before cellularization (PubMed:10603085). As germ band extension commences, expression decreases along the entire ventral surface of the embryo and is restricted to the cephalic furrow (CF) and anterior and posterior dorsal transverse folds (DTFs) (PubMed:10603085). By state 7, restricted expression in the CF and DTFs on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the embryo (PubMed:10603085).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in sugar gustatory neurons results in reduced sucrose response and no alteration in response to water (PubMed:19046378). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the pacemaker dorsal lateral neurons (LNDs) results in reduced Pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf) response in the circadian brain neurons evening cells (E-cells) (PubMed:23929551). Isoform B: Results in reduced sucrose and trehalose substances response and no alteration of water response or bitter perception (PubMed:19046378).
The protein contains two modules with six transmembrane helices each; both are required for catalytic activity. Isolated N-terminal or C-terminal guanylate cyclase domains have no catalytic activity, but when they are brought together, enzyme activity is restored. The active site is at the interface of the two domains. Both contribute substrate-binding residues, but the catalytic metal ions are bound exclusively via the N-terminal guanylate cyclase domain.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BTD/VNN family.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Isoform A is expressed in a subset of 17 olfactory receptor neurons in the maxillary palp.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability (By similarity).
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RRP8 family.
Probable methyltransferase required to silence rDNA.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer. Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in lethality before the pupal stage (PubMed:24275942). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing imaginal disks results in reduction of wing size associated with loss of patterning elements such as veins; this phenotype is reversed by Myc overexpression (PubMed:24275942).
Single-stranded DNA/RNA-binding protein with sequence specificity (By similarity). Binds G-rich elements in target mRNA coding sequences (By similarity). Prevents G-quadruplex structure formation in vitro, suggesting a role in supporting translation by resolving stable structures on mRNAs (By similarity). IRES trans-acting factor (ITAF) that can promote IRES-dependent translation of Myc mRNA (PubMed:24275942). Involved in the control of wing size by regulating Myc levels (PubMed:24275942).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Is responsible for the charging of tRNA(Phe) with phenylalanine in mitochondrial translation.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (PubMed:8929412). Binds DNA as a heterodimer with Max (PubMed:8929412). Interacts with ago (PubMed:15182669, PubMed:24173801). Interacts with lid (PubMed:17311883). Part of a complex containing lid, Myc and ash2 (PubMed:17311883). Component of a complex with pont and rept (PubMed:16087886). Interacts with puf (PubMed:24173801).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in embryos.
Low levels detected throughout embryo before cellular blastoderm formation, particularly concentrated in pole plasm. Zygotic expression detected during cellular blastoderm stage in endodermal anlagen of anterior and posterior midgut at both poles. After gastrulation, expression detected in invaginating ventral furrow of mesoderm. Continued expression in anterior and posterior midgut and mesoderm during germband extension. During late germ-band retraction, expression remains detectable in fusing midgut and presumed developing somatic musculature.
Participates in the regulation of gene transcription (PubMed:8929412, PubMed:16087886, PubMed:24173801, PubMed:24615015, PubMed:25999153, PubMed:25858587). Binds DNA in a non-specific manner, yet also specifically recognizes the core sequence CAC[GA]TG (PubMed:8929412). Seems to activate the transcription of growth-related genes; required for cellular proliferation and growth (PubMed:16087886, PubMed:25999153, PubMed:25858587). Functions in the TORC2-mediated regulation of cell growth, acting downstream of the TORC2 complex (PubMed:25999153). Inhibits the demethylase activity of Lid (PubMed:17311883). Activates transcription of mbm (PubMed:24615015). Has a role in ribosome biogenesis and endoreplication in fat body cells by activating the transcription of LTV1 (PubMed:25858587). Able to induce the SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase member archipelago (ago) which functions in its degradation (PubMed:15182669, PubMed:24173801). It may therefore create a negative feedback loop with ago that is regulated by the ubiquitin hydrolase puf (PubMed:24173801). In dopaminergic neurons, regulates dopamine levels by binding to the E-box (E1) of the dopamine decarboxylase Ddc promoter and thereby inhibiting its transcription (PubMed:35167135). This regulation is required to suppress male-male courtship (PubMed:35167135).
Probably targeted for ubiquitination by the SFC ubiquitin ligase complex member ago, leading to its proteasomal degradation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons, only dopaminergic neurons or only adult neurons increases transcription of the dopamine decarboxylase Ddc and thereby dopamine concentration (PubMed:35167135). In addition, induces male courtship propensity towards other males without altering male sexual preference towards females (PubMed:35167135). RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscle or fat body does not elicit male-male courtship (PubMed:35167135). Simultaneous knockdown of Ddc and myc restores increased dopamine levels and the induced male-male courtship observed in the single myc knockdown (PubMed:35167135). Simultaneous knockdown of dopamine receptor Dop1R1 and myc restores the induced male-male courtship observed in the single myc knockdown (PubMed:35167135).
Thiol protease which recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of UFM1, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein bound to a number of target proteins.
In L3 instar larvae, expression increases with development. Expressed in the ring gland. Ubiquitously expressed in the testis whereas in the ovary expression appears to be restricted to one pole. Weak expression in the Garland cells, salivary glands and the central nervous system.
Mutants are viable and fertile with no gross morphological or locomotor defects.
Plays an olfactory role that is not restricted to pheromone sensitivity. Has a role in detection and signal transduction of the fatty-acid-derived male pheromone 11-cis vaccenyl acetate (cVA). Not required for sensitivity to general odorants. Acts in concert with Or67d and lush to capture cVA molecules on the surface of Or67d expressing olfactory dendrites and facilitate their transfer to the odorant-receptor Orco complex. Essential for the electrophysiological responses of these olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to cVA. Not required for the development of trichoid OSNs and support cells.
Selectively expressed in antenna. Expressed in lateral-distal population of OSNs that coexpress Orco, in non-neuronal support cells that surround these OSNs, in support cells elsewhere in the antenna and chemosensory organs on the proboscis. Expressed in trichoid sensory cilia (at protein level).
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr22e subfamily.
Part of the Ragulator complex composed of Lamtor3, Lamtor2, CG14184, CG14812, and Lamtor4.
Regulator of the TOR pathway, a signaling cascade that promotes cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. As part of the Ragulator complex, may activate the TOR signaling cascade in response to amino acids.
Acts via the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated sequence elements. In ovary, associates predominantly with antisense piRNAs that contain uridine at their 5' end. In testis, associates with Su(Ste) antisense piRNAs (most abundant class of piRNAs found in complex with aub in testes) and negatively regulates Ste expression, most likely by cleaving its transcripts. Also in testis, may repress translation of vas when associated with a piRNA derived from chromosome X, termed AT-chX-1, whose sequence shows strong complementarity to vas mRNA. Aub-piRNA complexes from ovary and testis possess RNA cleavage activity. Involved in telomere regulation by repressing specialized telomeric retroelements HeT-A and TART; Drosophila telomeres being maintained by transposition of specialized telomeric retroelements. Also involved in telomeric trans-silencing, a repression mechanism by which a transposon or a transgene inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin has the capacity to repress in trans, in the female germline, a homologous transposon, or transgene located in euchromatin. Involved in the suppression of meiotic drive of sex chromosomes and autosomes. Involved in transposon silencing in the adult brain. Required for dorsal-ventral as well as anterior-posterior patterning of the egg. Required during oogenesis for primordial germ cell formation and activation of RNA interference. During early oogenesis, required for osk mRNA silencing and polarization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. During mid-oogenesis, required for osk mRNA localization to the posterior pole and efficient translation of osk and grk. During embryogenesis, required for posterior localization of nanos (nos) mRNA, independently of osk, and pole cell formation. Essential for the formation and/or structural integrity of perinuclear nuage particles. Required for the localization of Mael to the meiotic nuage. Forms a complex with smg, twin, AGO3 and specific piRNAs that targets nanos mRNA (and probably other maternal mRNAS) for deadenylation promoting its decay during early embryogenesis.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Piwi subfamily.
Expressed in ovary. In the germarium, found in germline stem and cyst cells. In egg chambers from stage 6, expressed both in nurse cells and oocytes. In embryos, accumulates in the pole cells, although low expression is detected throughout the entire embryo. In testis, expressed in germline stem cells, gonialblast and spermatogonia cells (at protein level). In the adult brain, expressed in the ellipsoid body, the mushroom body subdivision in the peduncle and the cell body layer. Expressed specifically in alpha'/beta' and gamma neurons.
Expressed maternally in oocytes and 0-6 hours old embryos (at protein level).
Female sterility, consequence of a maternal lethal effect. Approximately 2% of the embryos from aub mutant females are fertilized and secrete a recognizable cuticle, while all of them lack abdominal segments. Male sterility accompanied by production of Ste protein crystals in primary spermatocytes and by meiotic non-disjunction and drive of sex chromosomes and autosomes.
Interacts with vas and AGO3 (PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19959991). Interacts (when methylated on arginine residues) with tud (PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19926723, PubMed:19959991, PubMed:20713507). Forms a complex with smg, twin, AGO3, nanos mRNA and piRNAs that targets the nanos 3'-untranslated region, in early embryos (PubMed:20953170). Interacts with nanos mRNA and rump (in an RNA-dependent manner) (PubMed:20937269). Interacts with papi and vret (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:21831924). Interacts with me31B (PubMed:28945271).
Symmetrical dimethylation on Arg-11, Arg-13 and/or Arg-15, most likely by csul, is required for binding to tud, localization to the pole plasm and association with the correct piRNAs.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout development, with very weak expression between stages 10-16 of embryogenesis and weak expression in adults. In stage 5-6 blastoderm and gastrulating embryos, expression is uniform. In stage 16-17 embryos, expressed in the ventral and dorsal epidermis, posterior spiracles, foregut, hindgut, sensory nervous system primordium, pharynx and respiratory system. In larvae, expressed in the posterior spiracles and tracheal system. In pupae, expressed in the wing imaginal disks.
Expressed in nurse cells and oocytes. Expressed in wings.
Larval lethal (PubMed:19581577). Larvae develop melanotic spots and display an increase in the activity of the activated form of prophenoloxidase 1 (PPO1), phenoloxidase (PO) (PubMed:19581577). Larvae display enhanced activation of the Toll signaling pathway, with increased Tl, spz and Drs expression (PubMed:19581577). RNAi-mediated knockdown of maternal and zygotic expression results in adults that have a reduced lifespan (PubMed:19581577). Wing development appears to be unaffected, however after emergence from the pupal case adult wings fail to unfold and instead remain folded and hypotrophic until death (PubMed:18956323). Other aspects of development in embryos, larvae, pupae and adults appears to be unaffected.
Serine protease inhibitor with activity toward trypsin (PubMed:18956323). Negatively regulates the Toll signaling pathway and suppresses the expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin (PubMed:19581577). Its negative regulation of the Toll signaling pathway also results in the inhibition of the melanization immune response via the phenoloxidase (PPO1) cascade (PubMed:19581577). Essential for unfolding and expansion of the wings after emergence from the pupal case (PubMed:18956323). May regulate the Toll pathway by blocking the proteolysis of the Toll ligand spz (PubMed:19581577).
As the catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase zeta complex, plays a crucial role in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) and various DNA repair mechanisms (PubMed:11267835, PubMed:16507570, PubMed:22532806, PubMed:15175013). Lacks an intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease activity and thus has no proofreading function (PubMed:15175013). During homologous recombination (HR) repair, has a overlapping role with the error-prone translesion polymerase eta to initiate repair synthesis which is completed by end joining or another polymerase that can bind and reinitiate synthesis (PubMed:22532806). May participate in the Rrp1-dependent base excision repair (BER) pathway responsible for repair of DNA lesions that gives rise to apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites (PubMed:16507570). Unlike mammalian orthologs, it is not an error-prone polymerase (PubMed:15175013).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
Catalytic subunit of the zeta DNA polymerase complex, which consists of PolZ1/DNApol-zeta and the accessory component PolZ2/Rev7 (PubMed:16507570, PubMed:15175013). Interacts with the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease Rrp1; the interaction is likely indirect and mediated via PolZ2 (PubMed:16507570).
Expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:15175013). Expressed throughout development, with highest levels of expression in 0-8 hour embryos and adult females (PubMed:16507570).
Inhibited by tetracyclic diterpene antibiotic aphidicolin.
Belongs to the dynein light intermediate chain family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Omega family.
Expressed at a high level in the embryonic mesoderm, with expression continuing after gastrulation and reducing from stage 12 onwards. Highly expressed in the embryonic anterior midgut rudiment and larval midgut.
Expressed in the embryo (beginning at the blastoderm stage), and in the larva.
Heterodimer of a B chain and an A chain linked by two disulfide bonds.
First expressed in a stripe covering the head anlagen of the syncytial blastoderm embryo, persists through gastrulation and decays during germ band extension. Expressed later in development in a complex spatially restricted pattern.
Required for the development of the antennal, intercalary and mandibular segments of the head.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cAMP subfamily.
Does not have an essential role in development.
Expressed in embryonic mesoderm, and the optic lamina, wing disk and leg disks of third instar larvae. More abundant in adult head than adult body.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein (By similarity).
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35C subfamily.
Involved in GDP-fucose import from the cytoplasm into the Golgi lumen. Plays a major role in the fucosylation of N-glycans. Functions redundantly with Efr in the O-fucosylation of Notch, positively regulating Notch signaling.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. NADC subfamily.
Its capacity to bind DNA and protein(s), and its differential expression during development suggest a role in the regulation of gene expression during Drosophila development. It could, in interaction with other factors, be required for the translation of instructions provided by pattern forming genes and controls, via chromatin changes, the activity of genes critical for the process of morphogenesis of several embryonic territories.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily.
During the mid-pupal stage, strongly expressed in the lamina, medulla and inner optic lobe of the developing eye. Specifically detected in R7 and R8 axonal terminals in the medulla.
In the developing eye, has a role in axonal targeting of the R7 photoreceptor where it functions together with tutl. Probably mediates homotypic cell adhesion; the effect is inhibited by Lar.
In the eye, axonal targeting of the R1-R6, R7 and R8 cells appears to be normal. Double knockouts of bdl and tutl rescue the R7 axonal tiling defect of tutl mutants. Double knockouts of bdl and Lar partly rescue the R7 axonal targeting defect of Lar mutants.
In the visual system, expressed in lamina and medulla (at protein level).
Belongs to the damage-control phosphatase family. Sugar phosphate phosphatase III subfamily.
Metal-dependent phosphatase that shows phosphatase activity against several substrates, including fructose-1-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. Its preference for fructose-1-phosphate, a strong glycating agent that causes DNA damage rather than a canonical yeast metabolite, suggests a damage-control function in hexose phosphate metabolism. Has also been shown to have O-methyltransferase activity that methylates glutamate residues of target proteins to form gamma-glutamyl methyl ester residues. Possibly methylates PCNA, suggesting it is involved in the DNA damage response.
Subfamily III proteins have a conserved RTxK motif about 40-50 residues from the C-terminus; the threonine may be replaced by serine or cysteine.
Belongs to the RIN (Ras interaction/interference) family.
In late cellular blastoderm embryos, it is expressed in the posterior end. Then, as development proceeds, it is expressed in the developing midgut, amnioserosa and in a specific subset of CNS neurons. Isoform 1 is expressed earlier in developing midgut and amnioserosa, but is not expressed in the CNS.
Potential Ras effector protein. May function as a guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF), by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP (By similarity).
Defects in motor neuron guidance, myofilament organization and bristle formation. Surviving adult flies show abnormally shaped bristle cell processes that are variously straight, thick, bent, twisted and/or had abnormal 'club-like' or blunt tips.
Directly regulated by Sox14 during pruning.
During early development (stages 7-8), expressed in the ventral neurogenic region and in many nonneuronal tissues (including developing mesoderm, cells surrounding the cephalic furrow and amnioproctodeal invagination, and in gut primordia). This nonneuronal expression is also seen later in embryonic development (stages 11-17), where it is expressed within the anterior and posterior midgut primordia, the visceral musculature, and weakly in somatic musculature. During axonal pathfinding (stage 13 onward), expressed within the developing brain and ventral nerve cord in most, if not all, CNS neurons. Not highly expressed in peripheral sensory neurons.
Monooxygenase that promotes depolymerization of F-actin by mediating oxidation of specific methionine residues on actin. Acts by modifying actin subunits at 'Met-44' and 'Met-47' through the addition of oxygen to form methionine-sulfoxide, leading to promote actin filament disassembly and prevent repolymerization. Plays a key role in semaphorin-plexin repulsive axon guidance and cell morphological changes, probably via its ability to modify and regulate actin.
Present in neuronal cell bodies, along axons, and in growth cones. Appears in the nervous system at stage 13 and labels motor and CNS projections, and at later embryonic stages, it is present on axons that make up all motor axon pathways: the intersegmental nerve (ISN), the intersegmental nerves b and d (ISNb and ISNd), and the segmental nerves a and c (SNa and SNc). Also present in segment boundaries at the position of muscle attachment sites and at low levels in the lateral cluster of chordotonal organs (at protein level). Localizes to growing bristle tips in close proximity to the bristle cell membrane and at sites of bristle branching and actin localization. Localizes to growth cones.
The reaction mechanism is subject to discussion. Some work suggest MICAL enzymes directly oxidize actin methionine residues to produce methionine-(R)-S-oxide. Other publications suggest that the enzyme functions as a NADPH oxidase producing H(2)O(2) (EC 1.6.3.1) and that it is the produced H(2)O(2) that is responsible for the methionine-(R)-S-oxide production.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Porcupine subfamily.
Protein-serine O-palmitoleoyltransferase that acts as a key regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the attachment of palmitoleate, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1(9Z)), to Wnt proteins. Serine palmitoleoylation of Wnt proteins is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors (By similarity). Also facilitates the glycosylation of Wnt family members, including wg and Wnt5. The cotranslational disulfide bond formation of wg competes with the N-glycosylation. Porc stimulates the post-translational N-glycosylation by anchoring wg at the ER membrane, probably through acylation (PubMed:11821428, PubMed:15166250, PubMed:22108505, PubMed:8985181).
Was initially thought to mediate palmitoylation of Wnt proteins. It was later shown that instead it acts as a serine O-palmitoleoyltransferase that mediates the attachment of palmitoleate, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1(9Z)), to Wnt proteins.
Interacts with Fbxl7 (PubMed:25107277). Ft-mito interacts with NADH dehydrogenase subunit ND-24 and with ATP synthase subunit ATPsynC (PubMed:25215488).
Involved in regulation of planar cell polarity in the compound eye where it is required for correct specification of the R3 and R4 photoreceptor cells by regulating Fz activity in the R3/R4 precursor cells (PubMed:11893338). This is likely to occur through creation of an ft gradient so that the equatorial R3/R4 precursor cell has a higher level of ft function than its polar neighbor (PubMed:15548581). Also required for planar cell polarity of wing hairs (PubMed:12540853, PubMed:15240556). Mediates heterophilic cell adhesion in vitro and is required to stabilize ds on the cell surface (PubMed:15240556). Involved in regulation of eye imaginal disk size (PubMed:23667559). Upstream component of the Hippo pathway where it is likely to act as a cell surface receptor involved in regulation of tissue size and is required for the localization and stability of ex (PubMed:16996265). Probably acts as a cell surface receptor for ds (PubMed:20434335).
Phosphorylated by fj on Ser/Thr of cadherin domains (PubMed:18635802). Phosphorylation by fj enhances binding to ds (PubMed:20434335). Phosphorylated in the cytoplasmic domain in a dco-dependent manner which is promoted by ds (PubMed:19574458).
Proteolytically cleaved to yield stably associated N- and C-terminal fragments (PubMed:19574458). The C-terminal fragment is processed further to release a 68 kDa mitochondrial fragment, Ft-mito (PubMed:25215488).
Regulates mitochondrial electron transport chain integrity and promotes oxidative phosphorylation.
Severe overgrown imaginal disk derivatives and pupal death (PubMed:16996265). Overall larval growth is reduced (PubMed:25215488). Cells are round, swollen and have abnormal mitochondrial cristae due to defects in assembly of the mitochondrial electron chain complexes I and V (CI and CV) (PubMed:25215488). Loss of CI activity results in a switch to aerobic glycosis which increases lactate levels (PubMed:25215488). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in dorsal-ventral inversions in ommatidia planar cell polarity (PubMed:25215488).
The extracellular domain is required for correct subcellular localization and for cell adhesion.
The intracellular domain is sufficient for viability, growth control and planar cell polarity.
The name 'fat' originates from weak mutant alleles that exhibit a broadening of the abdomen.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
Expressed at constant, but relatively low levels throughout development.
There are two cytochrome C genes in Drosophila: Cyt-c-d (distal) and Cyt-c-p (proximal).
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily.
Coordinates growth and maturation by mediating endocrine responses to the attainment of critical weight during larval development. Plays a central role in the genetic cascades triggered by the steroid hormone ecdysone at the onset of metamorphosis, acting as both a repressor of the early ecdysone-induced regulatory genes and an inducer of the ftz-f1 midprepupal competence factor.
During L2 and L3 stages, strong constitutive expression is seen in the ring gland. Lower expression is detected in specific neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) (at protein level).
Flies exhibit larvae that precociously leave the food to form premature prepupae, resulting in abbreviated larval development that translates directly into smaller and lighter animals.
May interact with itself, with narya and vilya through its RING-type zinc finger.
Nenya, narya and vilya contain a RING-type zinc finger domain and are named after the Three Rings of Power given by the elves of Eregion in J.R.R. Tolkien's books.
Required for the formation of DNA double-strand breaks together with narya and vilya during the meiotic recombination process (PubMed:30615609). Plays a redundant role with narya in chromosome segregation during female meiosis (PubMed:30615609).
Belongs to the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter (SNF) (TC 2.A.22) family.
'wengen' is named after a village at the foot of the Eiger mountain after which the egr gene is named.
In third instar larvae, detected in photoreceptor neurons, including R8 photoreceptors, and also in adult head (at protein level) (PubMed:23544124). Expression appears to be very low or undetectable in pregastrulating embryos. During gastrulation, detected in the inner layer of embryonic tissue corresponding to the presumptive mesoderm. At germ band extended stages, continues to accumulate in the mesodermal segments of the embryo. In later-staged embryos (stages 15/16), detected in subsets of cells within the condensing nerve cord (PubMed:12894227).
Interacts with egr (PubMed:12084706). Interacts with Traf6 (PubMed:12894227). Interacts with Moe (PubMed:23544124).
Present at all stages of development with expression detected in embryo, larva, pupa and adult.
Receptor for egr (PubMed:12084706, PubMed:12894227). Involved in induction of apoptosis by triggering JNK signaling (PubMed:12894227). Mediates the tumor suppressor activity of egr which eliminates oncogenic cells from epithelia, thereby maintaining epithelial integrity (PubMed:19289090). Following UV-induced epidermal damage, binds to egr released from apoptotic epidermal cells and plays a role in development of thermal allodynia, a responsiveness to subthreshold thermal stimuli which are not normally perceived as noxious (PubMed:19375319). Together with Moe, involved in control of axon targeting of R8 and R2-R5 photoreceptors, independent of egr (PubMed:23544124).
Belongs to the attacin/sarcotoxin-2 family.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed of Blos1, Blos2, Blos3, Blos4, Dysb, Muted, Pldn and Snapin. Interacts with Pldn.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in pigment granule biogenesis and membrane trafficking in synapses (PubMed:20015953, PubMed:28317021). In response to high synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions, stabilizes Pldn protein levels and, together with Pldn, plays a role in promoting efficient synaptic vesicle recycling and re-formation through early endosomes (PubMed:28317021).
Belongs to the learning-associated protein family.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase which is mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.
Involved in trafficking and recycling of synaptic vesicles.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Abundant in ovaries, early embryos and adult females, but reduced in adult males.
In oocytes, localizes to pole plasm and nuage (at protein level). Expressed stronger in the germline than in somatic cells. In the germarium it sometimes concentrates in perinuclear aggregates that disappear by stage 2 of oogenesis. At later stages, it is uniformly distributed in the nurse cells and oocyte, as well as in young embryos, with no particular enrichment at the posterior or inside the pole cells (at protein level).
Involved in specific localization of cytoplasmic proteins during the formation of pole plasm. Required for synthesis and/or stability of oskar protein (osk) and localization of tudor (tud) in both the nuage and posterior pole of the oocyte. Required for normal posterior localization of osk in later stages of oogenesis and for posterior localization of the vasa (vas) protein during the entire process of pole plasm assembly. May act by regulating the complex that contains the arginine N-methyltransferase csul.
Defective germline population maintenance and differentiation when both Nup98 and Nup96 are disrupted (PubMed:21949861). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larval salivary glands results in reduced transcription of developmental genes Eip74EF and Eip75B and compromised transcriptional recovery after heat shock (PubMed:20144761). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larva results in reduced expression of Hox genes such as Ubx and Antp (PubMed:25310983). RNA-mediated knockdown in the adult fly increases viral replication of Sindbis virus (SINV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Drosophila C virus (DCV) (PubMed:25197089).
Expressed during larval development (PubMed:20144761). Expressed in brain in third instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:28366641).
Isoform A and isoform C are autoproteolytically cleaved to yield Nup98 and Nup96 or Nup98 only, respectively.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:25197089). Required for MAD import as part of the Nup107-160 complex and required for nuclear export of Moe probably via its association with Rae1 (PubMed:20547758, PubMed:28554770). Plays a role in nuclear mRNA export (PubMed:28554770). Promotes cell antiviral response by up-regulating FoxK-dependent antiviral gene transcription (PubMed:25197089, PubMed:25852164). In germline stem cells, involved in their maintenance and division together with the TGF-Beta and EGFR signaling pathways (PubMed:21949861). In larval lymph glands, has a role in the maintenance of hematopoiesis by regulating Pvr expression (PubMed:25201876).
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:25310983). In the nucleoplasm, binds to transcriptionally active chromatin with a preference for regulatory regions; co-localizes with RNA polymerase II in a RNA-independent manner and before transition into transcription elongation (PubMed:20144760, PubMed:20144761, PubMed:28366641). Plays a role in the transcriptional memory process by stabilizing enhancer-promoter loops and by mediating anchoring of chromatin to the nuclear pore complex region (PubMed:28366641). During larval development, interacts with trx and MBD-R2 and regulates transcription of developmental genes including ecdysone-responsive genes such as Eip74 and E23 (PubMed:20144761, PubMed:25310983, PubMed:28366641).
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:25310983). Interacts with Rae1 (PubMed:21874015, PubMed:28554770). Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98: Interacts with pzg and Chro (PubMed:25310983). Interacts with MBD-R2; the interaction allows Nup98 recruitment to chromatin (PubMed:25310983). Interacts with Trx (PubMed:25310983). Interacts with Wds (PubMed:25310983). Interacts with Mtor and Cp190 (PubMed:28366641). Upon ecdysone stimulation, interacts with EcR, CTCF, su(Hw) and Trl (PubMed:28366641).
Up-regulated upon Drosophila C virus (DCV) or Sindbis virus (SINV) infection.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F0 - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F0 domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane.
Degrades neuropeptide proctolin (RYLPT) by cleavage between Tyr and Leu residues.
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
Detected primarily in the epidermal cells of the segmental grooves during germ-band retraction (7-9 hours after egg laying).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Acetylated on Lys-15 during prophase I of meiosis. Phosphorylation of H2A 'Thr-119' is a prerequisite for H3 Lys-15 acetylation. Acetylation on Lys-15 is enriched on male X chromosome compared to the autosome.
Methylation at Lys-5 or Lys-80 is generally associated with active chromatin. Methylation at Lys-80 by gpp occurs at low levels in specific developmental stages and tissues undergoing active cell division, and at highest levels in epidermal cells undergoing differentiation (PubMed:14732680, PubMed:15175259, PubMed:15371351). Tri-methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me3) is generally associated with transcriptional repression (Probable). Tri-methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me3) is partly stimulated at specific chromatin loci by homologous piRNAs (PubMed:25085419). Tri-methylation at Lys-10 (H3K9me3) stimulates recruitment of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex to promote piRNA biogenesis (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419).
Phosphorylated at Thr-4 (H3T3ph) by Haspin during mitosis and interphase (PubMed:32750047). Phosphorylation at Ser-11 by aurB/ial during mitosis and meiosis is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression (PubMed:11114889, PubMed:11266459, PubMed:11371341, PubMed:12514098, PubMed:15175259). Phosphorylation at Ser-11 by JIL-1 during interphase is linked to gene activation and restricts the formation of heterochromatin at inappropriate sites. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 is enriched on male X chromosome compared to the autosome (PubMed:11114889, PubMed:11266459, PubMed:11371341, PubMed:12514098, PubMed:15175259).
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts (via N-terminus di- or tri-methylated on Lys-10 (H3K9me2/3)) with rhi (via Chromo domain); this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419).
ATPase component of the INO80 complex which remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes and is involved in DNA repair.
ATPase component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and DNA repair. Binds DNA. As part of the INO80 complex, remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
Component of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex.
Component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex.
The DBINO region is involved in binding to DNA.
Expressed in nurse cell and pro-oocytes (at protein level).
High levels of X chromosome non-disjunction at the first meiotic division, severe failure to initiate DNA double-strand breaks in oocytes in early pachytene and complete failure of meiotic recombination.
May interact with itself and with narya and nenya through their RING-type zinc fingers.
Required for the formation of DNA double-strand breaks during meiosis together with narya and nenya.
The name 'vilya' derives from the fact that this protein contains a RING-type zinc finger and vilya is the mightiest of the three rings of power given by the elves of Eregion in J.R.R. Tolkien's books.
Loss of Antp results in altered development of the embryonic thoracic segments. Overexpression can cause antennae to be transformed into legs.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that regulates segmental identity in the mesothorax. Provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Belongs to the vacuolar ATPase subunit S1 family.
All cysteine residues are arranged in C-X-C groups. These are thought to be the metal-binding sites in other metallothioneins.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 5 family.
This protein binds cations of several transition elements. Thought to be involved in metal ion homeostasis (By similarity).
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage.
Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 4 family.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class I subfamily.
Causes lethality during development. Induced silencing shortens life span.
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase (By similarity). May be involved in the regulation of life span.
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Trehalose transporter subfamily.
Acts as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, able to unwind both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA duplexes. Possesses 5' single-stranded RNA overhang nuclease activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX1 subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development. Expression is highest in early embryos.
Exhibits weak E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfer the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Plays a role in the control of mitochondrial morphology by promoting mitochondrial fission. Negatively regulates the mitochondrial fusion protein marf by promoting its ubiquitination, acting in a pathway that is parallel to the park/pink1 regulatory pathway.
No gross morphological defects. Mitochondria are slightly elongated.
Endopeptidase (By similarity). Plays a key role in innate immunity by activating the Toll pathway in response to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections, presumably downstream of pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), such as PGRP-SA, GNBP1 and GNBP3, and upstream of spz processing enzyme SPE (PubMed:16631589, PubMed:18724373).
Proteolytically cleaved by a tryspin-like protease which is likely to activate grass.
Results in increased susceptibility to fungal or Gram-positive bacterial infection and failure to induce the expression of the Toll pathway-activated antifungal peptide Drs (PubMed:18724373). siRNA-mediated knockdown results in increased susceptibility to Gram-positive bacterial infection and severe reduction in the expression of the antifungal peptide Drs (PubMed:16631589). In a protease psh mutant background, complete loss of Drs induction and increased susceptibility to Gram-positive bacterial infection (PubMed:18724373).
Putative RNA polymerase II subunit B1 C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase involved in RNA polymerase II transcription regulation.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCE family.
Expressed in early and late larval imaginal disks (at protein level).
Interacts with components of eIF3 complex, namely eIF3a, eIF3j, eIF3b, eIF3c and eIF3i (PubMed:17392269). Associates with the 40S ribosome subunit in an ATP-dependent manner and independently from the presence of the eIF3 complex (PubMed:17392269). Forms a complex with Git and Pak; the interaction with Pak may be mediated by pix/dPIX (PubMed:18996366).
Plays a role in translation initiation and quality control of translation (PubMed:16291791, PubMed:17392269, PubMed:29861391). Together with pelo and HBS1, is required for 48S complex formation from 80S ribosomes and dissociation of vacant 80S ribosomes (PubMed:17392269). Stabilizes core components of eIF3 complex promoting their assembly into translation initiation-competent complexes (PubMed:17392269). Together with pelo and HBS1, recognizes stalled ribosomes and promotes dissociation of elongation complexes assembled on non-stop mRNAs; this triggers endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA, a mechanism to release non-functional ribosomes and to degrade damaged mRNAs as part of the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway (PubMed:25128630). Plays a role in the regulation of mRNA turnover (By similarity). Plays a role in quality control of translation of mitochondrial outer membrane-localized mRNA (PubMed:29861391). As part of the Pink1-regulated signaling, ubiquitinated by Cnot4 upon mitochondria damage; this modification generates polyubiquitin signals that recruits autophagy receptors to the mitochondrial outer membrane to initiate mitophagy (PubMed:29861391). Required in the wing disk for cell division and growth as well as cell survival (PubMed:16291791). During muscle embryogenesis, required for the recruitment of Pak to muscle attachments in the embryo, hence may play a role in proper muscle morphogenesis and proper guidance and targeting of subsets of myotubes (PubMed:18996366).
The ABC transporter 2 domain is necessary and sufficient for association to the 40S ribosome subunit.
Ubiquitinated by Cnot4 (PubMed:29861391). Ubiquitination mediates the recruitment of autophagy receptors to the mitochondrial outer membrane and initiates mitophagy (PubMed:29861391).
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Binds to and activates cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk8 that phosphorylates the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAp II), which may inhibit the formation of a transcription initiation complex. Required for leg and eye development and macrochaete specification or differentiation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during developmental periods of maximal cell division; most abundant in early embryos and low levels in larvae, pupae and adults.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism (By similarity).
Alpha-L-fucosidase is responsible for hydrolyzing the alpha-1,6-linked fucose joined to the reducing-end N-acetylglucosamine of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Lacks the cysteine thought to be important for catalysis. It is replaced by Ala-288.
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Found in the MTV (moi-tea-ver) complex, composed of tea and the telomere capping proteins moi and ver. In the complex, tea may function to recruit moi and ver to DNA.
Protects telomeres from fusion. Likely to function as a component of the MTV complex along with moi and ver. The complex binds single-stranded DNA in a sequence-independent manner and can protect it from DNA degradation.
Specifically expressed at the tip of the furrow in cellularizing blastoderms. CLIP-190 and jar are coexpressed at several times in development and in a number of tissues, including embryonic axonal neuron processes and posterior pole.
Together CLIP-190 and jar may coordinate the interaction between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. May link endocytic vesicles to microtubules. May play a role in formation of furrows during cellularization.
Detected in the developing nervous system in the bilateral domains in the cephalic region that later on forms part of the ring gland. Concomitantly expressed in the larval central nervous system (CNS), including the dorsal chain neurons as well as several bilateral clusters of neurons: large, midline protocerebral brain cells (MC), lateral protocerebral brain cells (LC), ventral subesophageal neurons (SE) and lateral abdominal neurons, and the transverse nerves. Outside the CNS, detected in at least three classes of endocrine cells: intrinsic cells of the corpora cardiaca, midgut cells, the Inka cells, lateral Bipolar neurons associated with the segmental transverse nerve, and several peptidergic cells of the enteric nervous system. Expressed only in central and peripheral neuroendocrine secretory cells and neurosecretory neurons but not in sensory or motor neurons.
First detected in the embryonic ectoderm at early stage 11, but this expression is transient. Zygotic expression is first detected in stage 12 embryos and cytoplasmic expression is detected in many cells around stage 14. Embryonic cells maintain expression throughout their lifetime and expression continues into hatchling larvae less than 24 hours old.
Forms homodimers via the bHLH domain. These dimers bind the core E-box sequence.
The basic domain binds to the canonical E-box (5'-CANNTG-3'), with a particular preference for TA relative to AT or CG in the variable central nucleotide positions.
Transcription factor that regulates neurosecretory (NS) cell function and neuroendocrine cell fate. Acts as a master regulator of common NS functions such as Phm expression and neuropeptide production. Plays a role as a regulator of peptide-containing large dense-core vesicle (LDCV) production and peptidergic cell differentiation. Controls transcription of FMRFamide in Tv neuronal cells and Fur1 in Ap-let cells (Tvb and dorsal apterous cells). Also required for up-regulation of Phm in Tv and Ap-let cells, and expression of three neuropeptide genes, Ms, FMRFamide and Lk. Influences both regulated and constitutive secretory activity in neuroendocrine cells at embryonic and postembryonic level. Loss of function studies show reduced cellular levels of various neuropeptides and neuropeptide biosynthetic enzymes.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
Although strongly related to acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase enzymes, it lacks the active site and has no lipase activity.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB beta/gamma subunits subfamily.
Catalyzes the formation of the signaling molecule cAMP in response to G-protein signaling.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to butanol, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, and pentyl acetate. Responds also to pyrazines.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase that is essential and required for cellular function, larval growth, and for male and female fertility. Also required for RNA interference (RNAi), double-stranded RNA induces potent and specific gene silencing, by acting downstream of dsRNA internalization. RNAi is mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a sequence-specific, multicomponent nuclease that destroys or silences messenger RNAs homologous to the silencing trigger.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily.
Expressed throughout development, highest expression in second larval instar and adult females.
Flies are recessive lethal with a larval growth defect phenotype. Hypomorphic bel mutants are male-sterile due to defects in spermatogenesis and female sterile as oogenesis usually arrests around stages 8-9 and egg chambers completely degenerate.
Vas and bel colocalize in nuage (perinuclear, electron-dense granules in germline cells) and at the oocyte posterior during oogenesis.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family. ChaC subfamily.
Catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione into 5-oxo-L-proline and a Cys-Gly dipeptide. Acts specifically on glutathione, but not on other gamma-glutamyl peptides.
Inhibited by 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and pyrazole.
Virtually all natural populations of this species are polymorphic for 2 electrophoretically distinguishable alleles, Adh-S and Adh-F (PubMed:6789320, PubMed:6410283, PubMed:1673107, PubMed:1683848, Ref.12, PubMed:12537569, Ref.18, PubMed:6821373, PubMed:6780981). The sequence of the Adh-S allele is shown (PubMed:6789320, PubMed:6410283, PubMed:1673107, Ref.12, PubMed:12537569, Ref.18, PubMed:6821373). Other naturally occurring alleles include Adh-JA-F, Adh-AF-S, Adh-F-CHD, Adh-71K, Adh-UF and Adh-F' (PubMed:3021568, PubMed:3137352, PubMed:2124644, PubMed:6789328, PubMed:115502, PubMed:6821373). Artificially induced mutations include Adh-NB, Adh-NLA248, Adh-N4 and Adh-N11 (PubMed:6818527, PubMed:3928896, PubMed:3108863, PubMed:6821373, PubMed:2419573).
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit; can use either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes non-canonical purine nucleotides such as inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) or xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of heparan-sulfate and responsible for the alternating addition of beta-1-4-linked glucuronic acid (GlcA) and alpha-1-4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units to nascent heparan sulfate chains. Plays a central role in diffusion of morphogens hedgehog (hh), wingless (wg) and Decapentaplegic (dpp) via its role in heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) biosynthesis, HSPGs being required for movement of Hh, Dpp and wg morphogens.
In wing imaginal disk, it is ubiquitously expressed.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family. Glucose transporter subfamily.
Facilitative glucose transporter that can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane.
Transport is mediated via a series of conformation changes, switching between a conformation where the substrate-binding cavity is accessible from the outside, and a another conformation where it is accessible from the cytoplasm.
Constitutive expression of diptericin occurs in early pupae and in adults.
Required to resist Gram-negative bacterial infections, regulated by Dredd.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in all stages.
In larvae tissues examined: gut, brain imaginal disk, salivary glands, fat body, muscles, epidermis and trachaea.
The conversion to 3-oxoalanine (also known as C-formylglycine, FGly), of a serine or cysteine residue in prokaryotes and of a cysteine residue in eukaryotes, is critical for catalytic activity.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Expression begins in late embryo and end late third larval instar. Maximal expression is at the end of the first larval instar.
Expressed throughout embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult development. Expression throughout the embryo is followed by a restricted pattern of mesodermal expression that is later confined to the visceral mesoderm, gonads, gut, and salivary glands.
May be involved in transcription termination by RNA polymerase III. Binds RNA and DNA. Binds to precursors of RNA polymerase III transcripts. May play a specialized role during fly development.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIF27 subfamily.
Homodimer (Potential). Binds microtubules. Interacts with ci, smo, sgg, CkIalpha and protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PubMed:15691767, PubMed:9244298). Interacts (via kinesin motor domain) with Ubr3 (PubMed:27195754).
Polyubiquitinated by Ubr3, which leads to proteasomal degradation.
Present at high levels during the first 4 hours of embryogenesis and at moderate levels between 4-12 hours.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the increased expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut of 7 day old conventionally reared adult flies. No increased ROS expression in germ-free adults and in response to bacteria-derived uracil.
Regulates cubitus interruptus (ci) processing by recruiting multiple kinases to promote its efficient phosphorylation. Scaffolds multiple kinases and ci into proximity to promote its hyperphosphorylation, which then targets it for SCFSlimb/proteasome-mediated processing to generate its repressor form. Hh signaling inhibits ci phosphorylation by interfering with the cos-ci-kinases complex formation. Negatively regulates hh-signaling pathways during various processes, including photoreceptor differentiation (PubMed:25639794, PubMed:27195754). May negatively regulate a hh-signaling pathway which functions in the intestinal immune response to bacterial uracil by activating the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:25639794).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 19 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of 'Lys-118' of histone H2A, thereby playing a central role in histone code and gene regulation. H2A 'Lys-118' ubiquitination gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. PcG complexes act via modification of histones, such as methylation, deacetylation, ubiquitination rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. May play a role in meiotic sister chromatid cohesion.
Interacts with ORD. Component of PRC1 complex, which contains many PcG proteins like Pc, ph, Scm, Psc, Sce and also chromatin remodeling proteins such as histone deacetylases. This complex is distinct from the Esc/E(z) complex, at least composed of esc, E(z), Su(z)12, HDAC1/Rpd3 and Caf1-55. The two complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing.
Ubiquitously expressed in syncytial blastoderm embryos. Ubiquitously expressed until stage 11. Then, it is only expressed in the neuroectoderm. Later in embryonic development, it is only expressed in the CNS. In larvae, it is expressed in all imaginal disks. Expressed in the male and female gonads.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type IV family.
Converts phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns 3,4,5-P3) to PtdIns-P2, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns 4,5-P2) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI-4-P). By controlling the phosphoinositide composition of the cilia membrane of auditory receptor neurons, regulates the cilia localization of ktub and consequently the transient receptor potential channels iav and nompC.
Viable and fertile, however flies display a decrease in extracellular sound-evoked potentials. This hearing defect is likely due to the increased levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns 4,5-P2) in the ciliary base that results in the abnormal localization of membrane proteins such as ktub, iav and nompC. Expression of ktub in the cilia is decreased and displays abnormal accumulation inside chordotonal cilia, iav is enriched in the ciliary base, and nompC which is typically found in the distal cilia, is slightly mislocalized towards the proximal cilia and its expression is decreased. However there is no effect on the localization of eys.
Low fertility, adult-onset locomotor impairment and bang sensitivity, associated with mitochondrial complex III deficiency.
Required for mitochondrial complex III formation.
Beta isoform is expressed during embryogenesis, most abundant in midembryogenesis, and in adults. Alpha isoform is expressed from embryogenesis to 8 hours after pupariation, major period of expression is during second instar.
Plays a general role in the hierarchies of gene expression leading to metamorphosis.
Expressed in larvae and early pupae (PubMed:10501839). Expressed in third instar larvae (PubMed:25387828).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Peptidase M19 family.
Required for normal assembly of the mitotic spindle. May be involved in both centrosome-dependent and centrosome-independent spindle assembly programs.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PubMed:8096642). Involved in the conversion of proline to glutamate, which functions as transmitter at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:8096642). Glutamate deficiency could possibly account for reduced motor activity (PubMed:8096642).
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Expressed in developing embryo as well as in adult.
Flies exhibit reduced proline oxidase activity which produces sluggish behavior.
Most abundant in developing nervous system.
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most RAB proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP.
In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ.
A component of the GATOR complex, which functions as a regulator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:36577058). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:36577058). GATOR2 activates the TORC1 signaling pathway through the inhibition of the GATOR1 subcomplex, controlling the switch to cell proliferation and growth under nutrient replete conditions and during female oocyte development (PubMed:23723238). Acts as an atypical component of the GATOR2 subcomplex, which can either promote or inhibit TORC1 signaling, depending on tissues: inhibits TORC1 activity by preventing the activity of GATOR2 in the ovary and the eye imaginal disk brain, while it promotes TORC1 activity in the fat body (PubMed:36577058).
Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR2 subcomplex which is likely composed of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823).
Flies are viable and fertile but ovaries are significantly larger than ovaries, due to increased activity of the TORC1 signaling pathway.
Agonists of mth share minimal sequence homology, suggesting a remarkable promiscuity of mth for activation.
Increase in average life-span and enhanced resistance to various forms of stress, including starvation, high temperature and dietary paraquat, a free-radical generator.
Involved in biological aging and stress response. Essential for adult survival. Required in the presynaptic motor neuron to up-regulate neurotransmitter exocytosis at larval glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Regulates a step associated with docking and clustering of vesicles at release sites. SP/Acp70A and sun are agonists that activate mth in vitro.
Histone reader involved in homologous recombination-mediated repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) at stalled or collapsed replication forks. Specifically recognizes and binds histone H3.1.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB.
During larval development, expression is low during early stages and gradually becomes higher in late stages.
Expressed predominantly in the prothoracic gland during embryonic and larval development.
Larval developmental arrest due to ecdysteroid deficiency.
The name 'ouija board' derives from the instrument used for calling ghosts and is based on the fact that mutants cannot induce expression of the ecdysteroid biosynthesis protein spookier.
Transcription factor required for ecdysteroid production in the prothoracic gland by activating transcription of the ecdysteroid biosynthesis gene spok. Binds to the 5'-AGCTTTATTATTTAG-3' DNA sequence in the spok enhancer region.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex (By similarity) (PubMed:17392269). The eIF-3 complex interacts with pix (By similarity) (PubMed:17392269).
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine and 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster coordinated with 3 cysteines and the GTP-derived substrate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoaC family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. MoaA family.
Isoform Mocs1a and isoform Mocs1b probably form a complex that catalyzes the conversion of 5'-GTP to cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP). Mocs1a catalyzes the cyclization of GTP to (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate and Mocs1b catalyzes the subsequent conversion of (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate to cPMP.
Isoform Mocs1a and isoform Mocs1b probably form a heterooligomer.
Isoform Mocs1a seems to be translated from a bicistronic transcript while isoform Mocs1b seems to be translated from a monocistronic mRNA that is derived by alternative splicing.
The C-terminus of Mocs1a was previously believed to be thiocarboxylated, but it is now known not to be the case.
Bifunctional mRNA-capping enzyme exhibiting RNA 5'-triphosphate monophosphatase activity in the N-terminal part and mRNA guanylyltransferase activity in the C-terminal part. Catalyzes the first two steps of cap formation: by removing the gamma-phosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of nascent mRNA to yield a diphosphate end, and by transferring the GMP moiety of GTP to the 5'-diphosphate terminus of RNA via a covalent enzyme-GMP reaction intermediate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic GTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the non-receptor class of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:16510152). Induced as part of the humoral response to a bacterial invasion (PubMed:2390977). Transcripts appear within one hour after injection of bacteria into the hemocoel, reach a maximum after 2-6 hours and have almost disappeared after 24 hours (PubMed:2104802). Similar response is seen when flies ingest bacteria present in their food (PubMed:2104802). 8 hours after bacterial infection of embryos (2-6 hours after hatching), up-regulated in the larval epidermis and 16 hour post-infection is up-regulated in the larval fat body (PubMed:11266367). Up-regulated in the larval fat body by injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), but not up-regulated in the epidermis (PubMed:11266367).
Cecropins have lytic and antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:2390977, PubMed:11266367). Functions in the imd/NF-kappa-B (Imd) epithelial and humoral immune response to Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:11266367).
Hemolymph (at protein level) (PubMed:16510152). Strongly expressed in larval, pupal and adult fat body and hemocytes after injection of bacteria (PubMed:2390977). Maximal expression in the adult involves fat body cells of the head, thorax and abdomen (PubMed:2390977).
Induced as part of the humoral response to a bacterial invasion (PubMed:2390977). Transcripts appear within one hour after injection of bacteria into the hemocoel, reach a maximum after 2-6 hours and have almost disappeared after 24 hours (PubMed:2104802). Similar response is seen when flies ingest bacteria present in their food (PubMed:2104802).
Strongly expressed in larval, pupal and adult fat body and hemocytes after injection of bacteria. Maximal expression in the adult involves fat body cells of the head, thorax and abdomen.
Expressed at low levels during early embryonic stages, its expression increases later and reaches the highest level during late stages of embryogenesis. Subsequently, its levels are reduced during larval stages and increase during pupal stages.
Receptor for the neuropeptides RYamide-1 and RYamide-2 (PubMed:21843505, PubMed:21704020). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate a phosphatidyl-inositol-calcium second messenger system (PubMed:21843505, PubMed:21704020). RYamide signaling may suppress feeding behavior (PubMed:21704020).
Detected in the stellate cells in the main segment and the bar-shaped cells in the initial segment of male and female Malpighian tubules (at protein level) (PubMed:15554877). Expressed in the spermatheca (at protein level) (PubMed:24395329). Expressed in the somatic cyst cells of the testes, with increased expression at the tail end of elongating cysts (PubMed:15554877, PubMed:24395329). Expressed in the ovaries with strong expression in the posterior polar cells and in border cells of stage 8, 9, and 10 follicles (PubMed:24395329). In adults and third-instar larvae, expressed in the brain, ventral ganglion, and stellate cells (PubMed:24395329). Also expressed in the foregut and the imaginal disks (eye, antennal and leg) of third-instar larvae (PubMed:24395329). In stage 17 embryos, expressed in the tracheal system, foregut, hindgut and epidermis (PubMed:24395329). Also expressed in the stellate cell progenitors of the caudal visceral mesoderm in embryos (PubMed:17157960).
Metalloendoprotease which cleaves peptides such as tachykinin peptide TK-2 at the amino side of hydrophobic residues (PubMed:15554877, PubMed:17157960). Functions in female fertility, embryogenesis and memory formation (PubMed:24395329, PubMed:27629706). Required in females for normal patterns of egg laying, probably due to its function in sperm retention and preventing sperm displacement by rival ejaculates (PubMed:24395329). Also required for normal patterns of hatching due to its important role in early embryonic development (PubMed:24395329). Required in the dorsal paired medial neurons for the proper formation of middle-term memory (PubMed:27629706). Also required in the mushroom body neurons where it functions redundantly with neprilysins Nep3 and Nep4 in normal long-term memory formation (PubMed:27629706).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in females mated to wild-type males results in laying of fewer eggs due to impaired sperm retention and increased sperm displacement by rival ejaculates (PubMed:24395329). Females also show a reduced hatch rate and only 20% of their progeny reach the adult stage (PubMed:24395329). Unhatched eggs are fertilized but contain a clear polar body rosette instead of an embryo, suggesting that the eggs activate and complete meiosis but then embryogenesis is arrested (PubMed:24395329). Wild-type females mated to males that undergo RNAi-mediated knockdown, display a slight reduction in fertility but lay the same number of eggs and have the same hatch rate as those mated to wild-type males (PubMed:24395329). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsal paired medial neurons impairs middle-term memory (MTM), but has no effect on long-term memory (LTM) formation, normal aversion learning and anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) (PubMed:27629706). RNAi-mediated knockdown in all mushroom body neurons has no effect on learning, ARM and LTM (PubMed:27629706). However, simultaneous knockdown with Nep3 does impair LTM, and simultaneous knockdown with both Nep3 and Nep4 results in a further reduction in LTM formation (PubMed:27629706). Simultaneous knockdown with only Nep4 has no effect on LTM formation (PubMed:27629706).
The soluble form is probably produced by proteolytic cleavage.
Asn-1791 may participate in regulating DNA-binding activity by promoting homo- and heterodimerization.
Cell-specific pattern of expression. Broadly expressed during embryonic development.
Detected in many cells in the central nervous system, all external sensory organs, some peripheral neurons, and in the non-neural cells of the spiracles and the Malpighian tubules.
Regulator of cell fate decisions in multiple lineages. Specifically, functions as a determination factor that specifies sensory organ identity in precursor cells. Probably also involved in cell type specification of Malpighian tubules. In absence of cut gene external sensory organs are transformed into chordotonal organs.
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen-III to yield coproporphyrinogen-III.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins.
Mutants in this gene exhibit several, largely neuronal defects including lesions affecting the neuronal connectivity of the giant fiber with the 'jumping muscle', and the axons of photoreceptor cells R7 and R8 fail to make the proper right-angle turn into the medulla (hence the term 'bendless').
Expressed throughout development, levels are high during embryogenesis but low in following stages.
Monomer (probable predominant form) (PubMed:18540637). Oligomer (PubMed:18540637). Might form a complex with bcn92, IscU and Nsf1 (Probable). Interacts with IscU (By similarity).
Promotes the biosynthesis of heme as well as the assembly and repair of iron-sulfur clusters by delivering Fe(2+) to proteins involved in these pathways (PubMed:18540637). May play a role in the protection against iron-catalyzed oxidative stress through its ability to catalyze the oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) (PubMed:18540637). May be able to store large amounts of the metal in the form of a ferrihydrite mineral by oligomerization (PubMed:18540637). Required for ecdysteroidogenesis in the prothoracic gland which is necessary for larval to pupal transition (PubMed:25628335).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in nearly absent pupariation and reduced ecdysteroid peak level required to proceed to pupal stage (PubMed:25628335). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the prothoracic gland results in delayed or absent pupariation (PubMed:25628335).
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Binds the poly(A) tail of mRNA (PubMed:2125288). Since it interacts with the cap-associating translation initiation factor eIF4G, it is likely that it functions by linking Atx2 to the cap-binding complex (PubMed:28388438). Forms a complex with tyf and Atx2 which functions in adult circadian pacemaker neurons to sustain circadian rhythms likely by switching between activator and repressor modes of post-transcriptional regulation via interaction with Lsm12a or me31B, respectively (PubMed:28388438). The activator complex (Atx2-tyf activator complex) activates the TYF-dependent translation of per to maintain 24 hour periodicity in circadian locomotor behaviors, whereas the repressor complex (Atx2-Not1 repressor complex) promotes Not1-dependent post-transcriptional gene silencing and supports high-amplitude circadian rhythms in a per-independent manner (PubMed:28388438). In 0-1 hour embryos, forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) with me31B, eIF4E1, tral and cup which binds to various mRNAs including maternal mRNAs, and down-regulates their expression during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (PubMed:28875934).
Core component of the neuromuscular Atx2 complex, composed of at least Atx2, tyf, pAbp, Lsm12a (PubMed:28388438). Interacts with Atx2 (via PAM2 motif) (PubMed:28388438). Atx2 and pAbp form a subcomplex that can associate with the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs independently of tyf, Lsm12a or me31B (PubMed:28388438). Forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) containing at least me31B, eIF4E1, cup, tral and pAbp; this interaction is required for the translational silencing of maternal mRNAs during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (PubMed:28875934). In 1-5 hour embryos, interaction with me31B is severely reduced and there is no detected interaction with cup and tral, however interaction with eIF4E1 and eIF4G1 remains unchanged (PubMed:28875934). Interacts with gw; this interaction interferes with the binding of pAbp to eIF4G and is required for miRNA-mediated silencing (PubMed:19797087). Interacts with larp (PubMed:19631203).
Expressed during the first 5 hrs of embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:28875934). Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development (PubMed:2125288).
By the BNL-FGF pathway in the tracheal system and by the egf receptor pathway in the wing imaginal disk and the follicle cells of the ovary.
In ovary, expressed from stage 7 of oogenesis in the posterior follicle cells and during stage 9 when the follicle cells migrate posteriorly over the oocyte nucleus, expression is seen in the dorsal and lateral cells and is excluded from the ventral cells. Once the migration of follicle cells is complete expressed in the dorsal-anterior corner of the egg chamber. Expressed in the embryonic tracheal system, developing eye imaginal disk, embryonic chordotonal organ precursors, midline glia and wing imaginal disk.
Inhibitor of tracheal branching that restricts branch budding by antagonizing the BNL-FGF pathway (BNL: branchless, an fgf inducer of branching). Acts as an antagonist of EGFR-mediated signaling in the eye (where it is important for cell determination) midline glia, chordotonal organs, wing and ovarian follicle cells.
Interacts with DRK and RasGAP1 proteins of the Ras pathway.
Pupal lethal. Mutant embryos and larvae show ectopic tracheal branching.
The Cys-rich domain is responsible for the localization of the protein to the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
Involved in signal transduction through the Wnt pathway.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) through the transfer of a phosphatidyl head group from cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-ethanolamine on to the primary hydroxyl of ceramide.
Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family.
Phosphorylated on Ser and other residues by TAF1 and casein kinase II-like kinases.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis.
Heme 1 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm, and heme 2 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm.
The full-length protein contains only eight transmembrane helices, not nine as predicted by bioinformatics tools.
The main subunits of complex b-c1 are: cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and the Rieske protein.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
May be proteolytically cleaved via an autocatalytic mechanism.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:19590012). Viable but highly susceptible to septic injury with Gram-positive bacteria and fungi (PubMed:19590012, PubMed:24794300). Adults infected with Gram-positive bacteria E.faecalis and L.monocytogenes rapidly succumb to infection (PubMed:19590012), and display reduced expression of the antimicrobial peptide gene Drs in response to septic injury with the Gram-positive bacteria M.luteus and E.faecalis and also after injection with their purified peptidoglycans (PubMed:19590012). Adults infected with C.albicans display a severe reduction in survival after infection, and show reduced expression of Drs in response to septic injury with living C.albicans and after injection with dead C.albicans (PubMed:19590012). Moderate reduction in survival and Drs expression after infection with A.fumigatus spores (PubMed:19590012). Stage 15 embryos also display reduced survival and Drs expression after injection with M.luteus and a moderate decrease in survival after injection with proteases from the fungus A.oryzae (PubMed:24794300). No effect on survival after septic injury with the Gram-negative bacteria E.carotovora (PubMed:19590012). In adults, no effect on Drs expression after injection of proteases derived from the fungi A.oryzae and B.subtilis (PubMed:19590012). In embryos, no effect on survival or expression of the antimicrobial peptide DptA after infection with the Gram-negative bacteria Ecc15 (PubMed:24794300).
Serine protease that plays a key role in innate immunity by activating the Toll pathway in response to infection with Gram-positive bacteria and fungi (PubMed:19590012, PubMed:24794300). During Gram-positive infection, acts downstream of PGRP-SA and upstream of Grass and Spz, and therefore appears to function in a pathway that links detection of Gram-positive lysine-type peptidoglycans to Toll activation (PubMed:19590012). Functions in a separate pathway to the psh-mediated activation of the Toll pathway (PubMed:19590012).
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate.
Mutations cause abnormal tissue morphology and necrosis and widespread aberrant differentiation.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. TRM7 subfamily.
Decreases methylation of position 32 in tRNA(Phe) (PubMed:31943105). Impairs long-term memory functioning with no apparent effect on short-term memory (PubMed:36720500). Sensitizes flies to infection by Drosophila C virus (DCV) (PubMed:31943105). Leads to derepression of piRNA pathway-mediated transposable element silencing, whereas small non-coding RNA levels appear normal (PubMed:31943105). Leads to locomotor defects and a reduction in ovarian size (PubMed:31943105). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs small interfering RNA-mediated silencing (PubMed:31943105). Simultaneous knockdown of Trm7-32 decreases lifespan (PubMed:31943105).
Methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at position 34 of the tRNA anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs (PubMed:31943105). May require WDR6 for methylation of the nucleotide at position 34 of the anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs (PubMed:31943105). Plays a role in neurogenesis (PubMed:36720500). Requisite for RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:31943105). Modifies position 34 in tRNA(Leu(CAA)), tRNA(Leu(CAG)), tRNA(Phe(GAA)), and tRNA(Trp(CCA)) (PubMed:31943105).
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. The active unit is formed by non-covalent association of the 55 kDa and 16 kDa subunits.
Neither N-glycosylation nor dimerization is required for enzyme activity or substrate specificity, but protects the protein against proteolytic digestion.
Proteolytic cleavage into the 16 kDa subunit and the 55 kDa subunits originates from the hydrophilic peptide, aa 148-180, and is associated with excretion out of the cell.
Rapidly hydrolyzes choline released into the synapse. It can hydrolyze butyrylthiocholine.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase E subfamily.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Combines RNA-binding and PPIase activities (By similarity).
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Neurological defects, characterized by behavioral disorders, including increased activity, disorientation, and aggressiveness (PubMed:30526862). Impaired pseudouridylation oF tRNAS (PubMed:30526862).
Pseudouridylate synthase that catalyzes pseudouridylation of RNAs, such as tRNAs and mRNAs.
Part of the SNAPc complex composed of 5 subunits: SNAPC1, SNAPC2, SNAPC3, SNAPC4 and SNAPC5. SNAPC3 interacts with SNAPC1.
Part of the SNAPc complex required for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes. Binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. Recruits TBP and BRF2 to the U6 snRNA TATA box.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties (By similarity). Required for glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle.
Phosphorylation of Ser-15 converts phosphorylase B (unphosphorylated) to phosphorylase A.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL28 family.
Detected in embryo at stage 13 in the posterior spiracles and foregut primordium. By stage 15, expressed specifically in epithelia secreting cuticle, including the trachea, foregut, hindgut and epidermis.
Embryonic lethal. RNAi-mediated knockdown in tracheal terminal cells results in cystic dilations and discontinuities of the apical membrane; terminal cells are severely pruned with terminal branches largely devoid of lumenal membrane, except for isolated inclusions.
Probable endopeptidase. In tracheal terminal cells, acts downstream of ich to regulate seamless tube growth and/or maintenance probably by processing lumenal matrix proteins.
Embryonic lethal, with a few escapers that develop to first-instar larvae. In larval muscles the microtubule (MT) network is greatly reduced with a decrease in the number and length of MT fibers. RNAi-mediated knockdown in larval neurons and muscles results in a significant increase in roll-over time. RNAi-mediated knockdown in pre- and post-synaptic neurons results in increased branching number, increased bouton number and decreased bouton size at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synaptic terminals. Presynaptic knockdown also results in increased excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) and miniature excitatory junction potentials (mEJPs) of NMJ synapses, whereas knockdown in postsynaptic neurons has no effect on neurotransmission parameters.
In embryos, expressed ubiquitously with higher expression levels in the central nervous system and muscles (at protein level). Expression levels decrease from the embryonic to larval stage (at protein level). In third-stage larva, high levels of expression in the epidermal cells with lower levels of expression in the muscles, central neurons and peripheral axons (at protein level).
Tubulin-folding protein which is required for the development of the neuronal microtubule network. Essential for the development and function of neuromuscular synapses. Likely to promote microtubule formation by acting in the negative regulation of the microtubule-severing protein spas.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family which transports various molecules including bioamines, neurotransmitters and metabolic intermediates (PubMed:812484, PubMed:18931318, PubMed:33820991). In the eye and probably in association with w/white, required for the transport of the eye brown pigment precursors, kynurenine and probably tryptophan, into pigment cell granules (PubMed:812484, PubMed:10407069). In Malpighian tubules and pupal eyes, involved in kynurenine transport (PubMed:812484). Probably in association with w/white, plays a role in zinc storage granule biogenesis in Malpighian tubule principal epithelial cells (PubMed:29367274).
Expressed in early and late larvae, in pupae and, to a lesser extent, in adults.
Expressed in the eye, specifically in primary pigment cells, secondary pigment cells and retinula cells (at protein level).
Eyes are scarlet due to a defect in brown pigment production (PubMed:10407069). In larval Malpighian tubules and pupal eyes, kynurenine uptake is impaired resulting in a severe decrease in 3-hydroxykynurenine production (PubMed:812484). In the head, levels of neurotransmitters histamine, dopamine and serotonin are reduced (PubMed:18931318). In addition, in lamina photoreceptor terminals R1-R6, numbers of synaptic vesicles and capitate projections, which are sites of endocytosis of vesicle membrane, are reduced (PubMed:18931318). Reduces the levels of several metabolites, including tryptophan, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, guanosine, and, to a lesser extent, xanthine and riboflavin, and increases the levels of guanine and tetrahydrofolate (PubMed:33820991). 3-fold reduction in Malpighian tubule zinc stores (PubMed:29367274).
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Inhibits DNA replication early in developments. May bind and block the action of a replication or initiation factor.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-2 subfamily.
DNA-binding regulatory protein implicated in early development. Involved in neuronal cell fate decision. May act as an octamer-dependent activator of transcription. Could also play an early role in specific ectodermal cells, and a subsequent role in the embryonic nervous system.
Expressed primarily during the first half of embryogenesis.
Initial expression in cellular blastoderm stage, then in ectodermal stripes during germband extension. Broad expression in the neuroectoderm followed by limitation to discrete subsets of CNS cells, and expression in specific PNS neurons and support cells.
Death during embryogenesis; without displaying dorsal-ventral patterning defects. Heterozygous embryos act as a dominant maternal enhancer of dorsalizing mutation cact(E10) and display a partially dorsalized phenotype.
Not present in the oocyte or early embryo. Expressed in a number of embryonic tissues at later stages. First detected at stage 9 of embryogenesis, in the epithelium of the stomodeum, which develops into the foregut and in the epithelium of the proctodeal opening. Segmentally repeated expression was observed in the mesodermal layer in stage 11. At stage 13, segmentally repeated ectodermal expression is observed. Also expressed in the epithelium of the foregut and posterior spiracles and the fat body. Detected in both nurse cells and follicle cells during oogenesis. Enriched in follicle cells adjacent to the anterior end of the oocyte.
mRNA splicing factor that regulates alternative splicing od specific genes. Has a maternal role in embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning; such role is probably indirect and due to its function as mRNA splicing factor regulator.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two divalent metal cations.
Belongs to the potassium channel KCNN family. SK subfamily.
Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization. Thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to the slow component of synaptic afterhyperpolarization. The channel is blocked by apamin (By similarity).
Heterooligomer. The complex is composed of 4 channel subunits each of which binds to a calmodulin subunit which regulates the channel activity through calcium-binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
Associated with mitochondria in spermatids during a narrow developmental window. Mitochondria align on the spindle equator throughout meiotic divisions, but it is not expressed on mitochondria until the last of meiosis II. In postmeiotic haploid spermatids, it is associated with aggregating mitochondria and highly expressed on onion stage Nebenkerns. Expressed at lower levels associated with early elongation stage mitochondrial derivatives. Not detected on more elongated mitochondria.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. Mitofusin subfamily.
Defective mitochondrial fusion in spermatids results in onion-staged nebenkerns with irregular borders that contain many small mitochondria (PubMed:18799731). At the leaf-blade stage nebenkerns contain many small mitochondria instead of the two mitochondria derivatives seen in wild-type spermatids (PubMed:18799731).
Essential transmembrane GTPase, which mediates mitochondrial fusion during spermatogenesis (PubMed:9230308, PubMed:18799731). In early spermatocytes, fusion of mitochondria give rise to two organelles named Nebenkern and constitutes an important step in mitochondria morphology, which is balanced between fusion and fission (PubMed:9230308, PubMed:18799731). Essential for fertility (PubMed:9230308).
Specifically expressed in male germ cells, in spermatocytes and early spermatids. Not expressed in other tissues.
May function as a negative regulator of the EGFR/Ras/MAPK signaling pathway during eye development.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. ATP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for ATP.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 3 family.
In third instar larvae, isoform B is highly expressed in skeletal muscle but not detected in fat body.
Isoform B interacts with Atg8a upon starvation.
Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan.
Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDPG to the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan. In larval skeletal muscle, isoform B is required for the formation of autophagosomes during starvation and during cloroquine-induced vacuolar myopathy.
Last day of pupal development and adults.
Lumen fluid of male accessory glands, becomes seminal fluid.
Transferred from male to female during mating and may affect egglaying and behavior after mating.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase subunit F6 family.
Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family.
Constitutively expressed at high level in gut, in addition to the induced expression in fat body.
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase involved in innate immunity by degrading bacterial peptidoglycans (PGN) (PubMed:11106397, PubMed:12496260). Plays a scavenger role by digesting biologically active PGN into biologically inactive fragments (PubMed:12496260). Has no direct bacteriolytic activity (PubMed:12496260).
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase involved in innate immunity by degrading bacterial peptidoglycans (PGN). Plays a scavenger role by digesting biologically active PGN into biologically inactive fragments. Has no direct bacteriolytic activity.
Interacts with SdhA in its FAD-bound form.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol (PubMed:24954416). Binds to the flavoprotein subunit SdhA in its FAD-bound form, blocking the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitating its assembly with the iron-sulfur protein subunit SdhB into the SDH catalytic dimer (By similarity).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits and several supernumerary subunits. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII).
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family.
Expressed at all developmental stages, though the levels vary.
Expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (at protein level).
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-9, Met-13 or Met-14 is the initiator.
Phosphorylation by CkIalpha and PKA regulates smo accumulation at the cell surface and its signaling activity in response to hh.
RNAi-mediated knockdown severely reduces adult survival following the ingestion of E.carotovora. Abolishes Cad99C-dependent formation of endosomes and DUOX-dependent up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestines of adults fed bacteria-derived uracil.
Segment polarity protein required for correct patterning of every segment. G protein-coupled receptor which associates with the patched protein (ptc) to transduce the hedgehog (hh) signal through the activation of an inhibitory G-protein. In the absence of hh, ptc represses the constitutive signaling activity of smo through fused (fu). Essential component of a hh-signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut immune response to bacterial uracil; required to activate Cad99C-dependent endosome formation, norpA-dependent Ca2+ mobilization and p38 MAPK, which are essential steps in the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794).
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Tubulin-folding protein; involved in the early step of the tubulin folding pathway.
Probable adapter protein that bind to and organize the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins containing some PDZ recognition sequence. Involved in the clustering of various receptors, possibly by acting at the receptor internalization level. Plays a role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the trafficking and internalization of AMPA receptors. May be regulated upon PRKCA activation. May regulate ASIC1/ASIC3 channel. Regulates actin polymerization by inhibiting the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex; the function is competitive with nucleation promoting factors and is linked to neuronal morphology regulation and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Via interaction with the Arp2/3 complex involved in regulation of synaptic plasicity of excitatory synapses and required for spine shrinkage during long-term depression (LTD). Involved in regulation of astrocyte morphology, antagonistic to Arp2/3 complex activator WASL/N-WASP function.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Expressed in the cortex of the pupal CNS and at low levels in the wing imaginal disk.
Structural component of the gap junctions.
Mesectodermal expression appears shortly before the onset of gastrulation. Later it is detected in the neuro-ectoderm as well as in the mesoderm in a highly dynamic pattern in many stages of embryogenesis. In imaginal disks, expressed as following: in the eye disk, within and posterior to the morphogenetic furrow; in the wing pouch, in the presumptive intervein regions and wing margin; in the leg disk, general expression.
Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope. Seems to act as a cytosolic receptor for both simple and bipartite NLS motifs (By similarity).
Forms a complex with importin beta subunit.
High levels are detected during the first half of embryogenesis reaching a maximum between 4 and 8 hours of development. Protein expression increases again from the third larval instar onwards. It is expressed in a maternal/early embryonic phase, and again during morphogenesis in late larval and pupal stages.
It is required for normal cell proliferation and may serve as an adapter molecule to form complexes with other proteins. May act as a tumor suppressor in hematopoietic cells. May play a role in the nuclear import of karyophilic proteins and some of these may be required for the normal transmission and function of proliferative signals in the cells.
Predominantly expressed in the neuroblast stem cells.
Was originally thought to be the overgrown hematopoietic organs-31 protein (OHO-31).
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
DNA helicase that possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity and is both required for DNA repair and heterochromatin organization. Promotes DNA end resection of double-strand breaks (DSBs) following DNA damage: probably acts by weakening histone DNA interactions in nucleosomes flanking DSBs (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules.
Interacts with the flavoprotein subunit within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Required for flavinylation (covalent attachment of FAD) of the flavoprotein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer.
Associates with pre-60S ribosomal particles; released from the pre-60S particle very early in the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the ZNF593/BUD20 C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Involved in pre-60S ribosomal particles maturation by promoting the nuclear export of the 60S ribosome.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Subunit of non-clathrin- and clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. AP-3 appears to be involved in the sorting of a subset of transmembrane proteins targeted to lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(s) subfamily.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(s) protein is involved in hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase: it activates the cyclase (By similarity).
Preferentially expressed in the nervous system and in the eyes.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family. Or63a subfamily.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to butyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and hexanoic acid.
Essential for gene silencing: has a role in the structure of silenced chromatin. May be involved in gene regulation during development. Binds RNA.
The short transcript is expressed moderately during early embryonic stages (0-18 hours) but then declines in late stage embryos (15-21 hours), becoming replaced by the long transcript which persists into the adult body.
Transcription utilizes two promoters. Promoter 1 gives rise to the short transcript encoding Sas10 only. Promoter 2 generates a discistronic transcript of Sas10 and Rnp4F. The longer transcript becomes an RNA duplex which is a target for RNA editing via Adar editase; Rnp4F (not Sas10) is edited.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type II family.
Functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). During border cell migration in the ovary, acts as a GAP for Rab11 and is necessary for the maintenance of active receptor tyrosine kinases at the leading edge.
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Allantoinase family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family. ADGF subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle.
Required to maintain the proper number of mitochondria in neurons and muscles.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Prevents misfolding and promotes the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions.
Embryos lacking maternal and zygotic Smn die between 0 and 4 hours after egg laying. Zygotic mutants never initiate pupation but instead persist as third instar larvae, often surviving at this stage for several days. Mutant larvae exhibit reduced CNS, testes and muscle size, decreased locomotion and altered rhythmic motor activity. At the NMJ, mutant larvae show an overall decrease in the number of synaptic boutons, but an increase in enlarged ones, loss of large glutamate receptor clusters and an aberrant increase in evoked excitatory postsynaptic potential (eEPSP) amplitude and in miniature EPSP frequency. Mutant larvae also show defective mira subcellular localization in pNBs. Mutant larvae show a decrease of spliceosomal snRNA levels and splicing defects in U12 intron-containing genes (PubMed:23063131). But appreciable splicing defects in U12 intron-containing genes are not observed in mutant larvae, although a decrease in spliceosomal snRNA levels is detected, in PubMed:22813737. RNAi-mediated knockdown in tracheal cells results in defective gas-filling lumen in terminal branches (PubMed:23029159).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed ubiquitously throughout development. Expression is high during embryogenesis but decreases 30-fold in adult flies (at protein level).
Homodimer (via C-terminal region) (PubMed:11113446, PubMed:12783845, PubMed:22813737). Part of the core SMN complex, which seems to be composed of Smn and Gem2 only (PubMed:18621711, PubMed:23333303). The SMN complex associates with the entire set of spliceosomal snRNP Sm proteins, SmB, SmD1, SmD2, SmD3, SmE, SmF and SmG, and with the snRNP-specific proteins snRNP-U1-70K, U2A, snf/U1A and U5-116KD (PubMed:18621711, PubMed:23333303). Associates weakly with Gem3 (PubMed:18621711). Interacts with SmB and SmD1; the interaction is favored by methylation of the Sm proteins (PubMed:16753561, PubMed:18369183). Interacts with Actn; the interaction occurs in thoracic tissues and in adult flies (PubMed:17353360). Interacts with Rpp20 (PubMed:14715275). Interacts with msk and Snup; these interactions are RNA-dependent (PubMed:23885126).
In late first instar larvae, expressed in pNBs. Expression increases as the pNBs enlarge, with the highest accumulation observed in dividing pNBs of second and third instar larvae. Enriched in type ID (thoracic and brain lobe), type IA and all the mira-expressing NBs of the brain lobes. In larvae, also expressed in muscle fibers. In larval and adult testis, expressed in germline stem cells and gonialblast, expression decreases as cells differentiate into cysts and spermatocytes. In adult fly thorax, expressed in the IFMs. In adult ovary, expressed in germline stem cells, cystoblasts, follicle cells, nurse cells and oocyte (at protein level). Also expressed in larval salivary glands.
The SMN complex plays an essential role in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm, is required for pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus and acts as a chaperone that discriminates target and non-target RNAs of Sm proteins. Required for normal expression of spliceosomal snRNAs and for U12 intron splicing. Required in cholinergic neurons, but not in motor neurons, to ensure correct splicing and proper levels of stas mRNA and normal neurotransmitter release by motor neurons (PubMed:23063130, PubMed:23063131). However, Smn is required in motor neurons, but not in cholinergic neurons, for normal motor behavior but plays no role in synaptic transmission according to a report (PubMed:23103409). In both muscle and neurons, required for the formation of a normal neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure. Plays a neuron-specific role in long-term homeostatic compensation at the larval NMJ. In the thorax of adult flies, required for Act88F, an indirect flight muscle (IFM)-specific actin, expression and for proper IFM myofibril formation. In nurse cells, oocytes and follicle cells, required to maintain normal organization of nuclear compartments including chromosomes, nucleoli, Cajal bodies, histone locus bodies and heterochromatin. Required for the functional integrity of the cytoplasmic U snRNP body (U body) and P body. Required in dividing postembryonic neuroblasts (pNBs) for the correct basal localization of mira. The tight regulation of its expression is critical for stem cell division, proliferation and differentiation in male germline and developing central nervous system (CNS). Required for tracheal terminal cell lumen formation.
Expressed in follicle cell epithelium and imaginal disks, particularly in the morphogenetic furrow.
Part of a SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Interacts with Myc and puf (PubMed:15182669, PubMed:24173801). Interacts with CycE (PubMed:11565033).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the posterior compartment of the larval wing disk increases cell size in the posterior compartment of the adult wing, resulting in an increase in the size of the posterior compartment as well as an increase in the ratio between the posterior and anterior areas. Knockdown of the gene is embryonic lethal. Neuronal-specific knockdown results in deficits in habituation learning, as demonstrated by the light-off reflex habituation assay.
Substrate recognition component of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Probably recognizes and binds to phosphorylated target proteins (By similarity). In the wing and eye, negatively regulates cell growth and proliferation by mediating the degradation of Myc and cyclin E, respectively (PubMed:11565033, PubMed:15182669). Required for endocycles, but not mitosis in follicle cell epithelium (PubMed:15175253).
Accumulates to a high level at the beginning of the ecdysone response, during the metamorphosis of imaginal disks in puff stage 1, and abruptly disappears after several hours.
Broad-complex proteins are required for puffing and transcription of salivary gland late genes during metamorphosis.
Induced as a primary response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in third instar larval imaginal disks.
Isoforms Z1 accumulate slowly in mid instar larvae salivary glands at beginning of ecdysone response (94-114 hours of development at puff stage 1) and become the predominant isoform after 6 hours. Levels diminish at puff stage 2 and are moderately abundant in late larvae from stages 3-10. In prepupae, transcripts appear at puff stage 15 onwards, reaching maximum at stages 18-20. In gut, levels remain constant between stages 1-11. In Malpighian tubules, Z1 isoforms are seen at stages 3 and 7, but not at stage 11. In fat body and wing disks, low levels increase between stages 3 and 11. Isoform Z2 accumulates to a high level at the beginning of the ecdysone response during puff stage 1 and abruptly disappears after several hours. In prepupae, transcripts are reinduced at low levels. Low levels are seen in the Malpighian Tubules, gut and fat body between stages 1-11 and high levels in the wing disk. Isoform Z3; in mid instar larval salivary gland transcript accumulates to a high level at the beginning of the ecdysone response, 94-98 hours of development in puff stage 1, and abruptly disappears after several hours. Levels increase by puff stage 3 remaining abundant in late larvae until stage 10, then diminish by stage 11. In prepupae, transcripts are abundant and increase during puff stages 11-14 and 18-20. High levels are seen in Malpighian tubules, gut and fat body between stages 1-11 and low levels in wing disk.
Primary response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in third instar larval imaginal disks.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP5 subfamily.
Expressed in the posterior half of each parasegment just anterior to the parasegmental boundary.
Present at 0-3 hours of embryogenesis. Maximal expression at 3-6 hours. Strong re-expression in first-instar larvae.
Transcription factor involved in segmentation. Required for the formation of the mandibular lobe. Different levels of slp activity seem to be required in different segments.
Heterodimer (By similarity). Interacts with hdm.
Implicated in recombination events during meiosis, mostly in meiotic exchange. May directly resolve Holliday junctions within recombination intermediates leading to DNA exchange. Also required for the repair of mismatches within meiotic heteroduplex DNA and for nucleotide excision repair.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Expressed in the GSCs and in dividing cysts. Expression is reduced in the germline as individual egg chambers are formed. Isoform C is expressed in all somatic and germline cells of the ovary. Isoform D is expressed in the GSC niche.
Lack of isoform D causes an increase in niche cell size and abnormal terminal filament organization. This in turn increases niche capacity by increasing the potential contact surface between CpCs and stem cells. Lack of isoform C causes defects in the organization of the follicle cell layer and defects in dorsal appendage morphogenesis.
May be involved in JAK/STAT signaling. Isoform D is required for the proper arrangement of niche cells and is autonomously required for proper niche cell size, isoform C negatively regulates the adhesive properties of the niche. The germline stem cell (GSC) niche in ovaries is made up of two somatic cell types: 8-9 cells in a single-filed array make up the terminal filament (TF), and a tight cluster of 5 or 6 cap cells (CpC). Regulating the size and adhesive properties of the CpCs is an important component of the mechanism that controls their capacity to support stem cells, isoform C and isoform D are important factors in mediating this regulation. In contrast, isoform C acts as a positive regulator of cell adhesion in follicle cell epithelium.
Belongs to the CoA-transferase III family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.
Isoform E is a PKA-dependent transcriptional activator. Isoform J is a direct antagonist of activation by isoform E in cell culture. Binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters (PubMed:7651429, PubMed:15219829). Has a role in long-term memory (PubMed:29473541).
Most cells of the adult brain; cell bodies, but not neuropil.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the mushroom bodies results in a reduction in long-term memory performance, but does not affect anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) or learning ability.
Throughout development with lowest levels in first larval instar and late pupae.
Belongs to the complex I 51 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor.
Co-expressed with Shal in the nervous system.
Expressed throughout development from 5 hours after egg laying though to adults.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi (By similarity). Has a role in one of the several mechanisms underlying dendritic localization of Shal channels.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex (By similarity). Interacts with Shal (via C-terminal dendritic targeting motif).
Participates in sensory organ patterning by antagonizing the neurogenic activity of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C). It lacks a basic DNA-binding domain but is able to form heterodimers with other HLH proteins, thereby inhibiting DNA binding. May sequester proneural proteins in complexes inefficient for DNA interaction. EMC also affects vein differentiation. Inhibits the activity of AS-C proteins by forming an non-DNA binding heterodimer.
Lethal at larval stage (PubMed:16172499). Larvae show reduced locomotor speed and response to light (PubMed:16172499). Results in smaller muscle fibers with mitochondria defects (PubMed:16172499). RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal at larval stage (PubMed:25164807). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the developing CNS, in the eye and antenna disk from early larval stages shows increased lifespan with reduction of COX activity, increased succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, reduced locomotor speed and response to light (PubMed:16172499, PubMed:25164807). RNAi-mediated knockdown in mesodermal derivatives from early embryonic stages to pupal metamorphosis is lethal at pupal stage with muscles showing enlarged and disorganized mitochondria and reduced activity of all mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (PubMed:25164807).
Probably involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity). Interacts with tamo (PubMed:12653959).
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle.
GTPase involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport, participating both to the import and the export from the nucleus of proteins and RNAs. Switches between a cytoplasmic GDP- and a nuclear GTP-bound state by nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Nuclear import receptors such as importin beta bind their substrates only in the absence of GTP-bound RAN and release them upon direct interaction with GTP-bound RAN, while export receptors behave in the opposite way. Thereby, RAN controls cargo loading and release by transport receptors in the proper compartment and ensures the directionality of the transport. Interaction with RANBP1 induces a conformation change in the complex formed by XPO1 and RAN that triggers the release of the nuclear export signal of cargo proteins. RAN (GTP-bound form) triggers microtubule assembly at mitotic chromosomes and is required for normal mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Required for normal progress through mitosis (By similarity). GTP-bound Ran modulates both spindle and nuclear envelope assembly, supporting a role during mitosis (PubMed:12121620). During oogenesis, modulates formation of Nup358-containing granules and biogenesis of the nuclear pore complex probably by mediating the transport of their components along microtubules (PubMed:31626769).
Mg(2+) interacts primarily with the phosphate groups of the bound guanine nucleotide.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr2a subfamily.
Belongs to the anion channel-forming bestrophin (TC 1.A.46) family. Calcium-sensitive chloride channel subfamily.
Belongs to the TTC30/dfy-1/fleer family.
Required for polyglutamylation of axonemal tubulin in sensory cilia. Plays a role in anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), the process by which cilia precursors are transported from the base of the cilium to the site of their incorporation at the tip.
Required for polyglutamylation of axonemal tubulin. Plays a role in anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), the process by which cilia precursors are transported from the base of the cilium to the site of their incorporation at the tip.
Abundant in oocytes and syncytial blastoderm. Expressed at low level throughout development, including somatic tissues. First apparent early in oogenesis, in the cytoplasm of stem cells and mitotically dividing cystoblasts. In regions 2a and 2b of the germarium, it is most concentrated in the center of the germline cysts, where the pro-oocyte is located. In stage 1 and early stage 2 egg chambers, it accumulates at the anterior of the oocyte, near the ring canals. It also extends through the ring canals forming a branched structure that links the early oocyte with adjacent nurse cells. In stage 3 cysts, it accumulates at the posterior cortex and localizes to extensions that pass through the oocyte into the nurse cells. Through stages 4 to 7, it continues to be somewhat enriched at the posterior cortex of the oocyte, but at significantly lower level. In stage 9 to 10 egg chambers, it is found throughout the cytoplasm of the oocyte and nurse cells, with slight enrichment at the oocyte cortex.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. SDE3 subfamily.
Forms a complex with piwi and fs(1)Yb; this interaction is required for proper piRNA loading and nuclear localization of piwi. The interaction of piwi and fs(1)Yb is likely to occur via armi.
Probable RNA helicase required for axial polarization of the oocyte during early and mid oogenesis. Plays a central role in RNA interference (RNAi) process, a process that mediates mRNA destruction of translational repression. Required for the assembly of the RISC complex, a complex required for target RNA destruction or repression. May be required in the RISC assembly to unwind miRNAs, in the production of single-stranded miRNA from the double-stranded miRNA, a key step in RISC formation. Required both for the translational control of oskar (osk) mRNA and cytoskeletal polarization in the oocyte. Required for somatic primary piRNA biogenesis.
Expressed at all developmental stages, with lowest levels at the adult stage (at protein level) (PubMed:12408809). Uniformly expressed along the dorsoventral axis of embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:14667416). At the periphery of syncytial blastoderm embryos, expression is often weakest at the anterior and posterior termini (at protein level) (PubMed:14667416).
In adults, up-regulated between 0 and 3 hours after bacterial infection and fungal infection (PubMed:12408809). Then appears to be down-regulated in the hemolymph between 3 and 17 hours after bacterial infection (PubMed:12456640, PubMed:16322759).
Loss of maternal expression causes arrest prior to the syncytial blastoderm stage (PubMed:14667416). A percentage of larvae and adults, 40% and 35% respectively, display spontaneous melanization (PubMed:12408809). Melanization occurs mainly around the internal organs such as the gut and fat body, but is not associated with the barrier epithelia of the body wall (PubMed:12408809). Increased melanization following wounding coupled with bacterial infection (PubMed:12408809). Phenoloxidase (PO) activity is increased in the hemolymph, both in mutants that display melanization or those that do not (PubMed:12408809). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in spontaneous melanization (PubMed:22227521). After septic injury PPO1 is absent in the hemolymph, whereas its active form PO is present but at a reduced level (PubMed:18801354).
Serine protease inhibitor that functions in embryonic dorsoventral patterning and the melanization immune response (PubMed:14654000, PubMed:14667416, PubMed:12408809, PubMed:12456640, PubMed:16861233, PubMed:16322759, PubMed:18801354, PubMed:22227521, PubMed:24260243, PubMed:24788090). Regulates dorsoventral axis formation during early development by inhibiting the serine protease easter, and is therefore important for restricting activity of the Toll signaling pathway to the ventral part of the embryo (PubMed:14654000, PubMed:14667416). Also plays an essential role in the melanization immune response to both physical wounding and septic infection using certain bacteria and fungi (PubMed:12408809, PubMed:12456640, PubMed:18801354, PubMed:22227521). Negatively regulates the Hayan-dependent prophenoloxidase 1 (PPO1)-activating cascade in the hemolymph by inhibiting the serine proteases MP1 and Sp7 (PubMed:12408809, PubMed:12456640, PubMed:16861233, PubMed:16322759, PubMed:18801354, PubMed:22227521, PubMed:24260243, PubMed:24788090). May be involved in negatively regulating the melanotic encapsulation around eggs of the parasite L. boulardi (PubMed:12408809, PubMed:15749104).
Approximately 50-fold more sensitive to cGMP than to cAMP. May be involved in transduction cascades of both invertebrate photoreceptors and olfactory sensillae.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family.
Expressed in antennae and the visual system.
Mitochondrial NAD(+) kinase that phosphorylates NAD(+) to yield NADP(+). Can use both ATP or inorganic polyphosphate as the phosphoryl donor.
In the central section; belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family. Or49a subfamily.
Expressed in olfactory sensory neurons in the antenna.
Interacts with Orco. Complexes exist early in the endomembrane system in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), coupling these complexes to the conserved ciliary trafficking pathway.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Forms a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to 2-heptanone, amyl acetate, and butyl acetate.
Residues 146 to 150 play a role in odorant (2-heptanone) activation.
Broadly expressed at a low level in the embryonic mesoderm, beginning at stage 12. Expressed at a high level in the embryonic anterior midgut, with expression diminishing at late stage 16. Expressed at a low level in larval imaginal disks. Expressed at a high level in larval salivary glands and in seven cells of each larval brain hemisphere that may correspond to neurosecretory cells.
Of the insulin-like peptides, Ilp2 is the closest homolog of human insulin.
Plays a role in regulating body size by increasing cell size and cell number of individual organs. Probably mediates its growth effects by acting as a ligand for the insulin receptor and transducing a signal via the Chico/PI3K/Akt(PKB) pathway.
Activates acetate so that it can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation.
Development is arrested at the end of the first instar larval stage (PubMed:30293839). RNAi-mediated knockdown blocks ecdysone-dependent fat body cell migration into the pupal head (PubMed:30293839). In the fat body, results in defective ecdysone signaling (PubMed:30293839).
Expressed ubiquitously during development in central nervous system, imaginal disk, fat body, gut, and to a lesser extent in Malpighian tubules.
Transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of ecdysteroids, including ecdysone, from the hemolymph.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 12 family.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator, at least composed of IntS1, IntS2, IntS3, IntS4, omd/IntS5, IntS6, defl/IntS7, IntS8, IntS9, IntS10, IntS11, IntS12, asun/IntS13 and IntS14 (PubMed:23097424). Within the complex, interacts with IntS1 and IntS9 (PubMed:23288851). Interaction with IntS1 is likely to be important for promoting 3'-end processing of snRNAs (PubMed:23288851).
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424, PubMed:23288851). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424, PubMed:23288851). Required for the normal expression of the Integrator complex component IntS1 (PubMed:23288851). May mediate recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex (By similarity).
The PHD-type zinc finger is not required for 3'-end snRNA processing.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the JHDM3 histone demethylase family.
Probable histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate (By similarity).
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of C16 or C18 fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Accepts the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8 from the Uba3-APP-BP1 E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. Required for Cul1 and Cul3 neddylation. Negatively regulates full-length ci stability and hedgehog signaling.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBC12 subfamily.
Both the N-terminal docking peptide and the catalytic core domain must bind the Uba3-Ula1 complex simultaneously for optimal transfer of Nedd8.
The FERM domain is not correctly detected by PROSITE or Pfam techniques because it contains the insertion of a PH domain.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
A humoral factor that may play a role in stress tolerance.
By a variety of stressful conditions such as bacterial infection, heat shock, paraquat feeding and exposure to ultraviolet light.
Chaperone protein with functions in nuclear localization and cytoplasmic mRNA trafficking (PubMed:9376324, PubMed:26490864, PubMed:33602059). In postmitotic neurons, acts with nudE downstream of dar1 to ensure correct positioning of the nuclei in primary dendrites and as a consequence, is required for determining multipolar neuron morphology (PubMed:26490864). Stabilizes PCID2 in the cytoplasm and thereby is required for promoting cytoplasmic mRNA trafficking (PubMed:33602059).
Embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:33602059). Detected in embryos and adults (PubMed:9376324).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in multipolar Class I dendritic arborizing neurons forming a bipolar morphology (PubMed:26490864). Dendritic arborization is unaffected (PubMed:26490864).
Expressed in testis; primary spermatocytes.
Required for male meiotic division and spermatid differentiation. Required for accumulation of aly and comr on chromatin. May function as a transcription factor.
Belongs to the delta-EF1/ZFH-1 C2H2-type zinc-finger family.
Involved in the development of the embryonic central nervous system, embryonic mesoderm and adult musculature.
Mesoderm and mesodermally-derived structures in the embryo including the dorsal vessel, support cells of the gonads, and segment-specific arrays of adult muscle precursor. Also identified in motor neurons of developing CNS.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
The histidine box domains are involved in binding the catalytic metal ions.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in distinct cells in the embryonic and larval nervous system.
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, Roe1, TIM44, blp/TIM16 and TIM14. Associates with the TIM23 complex.
Regulates ATP-dependent protein translocation into the mitochondrial matrix (By similarity). Essential for larval development.
The J-like region, although related to the J domain does not have co-chaperone activity.
Belongs to the insect eclosion hormone family.
Expressed in a single pair of brain neurons which extend their processes the entire length of the central nervous system and also to the corpora cardiaca portion of the ring gland. These cells show massive depletion of immunoreactive Eh at ecdysis.
Neuropeptide that triggers the performance of ecdysis behaviors at the end of a molt. It triggers adult behavior patterns: larval, pupal and adult ecdysis, and plasticization during the molt.
Does not seem to possess aminotransferase activity.
Atypical Polycomb group protein, which may be involved in both Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) complexes. Non-catalytic component of the PR-DUB complex, a complex that specifically mediates deubiquitination of histone H2A monoubiquitinated at 'Lys-118' (H2AK118ub1). Does not deubiquitinate monoubiquitinated histone H2B. Required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. The PR-DUB complex has weak or no activity toward 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. PcG and trxG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are respectively required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive and transcriptionally active state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG and trxG protein complexes are not required to initiate repression and activation, but to maintain it during later stages of development.
Component of the PR-DUB complex, at least composed of calypso (caly) and Asx (PubMed:20436459). Interacts with tant (PubMed:11397012). Interacts with cyclin CycG (PubMed:25995770).
Contains two Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs, which may be required for an association with nuclear receptors.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Early embryos have high levels of expression, this drops off and zygotic expression begins at 3-6 hours embryos. Expression levels are low in larvae and medium in pupae and adults.
Highly expressed in nurse cells and deposited in oocytes late in oogenesis. Ubiquitous in early embryos. Late embryos show higher levels in CNS and neurectoderm.
Binds 3 calcium ions via the second, third and fourth EF-hands.
Ca(2+)-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy (PubMed:8101711, PubMed:17970740). Also plays a role in axon terminal morphology (PubMed:17970740).
Detected in embryo, larva and adult (PubMed:8101711, PubMed:17970740). Two- to three-fold more abundant at the end of the embryo stage and in first instar larva than in the adult (PubMed:17970740).
Enriched in synapses, such as the motor nerve endings at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:8101711). In the embryo, highly expressed in the ventral ganglia (PubMed:17970740).
In contrast to Frq2, does not interact with ric8a.
Increased number of type Is boutons in neuromuscular junctions of abdominal segment 3 muscle fibers and reduced nerve-evoked excitatory junction potential.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Plays an essential role in the regulation of calcium transport at the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which is secondarily required for regular muscle contraction.
SclA and SclB double mutants show arrhythmic cardiac contractions and correspondingly, cardiac cells show irregular action potentials (APs), involving 'double' and occasionally failed APs. Calcium transients in these mutants show higher amplitudes and steeper decay than those in wild type flies.
Strongly expressed in embryonic and larval somatic muscles and postembryonic heart.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the SclA protein from a non-overlapping reading frame.
Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family.
Belongs to the sepiapterin reductase family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family.
This protein is translated by readthrough of a stop codon. Readthrough of the terminator codon TAG occurs between the codons for Val-875 and Arg-877. There is currently no sequence that provides the identity of residue 876.
Expressed in female gonads (at protein level).
Forms a complex with RanGAP, Nup358/RanBP2 and sbr/Nxf1 (PubMed:14729961). In the ovaries, part of a complex composed of at least Panx, nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 (PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). The complex is knowns as Panx-induced cotranscriptional silencing (PICTS) complex, Panx-nxf2-dependent TAP/p15 silencing (Pandas complex), SFiNX (silencing factor interacting nuclear export variant) or piwi-Panx-nxf2-p15 (PPNP) complex (PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). Interacts with nxf2 (via NTF2 domain); the interaction is direct and prevents Nxt1 binding to nucleoporins (PubMed:31368590). Interacts with sbr/nxf1 (PubMed:31570835). Interacts with Nup54 and Nup58 (PubMed:33856346).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline increases transposon expression.
Stimulator of protein export for NES-containing proteins (By similarity). Plays a role in the nuclear export of mRNA (PubMed:14729961). Also plays a role in the nuclear export of U1 snRNA, tRNA, and mRNA (By similarity). In ovaries, plays a role in transposable element silencing regulation (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:33856346). Forms a complex with nxf2, Panx and piwi which acts as effector of cotranscriptional transposon silencing (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835). In ovarian follicle cells, enables the nuclear export of flamenco (flam) transcripts and subsequent piRNA biogenesis (PubMed:33856346).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family. Highly divergent.
In contrast to other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes E2, residues essential for lysine reactivity are absent: Pro and a His residues are present instead of an Asp and an Asp residues in positions 88 and 119, respectively.
Interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase ari-1 (via RING-type 1 zinc finger).
Nuclei in larval muscles (myonuclear), are mislocalized and often clustered, likely due to mislocalization of the LINC complex, demonstrated by the aberrant localization of the complex member Msp300.
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 that acts with the RBR family ligases LUBEL, ari-1 and possibly parkin (PubMed:27702987, PubMed:29689197, PubMed:21900267). Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins (By similarity). Appears to be involved in the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins (PubMed:29689197, PubMed:27702987, PubMed:21900267). Functions with ari-1 to control the subcellular localization and morphology of muscle nuclei (myonuclei) by regulating the protein levels and distribution of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex (PubMed:29689197). Functions by mediating the monoubiquitination of the LINC complex subunit koi leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation (PubMed:29689197). Likely to function with ari-1 to control metamorphosis by regulating the proteins levels of EcR isoform A (ECR-A) and it's heterodimeric partner usp, via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of ECR-A (PubMed:21900267). Able to function with LUBEL to mediate 'Lys-63'- and linear 'Met-1'-linked polyubiquitin involved in the heat stress response (PubMed:27702987).
Associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and is required for sex determination (PubMed:27919077). Required for sex determination and dosage compensation via Sxl alternative splicing: m6A methylation acts as a key regulator of Sxl pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy (PubMed:1695150, PubMed:27919077). M6A methylation is also required for neuronal functions (PubMed:27919077). Required for proper inclusion of regulated exons in Ubx transcripts, leading to isoforms Ia/b and IIa/b (PubMed:10101174).
Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:28675155, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). The MAC subcomplex is composed of Ime4/Mettl3 and Mettl14 (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). The MACOM subcomplex is composed of fl(2)d, Flacc/Xio, Hakai, vir, and, in some cases of nito (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:28675155, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). Interacts with vir and msk (PubMed:12444081). Part of a complex containing fl(2)d, Sxl and vir (PubMed:12444081).
Ubiquitously expressed in early embryonic stages with enrichment in the neuroectoderm at later stages.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
Essential for maintaining mitochondrial cristae formation and mitochondrial function by acting via YME1L to regulate the mitochondrial structural proteins Opa1 and Mitofilin (PubMed:31125351). This function is likely to be kinase-independent (By similarity). Functions in tracheal development and larval molting probably by acting in sterol modification and/or intracellular lipid trafficking (PubMed:31175694). The action of this enzyme is not yet clear (Probable). It is not known if it has protein kinase activity and what type of substrate it would phosphorylate (Ser, Thr or Tyr) (Probable).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is larval lethal (PubMed:31175694, PubMed:31125351). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults results in the thoracic muscles displaying abnormally orientated fibers as well as an abnormal increase in mitochondrial fusion resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction in ATP production, ROS generation and cell apoptosis (PubMed:31125351). Consequently, adults display a held-up wing phenotype, are unable to fly and also display defects in locomotion (PubMed:31125351). RNAi-mediated knockdown in salivary glands also results in an increase in mitochondrial fusion (PubMed:31125351). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the trachea results in arrested development at either the first or second instar larval stage (PubMed:31175694). In addition the larvae display tracheal defects, such as tracheal breaks and lumen separation, and prematurely wander away from food (PubMed:31175694).
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the conversion of glucosylceramide to free glucose and ceramide.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
In Drosophila there are 6 closely related actin genes.
Multiple isoforms are involved in various cellular functions such as cytoskeleton structure, cell mobility, chromosome movement and muscle contraction.
N-terminal cleavage of acetylated cysteine of immature actin by ACTMAP.
Oxidation of Met-45 by Mical to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. Methionine sulfoxide is produced stereospecifically, but it is not known whether the (S)-S-oxide or the (R)-S-oxide is produced.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
DNA repair enzyme that incises DNA at 8-oxoG residues. Excises 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamidopyrimidine (FAPY) from damaged DNA. Has a beta-lyase activity that nicks DNA 3' to the lesion. Efficiently incises DNA duplexes containing 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua), 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade) and abasic (AP) sites placed opposite to a cytosine.
Expressed in the cytoplasm of the nurse cells from oogenesis stage 3 and in the oocyte cytoplasm from stage 10B onwards. Expressed uniformly in third larval instar wing imaginal disk.
Expressed maternally and zygotically in the larvae.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Component of the 4EHP-GYF2 complex, composed of at least eIF4EHP and Gyf (PubMed:31114929). Interacts (via N-terminus) with eIF4EHP; interaction is required for eIF4EHP-mediated translational repression and mRNA decay (PubMed:31114929). Interacts (via me31B binding motif) with the decapping activator DDX6/ME31B (via RecA-like domain 2), and also interacts (via GYF domain) with the decapping effector protein Patr-1 (PubMed:31114929, PubMed:31439631). Also interacts with other decapping effector proteins, such as Edc3 and Ge-1 (PubMed:31114929). Interacts with CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex members Not1, Not3, Pop2 and twin, and other components of the deadenylation complexes such as Rga, PAN2 and PAN3 (PubMed:31114929).
Key component of the 4EHP-GYF2 complex, a multiprotein complex that acts as a repressor of translation initiation (PubMed:31114929). In the 4EHP-GYF2 complex, promotes translational repression and decay of mRNA targets by recruiting and bridging the association of the 4EHP complex with decapping effector proteins, such as me31B and Patr-1, and the deadenylation CCR4-NOT complex (PubMed:31114929). Involved in regulating starvation-induced, developmental and physiological autophagy, which is critical for eliminating ubiquitinated proteins and dysfunctional organelles in order to maintain tissue homeostasis (PubMed:26086452).
Larvae and adults display defects in starvation-induced, developmental and physiological autophagy, which result in the accumulation of autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and increased Atg8a expression (PubMed:26086452). Adults display reduced locomotion and decreased life span, likely due to the dysregulation of autophagy which results in the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and dysfunctional mitochondria in neuronal and muscle tissues (PubMed:26086452). TORC1 signaling is also inhibited, possibly to compensate for the loss of autophagy (PubMed:26086452).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
By PI3K/Akt signaling, or by nutrients such as amino acids, and by high cellular energy levels.
May be part of a minimal complex, TORC1, consisting of mTor, raptor and lst8. May be part of a minimal complex, TORC2, consisting of mTor, rictor and lst8 (By similarity). Self-associates; assembles into homomultimeric complexes. Component of a multiprotein complex.
Not lethal. Displays phenotypes characteristic of amino acid deprivation, including reduced nucleolar size, lipid vesicle aggregation in the larval fat body, and a cell type-specific pattern of cell cycle arrest that can be bypassed by overexpression of the S-phase regulator cyclin E. Reach only the size of second instar larvae, at which point they undergo cell cycle arrest.
Promotes cell and tissue growth, maintains tissue homeostatis and controls responses to environmental stress and aging (PubMed:11069885, PubMed:11069888, PubMed:19211682, PubMed:19225150). Regulates growth during animal development by coupling growth factor signaling to nutrient availability (PubMed:11069888). Central regulators of autophagy (PubMed:18604198, PubMed:19225150). May be involved in atg1 phosphorylation (PubMed:19225150). May also be involved, directly or indirectly, in the control of neuronal function (PubMed:15454083). Phosphorylates S6K/p70S6K, in vitro (PubMed:11069888). May regulate the activity of S6K (PubMed:11069885). Overexpression inhibits growth and reduces cell size (PubMed:14505573). Affects the timing of neuronal cell differentiation (PubMed:15454083). Hyperactivation of the signaling leads to accelerated differentiation, whereas inhibition of the signaling retards differentiation (PubMed:15454083). Thus, in addition to controlling growth of the cell in which it resides, it can also influence growth of distant cells and organs during development via a humoral mechanism (PubMed:14505573). As part of the TORC1 complex regulates energy homeostasis and promotes certain aspects of larval growth by negatively regulating REPTOR (PubMed:25920570). REPTOR functions downstream of TORC1 to regulate the expression of stress response genes in response to TORC1 inhibition resulting from nutrient deprivation (PubMed:25920570). When TORC1 activity is high it phosphorylates REPTOR which inhibits its recruitment into the nucleus and antagonizes their function (PubMed:25920570). This function is essential under normal feeding conditions to promote TORC1-dependent growth during larval development and, in adults and larvae to prevent the REPTOR-dependent expression of nutrient stress response genes (PubMed:25920570). In short, during development, it primarily controls growth, whereas in the adult, where there is relatively little growth, it controls aging and other aspects of nutrient-related physiology (PubMed:11069885, PubMed:11069888, PubMed:19211682, PubMed:19225150). Rag GTPases act as activators of TORC1 in response to amino acid signals (PubMed:18604198).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S) (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Expressed in embryos (PubMed:31907206). Expressed in larvae (PubMed:24643112).
Regulates centrosome duplication and mitotic spindle dynamics (PubMed:20230755, PubMed:31907206). Also involved in controlling the size of dendritic arbors (PubMed:24643112). May act as co-chaperone for Hsp83 (PubMed:31907206). During mitotic spindle assembly, regulates microtubule (MT) dynamics by binding to MTs and promoting MT polymerisation (PubMed:31907206). Promotes the elongation and retraction of terminal branches in response to changes in body size, possibly acting downstream of the TORC2 pathway to enable proportional scaling of dendritic arbors (PubMed:24643112).
Results in centrosome amplification and lethality (PubMed:20230755). Cells become polyploid or undergo apoptosis (PubMed:20230755). Homozygotes died as third instar larvae (PubMed:20230755). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neuronal cells, results in severe mitotic defects in the larval brain and is lethal at the third-instar stage (PubMed:31907206). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the female germline, results in embryos failing to hatch due to various mitotic defects such as abnormal chromosome condensation and adherent spindle formation (PubMed:31907206). However, in contrast to RNAi-mediated knockdown in the brain, embryos do not exhibit centrosome amplification (PubMed:31907206).
Component of the DREAM complex at least composed of Myb, Caf1-55, mip40, mip120, mip130, E2f2, Dp, Rbf, Rbf2, lin-52, HDAC1/Rpd3 and l(3)mbt.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes the sequence 5'-YAAC[GT]G-3'. Component of the DREAM complex, a multiprotein complex that can both act as a transcription activator or repressor depending on the context. In follicle cells, the complex plays a central role in the site-specific DNA replication at the chorion loci. During development, the complex represses transcription of developmentally controlled E2F target genes.
Expressed in a large number of neuron of the brain and the thoracic ganglion as well as in two small muscles of the thorax.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
May be involved in transcriptional regulation.
Belongs to the argininosuccinate synthase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Component of the miRNA-directed RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), composed of at least AGO1 and gw, which bind mature miRNAs and targets the selective destruction of homologous RNAs (PubMed:16815998, PubMed:18345015, PubMed:19451544). Interacts (via N-terminal region) with AGO1 (via Piwi domain); the interaction is essential for localization of AGO1 in P-bodies and for miRNA-mediated silencing (PubMed:16815998, PubMed:18345015, PubMed:19451544). Interacts with pAbp/PABPC1; this interaction interferes with the binding of pAbp to eIF4G and is required for miRNA-mediated silencing (PubMed:19797087). Interacts with CCR4-NOT complex members Not1, Rga/NOT2, twin/CCR4, Pop2 and NOT3/5 and with PAN complex members CG8232/PAN2 and CG11486/PAN3 (PubMed:21981923).
Highest levels are found during early embryonic development until approximately 18 hours and during pupariation.
Required for gene silencing mediated by micro-RNAs (miRNAs). Silences both polyadenylated and deadenylated mRNAs. Required for miRNA-mediated translational repression and mRNA decay. Not required for miRNA target recognition. Necessary to initiate but not to maintain silencing. Promotes mRNA deadenylation through the recruitment of the CCR4-NOT and PAN complexes and promotes decapping by the DCP1-DCP2 complex. Dissociates from silenced mRNAs after deadenylation. Required for completion of nuclear divisions during early embryonic development.
The RRM domain lacks RNA-binding properties and does not bind RNA in vitro. It is not required for P-body localization or for interaction with AGO1 or miRNAs but is required for silencing. May play a role in protein-protein interactions.
The UBA domain is not required for correct subcellular location, gene silencing or interaction with pAbp.
May form a complex with sevenless and DRK.
Promotes the exchange of Ras-bound GDP by GTP. Functions in signaling pathways initiated by the sevenless and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases; implies a role for the ras pathway in neuronal development.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Component of the WAVE complex composed of Hem/Kette, Scar/Wave and Cyfip where it binds directly to the C-terminus of Cyfip.
Expressed maternally in the oocyte and shows uniform expression during the first half of embryogenesis, but becomes restricted to the brain and the nervous system during late embryogenesis.
Plays a role during growth of the oocyte.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL36 family.
Belongs to the KIF-binding protein family.
Interacts with nab; which acts as a corepressor.
Isoform rn and isoform roe are expressed in non-overlapping domains in the larval imaginal disks. Isoform rn is first expressed during the early third larval instar in the leg, wing, haltere and antennal part of the eye-antennal imaginal disk. It is observed as a ring in the leg and antenna disks and in the presumptive wing pouch and capitellum of wing and haltere disks respectively. In wing disk it is expressed in 3 concentric domains in the wing pouch. In late third instar, expression of isoform rn in the leg disk is no longer evident, but is maintained in the other disks. Isoform roe appears in the third instar and is confined to the eye part of the eye-antennal imaginal disk in a band of 4-6 cells at the morphogenetic furrow. There is no evidence of roe expression in other imaginal disks.
Transcription factor involved in imaginal disks development. Isoform rn is required in the wings, antenna, haltere, proboscis and legs disks, while isoform roe is required in the eye disk. Together with nab corepressor, it is involved in the initiation and maintenance of wingless (wg) expression in the wing hinge, by limiting the expression of wg to this compartment. Also required for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition branch of basolateral junctions signaling.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB4 subunit family.
May promote appropriate targeting of ribosome-nascent polypeptide complexes (By similarity). Required for correct localization of the osk/oskar protein to the posterior pole during embryonic development. The osk protein directs the recruitment of molecules responsible for posterior body patterning and germline formation in the embryo.
Part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), consisting of Nac-alpha and bicaudal (bic).
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. DCC family.
Expressed in procephalic region at embryonic stages 6-10 and in the posterior spiracles, the gut, and the central nervous system at stages 11-13.
Transcription factor that is vital to the development of multiple organ systems. Binds to the core consensus sequence 5'-WGATAR-3'.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 14 family. XylT subfamily.
Catalyzes the first step in biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan. Transfers D-xylose from UDP-D-xylose to specific serine residues of the core protein. Initial enzyme in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in fibroblasts and chondrocytes.
Divalent metal cations. Calcium or manganese or magnesium.
Expressed in numerous tissues including the CNS throughout most of embryogenesis.
Regulator of sister chromatid cohesion in mitosis. Probably involved in development of the central nervous system.
Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 stabilizes microtubules and affects affinity and processivity of microtubule motors. This modification has a role in multiple cellular functions, ranging from cell motility, cell cycle progression or cell differentiation to intracellular trafficking and signaling (By similarity).
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells. Interacts with Ote (PubMed:22751930).
Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TTCP) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Detected in ciliated sensory neurons at all stages of development, and in adult testis.
In the testis, expressed in spermatocytes and elongating spermatids.
Involved in assembly and/or maintenance of motile cilia. Required during spermatogenesis for axoneme elongation. Necessary for optimal function of the chordotonal (hearing) organs.
Viable with no gross coordination or gravitaxis defects. Males are sterile with complete absence of mature spermatozoa, while female fertility is unaffected. In developing spermatids, axonemes fail to elongate normally and sperm individualization is disrupted. Tubulin glycylation of spermatid axonemes is abnormal. Hearing is moderately impaired.
Conjugation of the G-112 to the K-132 of Autophagy protein 5-like is a covalent modification that is essential for autophagy.
Component of the little elongation complex (LEC), a complex required to regulate small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene transcription by RNA polymerase II and III.
Component of the little elongation complex (LEC), at least composed of Ell, Eaf, Ice1 and Ice2.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for activated transcription of the MtnA, MtnB and MtnD genes.
Component of the Mediator complex, which may include CDK8, MED4, MED6, MED11, MED14, MED17, MED18, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED27, MED28, MED30 and MED31.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Essential for the coordination of mitotic progression, and also plays a role in cell migration.
AMPylation at Thr-518 by Fic inactivates the chaperome activity (PubMed:25395623, PubMed:29089387). In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, de-AMPylation by the same protein, Fic, restores the chaperone activity (PubMed:29089387).
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone that plays a key role in protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Involved in the correct folding of proteins and degradation of misfolded proteins (By similarity). Acts as a key repressor of the unfolded protein response (UPR) (By similarity).
The chaperone activity is regulated by ATP-induced allosteric coupling of the nucleotide-binding (NBD) and substrate-binding (SBD) domains. In the ADP-bound and nucleotide-free (apo) states, the two domains have little interaction. In contrast, in the ATP-bound state the two domains are tightly coupled, which results in drastically accelerated kinetics in both binding and release of polypeptide substrates. J domain-containing co-chaperones stimulate the ATPase activity and are required for efficient substrate recognition by HSPA5/BiP.
Was initially thought to be AMPylated at 'Thr-366' by Fic (PubMed:25395623). However, it was later shown to be AMPylated at 'Thr-518'.
Belongs to the adrenodoxin/putidaredoxin family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body or in the prothoracic gland results in delayed or absent pupariation.
Required for ecdysteroidogenesis in the prothoracic gland which is necessary for larval to pupal transition.
Component of a multiprotein complex that phosphorylates Akt1, a protein that regulates the balance between cell survival and apoptosis through a cascade that primarily alters the function of transcription factors that regulate pro- and antiapoptotic genes.
Regulatory subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) (By similarity). The probable PP4 complex Pp4-19C-PPP4R2r-flfl (PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3) is required to prevent caspase induced cell death (in vitro).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits. Probably part of a PP4 PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3 complex containing Pp4-19C, PPP4R2r and flfl.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Essential for DNA amplification in the ovary and required for cell proliferation during development.
Expression peaks during late G1 and S phase (at protein level).
Flies display a distinct thin-eggshell phenotype.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Acts as component of the Mcm2-7 complex (Mcm complex) (Mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the Mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Component of the Mcm2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order Mcm2-Mcm6-Mcm4-Mcm7-Mcm3-Mcm5 (Probable).
Expressed early in photoreceptor cell development.
Plays important roles in both rhabdomere development and in photoreceptor cell survival. Might function as a calcium-sequestering 'sponge' to regulate the amount of free cytoplasmic calcium. It binds 0.3 mole of Ca(2+) per mole of protein.
Soma and axons of photoreceptor cells of compound eyes and ocelli.
As part of the augmin complex, plays a role in centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:18443220). The complex is required for mitotic spindle assembly through its involvement in localizing gamma-tubulin to spindle microtubules (PubMed:17412918).
Component of the augmin complex composed of dgt2, dgt3, dgt4, dgt5, dgt6, msd1, msd5 and wac (PubMed:18443220, PubMed:19369198). The complex interacts directly or indirectly with microtubules and is required for centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:18443220).
The name 'dim gamma-tubulin 4' derives from the decreased gamma-tubulin staining of the spindle pole seen following RNAi-mediated knockdown of dgt4 in S2 cells.
Acts as component of the retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC). The CSC is believed to be the core functional component of retromer or respective retromer complex variants acting to prevent missorting of selected transmembrane cargo proteins into the lysosomal degradation pathway.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
P1 and P2 exist as dimers at the large ribosomal subunit.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Accumulation of spermatocytes with cytoplasmic abnormalities. Early spermatocytes are filled with small, refractile cytoplasmic inclusions, late spermatocytes often contain up to three hook-shaped structures in the cytoplasm. Testes are short with incomplete coiling. The sheath of pigment cells that covers the muscle layer surrounding the testis frequently peels away, particularly from the region near the tip. Female fertility is also reduced, ovaries are small and misshapen.
Has a role in spermatogenesis and oogenesis (PubMed:8244010). Might have a role in triglyceride homeostasis (PubMed:25409104). Probably by regulating lipid storage and catabolism, plays a role in neuronal function (PubMed:25409104).
Catalyzes the transfer of a single N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-GlcNAc to a serine or threonine residue in extracellular proteins resulting in their modification with a beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Specifically glycosylates the Thr residue located between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines of folded EGF-like domains. Involved in epithelial cell adhesion/interaction with the extracellular matrix by mediating glycosylation of proteins in the secretory pathway, such as Dumpy (Dp).
Defects in apical extracellular matrix. Embryos show defects in the formation of the innermost layer of the apical extracellular matrix and its attachment to the epidermis. Most larvae die during second-instar or second/third-instar interface, but some survive until early third-instar. Surviving larvae display cuticle defect and irregular tracheal morphology. Ultrastructural analysis of larval epidermis reveals disruption of the deposition zone of the endocuticle, leading to separation of the epidermis from the chitin layers.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Highly expressed in preblastoderm-stage embryos. During the later stages of embryogenesis, expression is ubiquitous with the level progressively decreasing.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. DTWD2 family.
Catalyzes the formation of 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp3U) at position 20a in the D-loop of several cytoplasmic tRNAs (acp3U(20a)).
Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex.
Component of some BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
Expressed in Rdl-expressing neurons of the mushroom body, the neurons projecting to the LC9 optic glomerulus and in a neuronal cluster near the subesophageal ganglion (at protein level).
Flies are viable but most wings show wing vein defects characterized by extra veins and vein tissue, which are caused by an increase of Ras-MAPK signaling (PubMed:30442766, PubMed:32339168). Decreases sleep with night-time sleep-fragmentation patterns, primarily during the second part of the night (PubMed:32339168). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons of males results in reduced total sleep in combination with decreased locomotor activity, increased Ras-MAPK signaling and altered metabolism including reduced glycogen levels and increased levels of triglycerides (PubMed:32339168). RNAi- mediated knockdown in GABAA-receptor-expressing neurons causes a shortening of sleep bouts and an increase in their number during night, with an effect size similar to that seen with pan-neuronal knockdown (PubMed:32339168). RNAi-mediated knockdown in peripheral class-IV dendritic arborization neurons does not cause increased proliferation in the nervous system (PubMed:32339168). Adult-specific RNAi-mediated neuronal knockdown decreases night-time sleep compared to controls and caused an increased number of short sleep bouts during the night (PubMed:32339168). RNAi-mediated knockdown of in GABAB-receptor-expressing neurons or PDF-expressing clock neurons-had no significant effect on night-time sleep-bout number or duration (PubMed:32339168). Simultaneous knockdown of Lztr1 and Nf1 reduces total night-time sleep, increases night-time sleep fragmentation and activates the Ras pathway similarly to single knockdown (PubMed:32339168).
Inhibitor of Ras signaling (PubMed:30442766). Acts as a substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that mediates ubiquitination of Ras (By similarity). Together with Nf1, plays an important role for normal sleep behavior, mainly during the night (PubMed:32339168). Might affect sleep by modulating GABA signaling in Rdl-expressing neurons (PubMed:32339168). Might play a role in the regulation of brain glycogen metabolism and organismal levels of triglycerides (PubMed:32339168).
Expressed throughout development. Weakly expressed. Expressed at higher level in embryos and adult females.
Interacts (via SNF2-like region) with Rif1.
Required for underreplication of DNA, which is found in many late replicating euchromatic regions of salivary gland polytene chromosomes (PubMed:11901119, PubMed:12456726, PubMed:30277458). Functions by promoting the localization and retention of Rif1 to active DNA replication forks where Rif1 inhibits replication fork progression (PubMed:30277458). Controls chromatin organization in polytene chromosomes (PubMed:12456726).
The SNF2-like region is essential for localization to DNA replication forks and for promoting underreplication. It is not required for localization to heterochromatin.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Mutants show hypotrophy of the nucleolus.
Part of a translational control module, also containing ath/DHX33 and ais/DDX52, which coordinates germline stem cell differentiation with ribosome biogenesis during oogenesis. This module allows for coregulation of ribosomal proteins and non1/GTPBP4, a p53 repressor, preventing p53 stabilization, cell cycle arrest and loss of stem cell differentiation (PubMed:35413237). With atos, adjusts transcription and translation of a subset of OXPHOS genes in marophages to increase mitochondrial bioenergetics and allow tissue invasion (PubMed:35319107).
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 2 family.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator, at least composed of IntS1, IntS2, IntS3, IntS4, omd/IntS5, IntS6, defl/IntS7, IntS8, IntS9, IntS10, IntS11, IntS12, asun/IntS13 and IntS14.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). May mediate recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Involved in peroxisome biosynthesis and integrity. Assembles membrane vesicles before the matrix proteins are translocated. As a docking factor for PEX19, is necessary for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in the peroxisomes.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. SLC46 family.
Putative proton-coupled transporter that delivers pathogen-associated molecular patterns to cytosolic pattern recognition receptors as part of the innate immune response to microbes. Likely transports anhydro-muropeptides that contain the amino acid diaminopimelic acid (DAP-type peptidoglycan muropeptides) such as tracheal toxin (TCT), common in Gram-negative bacteria. May transport TCT across the phagosome membrane for cytosolic recognition by PGRP-LE, triggering the activation of imd/Relish pathway and production of antimicrobial peptides (PubMed:28539433). The transport mechanism, its electrogenicity and stoichiometry remain to be elucidated (Probable).
5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also contain a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. Also exhibits endonuclease activity against 5'-overhanging flap structures similar to those generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. Required for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) (By similarity).
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. EXO1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Maternally expressed. Accumulates in the developing oocyte.
Specifically expressed in the female germline.
Component of the SET1 complex that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3. Essential for Set1 association with chromatin and trimethylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-4' at transcription puffs. Additionally, is critical for general chromosomal association of Set1.
Component of the SET1 complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. cGMP subfamily.
Binding of cGMP results in enzyme activation.
Highest expression is in embryos, low level expression is seen through rest of development.
In embryo stage 13, expression is seen in a few large, irregular cells having the appearance of hemocytes or macrophages. In adults, expression is seen in optic lamina and weakly in testis.
cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 consists of 3 types of domains: the regulatory domain, two cGMP-binding regions and the catalytic domain.
Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, composed of Caf1-55, esc, E(z), Su(z)12, and possibly pho. The Esc/E(z) complex may also associate with Pcl and HDAC1/Rpd3 during early embryogenesis. This complex is distinct from the PRC1 complex, which contains many other PcG proteins like Pc, Ph, Psc, Su(z)2. The two complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing. Interacts with corto in vitro.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Strongly expressed in the oocyte and in early embryos, then decreases at the end of embryogenesis. Weakly expressed in third instar larvae. Transiently required between 2 and 6 hours of embryogenesis to establish PcG silencing and promote viable adults.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. While PcG proteins are generally required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development, this protein is specifically required during the first 6 hours of embryogenesis to establish the repressed state. Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. The Esc/E(z) complex is necessary but not sufficient for the repression of homeotic target genes, suggesting that the recruitment of the distinct PRC1 complex is also required.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
Detected only in garland nephrocytes at the embryonic stage. Highly expressed in both garland and pericardial nephrocytes at the larval stage.
Required in the nephrocyte for normal uptake of proteins and elimination of toxins, and for maintenance of endocytic trafficking structures. May function together with Amnionless.
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Required for the differentiation of the dorsal-ventral pattern, and does not appear to be involved in the process of segmentation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Has DNA repair activity directed towards the mutagenic lesions 8-oxoguanine and abasic sites in DNA. It can cleave DNA containing 8-oxoguanine residues efficiently. Also acts as an ap lyase, cleaving phosphodiester bonds via a beta,delta elimination reaction.
Interacts with LTV1; the interaction is RNA-independent.
Belongs to the dynein intermediate chain family.
Adult males appear unable to discriminate between males and females when choosing a mate; either because they display increased levels of courtship behavior towards males (when presented with only males) or they display the same levels of courtship towards both males and females (when presented with both sexes) (PubMed:10747058, PubMed:22292044). During male-female courtship, they also begin courting virgin females earlier than wild-type males, suggesting that their increased tendency to court both sexes may also be due to an increase in male sexual activity (PubMed:10747058). No effect on female sexual behavior, and other aspects of male sexual behavior appear unaffected (PubMed:10747058). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons of adult males abolishes their ability to discriminate between male and female during courtship (PubMed:22292044). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the mushroom bodies of adult males, results in a slight, but not significant, decrease in their ability to discriminate between males and females (PubMed:22292044). However, RNAi-mediated knockdown in various chemosensory peripheral neurons have no effect on male sex discrimination (PubMed:22292044).
Detected in embryos, adult males and females.
Expressed in the third antennal segment and the maxillary palp, with increased expression near the cuticle of both olfactory organs (PubMed:10747058). Also detected in the second antenna segment (PubMed:10747058). In the brain, expressed in the central nervous system, with high levels of expression in the visual system including the retina and optic lobe, and uniform expression in the cortex (PubMed:10747058). Detected in the thorax and abdomen, with increased expression in the ventral ganglion (PubMed:10747058). In males, detected in the reproductive tract including the ejaculatory bulb and testis (PubMed:10747058).
In adult males, modulates sexual behavior by playing a role in sex discrimination and maintaining normal levels of sexual activity towards both males and females.
The name 'quick-to-court' derives from mutant males being quick to initiate courtship of both females and males.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Component of the Frs-CycA-Cdk1 complex composed of CycA, Cdk1 and Z600. Interacts (via C-terminus) with Z600.
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition. Interacts with the Cdk1 and Cdk2 protein kinases to form MPF. G2/M cyclins accumulate steadily during G2 and are abruptly destroyed at mitosis.
Expressed from old embryos. Expressed in larvae and adults.
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase involved in innate immunity by degrading bacterial peptidoglycans (PGN). Probably plays a scavenger role by digesting biologically active PGN into biologically inactive fragments. Has no direct bacteriolytic activity.
Strongly up-regulated by PGN from B.subtilis. Regulated by the imd/Relish pathway.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family.
Expressed from stage 13 of embryonic development in a small number of cells in the central nervous system and in a subset of neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Such cells may include sensory precursors of multidendritic (md) neurons. At embryonic stage 16, prior to when dendritic process are elaborated, it appears to be expressed in multidendritic neurons in a polarized manner. At stage 17 of development, when the md neurons first initiate dendritogenesis, it is localized to branched projections initiating from clusters of multidendritic neurons.
Present in multidendritic neurons, chordotonal neurons, a subset of cells in the central nervous system and a subset of sensory neurons in the antennal-maxillary complex. Not detected in gonads and dorsal vessels (at protein level). Expressed in peripheral neurons that extend multiple branched dendrites beneath the larval epidermis, similar to vertebrate pain receptors.
Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in detection of pain sensation due to high temperature. Involved in heat nociception by being activated by noxious temperature of 38 degrees Celsius.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Specific component of the STT3A-containing form of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which bind Fe(3+) ion in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
Abnormal sterol distribution in many cells, also lower than normal ecdysteroid levels. Npc2a and Npc2b double mutants undergo apoptotic neurodegeneration.
Broadly expressed with a higher level of expression in many tissues, including midgut, salivary gland and ventral nerve cord.
Functions redundantly with Npc2b in regulating sterol homeostasis and ecdysteroid biosynthesis, probably by controlling the availability of sterol substrate.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the non-oxidative phase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Catalyzes the reversible conversion of sedheptulose-7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into erythrose-4-phosphate and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Transaldolase is important for the balance of metabolites in the pentose-phosphate pathway.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particle containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ('psi') residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
'fau' is an acronym for 'fly, anoxia, up-regulated'.
Concentrated in lamina neurons, first optic lobe neurons and cortical neurons of central brain.
Plays an important role in the regulation of tissue responsiveness to oxygen deprivation.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle.
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to lethality before eclosion (PubMed:29739804). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons leads to neurodegeneration in the central nervous system including degeneration of retina, defects in the fenestrated basement membrane and ommatidial disarray (PubMed:29739804). Effects are probably due to altered levels of very-long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) (PubMed:29739804). In contrast, glial-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no defect (PubMed:29739804).
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL41 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Adenosylhomocysteine is a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyl transferase reactions; therefore adenosylhomocysteinase may play a key role in the control of methylations via regulation of the intracellular concentration of adenosylhomocysteine.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
Interacts with AhcyL1; the interaction may negatively regulate Ahcy catalytic activity.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased S-adenosyl-homocysteine levels and reduced lifespan.
Although it belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family, recombinant mouse homolog AHCYL1 expressed in bacteria shows no hydrolase activity, suggesting that Drosophila AhcyL2 may also lack this activity.
Expressed in all developmental stages from early embryo to adult (PubMed:9037110). Expressed in extended germ band embryos and in somatic mesoderm, yolk cells and midgut during late embryonic stages (PubMed:2903049).
Might play a role in the regulation of methionine metabolism.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in extended lifespan with increased fecundity and suppression of age-related decreased climbing activity and intestinal integrity (PubMed:27313316). Does not affect oxidative stress resistance (PubMed:27313316). RNAi-mediated knockdown in fat body or neurons does not show any phenotype (PubMed:27313316). Simultaneous knockdown of AhcyL1 in intestine results in extended life span (PubMed:27313316).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Glycosyltransferase with a proposed role in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Neurogenic protein implicated in epithelial development. Critical component of a differential oocyte-follicle cell adhesive system.
Belongs to the GLI C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Exerts its effect at some terminal stage of cytochrome c oxidase synthesis, probably by being involved in the insertion of the copper B into subunit I.
In stage 6-14 egg chamber nurse cells and oocytes of adult females and spermatocyte cysts and bundles of maturing sperm of larval, pupal and adult males.
Required for homeostatic regulation of sleep under normal conditions and after sleep deprivation. Important regulator of the Sh K(+) channel, acting as a signaling molecule that connects sleep drive to lowered membrane excitability, possibly by enhancing K(+) channel activity and thus reducing neuronal excitability.
Belongs to the hunchback C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expression of the maternal transcript decreases until embryonic stage 14, zygotic transcript is first detected at stage 11.
Gap class segmentation protein that controls development of head structures.
In embryo, expression of maternal transcript is highest in anterior region. Zygotic transcript is expressed in anterior region until the beginning of gastrulation and in posterior region until early gastrulation. After this, it is expressed in developing nervous system.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
Expressed during embryogenesis. Embryonic expression commences during cellular blastoderm formation, increases rapidly after cellularization and is maintained during the early stages of gastrulation. Expressed in larvae and pupae.
In ovary, expressed in follicle cells. Expressed around the periphery of the embryo during cellular blastoderm formation. Repeating epidermal pattern emerges from stage 11, high levels of expression detected along the borders of each segment from stage 13. At stage 13, expressed in the dorsal branch of the tracheal system. During stage 15, detected in a few cells at each of the branch points of the dorsal trunk and at low levels in cardioblasts. In embryos, also expressed in the salivary gland and the hindgut (at protein level). At stage 17, expressed in the dorsal side of the CNS. Expressed in the imaginal wing disk. Expressed in larval CNS and in tissues outside of the CNS. In pupae, expressed in the CNS and in primary, secondary and tertiary pigment cells of the retina.
Structural component of the gap junctions. Essential for generation and/or maintenance of postembryonic neuroblasts and normal development of optic lobe.
Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Detected in the brain in both neurons and glia (including perineurial glia); specifically in the neuronal nuclei in the cortex and synaptic neuropil (at protein level) (PubMed:29444420). Detected in germline cells, somatic follicle cells and outer rim of the ring canals during oogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:12223401). Isoform A: Detected in the adult (at protein level) (PubMed:10480936). Isoform B: Detected in the adult with higher levels in the head (at protein level) (PubMed:10480936).
Homodimer (PubMed:10480937). Interacts with Cam; interaction is calcium-dependent and is inhibited by PKC-mediated phosphorylation of Akap200 (PubMed:10480937). Interacts with N/Notch; the interaction stabilizes N/Notch protein levels by preventing Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent lysosomal degradation of N/Notch (PubMed:29309414). Interacts with Pka-R2 (PubMed:10480936, PubMed:10480937). Binds to F-actin; interaction is independent of myristoylation, but is inhibited by Akap200 phosphorylation and Cam binding (PubMed:10480937). Isoform B: Does not bind to Pka-R2 (PubMed:10480936).
Isoform A: Detected in all stages of development, with higher levels in the pupae (at protein level) (PubMed:10480936). Isoform B: Detected in all stages of development (at protein level) (PubMed:10480936).
Myristoylated; myristoylation promotes accumulation at the cell periphery.
Phosphorylated; phosphorylation prevents binding to F-actin and Cam.
Scaffolding protein involved in the regulation of PKA signaling and anchoring to the actin cytoskeleton integrating signals propagated by cAMP, diacylglycerol and calcium (PubMed:10480936, PubMed:10480937, PubMed:12223401). Contributes to the maintenance and regulation of cytoskeletal structures in germline via PKA-mediated signaling (PubMed:12223401). As part of ethanol response in the glia, mediates ethanol-induced structural remodeling of actin cytoskeleton and perineurial membrane topology by anchoring PKA to the membrane of perineurial glia (PubMed:29444420). In specific tissues such as eye and thorax, promotes N/Notch protein stability by inhibiting Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation pathway of N/Notch in a PKA-independent way (PubMed:29309414). In the circadian brain neurons evening cells (E-cells), might have a role in circadian pacemaker synchronization by playing a redundant role in signaling downstream of the G protein-couple receptor Pdfr (PubMed:23929551).
Viable (PubMed:12223401, PubMed:29309414). Results in extra notal macrochaetae often accompanied by a socket cell (PubMed:12223401). In the eye, results in decreased N/Notch protein levels and ommatidia defects (PubMed:29309414). In all imaginal disks at early larval stages, results in supernumerary scutellar bristles and loss or mispositioned microchaetae (PubMed:29309414). In the wings, results in a blistered phenotype (PubMed:29309414). Females have egg chambers with multinucleate cells with ring canal remnants (PubMed:12223401). RNAi-mediated knockdown in glia or perineurial glia reduces ethanol tolerance and locomotor sensitization possibly by limiting ethanol-induced membrane topology changes; does not affect perineurial morphology; does not affect glia-mediated blood-brain barrier permeability (PubMed:29444420). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons does not alter ethanol sedation sensitivity or tolerance (PubMed:29444420). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the pacemaker dorsal lateral neurons (LNDs) results in reduced pigment-dispersing factor receptor (Pdfr)-mediated response in the circadian brain neuron evening cells (E-cells) (PubMed:23929551).
Belongs to the vinculin/alpha-catenin family.
Involved in cell adhesion. May be involved in the attachment of the actin-based microfilaments to the plasma membrane.
Expressed in wing and eye imaginal disks.
Flies exhibit problems in vein, eye, and bristle development.
Negative regulator of the Notch signaling pathway, acting to restrict the activity of Notch to the dorsoventral (D/V) boundary of the wing imaginal disk. Also causes negative regulation of Notch during vein, eye, and bristle development. Acts by targeting Notch for endosomal degradation or recycling.
Abundantly expressed in ovaries and early embryos.
Expressed in the devoloping ovary. First detectable at stages 3 and 4 of oogenesis but remains very faint until stage 5, when the protein level increases substantially. In stages 4 to 6 is visible throughout the oocyte cytoplasm but is enriched at the osterior pole of the oocyte. During stages 7 to 9 is abundant in the oocyte cytoplasm, with some enrichment at the anterior of the oocyte and around the oocyte cortex. In stage 10 and in later stages is expressed at high levels in the nurse cells (at protein level).
RNA-binding protein that is involved in oogenesis. Required for correct targeting of the migrating anterior follicle cells and the establishment of anterior-posterior polarity in the oocyte. May act as translational repressor of oskar during oogenesis. Function seems to be sensitive to small changes in expression.
Belongs to the RNase H2 subunit B family.
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
The RNase H2 complex is a heterotrimer composed of the catalytic subunit RNASEH2A and the non-catalytic subunits RNASEH2B and RNASEH2C.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (Tafs). Taf1 is the largest component of the TFIID complex. Interacts with Tbp, Taf2, Taf4 and Taf6.
TFIID is a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators and repressors. Largest component and core scaffold of the complex. Contains N- and C-terminal Ser/Thr kinase domains which can autophosphorylate or transphosphorylate other transcription factors. Possesses DNA-binding activity. Essential for progression of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Negative regulator of the TATA box-binding activity of Tbp.
The C-terminal Ser/Thr kinase domain was reported to phosphorylate histone H2B at 'Ser-34'. However, the paper was retracted because some data, results and conclusions in the paper are not reliable.
Present throughout embryogenesis, in larvae, in ovaries and other tissues of adult females, and in adult males. In ovaries, it is expressed in both follicle cells and nurse cells. Expressed from stage 9 in the germarium. Weakly or not expressed in the oocyte nucleus.
The N-terminal zf-AD is an atypical treble-clef like zinc binding domain which enables dimerization, and appears not to have any DNA-binding ability. DNA binding is achieved through the zinc fingers at the C-terminus.
Transcription factor essential for the completion of meiosis in oocytes. Grauzone binds to the promoter region of cort via the zf-AD domain and activates cort expression in ovaries.
Belongs to the dicarboxylate/amino acid:cation symporter (DAACS) (TC 2.A.23) family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA40 subfamily.
Cleaved by Mmp1 protease to generate the Secreted ninjurin-A form.
Composed of 4 alpha helices: 2 hydrophobic transmembrane regions (alpha3 and alpha4) and 2 alpha helices (alpha1 and alpha2). Alpha1 and alpha2 feature one hydrophobic side and a hydrophilic side. In normal conditions, NijA is inactivated and alpha1 and alpha2 helices are not inserted into the membrane. Following NijA activation, alpha1 and alpha2 helices insert into the membrane and drive NijA oligomerization via interactions between alpha3 and alpha4 and the hydrophobic face of alpha1 from an adjacent subunit. Such structures disrupt membrane integrity and form a lesion through the introduction of the hydrophilic faces of alpha1 and alpha2 into the hydrophobic membrane.
Effector of non-apoptotic necrotic cell death that mediates plasma membrane rupture (cytolysis): oligomerizes in response to death stimuli and promotes plasma membrane rupture by introducing hydrophilic faces of 2 alpha helices into the hydrophobic membrane, leading to release intracellular molecules that propagate the inflammatory response (PubMed:23028562, PubMed:33472215). Also acts as a homophilic transmembrane adhesion molecule that promotes cell adhesion by mediating homophilic interactions via its extracellular region (By similarity).
No visible phenotype; flies are viable and fertile with no obvious developmental abnormalities.
Secreted form generated by cleavage, which acts as a negative regulator of cell adhesion (PubMed:16815999). Promotes the loss of cell adhesion in a cell non-autonomous manner (PubMed:16815999).
Promotes the exchange of Ran-bound GDP by GTP. Involved in the regulation of onset of chromosome condensation in the S phase. Binds to chromatin.
Belongs to the serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein (SDr) family.
Homozygous mutant females initially laid eggs but stopped after approximately one week. Many of the embryos derived from these eggs exhibited maternal-effect lethality (PubMed:31839537). The few adults from F1 progeny of homozygous mutant females appear sickly and sub-fertile. Of these, 4% display bilateral gynandromorphism a rare phenotype caused by X chromosome loss during the early embryogenesis. By contrast, embryos from homozygous mutant females displayed X chromosome bridges and second chromosome missegregation and polyploidy (PubMed:31839537).
May play a role in DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) clearance, ensuring the genomic stability by protecting germ cells and early embryos from various sources of damage (PubMed:31839537). Limits replication stress and DNA double-strand breaks (PubMed:31839537).
Acts as a cofactor to fushi tarazu (ftz). Facilitates the binding of ftz to DNA. Binds the sequence element 5'-YCYYGGYCR-3' in the zebra element of ftz. Probably also functions as a receptor for a yet unknown ligand.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR5 subfamily.
Expression in the parasegmental primordia of the embryonic blastoderm.
First appears in blastoderm embryos. It is absent in subsequent embryo stages, and then reappears in late embryogenesis to be found in larvae, pupae and adults.
Condensing enzyme that elongates saturated and monounsaturated very long chain fatty acids, to yield products up to 30 carbons in length. May also elongate diunsaturated fatty acids. Important for courtship behavior where it probably has a role in female pheromone biosynthesis.
Highly expressed in females. Little or no expression detected in males.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an altered hydrocarbon profile in females, with significantly increased levels of C25 7,11-dienes and reduced levels of C27 7,11-dienes. Monounsaturated and saturated hydrocarbon levels are also affected with increased levels of C23 fatty acids and reduced levels of C27 fatty acids. Males have a normal hydrocarbon profile. RNAi-mediated knockdown in females (mated to wild-type males) results in impaired courtship behavior with reduced numbers of copulation attempts and increased copulation latency.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain (By similarity).
Cystine/H(+) symporter that mediates export of cystine, the oxidized dimer of cysteine, from lysosomes.
Contains a degenerate basic motif not likely to bind DNA.
Expressed in adult brain where it is detected in the dorsal lateral neurons, small and large ventral lateral neurons and dorsal neurons 1, 2 and 3 (at protein level) (PubMed:17578908). Expressed at constant levels in a 12 hour light / 12 hour day cycle (at protein level) (PubMed:27814361). Strongly expressed in pacemaker neurons (PubMed:17578907). In adults, mRNA expression oscillates in a circadian manner with a peak at around 14 hour Zeitgeber time (PubMed:17578907). mRNA levels oscillate in a rhythmic manner in both 12 hour light / 12 hour dark and constant dark conditions with a morning peak around the time of lights-on and an evening peak around the time of lights-off in light/dark conditions (PubMed:17555964, PubMed:17578908, PubMed:18375860). During stage 8 of embryonic development, expressed in the anterior and posterior midgut primordia and expression in the gut continues throughout embryonic development (PubMed:11102367). During germ band retraction, expression is initiated in many tissues in a prominent segmentally repeated pattern (PubMed:11102367). Later, expression is ubiquitous but has higher levels in segmentally repeated clusters of cells (PubMed:11102367). Expression is also found in cells of the amnioserosa, in the head region, in posterior spiracles and in tracheal trees (PubMed:11102367).
Plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms (PubMed:17555964, PubMed:17578907, PubMed:17578908, PubMed:27814361). Transcriptional repressor which inhibits Clock-mediated transcriptional activation by binding to E boxes in the promoters of Clock target genes and repressing their transcription (PubMed:17555964, PubMed:17578907, PubMed:17578908, PubMed:27814361). E box binding activity is time-dependent with higher binding activity seen in the early morning (zeitgeber time 2) than early evening (zeitgeber time 14) and is dependent on the presence of the circadian protein per (PubMed:27814361). It is likely that per binds to Clock-cycle heterodimers, reducing their affinity for E box binding and allowing cwo to bind instead (PubMed:27814361). Negatively regulates its own expression (PubMed:17578908, PubMed:18375860).
Strong circadian locomotor phenotype with most mutants being arrhythmic after 4 days in constant darkness and displaying a long period in both light/dark and constant dark conditions (PubMed:17578907). Delayed evening activity peak in light/dark conditions and robust 26.5 hour rhythms for at least 10 days in constant darkness (PubMed:18375860). Reduced circadian oscillation of Clk target genes per, tim, vri and Pdp1 (PubMed:17578907, PubMed:18375860). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a lengthened circadian period (PubMed:17555964, PubMed:17578908).
The name 'clockwork orange' is based on the Anthony Burgess novel of the same name and derives from the potential clock function and the presence of an Orange domain.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family. PIGZ subfamily.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers a fourth mannose to some trimannosyl-GPIs during GPI precursor assembly (By similarity).
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (By similarity).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
'tribbles' is named after fictional small round organisms from the Star Trek universe that proliferate uncontrollably.
Adapter protein that negatively regulates different signaling pathways to coordinate cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and growth (PubMed:10837248, PubMed:10850493, PubMed:10850494, PubMed:10949024, PubMed:23305818, PubMed:25329475). Functions by binding to key regulatory proteins and either blocks their activity or regulates their turnover by the proteasome (PubMed:10837248, PubMed:10850493, PubMed:10850494, PubMed:10949024, PubMed:23305818, PubMed:25329475). In various developing tissues functions as a cell cycle regulator that mediates cell proliferation according to the requirements of the developmental program (PubMed:10850493, PubMed:10850494, PubMed:10837248, PubMed:15581871). Acts by inducing the proteasomal degradation of the CD25 mitotic activators stg and twe at critical stages of development to delay entry into mitosis and thus mediate cell proliferation (PubMed:10850493, PubMed:10850494, PubMed:10837248, PubMed:15581871, PubMed:23290551, PubMed:29025897). During gastrulation, negatively regulates stg to delay mitosis in the ventral region of the embryonic mesoderm thus allowing invagination to be completed before cell division takes place (PubMed:10837248, PubMed:10850493, PubMed:10850494). Delaying stg-dependent mitosis during bristle development and in migrating germline pole cells also arrests their cell divisions, whereas in cystocytes it promotes their cell divisions (PubMed:10837248, PubMed:10850493, PubMed:15581871). Involved in the regulation of the mid-blastula transition; promotes the destruction of twe resulting in the cell cycle arrest in G2 of cycle 14 which delays mitosis and thus reduces cell proliferation allowing cell fate specification and morphogenesis to take place (PubMed:23290551). In germline cells, blocks border cell migration during oogenesis by binding to slbo/C/EBP and promoting its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome (PubMed:23305818, PubMed:10949024, PubMed:29025897). May function in a negative feedback loop with slbo to coordinate proper border cell migration (PubMed:23305818). During tissue growth negatively regulates insulin signaling by binding to Akt1 and blocking its phosphorylation-dependent activation (PubMed:25329475, PubMed:29025897). However it may also function downstream in the insulin signaling pathway, acting with Akt1 to direct foxo degradation (PubMed:25329475). Essential for the proper formation of operant place and aversive olfactory memories (PubMed:18430923, PubMed:28669782).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Tribbles subfamily.
Expressed throughout the brain with highest levels of expression detected in the cell body rind and lower levels of expression detected in the neurophil (at protein level).
Interacts with slbo (PubMed:10949024). Interacts with Akt1 (PubMed:29025897, PubMed:25329475).
Low viability with only 14% of mutants survive to adulthood (PubMed:10850493). The egg chambers of surviving females often have only eight germline cysts half of which have an oocyte and the other half do not (PubMed:10850493). Early stage 9 to stage 10 embryos, display increased levels of slbo (PubMed:10949024). RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos produces premature mitosis in part or all of the ventral region, resulting in many mutants displaying defects in gastrulation including partial invagination of the mesoderm (PubMed:10837248). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increase in phosphorylated Akt1 but has no effect on total Akt1 levels (PubMed:25329475, PubMed:29025897). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body increases lipid accumulation, larval weight, fat body cell size and the size of fat body nuclei (PubMed:25329475). The increase in larval weight results in delayed pupariation (PubMed:25329475). Flies also display an increase in triglyceride levels which is consistent with the increase in the number and size of lipid bodies (PubMed:25329475). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body does not result in a significant change in triglyceride levels but flies display an increase in glycogen levels and an increase in lipid droplet size (PubMed:29025897). No effect on glucose or trehalose levels in the hemolymph (PubMed:25329475, PubMed:29025897). RNAi-mediated knockdown in late stage border cells, partially reduced border cell migration (PubMed:23305818).
The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
Zygotic expression first occurs in the prospective embryonic mesoderm, and later in the ectoderm as well (PubMed:10837248). Expression decreases over embryogenesis (PubMed:10837248). High levels of expression in embryos at the beginning of cycle 14 (PubMed:10850494). During cellularization, expression declines but persists throughout gastrulation and until late embryogenesis (PubMed:10850494). In stage 5 embryos, ubiquitously expressed with increased expression in the ventral region (PubMed:10850493). During gastrulation, highest levels of expression are in the ventral cells (PubMed:10850494).
This is one of the several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylate cyclase.
Expressed throughout development with high levels in larva and pupa.
First expressed in the dorsal part of the blastoderm embryo (PubMed:7813777, PubMed:8536976, PubMed:16971470). During germ band extension, expressed near the mesectoderm (PubMed:8536976). During stage 10, three faint lateral spots of expression are seen in the thoracic segments (PubMed:7813777, PubMed:8536976). At stage 10-11, also expressed in optic lobe precursor cells (PubMed:7813777). During germ band retraction, expressed at high levels in the somatic and visceral mesoderm (PubMed:7813777). During dorsal closure, expressed in the cells that will form the corpus allatum of the ring gland (PubMed:7813777, PubMed:8536976). At stages 13-15, expressed in somatic muscles and the midgut and, beginning with stage 15, also expressed in a few cells in the ventral nerve cord, the thoracic peripheral nervous system and the ring gland (PubMed:16971470, PubMed:17119021). In the embryonic central nervous system (CNS), dynamically expressed in a small number of cells (PubMed:7813777, PubMed:8536976). In the CNS, expressed in motor neurons which are likely to be aCC or RP2 neurons (PubMed:32994163). In the larval brain, expressed in two distinct rings in both hemispheres, one of which corresponds to the outer proliferation center of the brain (PubMed:8536976). Also expressed in larval imaginal disks and eye-antennal disks where expression is seen in all cells anterior to the morphogenetic furrow (PubMed:7813777, PubMed:8536976). In follicle cells, expression is initiated during stage 9 in follicle cells migrating over the egg chamber and becomes restricted to ventral follicle cells overlying the oocyte by stage 10 (PubMed:16781701). During pupal wing development, expressed in the intervein regions (PubMed:15872004).
Metalloprotease which is required for cleavage of sli into slit N-product and slit C-product, ensuring correct slit N-product-mediated longitudinal axon guidance (PubMed:32994163). Also cleaves TGF-beta family ligands daw, Actbeta and myo and is required for normal guidance of motor axons to their muscle targets (PubMed:17119021). Cleavage of daw enhances its signaling activity (PubMed:17119021). Required during mid- to late-embryonic stages for defasciculation of motor axons (PubMed:16971470, PubMed:17119021). During pupal development, cleaves dorsal-ventral patterning protein sog which contributes to specification of the posterior crossvein in the wing (PubMed:15872004). Processes sog less efficiently than metalloprotease tld which also cleaves sog (PubMed:15872004). Promotes BMP signal transduction in the caudal visceral mesoderm, resulting in the translocation of Mad to the nucleus to promote stg transcription which allows for cell cycle progression and promotion of levels of cell death protein hid (PubMed:35709766). This leads to elimination of cells that lose access to substrate-derived FGF during migration (PubMed:35709766).
Co-expressed with trc in all da neurons in third instar wild-type larvae; axons and dendritic branches.
Expression is very low in embryonic and early larval stages, increases to be high from third larval instar to adults.
Flies exhibit branched arista laterals, branched bristles and a strong multiple hair cell phenotype that consists of clusters of epidermal hairs and branched hairs. Dendrites of fry and trc mutants display excessive terminal branching. Branched laterals in mutant pupae arista are due to the splitting of individual laterals during elongation and abnormally shaped actin bundles.
Plays a role in the Trc/fry signaling pathway by promoting trc kinase activity (PubMed:11526084, PubMed:15479641, PubMed:32022690). Plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of polarized cell extensions (arista) during morphogenesis, regulates the actin cytoskeleton (PubMed:11526084). Plays a key role in patterning sensory neuron dendritic fields by promoting avoidance between homologous dendrites as well as by limiting dendritic branching (PubMed:15479641). Together with trc, has a role in regulating microtubule-sliding during neurite outgrowth (PubMed:32022690).
Expressed during the late third larval stage.
Catalyzes alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkages of N-glycans (PubMed:11382750). Plays a role in neuronal development by promoting ventral nerve cord formation, possibly by promoting interactions between migrating cells and the extracellular matrix or by promoting neural activity (PubMed:21203496).
Defective alpha-1,3-fucosylation activity and a significantly lower longitudinal length-to-width ratio of the ventral nerve cord (VNC).
Functions in the regulation of endosome morphology and late endosome formation. Has a role in controlling trafficking from early to late endosomes and from late endosomes to lysosomes. Important for localization of Gdi to the endosomal membranes. May function in controlling the activity of multiple regulators in the endocytic pathway, perhaps by positively controlling those involved in the early steps of endocytosis such as Rab5 and hrs, and negative regulating those involved in the late stages of endocytosis like car and VhaSFD.
In ovaries, expressed both in the germ line cells and in the overlying somatic follicular epithelium.
Interacts with Gdi (Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor).
No visible phenotype. No effect on the subcellular localization or expression of Rab7, Rab11 and Avl.
The FYVE-type zinc finger domain is necessary and sufficient for endosome targeting and localization to the plasma membrane.
The name 'rush hour' derives from the overexpression phenotype which displays a disruption to endosomal trafficking and cargo progression.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Abundantly expressed during pupation and decreases rapidly with age. Expression is under pupal (eclosion) circadian clock control.
Component of the circadian clock or downstream effector of clock function (PubMed:2517256, PubMed:31080079). Required for suppressing daytime sleep (siesta) under ambient environmental temperatures. Part of a heat avoidance mechanism that modulates daytime sleep behavior under different environmental temperatures to minimize the risk of heat exposure. Under cooler ambient temperatures, suppresses daytime sleep (siesta) and thus allows for longer periods of daytime activity (PubMed:31080079).
Expression is under the control of a thermosensitive enhancer element called dmpi8 that is encoded in an intron of the close-by circadian clock gene per. At lower temperatures, splicing efficiency of dmpi8 is increased resulting in an increase in the expression of dyw.
Named 'daywake' based upon its function in daytime sleep suppression.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in per-expressing cells increases daytime sleep levels whereas night-time sleep levels are relatively unaffected.
Expressed in the adult abdomen and wing. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Component of the male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3.
The Msl proteins are essential for elevating transcription of the single X chromosome in the male (X chromosome dosage compensation). Msl-2 is required for translation and/or stability of msl-1 in males. In complex with msl-1, acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes ubiquitination of histone H2B.
Present in the aqueous fluid surrounding olfactory sensory dendrites and are thought to aid in the capture and transport of hydrophobic odorants into and through this fluid.
Belongs to the ribonuclease III family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL44 subfamily.
Hydrolase that deubiquitinates polyubiquitinated target proteins including imd (PubMed:19837371, PubMed:19039105). Required for preventing the constitutive activation of the imd/NF-kappa-B (Imd) signaling cascade under unchalleneged conditions (PubMed:19837371, PubMed:25027767). Deubiquitinates imd linked 'Lys-63' chains which leads its proteasomal degradation and consequently down-regulation of the Imd signaling cascade (PubMed:19837371). Removal of the activating 'Lys-63'-linked chains is likely to enable their replacement with 'Lys-48'-linked chains which act as 'tags' the for proteasomal degradation of imd (PubMed:19837371). Required for maintaining multiple types of adult stem cells, including male and female germline, epithelial follicle cell and intestinal stem cells (PubMed:19039105). May function as a transcriptional repressor by continually deubiquiting histone H2B at the promoters of genes critical for cellular differentiation, thereby preventing histone H3 'Lys-4' trimethylation (H3K4me3) (PubMed:19039105). Controls selective autophagy activation by ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:22622177).
Interacts with atms/PAF1, but not with CycT (PubMed:19039105). Interacts (via C-terminus) with imd (via N-terminus) (PubMed:19837371).
Mutants are lethal at larval stages (PubMed:19837371, PubMed:22622177). They are significantly smaller without gross morphological defects and die 5 days after egg laying (PubMed:22622177). Cells show accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, forming dense dots (PubMed:22622177). Double mutants for ref(2)P and scny die 96 hours after egg laying (PubMed:22622177). RNAi-mediated knockdown is also larval lethal (PubMed:19837371). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body or gut of uninfected adults, results in a significant increase in the expression of the antimicrobial peptide genes Dpt, AttA and puc (PubMed:19837371). Adults raised under axenic conditions do not display any increase in Dpt, AttA and puc expression (PubMed:19837371). No significant increase in the expression of the antifungal peptide gene Drs (PubMed:19837371). Double knockdown with imd in the adult fat body, prevents the enhanced expression of Dpt in uninfected flies (PubMed:19837371).
Expressed transiently in early glial cells.
Flies exhibit failure of glia to differentiate in the CNS and in the PNS, glia are transformed into neurons. Ectopic expression causes neurons to transform to glia.
Transcription factor that induces gliogenesis. It determines the choice between glial and neuronal fates. Also has a role in the differentiation of the plasmatocyte/macrophage lineage of hemocytes.
Expressed throughout development, beginning at embryonic stage 12 when levels steadily increase and then drop dramatically at third-instar larvae. Levels increase in 24 hour pupae and remain until adulthood.
Homodimer. Binds DNA as a dimer (By similarity).
Isoform A is highly expressed in possibly all embryonic neurons and is enriched in adult heads. Other isoforms show similar expression at a much lower level. Transient expression in migrating myoblasts.
May function as a positive regulator of transcription in developing and differentiated neurons, regulating common aspects of neuronal differentiation and maintenance. Requirement in the CNS may be higher than in the peripheral system. Vital for development of the indirect flight muscles.
Unusual initiator. The initiator methionine is coded by a non-canonical CTG leucine codon.
Belongs to the P-Pant transferase superfamily. AcpS family.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase pfkB family.
ATP hydrolysis occurs at the interface between the nucleotide-binding domains of subunits A and B (By similarity). ATP hydrolysis triggers a conformational change in the subunits D and F, which induces a shift of subunit d (By similarity). The c-ring is subsequently rotated and results in a continuous proton translocation across the membrane (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex (By similarity). The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H (By similarity). The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits VhaAC45 and ATP6AP2.
Associates with 90S and pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles.
Component of the 90S pre-ribosome involved in the maturation of rRNAs. Required for early cleavages of the pre-RNAs in the 40S ribosomal subunit maturation pathway.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Belongs to the dynein light chain Tctex-type family.
Secreted immune-induced peptide induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:29920489). Has a role in resistance to bacterial and fungal infections (PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). The strength of antimicrobial activity appears to correlate with the overall level of expression (PubMed:29920489).
Constitutively interacts with CASP4; required for the localization of procaspase 4 to the ER.
Critical mediator, in cooperation with CASP4, of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced apoptosis. Required or the activation of CASP4 following endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Present in both larval and adult muscles.
'Pitchoune' means 'small' in Provence (Southern part of France).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Mutation in the pit gene produce larvae that cannot grow beyond the first instar larval stage although they can live as long as 7-10 days. All the tissues are equally affected and the perfectly shaped larvae are indistinguishable from first instar wild-type animals.
Probable RNA-dependent helicase. Functions in cell growth and proliferation. May have a role in ribosome biogenesis and, consequently, in protein biosynthesis.
Calcium-regulated, actin-modulating protein that binds to the plus (or barbed) ends of actin monomers or filaments, preventing monomer exchange (end-blocking or capping). It can promote the assembly of monomers into filaments (nucleation) as well as sever filaments already formed.
Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are ubiquitously expressed in early embryo. Isoform 1 is expressed in the fat body, and is abundant in hemolymph. Isoform 2 is expressed in parts of the gut.
Lacks one of the cysteines to make the disulfide bridge in isoform 1. It is replaced by Val-233.
Belongs to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family.
Expressed in larval brain tissue localizing to cells in the anterior and medial protocerebrum. Expressed in cells in the brain lobe, optic lobe, subesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglia and the eighth abdominal neuromere. Drosulfakinin-0 is expressed in the central nervous system including the subesophageal ganglion and an abdominal ganglion.
In adults, RNAi-mediated knockdown in insulin-producing cells or all Dsk-expressing cells, increases total food intake and the number of feeding bouts over a 24 hour period (PubMed:25187989). However, feeding them the CCK antagonist SR 27897 does not result in a further increase in total food intake and feeding bouts, as in wild-type adults (PubMed:25187989).
Involved in diverse biological roles including regulating aspects of gut function, satiety and food ingestion, hyperactivity, and aggression (PubMed:17632121, PubMed:24142897, PubMed:25187989). Regulates gut muscle contraction in adults but not in larvae (PubMed:17632121). Functions downstream of TfAP-2 and twz in octopamine signaling pathways to modulate feeding and male aggression (PubMed:24142897, PubMed:25187989). Inhibits consummatory behavior in adults and functions as part of a negative feedback loop with TfAP-2 and twz to prevent overeating; TfAP-2 and twz regulate octopamine signaling to initiate feeding, then octopamine activates expression of Dsk in insulin-producing cells (IPCs) to inhibit feeding (PubMed:25187989).
Up-regulated 24 hours after starvation and then appears to return to normal expression levels 48 hours after nutritional starvation.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
In larvae, expressed in the ring gland, CNS, imaginal disks and lymph gland.
RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically in pHCl-2 expressing enterocytes delays pupariation and reduces food intake.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity (By similarity). In enterocytes, acts as part of a pHCl-2 sensory pathway which mediates Tor-dependent larval growth and metabolism in response to zinc availability (PubMed:32269334). Likely acts in maintaining enterocyte lysosomal acidification which consequently promotes Tor activation at the lysosome membrane (PubMed:32269334).
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
6-O-sulfation enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to position 6 of the N-sulfoglucosamine residue (GlcNS) of heparan sulfate.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 6 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Appears to regulate regional development of specific tissues. Can rescue axis polarity in UV-radiated Xenopus embryos.
In early embryo development, expression confined to two regions; a horseshoe-like pattern across the dorsal side which is destined to form the brain hemispheres and a second domain which invaginates inside the stomodeum and which, is fated to form the foregut, ring gland and stomatogastric nervous system (SNS).
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity). Interacts with msk (via C-terminus); this association might be facilitated by Nup75 (PubMed:20547758). Interacts with Mad (preferentially when phosphorylated) (PubMed:20547758). Interacts with Nup154 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:22718353). Interacts with the Polycomb group (PcG) proteins Pc and E(z) (PubMed:31784359).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in oocytes and nurse cells results in irregular distribution of chromatin to the nuclear periphery, leading to disrupted karyosome morphology (PubMed:26341556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing disk results in de-repression of genes silenced by the Polycomb group proteins complexes such Abd-B (PubMed:31784359).
Required for nuclear pore complex assembly, maintenance and function (PubMed:20547758, PubMed:22718353). Required for nuclear import of phosphorylated Mad via importin msk (PubMed:20547758). Has no role in classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS)-dependent nuclear import via importin-beta (PubMed:20547758). Mediates the association between the nuclear pore complex and a subclass of silenced regions bound by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, enables long-range interactions between Polycomb loci and contributes to repression of polycomb targets (PubMed:31784359). Together with Nup62 and Nup154, contributes to karyosome morphology and chromatin organization including attachment to the nuclear envelope in oocytes and nurse cells (PubMed:26341556).
Belongs to the integrin beta chain family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Beta-PS associates with either alpha-PS1, alpha-PS2, alpha-PS3, alpha-PS4 or alpha-PS5.
In ovaries, strongly expressed in follicle cells (PubMed:19035354). In oocytes, expressed in the forming dorsal appendages (at protein level) (PubMed:19035354). Expressed in the embryonic dorsal cuticle, the larval eye and the wing imaginal disk (PubMed:8119134). In testes, detected at the interface between somatic hub cells and cyst stem cells (PubMed:27191715).
In zygotic mutant embryos, midgut forms primary constrictions but fails to elongate and the visceral muscle does not flatten but remains attached to the midgut epithelium. Embryos lacking maternal and zygotic mys show a delay in midgut migration. Mutant larvae present an olfactory phenotype, showing reduced response to isoamyl acetate but normal response to ethyl acetate.
Integrin alpha-PS1/beta-PS is a receptor for laminin (PubMed:7972082). Integrin alpha-PS2/beta-PS is a receptor for Tig, wb and Ten-m (PubMed:7924982, PubMed:7972082, PubMed:9660786). Contributes to endodermal integrity and adhesion between the midgut epithelium and the surrounding visceral muscle (PubMed:15469969). Essential for migration of the primordial midgut cells and for maintaining, but not establishing, cell polarity in the midgut epithelium (PubMed:15469969). The two beta subunits mediate midgut migration by distinct mechanisms: beta-PS requires rhea/talin and Itgbn does not (PubMed:15469969). Required for rhea/talin correct cellular localization in the midgut (PubMed:15469969). Required for many embryonic (dorsal closure and somatic muscle attachments) and postembryonic developmental processes (attachment between cell layers of imaginal disks, organization of ommatidial arrays and flight muscle development) (PubMed:8119134, PubMed:7924982, PubMed:7972082, PubMed:10821184). Involved in the function and/or development of the olfactory system (PubMed:10821184). In the testes, essential for shv-dependent maintenance of somatic hub cells and their localization to the apical tip (PubMed:27191715). Plays a role in timely border cell migration during oogenesis (PubMed:19035354).
The absence of the beta-PS subunit results in detachment and rounding up of the muscles, thus the gene encoding beta-PS is called myospheroid.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. At early blastoderm stage, forms a symmetrical concentration gradient at the poles on the surface of the devitellinized embryo.
Probable ligand that binds to the torso receptor. Implicated in a receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that specifies terminal cell fate.
Restricted to specialized categories of follicle cells localized at the poles of the egg chamber.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. Required for the cotranscriptional processing of 3'-ends of polyadenylated and histone pre-mRNA.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex, composed of at least Clp, Cpsf73, Cpsf100 and Cpsf160. Interacts with Sym and Cpsf73 forming a core cleavage factor required for both polyadenylated and histone mRNA processing. Interacts with Slbp and Lsm11.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Haspin subfamily.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates histone H3 at 'Thr-4' (H3T3ph) during mitosis and interphase (PubMed:32750047). Function is essential for chromosome organization during mitosis and genome organization in interphase cells, thus playing a functional role in gene regulation (PubMed:32750047). During mitosis, may act through H3T3ph to both position and modulate activation of AURKB and other components of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) at centromeres to ensure proper chromatid cohesion, metaphase alignment and normal progression through the cell cycle (By similarity). During interphase, associates with the cohesion complex and mediates pds5 binding to chromatin to ensure correct sister chromatid cohesion, chromatin organization, and also functions with Pds5-cohesin to modify Polycomb-dependent homeotic transformations (PubMed:32750047). Function during interphase is required for insulator activity, nuclear compaction, heterochromatin-induced position-effect variegation and PcG-mediated pairing-sensitive silencing (PubMed:32750047).
Viable, however adults display a decrease in survival which is stronger in females than males, and both sexes display a decrease in fertility (PubMed:32750047). Loss of phosphorylation of histone H3 leading to reduced centromeric cohesion (PubMed:32750047). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the size of salivary gland nuclei (PubMed:32750047). Also results in a strong decrease in chromosome-bound pds5 in larval salivary glands and a significant decrease in chromatin-bound vtd in mitotic and interphase embryo cells (PubMed:32750047).
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr21a subfamily.
Expressed in the medial aspect of the third antennal segment. Carbon dioxide-responsive neurons coexpress Gr21a and Gr63a in a pair of chemosensory receptors at both larval and adult life stages.
Gr21a and Gr63a probably form a heterodimer that responds to CO(2).
Gustatory and odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Gr21a and Gr63a together are sufficient for carbon dioxide detection and avoidance behavior. It is possible that the CO(2) receptors Gr63a and Gr21a activate the TRPC channels through Galpha49B and Plc21C. This innate olfactory avoidance behavior can be inhibited by inhibitory interactions of the odors such as 1-hexanol and 2,3-butanedione with Gr21a and Gr63a.
The Myb-MuvB complex mediates neuron-specific expression of the carbon dioxide receptor genes Gr63a and Gr21a. Conversely, Mip120 and E2F2, are required for repression of Gr63a in inappropriate neurons.
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
Expressed at high levels at 0-1 hour and from 5-17 hours. Also expressed at high levels in early pupae.
Found in egg chambers of the ovary and ubiquitously throughout embryogenesis and in disks. Expression is not seen in salivary glands, muscles or ventral ganglia but is observed in brain lobes.
Interacts with nkd. This interaction may require zinc.
Phosphorylated. Wg signaling generates the hyperphosphorylated active forms.
Required to establish coherent arrays of polarized cells and segments in embryos. Plays a role in wingless (wg) signaling, possibly through the reception of the wg signal by target cells and subsequent redistribution of arm protein in response to that signal in embryos. This signal seems to be required to establish planar cell polarity and identity.
Belongs to the transcription factor STAT family.
Exibits aberrant expression of the pair rule gene even-skipped at the cellular blastoderm stage, leading to larval segmentation defects.
Expressed throughout embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult stages, with some decrease in the late embryonic stages. The expression is uniform in unfertilized or just fertilized eggs, suggesting maternally deposited mRNA. At blastoderm stage, expression pattern shows stripes, that are reminiscent of many pair rule genes pattern.
Forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related family member.
Might play a role in signal transduction and activation of transcription. Plays an important role in the segmental pattern formation in the early embryo by activating specific stripes of pair rule gene expression in early development as part of the Janus kinase-STAT pathway (PubMed:8608595). Might play a role in male germline stem cell maintenance (PubMed:34644293).
Tyrosine phosphorylated by hopscotch. Phosphorylation is required for DNA-binding activity and dimerization.
Belongs to the archaeal RpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB9 is part of the upper jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).
DNA-binding protein that specifically binds heat shock promoter elements (HSE) and activates transcription. In higher eukaryotes, HSF is unable to bind to the HSE unless the cells are heat shocked.
Exhibits temperature-dependent phosphorylation.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Maternal foi has almost completely disappeared by embryonic stage 3 except in the pole cells. In stage 6 embryos, expression is enriched in the invaginating mesoderm. In stage 9 embryos, high levels in the anterior and posterior midgut primordia. In stage 14 embryos, broad expression with low levels in the epidermis.
Required for the normal migration of longitudinal and peripheral glial cells. During larval development, required for the migration of the subretinal glia into the eye disk. During embryonic development, also controls the migration of muscle cells toward their attachment sites. Required in the mesoderm for the correct morphogenesis of embryonic gonad and for tracheal branch fusion during tracheal development. Shg may be cooperating with foi to mediate a common mechanism for gonad and tracheal morphogenesis. Acts as a zinc transporter in both yeast and mammalian cells.
ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family which transports various molecules including bioamines, neurotransmitters, metabolic intermediates and second messengers (PubMed:812484, PubMed:117796, PubMed:6788034, PubMed:10407069, PubMed:18310115, PubMed:18931318, PubMed:33820991). In the eye, required for the transport of the eye red and brown pigment precursors, guanine and tryptophan, into pigment cell granules (PubMed:10407069, PubMed:8144619). Probably in association with bw/brown, involved in the transport of guanine (PubMed:117796). Probably in association with st/scarlet involved in the transport of kynurenine and probably tryptophan (PubMed:812484). Involved in the transport of kynurenine in pupal eyes (PubMed:812484). May play a role in histamine uptake by the lamina epithelial glia which surrounds photoreceptors R1-R6 (PubMed:18931318). In Malpighian tubules, involved in the transport of cGMP, guanine, xanthine, riboflavin, kynurenine and tryptophan (PubMed:812484, PubMed:117796, PubMed:6788034, PubMed:18310115). Probably in association with br/brown, involved in aging-induced intestinal stem cell proliferation in the midgut by regulating tetrahydrofolate transport (PubMed:33820991). Probably in association with st/scarlet, plays a role in zinc storage granule biogenesis in Malpighian tubule principal epithelial cells (PubMed:29367274).
Expressed in the head (at protein level) (PubMed:11294610). Expressed in the eye, specifically in retina primary pigment cells, in the basement membrane of the base of secondary and tertiary pigment cells, and in retinula cells (at protein level) (PubMed:18931318, PubMed:11294610). Expressed in the retina underlying lamina in the epithelial glia that surrounds the array of lamina cartridges (at protein level) (PubMed:18931318). Weakly expressed in photoreceptors, specifically in terminals of R1-R6, R7 and R8 (at protein level) (PubMed:18931318). Expressed at very low levels in medulla and central brain (at protein level) (PubMed:18931318). Expressed in principal cells of the Malpighian tubules (PubMed:33820991).
Eyes are white due to a defect in color pigment production (PubMed:18310115, PubMed:33820991). Malpighian tubules appear clear or white (PubMed:18310115, PubMed:29367274). Loss of st/scarlet protein in the pigment cells and retinula cells of the compound eye (PubMed:11294610). Transport of cGMP, but not cAMP, is inhibited in Malpighian tubules; however, basal fluid transport rates or rates stimulated by cGMP in the tubules are normal (PubMed:18310115). In Malpighian tubules, uptake of guanine, xanthine and riboflavin is impaired while uptake of hypoxanthine, guanosine and adenine is not affected (PubMed:117796). In Malpighian tubules, kynurenine and tryptophan uptake is impaired; however, incorporation of tryptophan into proteins is not affected (PubMed:6788034, PubMed:812484). In pupal eyes, kynurenine uptake is impaired (PubMed:812484). In the head, 50% reduction in histamine levels, 60% reduction in dopamine levels and 32% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels (PubMed:18931318). Specifically, histamine levels are reduced in the retina, the retina lamina and the central brain (PubMed:18931318). In addition, in lamina photoreceptor terminals R1-R6, numbers of synaptic vesicles and capitate projections, which are sites of endocytosis of vesicle membrane, are reduced (PubMed:18931318). In young and old flies, reduces the levels of several metabolites, including tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, guanosine, xanthine, riboflavin and tetrahydrofolate, and increases the levels of guanine (PubMed:33820991). Inhibits aging-induced intestinal stem cell proliferation (PubMed:33820991). 3-fold reduction in Malpighian tubule zinc stores (PubMed:29367274). Severe reduction of copulation success and reduced courting activities in males (PubMed:28794482). RNAi-mediated knockdown in central nervous system causes a delay in locomotor recovery from anoxia with no effect on eye pigmentation (PubMed:27029736). RNAi-mediated knockdown in serotonergic neurons, causes a delay in locomotor recovery from anoxia (PubMed:27029736).
May form a heterodimer with bw/brown (Probable). May form a heterodimer with st/scarlet (Probable).
Up-regulated during aging in intestinal stem cells.
Lys-51 undergoes hypusination, a unique post-translational modification that consists in the addition of a butylamino group from spermidine to lysine side chain, leading to the formation of the unusual amino acid hypusine. eIF-5As are the only known proteins to undergo this modification, which is essential for their function.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts. Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step (By similarity). Functions as a regulator of autophagy (PubMed:19546244).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. TatD-type hydrolase family.
Component of the Enok complex composed of at least Br140, enok, Eaf6 and Ing5 (PubMed:27198229). As part of the Enok complex, interacts with elg1 and the Elg1 RFC-like complex (PubMed:27198229).
Scaffold subunit of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Enok complex which has histone H3 acetyltransferase activity (PubMed:27198229). As part of the Enok complex, associates with the Elg1 RFC-like complex and down-regulates its PCNA-unloading function to promote the G1/S transition (PubMed:27198229). May also play a role in maintaining the protein levels and stability of enok (PubMed:27198229).
Anterior dorsal follicle cells at stages 10-12 of oogenesis.
Probable transcription factor required for peripheral nervous system morphogenesis, eye development and oogenesis. May be required for the transmission of the dpp signal and for a morphogenetic movement of the medulla in the brain that reorients the second optic lobe relative to the first. Plays a role in determining proper dorsal cell fates leading to the formation of the dorsal appendages.
Controls axon guidance across the CNS midline by preventing the delivery of Robo to the growth cone.
Interacts (probably via PY-motifs) with Nedd4 (via WW2 domain) (PubMed:12165468, PubMed:16531238). Interacts with Robo (PubMed:12165468).
The cytoplasmic domain is required for function in axon guidance.
Ubiquitinated by Nedd4; which promotes endocytosis of the comm/robo complex and comm proteasomal degradation (PubMed:12165468). Not ubiquitinated by Nedd4 (PubMed:15657595).
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. ERF2/ZDHHC9 subfamily.
Lethal at larval stage (PubMed:30735487). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in extra vein material (PubMed:30735487). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing results in tissue overgrowth due to enhanced cell proliferation (PubMed:30735487).
Palmitoyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of palmitate onto various protein substrates and therefore functions in several unrelated biological processes (By similarity). Regulates tissue growth possibly by regulating Ras64B protein stability (PubMed:30735487). May regulate CG34450 mRNA levels (PubMed:30735487).
Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Shaker sub-subfamily.
Homotetramer or heterotetramer of potassium channel proteins.
Reduced sleep (PubMed:15858564). Flies sleep for one-third of the wild-type amount (PubMed:15858564). They perform normally in a number of tasks, have preserved sleep homeostasis, but are not impaired by sleep deprivation (PubMed:15858564). They also have a reduced lifespan (PubMed:15858564). Males are able to discriminate between males and females during courtship but their courtship of females is reduced, suggesting that their perception and/or response to wild-type female pheromones is decreased (PubMed:22292044). RNAi-mediated knockdown in all neurons or specifically in the mushroom bodies of adult males, impairs their ability to discriminate between males and females (PubMed:22292044). However, knockdown in various chemosensory peripheral neurons has no effect on male sex discrimination (PubMed:22292044).
The transmembrane segment S4 functions as voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position. Channel opening and closing is effected by a conformation change that affects the position and orientation of the voltage-sensor paddle formed by S3 and S4 within the membrane. A transmembrane electric field that is positive inside would push the positively charged S4 segment outwards, thereby opening the pore, while a field that is negative inside would pull the S4 segment inwards and close the pore. Changes in the position and orientation of S4 are then transmitted to the activation gate formed by the inner helix bundle via the S4-S5 linker region.
Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes. The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane. Forms rapidly inactivating tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient and may contribute to A-type currents (PubMed:2448636). Plays a role in the regulation of sleep need or efficiency (PubMed:15858564). Plays a role in sexual behavior, where it is important for male sex discrimination (PubMed:22292044).
Interacts with dachs (via C-terminus); the interaction is direct. Interacts (via N-terminus including SH3 domain 1) with palmitoyltransferase app; this leads to palmitoylation of Dlish by app. Also interacts with dco, ft, ft-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbxl7, F-box protein slmb and SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex component Cul1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced spacing between the anterior and posterior crossveins of the wing, reduced levels of subapical cortical dachs, increased levels of dachs throughout the cytoplasm, increased total cellular levels of dachs and suppression of the overgrowth and dachs up-regulation seen in ft mutants.
Required for the apical cell cortex localization, total cellular level and full activity of dachs.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Autoreceptor for octopamine, which is a neurotransmitter, neurohormone, and neuromodulator in invertebrates (PubMed:15816867, PubMed:22553037). Negatively regulates synaptic growth by activating the inhibitory G protein Galphao and limiting cAMP production (PubMed:22553037). Antagonizes the action of Octbeta2R which stimulates synaptic growth (PubMed:22553037).
Expressed in adult, pupae, third instar larvae, and 0-4 hour and 0-18 hour old embryos (PubMed:15816867, PubMed:22303848). Levels increase significantly at the late embryonic stage, gradually decrease during postembryonic development and increase slightly in the adult (PubMed:22303848).
Fails to respond to starvation by increasing locomotor activity. Decreased basal levels of locomotion. Overgrowth of octopaminergic and glutamatergic (type I and type II) neuromuscular junctions. Increase in the number of terminal type I and type II boutons and in the motile filopodia-like extensions (synaptopods) which form during the expansion of type II terminals in developing larvae.
In the adult, expressed in the superior protocerebrum and the optic lobe medulla of the central nervous system, nurse cells of egg chambers in the ovary at oogenic stages 1-10, and spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the testis (PubMed:22303848). Expressed in embryonic and larval ventral nerve cord and brain lobe, and the larval imaginal disk and larval salivary gland (PubMed:22303848). Also expressed in larval synaptic boutons and retinal cells in the optic disk (PubMed:22553037).
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. SLC35B subfamily.
Homozygous lethal. In a weak loss-of-function phenotype, a gap in the fifth longitudinal vein of the adult wing is observed.
Sugar transporter that specifically mediates the transport of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), GDP-fucose and UDP-xylose. Functions redundantly with nac in the O-fucosylation of Notch, positively regulating Notch signaling. Involved in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (HS-GAG) and in Dpp signaling in the wing imaginal disk.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins.
Expressed in head. In larval brain, it is expressed in the mushroom body. Also expressed in larval muscles.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak at ZT15 (zeitgeber 15).
Interacts specifically with Slo; which activates Slo activity. Interacts with 14-3-3-zeta when phosphorylated. Forms a heterotetrameric complex containing phosphorylated Slob, Slo and 14-3-3-zeta, which represses Slo activity due to the indirect interaction between Slo and 14-3-3-zeta.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of Ser-54 and Ser-79 is required for the interaction with 14-3-3-zeta but not with that of Slo.
Regulator of calcium-activated channel Slo. Increases or decreases the voltage sensitivity of Slo, depending on the absence or presence of 14-3-3-zeta in the complex, respectively.
Identified in the spliceosome C complex (By similarity). Interacts with pnut.
Only expressed in adults. Expression varies in DDT resistant strains (Wisconsin, 91-R and Hikone-R).
Expression starts at stage 6 in all cells between 15 and 70 per cent of egg length, including the invaginating cells of the ventral furrow. Stripe pattern is emerging by early stage 8. From stage 9 and continuing throughout embryogenesis, expression is seen in the developing CNS. At stage 10, expressed in 15 stripes in the presumptive head and trunk regions, in the posterior midgut primordium, in a subset of cells of anterior midgut invagination and in the procephalic lobe. At stage 12, expression declines in epidermis and increases in the midgut and visceral mesoderm. At stage 17, only expressed in the CNS, hindgut and dorsal vessel.
Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp motif interacts with the PDZ domain of Dvl (Disheveled) family members and is involved in the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. Required to coordinate the cytoskeletons of epidermal cells to produce a parallel array of cuticular hairs and bristles.
The FZ domain is involved in binding with Wnt ligands.
Component of the super elongation complex (SEC), at least composed of Ell, Cdk9, cyclin-T (CycT), lilli and ear. Component of the little elongation complex, at least composed of Ell, Eaf, Ice1 and Ice2. Associates with RNA polymerase II.
Elongation factor component of the super elongation complex (SEC), a complex required to increase the catalytic rate of RNA polymerase II transcription by suppressing transient pausing by the polymerase at multiple sites along the DNA (PubMed:11689450). Elongation factor component of the little elongation complex (LEC), a complex required to regulate small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene transcription by RNA polymerase II and III (PubMed:22195968, PubMed:23932780).
Expressed in salivary glands (at protein level).
Expressed at all developmental stages, with highest expression at the posterior pole of the early cellular blastoderm, the neuro-ectoderm prior to neuroblast delamination, rows of epidermal cells in the most posterior part of thoracic and first abdominal segments and a ring of epidermal cells at the posterior end of the embryo.
Probably functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for RAC1 and/or CDC42. Required for optic stalk formation.
Belongs to the integrin alpha chain family.
Expressed during mid- and late-oogenesis.
Expressed in all follicle cells overlying the oocyte during mid-oogenesis, the strongest expression is observed in the cells covering the anterior end of the oocyte and in the cells forming the dorsal appendages. After completion of oocyte enlargement, expression in main body follicle cells is down-regulated but persists strongly in the dorsal appendage forming cells. Expressed in lamellocytes.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Alpha-PS5 associates with beta-PS (By similarity).
Possible role in cell-cell interactions. Minor involvement in the establishment of the oocyte anterior-posterior length.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Clathrin triskelions, composed of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains, are the basic subunits of the clathrin coat (By similarity). Interacts with sau (PubMed:24786584).
The C-terminal third of the heavy chains forms the hub of the triskelion. This region contains the trimerization domain and the light-chain binding domain involved in the assembly of the clathrin lattice.
The N-terminal seven-bladed beta-propeller is formed by WD40-like repeats, and projects inward from the polyhedral outer clathrin coat. It constitutes a major protein-protein interaction node (By similarity).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar4-20 subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-20' of histone H4. H4 'Lys-20' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Mainly functions in pericentric heterochromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the establishment of constitutive heterochromatin in these regions. Acts as a dominant suppressor of position-effect variegation.
Actin-binding adapter protein. Binds to F-actin but is not involved in actin polymerization, capping or bundling. Does not bind G-actin (By similarity). Does not seem to be involved in actin-based lamella protrusion during cell migration.
Acts as a glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase (PubMed:17722885, PubMed:22897232). Responsible for the biosynthesis of pyroglutamyl peptides (By similarity). Might be more efficient in the conversion of tri and tetrapeptides in vitro (PubMed:17722885). Might have a relative preference for substrates containing hydrophobic amino acids in vitro (PubMed:17722885).
Belongs to the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family.
Inhibited by imidazoles (imidazole, benzimidazole, 1-benzylimidazole, 1-methylimidazole, P150/03 and N-omega-acetylhistamine) and cysteamines (cysteamine and N-dimethylcysteamine) (PubMed:17722885, PubMed:22897232). Inhibited by PDB50 1(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-imidazol-1-ylpropyl)thiourea (PubMed:22897232).
It is unclear whether this protein requires a metal cofactor for catalysis. It was originally proposed to be a Zn(2+)-dependent metalloenzyme based on structural similarities to bacterial aminopeptidases and the observation that it can bind Zn(2+) ions, typically in a 1:1 stoichiometry. However, a recent study suggests a Zn(2+)-independent catalytic mechanism.
Homodimer. Interacts (via C-terminus) with REPTOR (via C-terminus).
Sensitive to nutrient stress. Larvae display no obvious phenotype under normal feeding conditions; larval growth and development is normal, and there is no effect on triglyceride and glycogen levels. However when mutants pupate and become adults they display reduced triglyceride and glycogen stores leading to adults dying within 18 hours of starvation whereas controls survive 2.5 days without food. Larvae are also sensitive to nutrient stress displaying 50% lethality when fed a low nutrient diet.
Transcriptional regulator that acts in the TORC1 signaling pathway to regulate energy homeostasis and promote survival during nutrient deprivation. Interacts with REPTOR to form a transcriptional activator complex that functions downstream of TORC1 to up-regulate the expression of most target genes induced by TORC1 inhibition. In the complex, acts to enhance the binding of the transcriptional activator REPTOR to the regulatory sequences of target genes. Under normal conditions TORC1 is active, inhibiting the formation of the REPTOR/REPTOR-BP complex by phosphorylating REPTOR and mediates its cytoplasmic retention by forming a docking site for 14-3-3 proteins. Upon TORC1 inhibition resulting from nutrient stress, REPTOR is recruited into the nucleus where it interacts with REPTOR-BP and together they maintain organismal metabolism by activating the expression of target stress response genes including those involved in glycogenesis and triglyceride biosynthesis. The complex also appears to negatively regulate some aspects of TORC1-dependent larval growth.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Expressed during embryogenesis and larvae.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
Late in embryogenesis, expression is restricted to cells of the peripheral and central nervous system undergoing proliferation and differentiation. Also expressed in larval CNS, mesoderm and imaginal disks.
May mediate or modulate cell adhesion between embryonic cells during development.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Chaperone specifically assisting the folding of beta-propeller/EGF modules within the family of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs). Acts as a modulator of the Wg pathway, since some LDLRs are coreceptors for the canonical Wnt pathway.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with Arrow and Yolkless.
The LDLR maturation activity resides in the N- and C-terminal unstructured regions.
Acts as a ligand for sevenless tyrosine-kinase receptor during eye development.
Expressed exclusively by R8 photoreceptor cells and is internalized in a sev-dependent manner by R7 cells.
Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family.
Tetramer, composed of 2 regulatory (R) and 2 catalytic (C) subunits. In the presence of cAMP it dissociates into 2 active monomeric C subunits and an R dimer.
The pseudophosphorylation site binds to the substrate-binding region of the catalytic chain but is not phosphorylated. The physiological significance of phosphorylations by other kinases is unclear.
Accumulation of wg in the Golgi, preventing wg from being secreted from the cells.
Component of the retromer complex which acts in conjunction with wingless (wg) and clathrin-mediated endocytosis to sustain a wntless (wls) traffic loop. This loop encompasses the Golgi, the cell surface, an endocytic compartment and a retrograde route leading back to the Golgi, thereby enabling wls to direct wg secretion. The hh and dpp signaling pathways do not require the retromer complex suggesting that it does not play a general role in exocytosis.
Component of the retromer complex, composed of Vps26 and Vps35.
Flies display defective abdomen pattern formation and are embryonic lethal.
Interacts with nanos (nos) and brat. Acts via the formation of a quaternary complex composed of pum, nanos, brat and the 3'-UTR mRNA of hb.
Sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that acts as a post-transcriptional repressor by binding the 3'-UTR of mRNA targets. Binds to an RNA consensus sequence, the Pumilio Response Element (PRE), 5'-UGUANAUA-3', that is related to the Nanos Response Element (NRE) (PubMed:1459455, PubMed:1576962, PubMed:9404893, PubMed:9660969, PubMed:22345517). Mediates post-transcriptional repression of transcripts via different mechanisms: acts via direct recruitment of deadenylase complexes leading to translational inhibition and mRNA degradation (By similarity). Also mediates deadenylation-independent repression by promoting accessibility of miRNAs (PubMed:22345517). Mediates post-transcriptional silencing of E2f mRNA by binding to its 3'-UTR and promoting miRNA regulation (PubMed:22345517). Required for abdominal development and to support proliferation and self-renewal of germ cells. Pum is the only gene required for nanos (nos) activity that is not also required for posterior localization of germline determinants. Pum is required during embryogenesis when nanos activity apparently moves anteriorly from the posterior pole (PubMed:1459455, PubMed:1576962, PubMed:9404893, PubMed:9660969).
The pumilio repeats mediate the association with RNA by packing together to form a right-handed superhelix that approximates a half donut. RNA-binding occurs on the concave side of the surface. Pum is composed of 8 pumilio repeats of 36 residues; each repeat binds a single nucleotide in its RNA target. Residues at positions 12 and 16 of the pumilio repeat bind each RNA base via hydrogen bonding or van der Waals contacts with the Watson-Crick edge, while the amino acid at position 13 makes a stacking interaction. The recognition of RNA by pumilio repeats is base specific: cysteine and glutamine at position 12 and 16, respectively, bind adenine; asparagine and glutamine bind uracil; and serine and glutamate bind guanine.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase B chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Belongs to the SPEC3 family. Stum subfamily.
Expressed in limited populations of proprioceptive neurons that sense a mechanical property of specific joints. In the legs, localizes to 3 labeled neurons: one at the femur-tibia joint, the second at the tibia-tarsus joint, and the third spanning the second tarsal segment. Dendrites of stum-expressing neurons in legs are stretched by both flexion and extension of corresponding joints.
Impaired walking characterized by walking uncoordination and reduced climbing speed. Type I neurons are apparently unaffected. Abolition of responses to stretching: although the dendritic stretching is not significantly affected, the Ca(2+) responses to both acute and obtuse joint angles are abolished in the mutant. Axons and cell bodies are indistinguishable from controls, while the sensory dendrite exhibit abnormalities: in some of the stum-expressing neurons the tip of the dendrite is overgrown and extended into the distal segment of the joint. Expression of the mouse ortholog (AC Q0VBF8) in mutant flies rescues the phenotype.
Required for locomotion and mechanical sensing in proprioceptive neurons by transducing dendrite stretching into cellular responses. Required for transduction of mechanical stimuli in a specific subpopulation of proprioceptive neurons that sense joint angles. Probably does not constitute the mechanically activated channel and may rather serve as an accessory module required for the proper localization or function of the transduction channels.
Was named stumble because of the walking impairment phenotype.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. BimC subfamily.
Homotetramer (PubMed:8538794, PubMed:9885249, PubMed:24714498). Consists of two pairs of polypeptides associated by coiled-coil interactions to form two homodimers (PubMed:8538794). The homodimers are linked by lateral interactions between their coiled-coil regions to form a bipolar homotetramer consisting of a central rod with two motor domains projecting from either end (PubMed:8538794). Parallel coiled coils extend from each pair of motor heads, switch to two antiparallel coiled coils in the central region and then back to parallel coiled coils (PubMed:24714498). Interacts with Wee1 (PubMed:19800237).
Important role in mitotic dividing cells (PubMed:8227131). Microtubule motor required for spindle body separation (PubMed:8918872). Slow plus-end directed microtubule motor capable of cross-linking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules, thereby pushing apart the associated spindle poles during spindle assembly and function (PubMed:8918872, PubMed:8589456, PubMed:19062285). Forms cross-links between microtubules within interpolar microtubule bundles (PubMed:9885249, PubMed:19158379). Contributes to the length of the metaphase spindle, maintains the prometaphase spindle by antagonizing Ncd, drives anaphase B, and also contributes to normal chromosome congression, kinetochore spacing, and anaphase A rates (PubMed:19158379). Displays microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity (PubMed:8589456). Required for normal fusome organization (PubMed:10469596). Required in non-mitotic cells for transport of secretory proteins from the Golgi complex to the cell surface (PubMed:23857769).
Phosphorylation is required for localization to mitotic spindles (PubMed:9885249). Phosphorylation of Thr-933 during mitosis controls association with the spindle apparatus (By similarity). Phosphorylated in vitro by Wee1 (PubMed:19800237).
Specifically expressed in proliferating tissues during embryonic and larval development.
Nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (3',2'-cGAMP) from ATP and GTP and plays a key role in antiviral innate immunity (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Synthesizes 3',2'-cGAMP in a two-step reaction through production of the linear intermediate pppA(2'-5')pG (PubMed:34261127). Acts as a key sensor of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the presence of dsRNA in the cytoplasm being a danger signal that triggers the immune responses (PubMed:34261127). Directly binds dsRNA, activating the nucleotidyltransferase activity, leading to synthesis of 3',2'-cGAMP, a second messenger that binds to and activates Sting, thereby triggering the antiviral immune response via activation of the NF-kappa-B transcription factor Rel (Relish) (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). 3',2'-cGAMP is protected from poxin cleavage (PubMed:34261127).
The enzyme activity is specifically activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Recognizes long dsRNA (>30 bp) with no preference for 5' RNA phosphorylation (PubMed:34261127).
(Microbial infection) Interacts with cricket paralysis virus protein 1A; this interaction may block the RISC activity.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Essential for RNA interference (RNAi); double-stranded RNA induces potent and specific gene silencing (PubMed:11498593, PubMed:12368261, PubMed:14508492, PubMed:32504809). RNAi is mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a sequence-specific, multicomponent nuclease that destroys or silences messenger RNAs homologous to the silencing trigger (PubMed:11498593, PubMed:12368261, PubMed:14508492).
Interacts with Fmr1, Dcr-1 and vig to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex involved in translation regulation, other components of the complex are RpL5, RpL11 and Rm62 (PubMed:11498593, PubMed:14508492, PubMed:12368261). As part of the RISC complex, interacts with Tudor-SN (PubMed:14508492). Interacts with Taf11 (PubMed:26257286).
PAZ domain provides a major contribution for nucleic acid recognition. PAZ binds oligonucleotides of different lengths and has a strong preference for single-stranded nucleic acids (ssRNA or SSDNA) or RNA duplexes with single-stranded 3' overhangs. Can bind the characteristic two-base 3' overhangs of siRNAs, indicating that it may contribute to the specific and productive incorporation of siRNAs and miRNAs into the RNAi pathway.
Expressed in multi-dendritic neurons of the labellum (md-L), which extend elaborate dendritic arbors innervating the bases of taste hairs (at protein level) (PubMed:27478019). In larvae, expressed in class I and class II dendritic arborization (da) neurons and bipolar dendrite (bd) neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:27298354). In adults, expressed in various sensory neurons including those in the mouth parts, olfactory neurons in the antenna, wing bristle neurons, haltere neurons, arista neurons, and many other sensory neurons, including a subset of chordotonal (Cho) neurons (PubMed:27478019, PubMed:27298354). Expressed in md-L axon terminals, including those that project into the subesophageal zone (SEZ) (PubMed:27478019, PubMed:31184585). Also expressed in a small number of local neurons in the adult ventral nerve cord (VNC), and projections extending from a few neurons in the legs or wing hinges (PubMed:27478019). In the adult mouth, expressed in a few multi-dendritic neurons of the ventral cibarial sensory organ (VCSO); the multiple elaborate dendritic branches form a brush-like structure that faces the luminal side of the food-passing tunnel (PubMed:27478019). Also expressed in the oviduct and uterus of adult females (PubMed:32649914).
Probable ion channel (PubMed:27478019, PubMed:30853433, PubMed:31184585, PubMed:32649914). Component of mechanosensitive neurons that participates in proprioception, sensing food texture, and directing egg-laying site selection (oviposition) (PubMed:27478019, PubMed:27298354, PubMed:30853433, PubMed:31184585, PubMed:32649914). Component of multi-dendritic neurons of the labellum (md-L) where it is required for sensing the hardness and viscosity of their food, enabling them to behaviorally discriminate their preferred softness and smoothness from harder and stickier food options (PubMed:27478019). Required as part of oviposition site selection process to relay mechanosensory and chemosensory information on the hardness and sweetness of potential egg-laying substrates, thus ensuring females select the most optimal site for their eggs survival (PubMed:31184585, PubMed:32649914). Females determine the softest substrate for their eggs first by making a coarse evaluation of substrate hardness using mechanosensitive channels nan and Piezo in the leg tarsal bristles, followed by a much finer assessment using nan, iav and Tmc mechanosensitive channels on the labellum (PubMed:31184585, PubMed:32649914). This protein is required to sense subtle differences in substrate stiffness (between 0.25% and 0.3% agarose), likely acting in the md-L neurons (PubMed:32649914). Also required in neurons on the labellum, including the md-Ls, and possibly in the brain, to inhibit discrimination of egg-laying substrates of different hardness if the substrate contains sucrose (PubMed:32649914). During oviposition evaluation, activation of sweet neurons by sucrose enhances the activity of the Tmc neurons resulting in females losing their softness preference in favor of egg-laying sites that contain sucrose (PubMed:32649914). Acts in the larvae peripheral sensory neurons, to contribute to proprioception and sensory feedback for normal forward crawling behavior (PubMed:27298354, PubMed:30853433). Required for the normal activity of the proprioceptive sensory dendrites, ddaE which show preferential responses to forward locomotion, and ddaD which show preferential responses to backward locomotion (PubMed:30853433).
Viable and appear morphologically normal (PubMed:27478019). Adults display a significant reduction in the electrophysiological responses of multi-dendritic neurons of the labellum (md-L) to mechanical stimuli (PubMed:27478019). Adults are unable to discriminate between the preferred softness (1% agarose) or smoothness (sucrose solution only) from harder or stickier food options (PubMed:27478019). Adult females display a reduced ability to discriminate between small differences in egg-laying substrate stiffness (PubMed:32649914). Larvae display abnormal locomotion behaviors that likely result from the loss of proprioceptive feedback (PubMed:27298354, PubMed:30853433). Displays reduced sensitivity to movement direction due to decreased activity of the dorsal proprioceptors neurons ddaD, which are activated during backward movement, and ddaE neurons which are activated during forward movement (PubMed:30853433). As a consequence, larvae crawling speed is reduced due to increased head curl behavior and increased backward locomotion (PubMed:27298354). No obvious defects in larvae dendrite morphology of class I da neurons or axon targeting of neurons in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27298354). Adults display a normal avoidance of bitter tastes such as quinine, denatonium, strychnine and berberine, and L4 and S6 sensilla display normal electrophysiological responses to salt, sucrose and caffeine (PubMed:27478019).
Plays a role in establishing and maintaining the asymmetric distribution of channels and receptors at the plasma membrane of polarized cells.
Although the SET domain contains the active site of enzymatic activity, both pre-SET and post-SET domains are required for methyltransferase activity. The SET domain also participates in stable binding to heterochromatin (By similarity).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. Suvar3-9 subfamily.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout development with a peak of expression during early embryogenesis (0-9 hours old embryos). Weak expression in larvae, pupae and adult flies.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 using monomethylated H3 'Lys-9' as substrate. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting Su(var)205/HP1 to methylated histones. Mainly functions in heterochromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the establishment of constitutive heterochromatin at pericentric regions. Involved in heterochromatic gene silencing including the modification of position-effect-variegation.
In the pre-SET domain, Cys residues bind 3 zinc ions that are arranged in a triangular cluster; some of these Cys residues contribute to the binding of two zinc ions within the cluster.
Interacts with Su(var)205 and Su(var)3-7. Probably associates with HDAC1/Rpd3.
An essential gene required for embryogenesis; required for cell viability.
Expression during embryogenesis is ubiquitous with notably higher levels in the CNS and brain.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase IV family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Regulates expression of the homeotic selector genes by influencing higher-order chromatin structure through interaction with other proteins.
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:16510152). Detected within 24 hours of infection (PubMed:9736738). Up-regulated in the fat body following infection with M.luteus, with expression levels increasing from 2 to 48 hours post infection (PubMed:34432851). In adults, also up-regulated in the head including the border of the eyes and the ocelli, and in the brain tissue including the region posterior to the central brain furrow (PubMed:34432851). Up-regulated in the wing veins, along the borders of the thoracic pleura, and in the spermatheca of females (PubMed:34432851). In larvae, induced in the brain tissue at the posterior of the ventral nervous system (PubMed:34432851).
In some wild flies and common laboratory strains, the BaraA locus has undergone a duplication event to produce two identical paralogs, BaraA1 and BaraA2 (PubMed:34432851). However BaraA copy number varies within these strains indicating that the duplication event is recent and not fixed (PubMed:34432851).
Secreted immune-induced peptides induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:34432851). Has a significant role in resistance to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus B.bassiana R444 and weak antifungal activity against M.rileyi PHP1705 (PubMed:34432851). In adult males, activity appears to be important for neuromuscular processes that mediate correct wing posture upon Toll activation (PubMed:34432851).
The name 'Baramicin' derives from the Japanese idiom Bara-Bara, meaning to break apart, and refers to the multiple peptides produced from the precursor protein.
Viable with no obvious morphological defects, however flies have an increased susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi (PubMed:34432851). Displays increased fungal load 48 hours after infection with B.bassiana R444 spores resulting in a significant decrease in survival (PubMed:34432851). Survival is also slightly decreased following septic injury with M.rileyi PHP1705 (PubMed:34432851). Some adult males display an erect wing phenotype upon infection with Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and to a lesser extent, Gram-negative bacteria and clean injury (PubMed:34432851). Males also display the erect wing phenotype after injury with heat-killed E.faecalis suggesting that the phenotype occurs due to Toll activation and is not the result of infection (PubMed:34432851). No effect on activation of the Toll or imd/NF-kappa-B signaling cascades in response to microbial infection (PubMed:34432851). No significant affect on lifespan, resistance to bacterial infection and survival following clean injury (PubMed:34432851).
Component of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex which contains the catalytic subunit Tip60 and the subunits Domino, Tra1, Brd8, E(Pc), DMAP1, Pontin, Reptin, Ing3, Act87E, BAP55, Mrg15, MrgBP, Gas41 and YL-1.
Part of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex which is involved in DNA repair. Upon induction of DNA double-strand breaks, this complex acetylates phosphorylated H2AV in nucleosomes and exchanges it with unmodified H2AV.
Belongs to the glutamate--cysteine ligase type 3 family.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-glutamate and L-cysteine and participates in the first and rate-limiting step in glutathione biosynthesis.
Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family.
By gamma-radiation (PubMed:12894227). By bacterial infection (PubMed:20505310).
Cytokine which acts as a ligand for wgn (PubMed:12894227). Also acts as a ligand for grnd (PubMed:25874673). Induces apoptosis by triggering JNK signaling (PubMed:12176339, PubMed:12065414, PubMed:12894227). Required for JNK-dependent non-autonomous apoptosis through release from apoptotic cells and activation of apoptosis in neighboring cells (PubMed:24066226). Required for JNK-independent damage-induced apoptosis in the embryonic central nervous system through regulation of the pro-apoptotic gene hid (PubMed:25754009). Involved in the innate immune response to extracellular pathogens (PubMed:17381241). Plays a role in the melanization immune response through its involvement in the rupture of crystal cells and subsequent release of prophenoloxidase (PubMed:17356067). Following UV-induced epidermal damage, released from apoptotic epidermal cells, binds to the wgn receptor on nociceptive sensory neurons and plays a role in development of thermal allodynia, a responsiveness to subthreshold thermal stimuli which are not normally perceived as noxious (PubMed:19375319). Involved in glial cell division induced by neuronal programmed cell death and injury (PubMed:19019992). Has tumor suppressor activity and eliminates oncogenic cells from epithelia, thereby maintaining epithelial integrity (PubMed:19289090).
During embryogenesis, highly expressed in glial cells and neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:25754009). Highly localized to the dorsal surface of pregastrulating embryos (PubMed:12894227). During gastrulation, expression occurs in the epidermal layer of the embryo and is most prominent at the surface of dorsal folds that will later form the amnioserosa (PubMed:12894227). At germ band extended stages, prominent in the neurogenic region adjacent to the mesodermal segments of the embryo (PubMed:12894227). In later-staged embryos at stages 15/16, detected in subsets of cells within the condensing nerve cord (PubMed:12894227). After embryonic stage 10, predominantly detected in the nervous system (PubMed:12065414). In the third instar larva, strongly expressed in the brain hemispheres and at the morphogenetic furrow in the eye disk (PubMed:12065414). Also expressed at significant levels in many cells posterior to the furrow and in the proliferating cells at the furrow (PubMed:12065414). In the adult, expressed in the fat body (PubMed:20505310).
Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are expressed throughout development and in the adult. Isoform 1 predominates at each stage by about 5 to 10-fold.
Reduced resistance to extracellular pathogens (PubMed:17381241). Complete absence of thermal allodynia in mutant larvae exposed to UV radiation (PubMed:19375319). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the adult fat body results in increased survival following S.typhimurium infection, increased levels of diptericin and reduced feeding rate (PubMed:20505310).
The soluble form derives from the membrane form by proteolytic processing.
Mutant larvae exhibit hypersensitivity to the anticancer drug cisplatin.
Regulatory subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4. The probable PP4 complex Pp4-19C-PPP4R2r-flfl (PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3) is required to prevent caspase induced cell death (in vitro). May be involved in DNA damage repair. Key mediator specific for the localization of mira and associated cell fate determinants during both interphase and mitosis. Nuclear Flfl is required to exclude mira/pros from the nucleus when inefficiently bound to the cytoskeleton/cortex, whereas cytosolic or membrane-associated flfl is required for the cortical association and asymmetric localization of mira/pros/brat/stau at metaphase and anaphase.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits. Probably part of a PP4 PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3 complex containing Pp4-19C, PPP4R2r and flfl. Interacts with mira.
Belongs to the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) family.
Interacts with hiw; the interaction with Rae1 may protect hiw from autophagy-mediated degradation (PubMed:21874015). Interacts with Nup98-96 (PubMed:21874015, PubMed:28554770).
Larval lethal (PubMed:27494403). Larvae die at the third-instar stage (PubMed:27494403). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the testes results in male sterility likely due to defects in primary spermatocyte nuclear integrity, meiotic chromosome condensation, segregation, and spindle morphology (PubMed:23788425). These defects lead to a failure to complete meiosis but several aspects of spermatid differentiation can still proceed, including axoneme formation and elongation (PubMed:23788425). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the developing wing or in the proliferating cells of the developing eye, reduces their organ size (PubMed:27494403). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larval neuroblasts results in chromatin undercondensation in metaphase chromosomes (PubMed:23788425). RNAi-mediated knockdown in differentiating eye cells does not result in an obvious phenotype (PubMed:27494403).
Probable component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which regulates the nuclear export of specific mRNAs and promotes cell cycle progression during mitosis and male meiosis (PubMed:23788425, PubMed:14729268, PubMed:27494403). Acts with Nup98-96 to promote the nuclear export of specific mRNAs such as Moe, however it does not appear to be required for general nuclear mRNA transport (PubMed:14729268, PubMed:28554770). Essential mitotic and male meiotic cell cycle regulator with roles in many aspects of the cell cycle including chromatin organization and condensation, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and maintaining nuclear structure (PubMed:23788425, PubMed:14729268, PubMed:27494403). During male meiosis it is required for completion of meiosis I, as well as accurate cytokinesis of the secondary spermatocytes, and postmeiotic differentiation of spermatids (PubMed:23788425). Acts as a downstream regulatory target of the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway to promote mitotic cell cycle progression and proliferation during wing and eye development, and thereby plays a key role in integrating the regulation of proliferation with organ size control (PubMed:27494403, PubMed:14729268). When the Hippo/SWH signaling pathway is inactive, Rae1 acts independently of yki to increase organ size by promoting mitotic S-phase entry and increase cellular proliferation (PubMed:27494403). When the Hippo/SWH signaling pathway is active it inhibits the activity of Rae1 in a Wts-dependent manner to restrict organ growth (PubMed:27494403). However, Rae1 is also able to negatively regulate the levels and activity of yki likely by activating the core kinases of the Hippo/SWH signaling pathway hpo and Wts and increasing the protein levels of hpo, Mer and Wts; it is therefore likely that it functions as part of a negative feedback loop with the Hippo/SWH signaling pathway to regulate pathway homeostasis and prevent organ overgrowth (PubMed:27494403). Promotes mitotic cell cycle progression, at least in part, by increasing the accumulation of mitotic cyclins such as CycB, possibly by directly up-regulating cyclin transcripts or by inhibiting the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activator fzy (PubMed:27494403). Also required in presynaptic, postmitotic motor neurons to restrain synaptic terminal growth (PubMed:21874015). Promotes the expression and stability of the an E3 ubiquitin ligase of hiw, and is likely to function in the regulation of synaptic growth by binding to hiw and protecting it from autophagy-mediated degradation (PubMed:21874015).
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Acts as a calcium-dependent, homophilic cell adhesion molecule that regulates neural recognition during the development of the nervous system. Component of the repulsive Plexin signaling response to regulate motor axon guidance at the embryonic stage. Also component of a receptor complex that is required in the adult visual system to innervate the lamina layer; specific targeting of R1-R6 axons.
Axon guidance defects. R-cell differentiation and cell fate determination are normal, but many R1-R6 axons connect abnormally to medulla instead of innervating lamina.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.
Dynamically expressed during embryogenesis in several areas of the developing nervous system, including neurons and fasciculating axons. Expression in stage 7 embryos is seen in the anterior midgut primordia, cephalic furrow and along the germinal band. At stage 11, expression is in 15 stripes over the trunk region, and in the anterior and posterior midgut primordia. Stage 12 shows expression in the developing nervous system, procephalic lobe and maxillar bud. Stage 13 shows expression in the ventral cord, maxillar segment and in three regions of the gut. At stage 16 expression is preferentially detected throughout the nervous system, including the neuromers in the ventral cord and the supraesophageal ganglion (at protein level). In larva, expression is seen in developing R cells and is localized predominantly to R1-R6 growth cones.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, during early to mid embryogenesis and early pupation.
Interacts with plexA; component of a receptor complex that mediates the repulsive signaling in response to Semaphorin ligands.
This protein has been proposed to undergo autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues which is induced in response to cell adhesion (PubMed:1371458). However, as mammalian orthologs of this protein seem to lack kinase activity this protein may associate with, and be phosphorylated by, an unknown active tyrosine kinase.
Copper metallochaperone essential for the synthesis and maturation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). Involved in transporting copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2. Also acts as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase to regulate the redox state of the cysteines in SCO1 during maturation of MT-CO2/COX2.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Catalyzes the initial step of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in N-linked protein glycosylation pathway: transfers GlcNAc-1-P from UDP-GlcNAc onto the carrier lipid dolichyl phosphate (P-dolichol), yielding GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol.
Embryonic lethal with some embryos displaying cuticle and nervous system defects (PubMed:17603097, PubMed:26192321). RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal at second-instar stage at 25 degrees Celsius and first-instar stage at 29 degrees Celsius (PubMed:23064556). Reduces Fer2LCH protein levels (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the midgut causes a growth delay and most flies die at the larval or pupal stage; lethality is partially reduced on an iron supplemented diet and enhanced in presence of the iron chelator BPS (PubMed:23064556). Few surviving adults have a smaller and shorter intestine (PubMed:23064556). Also, results in gut iron accumulation and systemic iron deficiency, reduces Mvl transcription and aconitase activity (PubMed:23064556). Also causes an increase in crystal cell differentiation in the lymph gland (PubMed:29237257). RNAi-mediated knockdown in progenitor blood cells reduces crystal cell differentiation (PubMed:29237257). RNAi-mediated knockdown in mature blood cells causes an increase in the number of crystal cells and in the lymph gland cortical zone (PubMed:29237257). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in rough eyes, necrotic black patches on eyes during aging of the flies, enlarged and malformed rhabdomere in the retina and iron accumulation in the head (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the nervous system results in growth delay, reduced survival, non-fully developed retina and neurodegenerative vacuoles in brain (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wings results in small and crinkled wings (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing pouch results in small adult wings or no wings and in some cases in lethality (PubMed:31568497). During larval disk development, cell death in the pouch is increased and cell proliferation rate is reduced, mitochondria are round and fragmented and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased (PubMed:31568497). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the posterior is lethal before the third instar stage; the few survivors have small larval disks and increased number of apoptotic cells (PubMed:31568497). RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryonic epidermis and imaginal disks results is lethal at the larval stage (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in endoderm or mesoderm results in growth delay and death at the pupal stage (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in fat body or somatic muscles causes no defect (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in cry+ neurons (LNds and s-LNvs) has no effect on circadian activity in the absence of external cues (PubMed:22885802).
Expressed in embryos, first, second, and third instar larvae, pupae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:9801172, PubMed:11804801, PubMed:23064556). Expressed in the gut and hemolymph of second instar larvae, wandering larvae and early pupae (at protein level) (PubMed:11804801, PubMed:17603097). In embryos, expressed in the neuroectoderm (PubMed:26192321). Expressed in the middle part of the gut in third instar larvae (PubMed:17603097). During embryogenesis, expressed in blastoderm, in mesoderm cells during germ-band elongation that give rise to fat bodies and amnioserosa and in cells that give rise macrophages in the anterior head region (PubMed:17603097). During germ-band retraction and dorsal closure, expressed in amnioserosa (PubMed:17603097). At late stages of embryogenesis, expressed in cells in the developing midgut (PubMed:17603097). At the wandering third instar, expressed in brain hemispheres (but not in optic lobes), ventral nerve cord, fat body, pericardial cells, Garland cells, intestine, Malpighian tubules, lymph gland blood cells and circulating blood cells (PubMed:29237257).
Expressed in hemolymph and gut (at protein level) (PubMed:11804801). Expressed in the head (at protein level) (PubMed:23064556, PubMed:9801172). Expressed in thorax and abdomen (PubMed:9801172).
Oligomer of 12 light (L) chains and 12 heavy (H) chains; L and H chains are disulfide-linked (PubMed:9266686, PubMed:23771129). The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble ferric iron core is deposited (PubMed:23771129).
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form (By similarity) (PubMed:23771129). Important for iron homeostasis (By similarity) (PubMed:23771129, PubMed:23064556). Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation (By similarity) (PubMed:17603097, PubMed:23771129). Ferritin is composed of a heavy (H) chain which is responsible for the oxidation and uptake of ferrous iron, and a light (L) chain which facilitates the nucleation of the ferrihydrite iron core (PubMed:23771129). Required for dietary iron absorption in the midgut (PubMed:23064556). Involved in tissue iron detoxification by exporting excess iron (PubMed:23064556). Functions as an antioxidant and protects the developing organs from cell-mediated ferroptosis (PubMed:31568497). Required for embryo and larval development (PubMed:26192321). Plays a role in blood cell (haemocyte) differentiation in the lymph gland at the larval stage (PubMed:29237257). May also store Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) and thus may play a role in zinc and manganese homeostasis (PubMed:23771129).
Up-regulated by iron-supplemented diet in the anterior part of the gut of third instar larvae and adults (at protein level) (PubMed:11804801, PubMed:17603097, PubMed:26192321). Up-regulated by iron-supplemented diet in the lymph gland (PubMed:29237257).
Plays a role in promoting axonal degeneration following neuronal injury by toxic insult or trauma (PubMed:22496551). Organizes rhabdomeric components to suppress random activation of the phototransduction cascade and thus increases the signaling fidelity of dark-adapted photoreceptors (PubMed:20107052). The rtp/ninaC complex is required for stability of inad and inac and the normal termination of phototransduction in the retina (PubMed:20739554).
Retina. Expressed primarily in the phototransducing compartment of photoreceptor cells, the rhabdomeres and its expression is dependent on ninaC protein (at protein level).
Severed rtp null axons show significantly reduced and delayed axonal degeneration following axotomy whereas wild-type axons degenerate within the first 24 hrs (PubMed:22496551). Rtp-null mutant flies exhibit age-dependent impairment in the termination of phototransduction in the retina (PubMed:20739554). Photoreceptors show a conspicuously high level of spontaneous dark noise (PubMed:20107052).
phosphorylated under dark conditions and is dephosphorylated by light exposure.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair (PubMed:22532806). Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents (By similarity). During homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) regulates the extent of repair synthesis (PubMed:22532806). Possibly recruits the DNA polymerase zeta complex or another translesion polymerase to early DSB repair intermediates to initiate repair synthesis, while also blocking the access of more processive polymerases preventing them from acting during the initial stages of HR repair (PubMed:22532806).
Highly sensitive to ionizing radiation due to defects in homologous recombination (HR) repair. The percentage of full HR repair is normal but the length of the repair synthesis tracts is increased.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with PolH/DNApol-eta (via C-terminal regions). Interacts (via C-terminus) with PolI.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 4 family.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Essential for development (PubMed:21078872). May mediate recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Belongs to the PtdIns transfer protein family. PI transfer class IIA subfamily.
Catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA) between membranes (PubMed:22822086). May control phosphatidylinositol concentration in transport vesicles from the subrhabdomeric cisternae (SRC) to the rhabdomere (PubMed:1903119). May function as a calcium transporter (PubMed:1903119).
Expressed in adult heads, not detected in bodies.
Flies exhibit rapid light-induced retinal degeneration.
Homohexamer formed of two homotrimers in a head to head fashion.
Required for pigment and biopterin synthesis.
The active site is at the interface between 2 subunits. The proton acceptor Cys is on one subunit, and the charge relay system is on the other subunit.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. PAN3 family.
Contains a pseudokinase domain. The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive because some of the residues important for catalytic activity are substituted and it lacks the equivalent of the binding site for a peptide substrate. However, it has retained an ATP-binding site and ATP-binding is required for mRNA degradation, stimulating the activity of the PAN2 nuclease in vitro (PubMed:23932717). The nucleotide-binding site is juxtaposed to the RNase active site of PAN2 in the complex and may actually bind nucleosides of a poly(A) RNA rather than ATP, feeding the poly(A)-tail to the active site of the deadenylase and thus increasing the efficiency with which this distributive enzyme degrades oligo(A) RNAs (By similarity).
Contains a pseudokinase domain. The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive because some of the residues important for catalytic activity are substituted and it lacks the equivalent of the binding site for a peptide substrate. However, it has retained an ATP-binding site and ATP-binding is required for mRNA degradation, stimulating the activity of the PAN2 nuclease in vitro. The nucleotide-binding site is juxtaposed to the RNase active site of PAN2 in the complex and may actually bind nucleosides of a poly(A) RNA rather than ATP, feeding the poly(A)-tail to the active site of the deadenylase and thus increasing the efficiency with which this distributive enzyme degrades oligo(A) RNAs.
Homodimer. Forms a heterotrimer with a catalytic subunit PAN2 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex. Interacts (via PAM-2 motif) with poly(A)-binding protein (via PABC domain), conferring substrate specificity of the enzyme complex (PubMed:23932717). Interacts with the GW182 family protein gw (PubMed:21981923, PubMed:23172285). Interacts with Gyf (PubMed:31114929).
Homodimer. Forms a heterotrimer with a catalytic subunit PAN2 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex. Interacts (via PAM-2 motif) with poly(A)-binding protein (via PABC domain), conferring substrate specificity of the enzyme complex.
Regulatory subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenlyation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1. PAN3 acts as a positive regulator for PAN activity, recruiting the catalytic subunit PAN2 to mRNA via its interaction with RNA and PABP, and to miRNA targets via its interaction with GW182 family proteins.
Regulatory subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenylation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1. PAN3 acts as a positive regulator for PAN activity, recruiting the catalytic subunit PAN2 to mRNA via its interaction with RNA and PABP, and to miRNA targets via its interaction with GW182 family proteins.
The N-terminal zinc finger binds to poly(A) RNA.
The pseudokinase domain, the coiled-coil (CC), and C-terminal knob domain (CK) form a structural unit (PKC) that forms an extensive high-affinity interaction surface for PAN2.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Interacts with the SMN complex (PubMed:18621711). Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome. Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins, SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP. Component of the U1 snRNP. Component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Component of the U7 snRNP complex. Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome (By similarity).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome (PubMed:18621711). Component of both the pre-catalytic spliceosome B complex and activated spliceosome C complexes. Is also a component of the minor U12 spliceosome (By similarity).
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 1 may preferentially bind zinc ions, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium and/or manganese ions.
Expressed in Malpighian tubule principal cells (PubMed:16232123, PubMed:15673286). Also expressed in adult head (PubMed:15673286).
Flies display increased active transport of cGMP. Overexpression of Pde6 confers inhibition of the active transport and efflux of cGMP by tubules.
Hydrolyzes the second messenger cGMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes (PubMed:15673286). Has cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in vitro but not in vivo (PubMed:15673286). Has a role regulating cGMP transport in Malpighian tubule principal cells (PubMed:16232123).
Belongs to the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family. Beta3-Gal-T subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in the embryo and throughout development.
Glycosyltransferase that generates the core 1 O-glycan Gal-beta1-3GalNAc-alpha1-Ser/Thr (T antigen), which is a precursor for many extended O-glycans in glycoproteins.
In stage 12 embryos, expression is seen in the amnioserosa and by stage 16, also in the central nervous system, predominantly the ventral nerve cord and brain. Also in embryos, preferential expression is seen in the ejaculatory duct and the nurse cells (but not the oocyte). In larvae, expression is seen throughout the nervous system and imaginal disks. Adult females show expression in the nurse cells and adult males in the ejaculatory duct.
Morphogenetic defects in which the ventral nerve cord is greatly elongated and the brain hemispheres are misshapen.
Belongs to the MICU1 family. MICU1 subfamily.
Key regulator of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) that senses calcium level via its EF-hand domains (Probable). During development, required in alpha/beta or gamma mushroom body neurons to support olfactory intermediate-term memory in the adult (PubMed:27568554).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in lethality (PubMed:27568554). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons shortens lifespan and severely impairs climbing ability (PubMed:28198506). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the developing eye decreases ommatidia number and disrupts ommatidial array (PubMed:28198506). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons and, more specifically, in alpha/beta or gamma mushroom body neurons, impairs mitochondrial calcium entry and decreases intermediate-term memory after conditioning (PubMed:27568554). Does not affect olfactory learning (PubMed:27568554).
Secreted immune-induced peptide induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). Has a role in resistance to bacterial and fungal infections (PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). The strength of antimicrobial activity appears to correlate with the overall level of expression (PubMed:29920489).
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity). Interacts with PI31; this interaction is reduced by PI31 ADP-ribosylation.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Belongs to the cytochrome b5 family. MAPR subfamily.
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain was proven to bind heme, although it lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at position 99 and 126.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes (By similarity).
Required in the nephrocyte for normal uptake of proteins and elimination of toxins, and for maintenance of endocytic trafficking structures. May function together with Cubn.
Expressed in all developmental stages (PubMed:17933869). Higher level of expression detected at the end of the third larval stage, in adult females and in early embryos containing maternally deposited transcripts (PubMed:17933869). At later stages of development, specific expression can be detected in tissues containing mitotic cells such as in the brain hemispheres and imaginal disks (PubMed:17933869).
Interacts with p53 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:17933869). Interacts (via C-terminus) with His3.3A and His3.3B (PubMed:28320872). Interacts with asf1 (PubMed:28320872).
Reduces longevity and female fertility, but increases resistance to oxidative stress and UV irradiation-induced pupal lethality (PubMed:23593018). Double knockouts for DJ-1beta and Daxx restore normal number of dopaminergic neurons, locomotor activity and sensitivity to oxidative stress and UV-induced damage (PubMed:23593018). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased resistance to oxidative stress (PubMed:23593018).
Transcription regulator (PubMed:23593018, PubMed:17933869). Acts as a histone chaperone that facilitates deposition of histone H3.3 (PubMed:28320872). Has a role in chromatin remodeling together with asf1 and XNP (PubMed:28320872). Has role in the transcriptional apoptotic response to oxidative and UV stress (PubMed:17933869, PubMed:23593018).
Ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in the head (at protein level) (PubMed:23593018). Expressed in the germ line, with prominent expression in primary spermatocytes and meiotic spermatocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:28320872). In ovaries, expressed in nurse cells and in the germinal vesicle of the ovarian follicle at stage 10 (at protein level) (PubMed:28320872).
'Croquemort' means literally 'the one who bites dead persons' in French and is colloquial for undertaker.
Expressed on hemocytes/macrophages in embryogenesis (PubMed:8630729). Up-regulated between embryogenesis stage 9 and 12, which corresponds to the first wave of apoptosis (PubMed:8630729, PubMed:34860835). Expressed in macrophages at embryonic stage 13 (at protein level) (PubMed:34860835). Expressed in cells that by stage 12 spread throughout the embryo and by stage 13/14 have migrated from both ends towards the middle until they are evenly distributed by stage 15 (PubMed:8630729). In L3 instar larvae, expression increases with development in the gastric caeca, midgut, Garland cells and anterior testis (PubMed:21948708). In the ovary expression appears to be restricted to one pole (PubMed:21948708). Expressed in the ring gland, and weak expression in the salivary glands and the central nervous system (PubMed:21948708).
Found on hemocytes from hemolymph, and later in the development, on macrophages that contain apoptotic cell corpses.
Macrophage receptor for apoptotic cells (PubMed:8630729). Up-regulates Bfc, which in turn leads to self-up-regulation by Bfc in a positive feedback mechanism in response to detection of apoptotic cells (PubMed:34860835).
Up-regulated in response to detection of apoptotic cells.
Required for activity of the tor receptor, could be a ligand of tor. Involved in specifying terminal body pattern.
Probably involved in transcriptional regulation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system (at protein level) (PubMed:15479641, PubMed:32022690). Expressed in the wing imaginal disk (PubMed:11102376).
Interacts with, and is activated by, Mob1.
Results in splitting or branching of epidermal hairs, supernumerary terminal branching and defective dendritic tiling (PubMed:11102376, PubMed:15479641). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons increases dendrite length of sensory neurons (PubMed:32022690).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in controlling cell structure and proliferation of a variety of polarized outgrowths including epidermal hairs, bristles, arista laterals, and dendrites (PubMed:11102376, PubMed:15479641, PubMed:32022690). Together with fry, maintains the integrity of epidermal hairs and is an essential component of the signaling pathway regulating dendritic branching of sensory neurons (PubMed:15479641). Reduces neurite outgrowth by phosphorylating pav, thereby inhibiting its function in microtubule-microtubule sliding (PubMed:32022690).
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 23 family.
Catalyzes the addition of fucose in alpha 1-6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue, next to the peptide chains in N-glycans. The addition is prevented if the GlcNAc residue is already fucosylated.
May also use Ca(2+). The enzyme has substantial activity without divalent cations.
Expressed in larvae and adults but strongest expression is found in embryos, within syncytial blastoderm, cellular blastoderm and gastrulation stages.
Plays a role in the life span. May be involved in regulating the redox state of the cell and possesses anticarcinogenic properties.
Binds to the Wnt signaling protein wg, stabilizes it and promotes its extracellular distribution. This is required for establishment of a wg gradient during development to allow for regulation of target genes at different levels.
Contains heparan sulfate O-linked oligosaccharides.
In the wing disk, detected throughout the disk where it is localized primarily to the apical surface but is also present at the basal surface (at protein level).
Interacts (in heparan sulfate-bound form) with wg.
Predominantly embryonic lethal with 50% of embryos dying before cuticle formation and 10% showing a weak denticle belt fusion phenotype. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the developing wing results in development of ectopic chemosensory bristles along or near the wing margin on both the anterior and posterior sides.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Pelle subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically with low levels of expression throughout the life cycle.
Interacts (via Death domain) with tub (via Death domain). Interacts with Pellino (Pli).
Plays an essential role in the Tl receptor signaling pathway that establishes embryonic dorsoventral polarity; the signal directs import of dl into ventral and ventrolateral nuclei, thereby establishing dorsoventral polarity. Tub recruits pll to the plasma membrane and protein-protein interaction activates pll.
Belongs to the Drosophila sex peptide family.
Main cells of the accessory glands of males (paragonial gland).
Male seminal protein which triggers short- and long-term post-mating behavioral responses (PMR) in female Drosophila (PubMed:3135120, PubMed:19249273, PubMed:20308537, PubMed:19793753, PubMed:15694303, PubMed:24089336). Binds initially to sperm where it is later cleaved to release an active peptide within the female reproductive tract. Signals via the sex peptide receptor (SPR) in female flies; may also act via other receptors (PubMed:20458515, PubMed:20308537, PubMed:24089336). Moderates the activity of distinct neuronal circuitries in the female genital tract to promote specific PMRs including: enhanced ovulation, increased egg laying rate, increased feeding/foraging rate, induced antimicrobial peptide synthesis, reduced mating receptivity, reduced day-time sleep and reduced lifespan in multiple mated females (PubMed:3135120, PubMed:15694303, PubMed:19249273, PubMed:19793753, PubMed:24089336).
No expression in females or embryos (PubMed:3135120, PubMed:20458515). Expression levels are highest in male adults with little to no expression until the late pupal stages (PubMed:3135120, PubMed:20458515).
Sperm-bound protein is cleaved to release an active C-terminal peptide. Gradual release from stored sperm may function to prolong PMR and enhance male reproductive success.
Viable and fertile (PubMed:19793753). Males are able to transfer sperm but can only induce weak PMR behaviors in females (PubMed:12897240, PubMed:19793753).
Homotrimer (PubMed:19557331). Interacts with MAN1 (PubMed:20036230). Interacts with Sec13 and Nup93-1 (PubMed:20547758).
Is detected in all developmental stages, though it appears most abundant in pupae, adult stages and early embryos. Its abundance decreases throughout embryonic and larval development and then returns to high levels in pupae and adult females.
Mutants exhibit defects in midgut morphogenesis, imaginal disk development and embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning that are very reminiscent of dpp mutant phenotypes.
Phosphorylation on Ser-453 and/or Ser-455 is required for interaction with Smurf (PubMed:12754252, PubMed:18327897). Phosphorylation on Ser-25 by key/Nemo promotes export from nucleus and antagonizes BMP signaling (PubMed:17507407).
Required for the function of decapentaplegic. May play an important role in mediating Dpp signaling. Involved in the BMP signaling pathway.
Stage 13 embryos display expression in the dorsal epidermis (at protein level).
Ubiquitinated by Smurf upon phosphorylation; which promotes proteasomal degradation.
Probably has an essential role in embryogenesis, induces morphogenesis of imaginal disks, and may participate in multimolecular aggregates.
Produced during mid embryogenesis, and imaginal disk morphogenesis.
The regions 203-253, 256-333 and 335-377 are thought to contain either alpha helical or beta pleated sheet motifs.
The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), lipoamide acyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of GDP-D-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose (also known as GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose or GDP-4-dehydro-alpha-D-rhamnose), an essential step in the synthesis of GDP-fucose from GDP-mannose.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Sigma family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (PubMed:22082028). May be involved in the detoxification of metabolites produced during cellular division and morphogenesis (PubMed:1445191, PubMed:12547198).
Expressed throughout development with highest levels being observed in nonfeeding stages, i.e. during embryonic and pupal development.
SNARE that may be involved in targeting and fusion of Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER (By similarity). Required for protein secretion.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidative cleavage of spermidine and the subsequent transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor protein to form the intermediate deoxyhypusine residue.
In larvae, expressed in neurons, glia and muscles.
Substrate-recognition component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, which mediates ubiquitination of target proteins, leading to their degradation (PubMed:30670470, PubMed:31857346). Required for synaptic function and plasticity at larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) by promoting neurotransmitter release (PubMed:30670470). The DCX(DCAF12) complex catalyzes ubiquitination and degradation of yorkie (yki), thereby regulating the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway (PubMed:31857346). Acts as a regulator of tissue growth during development: required for the apoptotic elimination of supernumerary cells during metamorphosis (PubMed:26972874).
Substrate-recognition component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) protein ligase complex.
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
Binds to the 5'-stem-loop of U4 snRNA and may play a role in the late stage of spliceosome assembly. The protein undergoes a conformational change upon RNA-binding (By similarity).
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Glutamate-gated chloride channel (TC 1.A.9.4) subfamily.
Channels desensitize rapidly in the continued presence of glutamate and are activated by the glutamate analog ibotenate. In Xenopus oocytes, avermectins and nodulisporic acid directly activate channel conductance.
Expressed in the medulla layers (at protein level) (PubMed:31535971). Expressed in all major ON pathway medulla neurons (Mi1, Tm3, Mi4, and Mi9) and in OFF pathway neurons (Tm1, Tm2, Tm4, and Tm9) (PubMed:31535971).
Glutamate binding triggers a rapidly reversible current, while the anti-helmintic drug ivermectin triggers a permanently open channel configuration (PubMed:8702744, PubMed:11095718). Inhibited by picrotoxin (PubMed:31535971).
Glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit (PubMed:11095718, PubMed:8702744). Together with Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor Rdl, plays an important role in the visual response by regulating the activity of ON/OFF-selective neurons (PubMed:31535971).
Viable but with locomotor deficits (PubMed:31535971). Results in loss of light response in all neuronal layers part of the ON visual system (PubMed:31535971). In Mi1 neurons, does not affect function of the ON visual response (PubMed:31535971). RNAi-mediated knockdown in Mi1 or Tm3 neurons, does not affect function of the ON visual response (PubMed:31535971).
Protein phosphatase that specifically mediates dephosphorylation of 'Ser-586' of Akt1, a protein that regulates the balance between cell survival and apoptosis through a cascade that primarily alters the function of transcription factors that regulate pro- and antiapoptotic genes. Dephosphorylation of 'Ser-586' of Akt1 triggers apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth.
Catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. First enzyme of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway.
Most mutants die as pupae. They have increased VLCFA, loss of vision and have glial loss and reduced neuronal survival.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
May mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane.
Cofactor for serine ADP-ribosylation that confers serine specificity on Parp. Switches the amino acid specificity of Parp from aspartate or glutamate to serine residues. Acts by completing the active site of Parp: forms a composite active site composed of residues from HPF1/CG1218 and Parp.
A short-range repellent, controlling axon crossing of the midline and a long-range chemorepellent, controlling mesoderm migration and patterning away from the midline. May interact with extracellular matrix molecules. Repulsive ligand for the guidance receptor roundabout (robo) and prevents inappropriate midline crossing by Robo-expressing axons.
Flies lacking sli exhibit disruption of the developing midline cells and the commissural axon pathways.
In abdominal muscles, strongly localizes to muscle attachment sites.
In embryos, highest expression occurs around the midline glia and low expression is observed around CNS axons lateral to the midline. Expression can be seen on the commissural axons traversing the glial cells but it is absent from the cell bodies of these neurons.
Promotes midline repulsion of axons but not longitudinal axon guidance.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the adult wing results in the development of wing margin bristles (PubMed:26169834). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the posterior compartment of the wing reduces accumulation of arm, resulting in reduced expression of sens and wg (PubMed:26169834). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larval wing or eye imaginal disks results in decreased rl protein levels (PubMed:27552662).
Ubiquitin-specific protease that deubiquitinates target proteins to regulate different cellular and developmental pathways (PubMed:10949024, PubMed:18160715, PubMed:26169834, PubMed:27552662). Functions downstream of Dsor1/MEK to positively regulate the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway (PubMed:27552662). Likely to modulate the pathway during various cellular and developmental processes including rl/MAPK activation by the receptors InR, Egfr and sevenless/sev (PubMed:27552662). Functions in the post-translational stabilization of rl/MAPK levels in a mechanism that is independent of rl activity and opposes the activity of the E2 enzyme Unc6 and the putative E3 ligases poe, Ufd4 and Kcmf1, which mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of rl (PubMed:27552662). During eye development it may also act downstream of rl/MAPK to negatively regulate the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway by stabilizing the transcriptional repressor ttk and consequently inhibiting photoreceptor cell development (PubMed:18160715). This suggests that at least during eye development, it may act in both the positive and negative regulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway to mediate the development of different cell types (PubMed:18160715, PubMed:27552662). Positively regulates border follicle cell migration during oogenesis by mediating the deubiquitination and stabilization of slbo (PubMed:10949024). In the wing disks it positively regulates wg signaling by stabilizing arm (PubMed:26169834). Has an effect on position-effect variegation (PubMed:8816485).
Ubiquitously expressed in the embryo (at protein level). Ubiquitously expressed in the developing eye (at protein level).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL27 family.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGN subfamily.
Ethanolamine phosphate transferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers ethanolamine phosphate to the first alpha-1,4-linked mannose of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol precursor of GPI-anchor.
Forms a heterodimer with SLX1. Interacts with mei-9; catalytic subunit of the MEI-9-ERCC1 endonuclease.
Regulatory subunit that interacts with and increases the activity of different structure-specific endonucleases. Has several distinct roles in protecting genome stability by resolving diverse forms of deleterious DNA structures originating from replication and recombination intermediates and from DNA damage (By similarity). Component of the SLX1-SLX4 structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA (By similarity). Interacts with the structure-specific MEI-9-ERCC1 endonuclease to generate meiotic crossovers.
In embryos, expressed in the central nervous system from stages 14 to 17. In third-instar larvae, expressed in the brain, ventral ganglion and midgut.
Metalloendoprotease which is required in the dorsal paired medial neurons for the proper formation of long-term (LTM) and middle-term memories (MTM). Also required in the mushroom body neurons where it functions redundantly with neprilysins Nep2 and Nep4 in normal LTM formation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsal paired medial neurons impairs middle-term (MTM) and long-term memory (LTM), but has no effect on normal aversion learning and anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) (PubMed:27629706). RNAi-mediated knockdown in all mushroom body neurons has no effect on learning, ARM and LTM (PubMed:27629706). However, simultaneous knockdown with Nep2 or Nep4 does impair LTM, and simultaneous knockdown with both Nep2 and Nep4 results in a further reduction in LTM formation (PubMed:27629706). Wild-type females mated to males that undergo RNAi-mediated knockdown, lay the same number of eggs and have a similar hatch rate to those mated to wild-type males (PubMed:24395329).
Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex required to facilitate the enzymatic turnover of catalytic subunit RtcB (By similarity). Plays an important role in a RNA repair and splicing pathway which controls axon regeneration in response to peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) injury, by activating splicing of Xbp1 to promote axon regeneration in response to axotomy (PubMed:25961792).
Larval lethal (PubMed:25961792). Severed axons in RNAi-mediated knockdown class III dendritic arborization (da) neurons of larvae, display decreased regeneration (PubMed:25961792). RNAi-mediated knockdown in larval class IV da neurons glial cells also impairs axon regeneration (PubMed:25961792).
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF3 subfamily.
Interacts with SdhB within an SdhA-SdhB subcomplex.
Interacts with the iron-sulfur protein subunit within the SDH catalytic dimer.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Promotes maturation of the iron-sulfur protein subunit SdhB of the SDH catalytic dimer, protecting it from the deleterious effects of oxidants.
Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Promotes maturation of the iron-sulfur protein subunit of the SDH catalytic dimer, protecting it from the deleterious effects of oxidants. May act together with SDHAF1.
Reduces the SdhB protein level resulting in an approximate 50% reduction in SDH enzymatic activity.
Strong expression is seen in a group of 14 cells plus one isolated cell in the midgut of stage 17 embryos. Also expressed in a pair of medially located unidentified cells, just posterior to the brain, and in two lateral groups of cells that may be associated with tracheae. Expression in the larval gut is restricted to cells with endocrine cell-like morphology in the posterior midgut, just anterior to the malphigian tubules. In the brain, expression is detected in a restricted number of neuronal cell bodies. Expression in the adult female gut is restricted to the midgut with no expression detected in the hindgut.
Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles. Stimulates gut muscle contractions (PubMed:10801863). Required for the response to the male sex pheromone CH503 which is transferred from males to females during mating and inhibits courtship behavior by other males (PubMed:26083710). The Gr68a gustatory receptor is required for detection of the pheromone and Gr68a-expressing neurons in the male foreleg relay signals to the suboesophageal zone (SEZ) which leads to courtship suppression through release of tachykinin from a cluster of 8-10 neurons in the SEZ (PubMed:26083710).
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Subunit H is essential for V-ATPase activity, but not for the assembly of the complex (By similarity).
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). Subunit H is essential for V-ATPase activity, but not for the assembly of the complex.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, highest expression level is during embryogenesis.
Required for initiation of larval growth and normal mitotic growth but is not absolutely required for general biosynthesis or DNA replication. Required for progression of normal oogenesis and maturation of some imaginal tissues into adult structures.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family. KE4/Catsup subfamily.
Involved in zinc transport and homeostasis.
Pre-cellular embryos exhibit abnormal nuclear divisions with frequent loss of chromosome fragments. During cellularization, apico-basal polarity is also disrupted.
The molecule is in a coiled coil structure that is formed by 2 polypeptide chains. The sequence exhibits a prominent seven-residues periodicity.
Tropomyosin, in association with the troponin complex, plays a central role in the calcium dependent regulation of muscle contraction. May also regulate motor systems required to maintain nuclear integrity and apico-basal polarity during embryogenesis.
Named 'Nausicaa' after the princess in Homer's 'The Odyssey' who helps to ensure Odysseus' safe passage home from Phaeacia.
Regulates lamellipodial actin dynamics in a Cortactin-dependent manner and is therefore likely involved in controlling actin branch density, actin-retrograde flow rates and lamellipodial protrusion. Functions by slowing the dissociation of Cortactin from Arp2/3 nucleated branches thereby increasing branch nucleation and junction stability.
Component of ribonuclease P, a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends. Also a component of RNase MRP complex, which cleaves pre-rRNA sequences (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit (PubMed:23636399). Interacts with sta (PubMed:10022917).
May be an associated component of the ribosome rather than a core structural subunit. May act as a translation initiation factor. Has a role in regulation of cell proliferation in the hematopoietic organs and the imaginal disks of larva.
Uniformly expressed at all developmental stages.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr93a subfamily.
Gustatory receptor required for response to the bitter in taste neurons. Gr93a cells respond to bitter compounds such as caffeine. Flies avoid bitter substances, suggesting that Gr93a neuron activity is sufficient to mediate avoidance behavior.
In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the dorsal pharyngeal sense organs.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. LTrpC subfamily.
Calcium channel mediating constitutive calcium ion entry.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The adapter phyl is required to direct the degradation of the two isoforms of the transcriptional repressor Tramtrack (Ttk). E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. It probably triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of different substrates. A phyl-independent mechanism of degradation exists for isoform beta of ttk that involves motifs in the C-terminus of ttk.
Expressed in pupae and in adults, with a higher expression in males than females.
Flies are viable. In combination with a mutation in ebi, flies show an extra dorsal central bristle phenotype. Flies that lack both sina and sinah show visible eye and bristle phenotypes, which can be explained by an inability to degrade the neuronal repressor, Tramtrack.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the homodimerization and the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-A family.
Expressed from before hatching of first instar larvae (at protein level).
Expressed in ovaries (at protein level).
Hypersensitivity to DNA-cross-linking agents (PubMed:8816490). In follicle cells, results in reduced fork progression in physiological rereplication regions necessary for the amplification of the eggshell (chorion) protein genes (PubMed:27849606). Reduces mRNA expression of chorion protein genes which results in compromised eggshell integrity and reduced egg hatching frequency (PubMed:27849606). In follicle cells, simultaneous knockout of DNAlig4 and DNApol-theta reduces rereplication origin firing (PubMed:27849606).
In adult males, cleaved to produce a 100 kDa form.
Multifunctional protein with both DNA polymerase and ATPase activities (PubMed:10343651, PubMed:15961355). Might have 3' to 5' exonuclease activity (PubMed:10343651). Plays a role in different DNA repair pathways such as DNA strand cross-link repair and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), an alternative non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) machinery triggered in response to double-strand breaks (PubMed:20936147, PubMed:20617203, PubMed:28542210). MMEJ is an error-prone repair pathway that produces deletions of sequences from the strand being repaired and promotes genomic rearrangements, such as telomere fusions (PubMed:20617203). Utilizes short microhomologies present in partially and fully single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as primers for DNA synthesis (PubMed:28542210). Prefers poly(dA)/oligo(dT) as a template-primer (PubMed:10343651). The ATPase activity is necessary during interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair and has a critical role in generating templated insertions during MMEJ (PubMed:28542210). Necessary for processing DNA damage induced by oxygen and N-ethylation (PubMed:10732683, PubMed:20936147). In follicle cells, contributes to double-strand break repair at physiological rereplication forks necessary for survival of fertilized eggs (PubMed:20936147, PubMed:27849606).
Resistant to aphidicolin, but sensitive to dideoxythymindine triphosphate (ddTTP) and N-ethyl malemide (NEM).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class myotubularin subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family.
May function as a negative regulator of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced autophagy.
Belongs to the potassium channel HCN family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
Phosphorylation on Tyr-193 is necessary for the activity.
Binds 2 Mg(2+). Prefers Mg(2+), but can also use Mn(2+). In vitro, can also utilize other divalent cations such as Ca(2+).
DNA polymerase specifically involved in the DNA repair by translesion synthesis (TLS) (PubMed:11297519). Plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high-fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls (PubMed:11297519). Inserts one or 2 nucleotide(s) opposite the lesion (PubMed:11297519). During homologous recombination (HR) repair, has a overlapping role with the error-prone translesion polymerase PolZ1/DNApol-zeta to initiate repair synthesis that is completed by end joining or another polymerase that can bind and reinitiate synthesis (PubMed:22532806). Particularly important for the repair of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and for hydroxyurea (HU)-induced DNA damage (PubMed:22532806, PubMed:24553286). Although inserts the correct base, may cause base transitions and transversions depending upon the context (By similarity). Forms a Schiff base with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate at abasic sites, but does not have any lyase activity, preventing the release of the 5'-deoxyribose phosphate (5'-dRP) residue (By similarity). This covalent trapping of the enzyme by the 5'-dRP residue inhibits its DNA synthetic activity during base excision repair, thereby avoiding high incidence of mutagenesis (By similarity).
Expressed most highly in 0-2 hour embryos then at lower levels in larvae and pupae.
The catalytic core consists of fingers, palm and thumb subdomains, but the fingers and thumb subdomains are much smaller than in high-fidelity polymerases; residues from five sequence motifs of the Y-family cluster around an active site cleft that can accommodate DNA and nucleotide substrates with relaxed geometric constraints, with consequently higher rates of misincorporation and low processivity.
The enzyme in complex with the DNA substrate binds a third divalent metal cation. This binding is essential for catalyzing the DNA synthesis.
Viable and fertile (PubMed:24553286). Results in spindle defects (PubMed:24553286). Results in severe sensitivity of third-instar larvae to ultraviolet radiation (UV) (PubMed:22532806, PubMed:24553286). Exhibits a significant reduction in survival after hydroxyurea (HU)-induced DNA damage (PubMed:24553286). Decreases homologous recombination (HR) (PubMed:22532806). Simultaneous knockout of PolH/DNApol-eta and PolZ1/DNApol-zeta does not show any difference in the frequency of full HR repair compared to the single knockouts suggesting they have overlapping roles (PubMed:22532806).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL55 family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout embryogenesis.
Flies do not grow after hatching, moved slowly and died as first instar larvae.
Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and G2/M phase cell cycle progression.
Ubiquitously expressed (at protein level).
Heterodimer of 2 subunits, IMMPL1 and IMMPL2.
Phosphorylated by Pink1 leading to ubiquitination by park.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in dopamine neurons increases dopaminergic mRNA levels of srl and its downstream transcription factors ewg and TFAM, and also results in a significant increase in mean lifespan (64 days) compared to controls (60 days) (PubMed:27819722, PubMed:32138754). However, it has no effect on mitochondrial abundance, neuronal survival or climbing performance (PubMed:32138754). Double knockdown with park or Pink1 in the dopamine neurons, improves climbing performance defects and rescues decreased mRNA levels of srl, ewg and TFAM in the single park or Pink1 mutants (PubMed:32138754). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye has no significant effect on ommatidia or bristle number (PubMed:32138754).
Transcription repressor that inhibits transcription of srl/PGC-1-alpha to negatively regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and thereby promotes neurodegeneration (PubMed:27819722, PubMed:32138754). In neurons, functions downstream of the Pink1-park pathway and is likely to act as part of the Pink1-park homeostatic mechanism that maintains mitochondrial quality and function through degradation (mitophagy) and synthesis (biogenesis) (PubMed:32138754).
Ubiquitinated by park. Polyubiquitination by park leads to degradation by the proteasome which likely activates mitochondrial biogenesis to maintain neuron health and function.
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR5/wds family.
Contributes to histone modification. May position the N-terminus of histone H3 for efficient trimethylation at 'Lys-4' (PubMed:25310983). In neurons and together with DNA N6-methyl adenine demethylase Tet, plays a role in the maintenance of transcriptional activation for specific sets of genes (PubMed:30078725).
Core component of several methyltransferase-containing complexes. Component of the SET1 complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1 (PubMed:21694722). Interacts with Set1 (PubMed:21694722, PubMed:21875999, PubMed:22048023). Component of the MLL3/4 complex composed at least of the catalytic subunit trr, ash2, Rbbp5, Dpy-30L1, wds, hcf, ptip, Pa1, Utx, Lpt and Ncoa6 (PubMed:21875999). Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268). Interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:25310983). Interacts (via WD repeats) with Tet (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30078725).
Expressed in imaginal disks, larval brain, nurse cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
Larval lethal (PubMed:12471440). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in larval wing imaginal disks results in reduced levels of trimethylated 'Lys-4' in histone H3 (PubMed:25310983). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons, does not affect mushroom bodies alpha lobe development (PubMed:30078725). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of wds and Tet results in enhanced mushroom body alpha lobe development defects compared to the single Tet knockdown (PubMed:30078725).
Expressed in the central nervous system in mushroom body neurons (at protein level).
Expressed in the salivary gland, anterior and posterior midgut primordia, the fully formed midgut, amnioserosa, malpighian tubules, several regions of the head, and in isolated cells along the germ band, which are likely to be hemocytes.
Functions to regulate alternative splicing in neurons by binding pre-mRNA in a sequence-specific manner to activate exon inclusion (By similarity). Plays a role in long-term memory formation by processing the unspliced Orb2-isoform A (Orb2A) mRNA and thereby controlling Orb2A protein abundance (PubMed:28525754).
In both embryo and larva, results in irregularly shaped salivary glands with bulges of variable sizes, leading to greater distances between neighboring nuclei and decreased apical secretion.
The KH domain consists of approximately 70 amino acids and includes a conserved hydrophobic core, an invariant Gly-X-X-Gly motif, and an additional variable segment. The third KH domain (KH3) binds a hairpin RNA loop containing the 5'-UCAY-3' motif on targeted molecules. RNA binding by KH3 requires residues C-terminal to the KH domain.
At 12 hours after puparium formation (apf), expressed evenly at cell boundaries. By 30 hours apf, expression is concentrated at proximal and distal cell boundaries with little or no expression at anterior and posterior boundaries. When prehairs emerge at 30-36 hours apf, expression becomes evenly distributed again along the whole cell boundary.
In the pupal wing, expressed at relatively even levels in all regions. Abundant in 6-9 hours embryos. Expressed at higher levels in pupae than larvae.
Interacts with ATP6AP2 (via N-terminus).
Involved in the fz signaling pathway that controls wing tissue polarity. Also mediates homophilic cell adhesion. May play a role in initiating prehair morphogenesis. May play a critical role in tissue polarity and in formation of normal dendrite fields. During planar cell polarity, stabilizes asymmetric PCP domains together with ATP6AP2 (PubMed:23292348).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the enolization of 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P) into the intermediate 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate (HK-MTPenyl-1-P), which is then dephosphorylated to form the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene).
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. IHOG family.
Homodimer. Heterotetramer; 2 iHog chains bind 2 hh chains when facilitated by heparin, heparin is required to promote high-affinity interactions between hh and iHog.
Mediates response to the active Hedgehog (Hh) protein signal in embryos, functioning upstream or at the level of patched (ptc).
Patterning defects characteristic of Hh signaling loss in embryos and imaginal disks.
The first Fibronectin type-III domain mediates a specific interaction with Hh protein, in vitro. The second Fibronectin type-III domain is additionally required for in vivo signaling activity.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus.
Defects in actin filament orientation correlate with a failure of egg chambers to elongate during oogenesis (PubMed:19906848). In follicle cells, Rab10 protein polarizes normally along the apical-basal axis, but is mislocalized within the epithelial plane (PubMed:23369713). Epithelia migration is impaired and the structure of the basal membrane is disrupted (PubMed:23369713).
Localizes where basal actin filaments terminate.
Required for the planar polarity of actin filament orientation at the basal side of ovarian follicle cells (PubMed:19906848, PubMed:23369713). Required for proper egg chamber shape and elongation of the egg chamber during oogenesis (PubMed:19906848, PubMed:23369713). Required for the correct planar polarization of Rab10 within the basal follicle cell epithelium and is therefore indirectly involved in the Rab10-dependent remodeling of the basal membrane during egg chamber elongation (PubMed:23369713).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Expressed during oogenesis, in the somatically derived follicle cells that surround the developing oocyte, which are involved in the maturation of the oocyte and construction of the egg shell, as well as playing a role in subsequent embryonic pattern formation. Expressed in the salivary glands from embryonic stage 12 onwards, becoming stronger at stage 13. During embryonic stages 12-13, also expressed in the posterior midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 14-15, expression continues in the hindgut. Expression is detected in the epidermis and antennomaxillary complex during embryonic stages 16-17. In third instar larvae, ubiquitously expressed in wing, eye-antennal, leg and haltere imaginal disks.
Expressed throughout embryonic, larval, pupal and adult stages, with increasing levels during larval development. Transcripts first detected during embryonic stages 12-13.
Glycopeptide transferase involved in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which catalyzes the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to an already glycosylated peptide (PubMed:12829714). In contrast to other proteins of the family, it does not act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor, but instead requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties (PubMed:12829714). Some peptide transferase activity is however not excluded, considering that its appropriate peptide substrate may remain unidentified (PubMed:12829714). Prefers the diglycosylated Muc5AC-3/13 as substrate (PubMed:12829714). Might have a role in protein O-glycosylation in the Golgi and thereby in establishing and/or maintaining a proper secretory apparatus structure (PubMed:20807760).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces viability.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The MVB pathway mediates delivery of transmembrane proteins into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. The ESCRT-II complex is probably involved in the recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex (By similarity). Seems to function as a tumor suppressor by regulating Notch trafficking, hence preventing non-autonomous overproliferation. May be involved in the regulation of autophagy. ESCRT-II interacts with bicoid mRNA, which is required for the anterior localization of bicoid mRNA in the developing egg.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II) (By similarity). Interacts with Lsn/Snf8/Vps22 (Probable).
Vps25 mutant cells exhibit multivesicular body sorting defects, with large amounts of ubiquitinated proteins detected on endosomes. This leads to activation of signals (through Notch and Dpp receptors) that drive cell proliferation, non-autonomous overgrowth, loss of epithelial organization, and render cells sensitive to apoptosis. Vps25 mutant cells display accumulation of autophagosomes. Bicoid mRNA is mislocalized in developing eggs.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
May play a role in subcellular trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Detected in male and female third instar larvae with very low levels detected in adults (at protein level).
Lethality around pupal formation with rare escapers with a delayed eclosion time (PubMed:24615015). Reduced size of neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells with no effect on cell size in wing imaginal disks (PubMed:24615015). Grossly reduced mushroom bodies with degeneration of Kenyon cells (PubMed:15375215).
May be phosphorylated in vivo by CkIIalpha. mbm and CkIIalpha colocalize to the nucleolus and mbm is phosphorylated in vitro by CkIIalpha.
Required for small ribosomal subunit biogenesis in neuroblasts (PubMed:24615015). Plays a role in mushroom body development (PubMed:15375215).
Shows widespread expression in third instar larval brain with no apparent difference between males and females (at protein level). Detected at low levels in the mushroom body neuropil and is also expressed in many cells of the brain outside the mushroom body (at protein level). Not detected in third instar larval brain cells in anaphase (at protein level).
FAD-dependent monooxygenase required for the C5-ring hydroxylation during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3-polyprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The electrons required for the hydroxylation reaction may be funneled indirectly from NADPH via a ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase system to COQ6.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
At the blastoderm stage, it is ubiquitously expressed. As embryogenesis continues, it is expressed in the epidermis and central nervous system, this expression being segmentally modulated. Also highly expressed at the foregut and hindgut throughout embryogenesis. In third instar wing imaginal disks, it is highly expressed in the most anterior and posterior parts of the disk and weakly expressed at the antero/posterior (A/P) compartment border. In the leg disks and the antenna part of the eye-antennal imaginal disk it is also weakly expressed at the A/P compartment border. Weakly expressed in the morphogenetic furrow in the eye primordium.
In contrast to human WIF1 protein, it does not inhibit wg signaling. When transfected into Drosophila, human WIF1 protein inhibits wg function, indicating a different role for shf and WIF-1.
Required for normal accumulation and movement of lipid-modified hedgehog (hh) morphogen. May act by stabilizing the interaction between heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and hh, HSPGs being required for diffusion of hh morphogen. Not involved in wingless (wg) morphogen movement, suggesting that it may provide HSPG specificity for Hh.
Deterioration of locomotion in adults with climbing ability strongly depressed.
Has guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity towards Rab5. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting inactive GDP-bound Rab5 into its active GTP-bound form.
In the embryo, expressed in a wide range of tissues including the epidermis and the ventral nerve cord.
Component of the cuticle of the pupa of fruit fly.
Expressed throughout both the fourth and the fifth larval instars.
Embryonic nervous system defects characterized by cell misplacement and errors in axonal extension and targeting (PubMed:27422099). Neurons display defective axonal extension (PubMed:27422099). Defects are probably caused by impaired microtubule organization and integrity (PubMed:27422099). During larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synaptic development, larvae show reduced synaptic growth and transmission (PubMed:31156389). Severed axons of class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons display decreased axon regeneration, due at least in part, to impaired axon microtubule integrity (PubMed:31919191). Futsch expression in adult heads is reduced (PubMed:31919191). Flies lacking both ringer and futsch display a significant reduction in microtubule loops at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) and reduced acetylated-tubulin levels (PubMed:31156389).
Found in a complex with tubulin and Futsch.
Highly expressed in adult head (at protein level).
Mainly expressed in neurons and later in midline glia during ventral nerve cord (VNC) development (at protein level) (PubMed:27422099, PubMed:31919191). In third instar larvae, expressed in multiple cell types, including the cell body, proximal dendrites and axons of class III and class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:31919191).
Regulator of microtubules required for axonal extension during embryonic development and axon regeneration following injury (PubMed:27422099, PubMed:31919191). Promotes microtubule bundling and polymerization (PubMed:27422099). Together with futsch, required for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) bouton growth by regulating synaptic microtubules (PubMed:31156389). Function with futsch in maintaining microtubule stability and dynamics, is essential for promoting axon regeneration in response to peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) injury (PubMed:31919191). In response to axotomy, acts downstream of a stress response cascade involving Xbp1 splicing, to control axon regeneration (PubMed:31919191).
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. In the eIF-3 complex, eif3d specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SET2 subfamily.
Component of a large multiprotein complex distinct from complexes containing ash2 or brm (PubMed:9735357). Interacts (via SET domain) with trx (via SET domain) (PubMed:10454589, PubMed:10656681). Interacts with nej/cbp (PubMed:11094082).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. During oogenesis it accumulates in the nurse cells of developing egg chambers.
Expressed throughout development but is present at higher levels during the embryonic and pupal stages than during the larval stages. During the larval stages it accumulates primarily in imaginal disks.
The SET domain is sufficient for methyltransferase activity.
Trithorax group (TrxG) protein that has histone methyltransferase activity (PubMed:13679578, PubMed:16882982). Specifically trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (PubMed:13679578, PubMed:16882982). TrxG proteins are generally required to maintain the transcriptionally active state of homeotic genes throughout development. Does not act as a coactivator required for transcriptional activation, but specifically prevents inappropriate Polycomb Group (PcG) silencing of homeotic genes in cells in which they must stay transcriptionally active (PubMed:15031712).
Was reported to trimethylate H3 'Lys-9' and H4 'Lys-20' (PubMed:12397363). Was also reported to bind non-coding RNAs of trithorax response element (TRE) (PubMed:16497925). However, both papers were retracted because some data, results and conclusions are not reliable.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. MCAK/KIF2 subfamily.
Defects in chromosome segregation, but does not affect the mitotic spindle.
Required during anaphase to drive sister chromatid separation to actively depolymerize kinetochore microtubules at their kinetochore-associated plus ends, thereby contributing to chromatid mobility through a 'Pac-man' mechanism.
Binds (via N-terminus) to F-actin (PubMed:20549743).
Binds to Rho-kinase Rok and targets it to the apical cell cortex where it mediates apical constriction (PubMed:20549743, PubMed:22493320). During embryogenic axis elongation, required for the localization to adherens junctions and the establishment of planar polarization of both Rho-kinase Rok and myosin regulatory light chain sqh (PubMed:24535826). May be involved in the assembly of microtubule arrays during cell elongation (By similarity).
During axis elongation in the embryo decreases localization to adherens junctions and planar polarization for both Rho-kinase Rok and myosin regulatory light chain sqh (PubMed:24535826). The mislocalization of sqh impairs the generation of sustained actomyosin contractility during cell rearrangement and can account for the reduction in the formation of multicellular rosette and convergent extension (PubMed:24535826). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the embryo decreases Rho-kinase Rok localization to adherens junctions and planar polarization during axis elongation (PubMed:24535826). Has no effect on Rho1 localization or activity (PubMed:24535826). Isoform D: RNAi-mediated knockdown in the embryo, ecreases localization to adherens junctions and planar polarization for both Rho-kinase Rok and myosin regulatory light chain sqh (PubMed:24535826).
Expressed in the embryo (at protein level) (PubMed:20549743). Expressed in the dorsal trunk of the trachea (at protein level) (PubMed:20549743). Isoform D: Expressed in the invaginating foregut (at protein level) (PubMed:20549743). Planar polarized during axis elongation from stage 7 (at protein level) (PubMed:24535826).
Monomer or homodimer (PubMed:22493320). Interacts with Rok (PubMed:22493320).
The ASD2 domain mediates the interaction with Rok and is required for apical constriction induction.
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
Regulates organ size by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation by influencing the expression of G1/S-specific cyclin-E (CycE) and apoptosis 1 inhibitor (th). Negatively regulates the Hippo signaling pathway.
Thiol protease which recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of UFM1, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein bound to a number of target proteins. Does not hydrolyze SUMO1 or ISG15 ubiquitin-like proteins.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Adopts an immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich fold forming a hydrophobic cavity that capture N-terminally myristoylated target peptides. Phe residues within the hydrophobic beta sandwich are required for myristate binding (By similarity).
Myristoyl-binding protein that acts as a cargo adapter: specifically binds the myristoyl moiety of a subset of N-terminally myristoylated proteins and is required for their localization.
Interacts with the class C Vps-HOPS complex components; Car, Dor and Vps16a.
Pupal lethal (PubMed:20194640). Larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) display an increase in synaptic bouton number and synaptic area (PubMed:20194640). In Garland cells endosome trafficking is impaired (PubMed:20194640). Early and late endosomes are unable to progress into mature degradative endosomes and lysosomes resulting in enlarged endosomal compartments (PubMed:20194640). In larvae, starvation-induced autophagosomes are significantly decreased in size (PubMed:22493244). However, autophagosomes are able to form and can mature via fusion with endosomes and lysosomes (PubMed:22493244).
Required for mitophagy, autophagy and endosome maturation, possibly by acting in multiple membrane trafficking pathways (PubMed:20194640, PubMed:22493244). Required for endosome trafficking and maturation (PubMed:20194640). Functions with the class C Vps-HOPS complex member Vps16a to promote endosomal maturation into degradative late endosomes and lysosomes (PubMed:20194640). In response to starvation, functions at an early stage of autophagy to promote autophagosome growth and efficient autophagy (PubMed:22493244). Essential for the recruitment of lva-positive Golgi elements to autophagosomes (PubMed:22493244). Likely to function by promoting membrane traffic from the Golgi complex to the developing autophagosomes (PubMed:22493244). Also regulates synaptic growth at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) by down-regulating BMP signaling (PubMed:20194640).
Lethal at the early larval stage (L1/L2); mitochondria are fragmented and mitochondrial respiration is impaired (PubMed:26214738). RNAi-mediated knockdown is also lethal (PubMed:20869429). RNAi-mediated knockdown in specific tissues such as cardiomyocytes, muscles and larval neurons produces various phenotypes resulting from adherent, dysfunctional mitochondria (PubMed:18799731, PubMed:20869429, PubMed:22396657, PubMed:24192653). Mitochondria display characteristics such as abnormal cristae, fragmentation, elongation, decreased DNA content, increased ROS and depolarization (PubMed:20869429, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:22396657, PubMed:24192653). Mitochondria in larval muscles display increased mitochondrial flux and net velocity in both anterograde and retrograde directions (PubMed:20194754).
Mitochondrial outer membrane GTPase that mediates mitochondrial clustering and fusion (PubMed:18799731, PubMed:20869429, PubMed:22396657, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:26214738). Mitochondrial fusion is the physical merging of mitochondria that gives rise to mitochondrial networks, and this process is counterbalanced by mitochondrial fission which fragments networks (PubMed:20869429, PubMed:22396657, PubMed:24192653). Promotes, but is not required for park recruitment to dysfunctional mitochondria (PubMed:20194754).
Ubiquitinated by park and Mul1 (PubMed:24898855, PubMed:20194754). Ubiquitinated, probably by HUWE1, when dietary stearate (C18:0) levels are low; ubiquitination inhibits mitochondrial fusion (PubMed:26214738).
Widely expressed in embryos, accumulating in the mesoderm and endoderm during gut development. In the male germ line, it is expressed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and early spermatids.
10-fold less sensitive to cocaine than mammalian dopamine transporter SLC6A3.
Expression is restricted to dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system.
Low levels in 0-4 hour embryos with strong expression in late embryos at 12-24 hours and during larval development. Expression decreases during pupal development and increases again in adult flies with heads showing higher levels than bodies.
No effect on fertility or longevity but mutants display longer periods of daily activity than controls, reduced rest, enhanced sensitivity to mechanical stimuli when inactive and decreased rest rebound in response to rest deprivation (PubMed:16093388). Impaired aversive olfactory memory due to excessive dopaminergic signaling (PubMed:25232310). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons causes significant reduction in the sleep-like rest state with total daily resting periods decreased to about half of that of control flies (PubMed:25232310).
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter which terminates the action of dopamine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals (PubMed:11125028, PubMed:12606774, PubMed:24037379, PubMed:25970245). Also transports tyramine and norepinephrine, shows less efficient transport of octopamine and does not transport serotonin (PubMed:11125028, PubMed:12606774). Plays a role in the regulation of the rest/activity cycle (PubMed:16093388, PubMed:25232310).
Catalytic component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex (PubMed:15135399). Participates in chromosomal DNA replication (PubMed:15135399). Required during synthesis of the leading DNA strands at the replication fork, binds at/or near replication origins and moves along DNA with the replication fork (By similarity). Has 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease activity that corrects errors arising during DNA replication (PubMed:15135399). Has a role in the G1-S transition and/or S-phase progression of the mitotic cycle and endocycle progression (PubMed:11054539, PubMed:15135399, PubMed:21898761). Involved in DNA synthesis during DNA repair (By similarity). Plays roles in larval tissue development (PubMed:22245183, PubMed:21898761).
Component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolE1/DNApol-epsilon255 and the accessory subunits PolE2/DNApol-epsilon58, Chrac-14/DNApolE3 and PolE4.
Expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:11054539). Expressed at various developmental stages (PubMed:11054539).
Inhibited by the small molecule aphidicolin (PubMed:15135399). Activity is markedly inhibited by manganese ions (PubMed:15135399).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye disks induces a small eye phenotype and inhibits DNA synthesis (PubMed:22245183). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the salivary glands results in a reduction of salivary glands size together with decreased number and size of nuclei in the tissue (PubMed:22245183). Also causes endoreplication defects (PubMed:22245183).
The C-terminal domain (1001-2236 aa) is required for mitotic DNA replication in the eye but not for DNA endoreplication in salivary glands.
The CysA-type zinc finger is required for PCNA-binding.
The CysB motif binds 1 4Fe-4S cluster and is required for the formation of polymerase complexes.
The DNA polymerase activity domain resides in the N-terminal half of the protein, while the C-terminus is necessary for maintenance of the complex.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding protein that acts as an inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling (PubMed:29123071, PubMed:35776786). Acts as a sensor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to signal methionine sufficiency to mTORC1 (PubMed:29123071, PubMed:35776786). Probably also acts as a S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
In larvae, expressed in the central nervous system.
May function as a proteasomal ubiquitin receptor. May promote the deubiquitinating activity associated with the 26S proteasome (By similarity).
The PH domain mediates interactions with PSMD1 and ubiquitin. Preferential binding to the proximal subunit of K48-linked diubiquitin allows UCHL5 access to the distal subunit (By similarity).
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis. Accessory and non-catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), which functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain (By similarity).
'Tout velu' means 'very hairy' in French.
According to some authors (PubMed:10549295) ttv mutants have no effect on wg signaling, while according to others (PubMed:14645127, PubMed:14729575, PubMed:15056609) wg signaling is affected. Such discrepancy may be explained by the fact that the absence of ttv could be partially compensated by the intact sotv protein.
Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of heparan-sulfate and responsible for the alternating addition of beta-1-4-linked glucuronic acid (GlcA) and alpha-1-4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units to nascent heparan sulfate chains. Botv is the trigger of heparan sulfate chain initiation and polymerization takes place by a complex of ttv and sotv. Plays a central role in the diffusion of morphogens hedgehog (hh), wingless (wg) and decapentaplegic (dpp) via its role in heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) biosynthesis which are required for movement of hh, dpp and wg morphogens.
Ubiquitously expressed in early embryos. Later (in stage 10 embryos), it is expressed at higher level in the nervous system. Ubiquitously expressed in wing imaginal disk.
Expressed in follicle cells during vitelline membrane formation.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase.
Component of a heteropentameric Elg1 RFC-like complex composed of one large subunit (elg1) and four small subunits (RfC4, RfC38, CG8142 and RfC3) (PubMed:27198229). As part of the complex, might interact with the Enok complex, composed of enok, Br140, Eaf6 and Ing5 (PubMed:27198229). Within the Enok complex, interacts directly with Br140 (PubMed:27198229).
Expressed at higher levels in the germline nurse cells than in the somatic follicle cells.
Has an important role in DNA replication and in maintaining genome integrity during replication stress (By similarity). Promotes PCNA deubiquitination (By similarity). As component of the Elg1 RFC-like complex, regulates the functions of the DNA polymerase processivity factor PCNA by unloading it from DNA after replication during the S phase of the cell cycle (PubMed:27198229). The PCNA-unloading might be regulated via interaction with the Enok acetyltransferase complex (PubMed:27198229). Might have a role in restarting of stalled/regressed replication forks during replication stress (By similarity). In the ovaries, has a role in nurse cell endoreplication (PubMed:27198229).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the ovaries, results in lower DNA content in the nurse cells and defective development of egg chambers (PubMed:27198229). Simultaneous knockdown of elg1 and enok, results in relatively bigger and higher DNA content than single elg1 knockdown (PubMed:27198229). Further, egg chambers in ~25% of the ovarioles are able to develop beyond stage 9 with morphologically normal nurse cells (PubMed:27198229).
A pita/spdk mutant was first identified in a P-element insertion screen for mutants with a mitotic phenotype. The highly condensed mitotic chromosomes characteristic of the mutant resembled the pieces of fruit in the British desert known as spotted-dick, after which this protein was originally named.
Expressed in 0-12 hour old embryos and 3rd instar larvae (at protein level).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (via ZAD domain) (PubMed:35580610). Two dimers can interact to form a homotetramer (via ZAD domain) in solution (PubMed:35580610). Interacts (via region between the ZAD domain and the first zinc finger domain) with Cp190 (via BTB domain); the interaction is direct (PubMed:25342723, PubMed:33752739). This interaction is not essential for protein pita function, probably due to redundant recruitment of Cp190 by other insulator DNA-binding proteins whose binding sites cluster with those of pita (PubMed:33752739). Interacts with ZIPIC (PubMed:25342723).
Insulator DNA-binding protein (PubMed:25342723). Chromatin insulators are regulatory elements that establish independent domains of transcriptional activity within eukaryotic genomes. Insulators are proposed to structure the chromatin fiber into independent domains of differing transcriptional potential by promoting the formation of distinct chromatin loops to form topologically associating domains (TADs). Recruits Cp190 and cooperatively binds to chromatin promoter and insulator regions to exert transcriptional regulator and chromatin insulator functions (PubMed:25342723, PubMed:33752739). Recruitment of Cp190 leads to recruitment of Chro/chromator and chromatin decondensation (PubMed:33752739). Chromatin binding sites often cluster with those of other insulator DNA binding proteins that can recruit Cp190, such as ZIPIC, CTCF, BEAF-32, lbf1, lbf2, insv/insensitive and, to a lesser extent, Su(Hw) (PubMed:25342723, PubMed:33752739). Together with Cp190 and CTCF involved in regulation of the Miscadastral pigmentation (MCP) insulator (PubMed:25342723).
Antenna. In the third antennal segment. Expressed in sencilla coeloconica.
Belongs to the insect A10/OS-D protein family.
Expressed in adult but not in larval olfactory organs.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr5a subfamily.
Expressed in Gr5a-expressing sugar-sensing cells.
One of the few identified sugar gustatory receptors identified so far and which promotes the starvation-induced increase of feeding motivation.
May modify the assembly dynamics of microtubules, such that microtubules are slightly longer, but more dynamic.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. XPO subfamily.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of bromide by hydrogen peroxide and generates hypobromite as a reactive intermediate which mediates the formation of sulfilimine cross-links between methionine and hydroxylysine residues within an uncross-linked collagen IV NC1 hexamer (PubMed:22842973). Plays a role in extracellular matrix consolidation, phagocytosis and defense (PubMed:8062820).
Expressed in hemocytes. Also expressed in the fat body and gastric caeca.
Expressed throughout embryonic and larval development. Expressed in hemocytes as they migrate in the early embryo and later in embryogenesis, become localized to basement membranes.
The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity). Interacts with PI31.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the distal-less homeobox family.
DNA binding protein that function as transcriptional activator (By similarity). May play a role in the determination and function of cell types in the brain.
Embryonic brain; accumulates in approximately 30 cells in each brain hemisphere. One of these cells is closely associated with the terminus of the larval visual nerve (Bolwig's nerve).
Expressed during embryogenesis with very low levels found in the larva and adult.
Phosphorylated by aPKC which lowers lipid affinity and promotes dissociation from the cell cortex (PubMed:26481050, PubMed:32579558). In the photoreceptor cells, aPKC-mediated phosphorylation leads to its displacement from the stalk apical cortex and thus restricts its localization to the rhabdomeric apical cortex where it functions (PubMed:32579558). Dephosphorylation appears to be light-dependent (PubMed:9697866).
Required for the morphological differentiation and maintenance of the rhabdomeric photoreceptor apical domain (PubMed:32579558). Acts as a downstream component of the gl and Pph13 transcriptional pathway which is required for photoreceptor cell development (PubMed:32579558). Likely to function by regulating the trafficking or retention of rhabdomeric proteins including the phototransduction proteins ninaE and didum (PubMed:32579558).
Restricted to photoreceptor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:32579558). Not detected until approximately 48hrs after puparium formation (APF) and then maintained in the photoreceptor cells post-eclosion (at protein level) (PubMed:32579558).
The phospho-regulated basic and hydrophobic (PRBH) motif is sufficient and important for interaction with phospholipids permitting cortical localization (PubMed:26481050). Phosphorylation of the PRBH motif by aPKC inhibits the association of the protein with the cortical membrane (PubMed:26481050, PubMed:32579558).
Viable however, rhabdomeres are flat and oblong, and alignment or organization of the microvillar projections along the depth of the retina are not maintained (PubMed:32579558). Severity of the phenotype increases with age, by seven days post-eclosion rhabdomeres have become irregular, misaligned and fragmented structures (PubMed:32579558). The phototransduction proteins ninaE and, to a much lesser extent, didum are displaced from vesicles near the rhabdomere terminal web and instead become mislocalized to the basal lateral membranes (PubMed:32579558). Photoactivation of ninaE and phototransduction are unaffected, and amplitudes of light response is enhanced at higher light intensities (PubMed:32579558).
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of Tim8 and 3 copies of Tim13, named soluble 70 kDa complex. Associates with the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of Tim22 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The Tim8-Tim13 complex mediates the import of some proteins while the predominant Tim9-Tim10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of Tim8 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complex consisting of at least 13 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol I is composed of mobile elements and RPA2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in decreased cell size likely as a result of its role in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA precursors.
Binds to the beta-catenin homolog arm or to gro.
Flies exhibit a segment polarity phenotype and altered expression of the wg target genes en and Ubx.
Segment polarity protein. Functions together with arm to transduce the Wingless (Wg) signal in embryos and in developing adult tissues. Acts as a transcriptional activator, but in the absence of arm, it binds to gro and acts as a transcriptional repressor of wg-responsive genes.
Component of the RZZ complex composed of rod, Zw10 and Zwilch.
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis (PubMed:15886105, PubMed:17576797). Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin, Mad2 complexes and spindly/CG15415 onto kinetochores (PubMed:15886105, PubMed:17576797). During cytokinesis in male meiotic cells it is required for completion of cleavage furrow ingression, possibly in conjunction with Rint1 (PubMed:22685323). Required for maintenance of Golgi stack number and morphology, and acroblast assembly (PubMed:22685323). Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery is proposed to depend on its association in the RZZ complex (PubMed:22685323). Failure to assemble the complex due to the absence of any one of its components, results in the incorrect redistribution of the remaining components to diverse membrane compartments (PubMed:22685323).
Highest levels are found in embryo and adult. Levels decrease during the first and second larval instar and then decrease in third instar larvae and early pupae.
In the spermatocytes the number of Golgi structures are reduced and they appear smaller or have collapsed Golgi stacks. In third instar larvae spermatocytes, cytokinesis is abnormal producing multinucleated spermatids with a single large Nebenkern. Acroblasts do not form and instead appear as an aggregate of multiple unfused vesicles. During anaphase and early-telophase the central spindle appears regular and acto-myosin contractile rings form normally but during mid-telophase the rings fail to constrict. By late-telophase the rings become fragmented, and the central spindle appears less dense, is irregularly shaped and eventually disassembles. Spermatocytes are unable to complete furrow ingression due to reduced plasma membrane formation during cytokinesis.
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-44, Met-81 or Met-100 is the initiator.
The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family. GLD2 subfamily.
Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail. In contrast to the canonical nuclear poly(A) RNA polymerase, it only adds poly(A) to selected cytoplasmic mRNAs. Required for formation of long term memory.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. NOL9/GRC3 subfamily.
Polynucleotide 5'-kinase involved in rRNA processing.
Loss of cleavage of accessory gland proteins Acp26Aa and Acp36DE in females mated with mutant males (PubMed:24514904). RNAi-mediated knockdown in males results in incomplete and delayed processing of Acp26Aa and Acp36DE in females mated with these males.
Produced in the male accessory glands and secreted into seminal fluid. In mated females, confined to the reproductive tract and also detected in eggs laid by mated females (at protein level).
Seminal fluid metalloprotease which is transferred to females during mating and is required for processing of two other seminal fluid proteins Acp26Aa and Acp36DE in mated females.
Undergoes cleavage in the male during mating with a cleaved product detected in the ejaculatory duct and/or bulb of males by 8-10 minutes after the start of mating (PubMed:17116868). Further cleavage occurs in the mated female (PubMed:15979005). May undergo cleavage in a two-step process where it is first cleaved by Sems, making it susceptible to activational cleavage which may be carried out by another protease or by autocleavage (PubMed:24514904).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA5 subfamily.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with Ufc1. Interacts with Ufm1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown shows aberrant neuromuscular junctions in the larval muscle and abnormal wings, locomotive defects and a shortened lifespan in the adult fly. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the nervous system results also in aberrant neuromuscular junctions characterized by reduced number of type Ib boutons and increased bouton size in the larval muscle.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Belongs to the Tim17/Tim22/Tim23 family.
Component of the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of Tim22, associated with the 70 kDa heterohexamer. In most cases, the 70 kDa complex is composed of Tim9 and Tim10 (By similarity).
Essential core component of the TIM22 complex, a complex that mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the TIM22 complex, it constitutes the voltage-activated and signal-gated channel. Forms a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as external driving force in 2 voltage-dependent steps (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit. Plays an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Ribosomal protein S6 is the major substrate of protein kinases in eukaryote ribosomes. The phosphorylation is stimulated by growth factors, tumor promoting agents, and mitogens. It is dephosphorylated at growth arrest.
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Detected in germline and follicle cells. Expressed in follicle cells throughout oogenesis. In germline cells, expression levels increase as cells develop and move to the posterior region of the germarium, then at stage 5 of egg chamber development levels decrease until it is no longer detected (at protein level).
Eukaryotic topoisomerase I and II can relax both negative and positive supercoils, whereas prokaryotic enzymes relax only negative supercoils.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex (By similarity). Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA (By similarity). The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand (By similarity). The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils (By similarity). Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity).
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at the specific target site 5'-[CT]CCTTp site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone.
Vesicular soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (v-SNARE) mediating vesicle docking and fusion to a specific acceptor cellular compartment. Functions in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of GOSR1, GOSR2 and STX5. Functions in early/recycling endosome to TGN transport; as part of a SNARE complex composed of BET1L, GOSR1 and STX5. Has a S-palmitoyl transferase activity.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family.
Impaired embryonic development resulting in a profoundly reduced rate of larval hatching.
In contrast to other GTP-binding proteins, this family is characterized by a circular permutation of the GTPase motifs described by a G4-G1-G3 pattern.
May play a role in regulating cellular proliferation.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Kinesin subfamily.
Composed of three structural domains: a large globular N-terminal domain which is responsible for the motor activity of kinesin (it hydrolyzes ATP and binds microtubule), a central alpha-helical coiled coil domain that mediates the heavy chain dimerization; and a small globular C-terminal domain which interacts with other proteins (such as the kinesin light chains), vesicles and membranous organelles.
Flies display impaired action potential propagation and neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions, but are still capable of transporting certain membranes, including synaptic vesicles, to the nerve terminal.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. Milt and Miro form an essential protein complex that links Khc to mitochondria for light chain-independent, anterograde transport of mitochondria.
Oligomer composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Accessory component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex (By similarity). Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication (By similarity). Has a role in cell cycle progression (PubMed:19150446). Required for wing morphogenesis (PubMed:19150446).
Component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolE1/DNApol-epsilon255 and the accessory subunits PolE2/DNApol-epsilon58, Chrac-14/DNApolE3 and PolE4/Mes4.
Expressed throughout all developmental stages (PubMed:19150446). In the third instar larva expressed in fat bodies, brain lobes, eye-antenna imaginal disks, wing imaginal disks, salivary glands and ovaries (PubMed:19150446).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an atrophied wing phenotype characterized by increased induction of cell proliferation in wing disks but failed cell cycle progression.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 12 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for leg and eye development and macrochaete specification or differentiation.
Probable regulator of cell proliferation. May regulate CDK5, NF-kappa-B-mediated gene transcription and p53/TP53 activation.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases Cdk1 and Cdk2, and is essential for their biological function.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
Forms a homohexamer that can probably bind six kinase subunits.
Transcription factor that binds the homeotic Deformed (Dfd) response element. High affinity binding sites contain at least 1 TTCG motif surrounded by additional TCG sequences. May be involved in the selective action of Dfd on these sites without binding directly to the Dfd protein. Requirement of DEAF1 activity may be a common feature of enhancers targeted by Dfd.
Ubiquitous throughout embryogenesis. Highly expressed in stage 3 embryo indicating that it is maternally provided. After stage 15, it is more prominent in the central nervous system.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Key component of the proton channel; it may play a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Component of the UV-DDB complex which includes DDB1 and DDB2; the heterodimer dimerizes to give rise to a heterotetramer when bound to damaged DNA (By similarity). The UV-DDB complex interacts with monoubiquitinated histone H2A and binds to XPC via the DDB2 subunit (By similarity). Component of numerous DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which consist of a core of DDB1, CUL4A or CUL4B and RBX1 (By similarity). DDB1 may recruit specific substrate targeting subunits to the DCX complex (By similarity). These substrate targeting subunits are generally known as DCAF (DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor) or CDW (CUL4-DDB1-associated WD40-repeat) proteins (By similarity). Interacts with Fbw5 and gig (PubMed:18381890). May interact with ohgt (PubMed:27702999).
Protein, which is both involved in DNA repair and protein ubiquitination, as part of the UV-DDB complex and DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) complexes, respectively (By similarity). Core component of the UV-DDB complex (UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex), a complex that recognizes UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair (By similarity). The UV-DDB complex preferentially binds to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP), apurinic sites and short mismatches (By similarity). Also functions as a component of numerous distinct DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). The functional specificity of the DCX E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is determined by the variable substrate recognition component recruited by DDB1 (By similarity). Required for degradation of gig (PubMed:18381890). Required for genomic stability in the face of endogenous DNA lesions and for the response to MMS-induced DNA damage (PubMed:16428319). Required for normal wing development (PubMed:16428319).
Reduced tissue growth in the wing imaginal disk.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKC subfamily.
PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.
This is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is highest in late larval development.
Interacts (via Death domain) with pll (via Death domain).
Plays an essential role in the Tl receptor signaling pathway that establishes embryonic dorsoventral polarity; the signal directs import of dl into ventral and ventrolateral nuclei, thereby establishing dorsoventral polarity. Tub recruits pll to the plasma membrane and protein-protein interaction activates pll. Also has a role in pupal pattern formation.
Serine protease which, by converting prophenoloxidase 1 (PPO1) into its active form, plays an essential role in the melanization immune response to physical or septic wounding. May function in diverse PPO1-activating cascades that are negatively controlled by different serpin proteins; Spn27A and Spn28D in the hemolymph, and Spn28D and Spn77BA in the trachea. Also required in the systematic wound response by mediating the redox-dependent activation of the JNK cytoprotective cascade in neuronal tissues after integument wounding.
Up-regulated after wounding to the integument. Levels are higher with septic wounding, using either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria.
Viable and fertile with no obvious phenotype. Reduced adult survival after wounding of the thorax, especially when the injury completely penetrates the thorax (strong wound). Wounding coupled with septic infection (septic injury) does not further reduce survival. Survival after wounding is increased when flies ingest the oxidant paraquat. Impaired melanization at the wound site. In pupae, aseptic and septic-injury does not induce the cleavage of PPO1, and in adults and larvae PPO1 activity is abolished.
Heterotrimer composed of an alpha, a beta and a gamma chain.
Phosphorylation of eIF-2-alpha impairs the recycling of eIF-2 between successive rounds of initiation and thus leads to inhibition of translation.
eIF-2 functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA. This preinitiation complex mediates ribosomal recognition of a start codon during the scanning process of the leader region.
Essential for late larval/early pupal development.
Flies exhibit an 'unkempt' appearance: small rough eyes, held out wings and crossed scutellar bristles.
Ubiquitous in most somatic tissues from syncytial embryo through to embryo stage 15. Expression becomes restricted predominantly to the CNS at stages 16 and 17.
Plays an important role in regulating the size of autophagosomes during the formation process.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.
Belongs to the round spermatid basic protein 1 family.
Belongs to the PIH1 family. Kintoun subfamily.
Interacts with Pp1alpha-96A, Pp1-87B, Pp1-13C and flw.
Required for cytoplasmic pre-assembly of axonemal dyneins, thereby playing a central role in motility in cilia and flagella. Involved in pre-assembly of dynein arm complexes in the cytoplasm before intraflagellar transport loads them for the ciliary compartment.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Proton-conducting pore forming of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
Cardioactive peptide. Corazonin is probably involved in the physiological regulation of the heart beat. Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc) proteins negatively regulate Crz transcription in a cell-specific manner.
From late embryo to larva, expression is consistently detected in three neuronal groups: dorso-lateral neurons (DL), dorso-medial neurons (DM), and neurons in the ventral nerve cord (vCrz). Both the vCrz and DM groups die via programmed cell death during metamorphosis, whereas the DL neurons persist to adulthood. In adults, expression is seen in a cluster of six to eight neurons per lobe in the pars lateralis (DLP), in numerous neuronal cells in the optic lobes, and in a novel group of four abdominal ganglionic neurons present only in males (ms-aCrz). Projections of the ms-aCrz neurons terminate within the ventral nerve cord, implying a role as interneurons. Terminals of the DLP neurons are found in the retrocerebral complex that produces juvenile hormone and adipokinetic hormone, located in the vicinity of terminals emanating from PDF-containing pacemaking neurons.
Probable lysosomal thiol reductase that can reduce protein disulfide bonds (By similarity). Involved in the immune response to bacterial infection (PubMed:24491521).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body or hemocyte of flies infected with the Gram-negative bacterium E.coli results in an increase in bacterial load 24 hours after infection.
Up-regulated following injection with the Gram-negative bacterium E.coli. Up-regulation increases between 1 and 12 hours after the injection, then decreases between 12 and 48 hours, and then increases again at 72 hours.
Involved in the development of the embryonic central nervous system.
Largely restricted to the CNS of late embryo.
Coexpressed with dan in the presumptive distal antenna, but not in the leg imaginal disk. Both proteins are also expressed in the brain and the eye region of the eye-antenna disk. First detected in early L3 eye disks in cells surrounding the newly initiated morphogenetic furrow. Highly expressed in evenly spaced clusters of cells anterior to the furrow, lower levels within and posterior to the furrow.
Flies exhibit partial transformation of antenna toward leg identity. Ectopic expression causes partial transformation of distal leg structure toward antennal identity.
Interacts with itself, dan, ey and dac to form a complex (or complexes) containing the RD factors.
Probable transcription factor with a role in the retinal determination (RD) network. Regulates ato expression and is required for normal R8 induction and differentiation. Danr appears to repress Dan expression, but Dan is required for Danr expression anterior to the morphogenetic furrow (MF). Dan and Danr lie downstream of so and require dac function for highest levels of expression. Contributes to differentiation of antenna-specific characteristics; effector gene that acts downstream of homothorax (hth), Distal-less (Dll), cut (ct) and spineless (ss) genes to control differentiation of distal antennal structures.
Interacts with Nfs1 (PubMed:29491838). Might form a complex with Nfs1, IscU and fh (Probable).
Polylycylase which modifies alpha- and beta-tubulin, generating side chains of glycine on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of alpha- and beta-tubulin. Involved both in the side-chain initiation and elongation steps of the polyglycylation reaction by adding a single glycine chain to generate monoglycine side chains and by elongating monoglycine side chains to polyglycine side chains.
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Involved in the heme biosynthesis. Catalyzes the aerobic oxidative decarboxylation of propionate groups of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen-III to yield the vinyl groups in protoporphyrinogen-IX (By similarity).
This protein is mostly composed of repetitive C-G-P motifs.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 63 family.
Cleaves the distal alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue from the Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
Detected from at stage 7, where it is expressed in the early germ band. By stage 11, when the germ band is fully extended, it is expressed strongly in the ventral neuroectoderm, which represents the progenitor of the CNS. At this time, a small region of particularly strong expression is visible at the tip of the extended germ band marking the proctodeum (the primordial hindgut) and expression is also visible in the anterior midgut and the foregut primordial region known as the stomodeum. Expression then persists in both the emerging gut and nervous system during the next three developmental stages (12-14). Strong expression in the primordial midgut is rapidly down-regulated prior to stage 15, by when the presumptive midgut has closed both ventrally and dorsally and is largely established. However, expression persists in the hindgut as it continues to develop by projecting towards the antero-dorsal region of the embryo and is also evident in differentiating components of the foregut, which might include the stomatogastric nervous system. Interestingly, it is expressed strongly throughout the developing CNS and the intensity of this staining is maintained through stage 16 during major periods of developmental reorganization, while expression in regions of the gut is rapidly down-regulated. Expression continues in the CNS late into stage 17, but is also clearly reduced by the end of stage 17 immediately prior to hatching. Expressed during all subsequent developmental stages from first instar larvae through to adulthood.
Restricted to the developing gut and central nervous system (CNS).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) (By similarity). Interacts with Fmr1 to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex involved in translation regulation, other components of the complex are Rm62, RpL11, AGO2 and Dcr-1 (PubMed:12368261).
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which conjugates linear 'Met-1'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains to substrates and plays a crucial role in the NF-kappa-B intestinal inflammatory response to oral infection and in the heat stress response (PubMed:27702987, PubMed:30026495). Preferentially interacts with 'Lys-63'-linked, and to a lesser extent 'Lys-48'-linked, polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:27702987). Upon oral infection with a Gram-negative bacterium E.carotovora subsp. carotovora 15, functions with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc10 to mediate the conjugation of 'Lys-63'- and linear 'Met-1'-linked polyubiquitin chains to the substrate key which is essential for activation of the NF-kappa-B signaling cascade in the adult intestinal epithelium (PubMed:27702987, PubMed:30026495). It is not required for systemic immune response to septic infection with either E.carotovora subsp. carotovora 15 or Gram-positive M.luteus bacteria (PubMed:30026495). Function in controlling linear ubiquitination is also essential for regulating the heat stress response in adults. This function may require the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes Ubc10 or eff (PubMed:27702987).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced heat tolerance with adults displaying decreased survival upon heat shock. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the muscles results in only a slight decrease in survival upon heat shock, compared to whole-body knockdown.
Strong expression in 10 to 14 hour embryos.
UBA-like 2 (UBA2), but not UBA-like 1 (UBA1), domain interacts with tetra or longer polyubiquitin chains, and di-ubiquitin chains linked via 'lys-63', and to a lesser extent 'lys-48'. However, neither of the UBA1 or UBA2 domains interact with linear 'Met-1'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Shortened lifespan, impaired locomotor behavior, and increased sensitivity to deleterious effects of stressors such as reactive oxygen species and nutrient deprivation. Locomotor anomalies include righting defects, reduced and uncoordinated walking behavior, and compromised flight.
Despite weak sequence similarities, may correspond to the subunit B of a mei-W68/spo11-containing topoisomerase 6 complex specifically required for meiotic recombination. Retains some of the structural features of the ancestral archaeal Top6B subunit (AC O05207).
Expressed during early meiotic prophase.
Required for formation of the mei-W68-mediated double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination.
Catalyzes a 2-step reaction, involving the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the covalently attached biotin in the first step and the transfer of the carboxyl group to pyruvate in the second.
In the larval eye disk, expression is first seen at the morphogenetic furrow, then in the developing R2, R5, and R8 cells as well as in the posterior clusters of the disk in additional R cells.
Interacts with Spitz via the lumenal domain and mediates its transport to the Golgi.
Involved in EGF receptor signaling. Has an early role in photoreceptor development. Interacts with the receptor torpedo in the eye.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Interacts specifically with B-type cyclins.
A Gly-cisPro motif from one monomer fits into the active site of the other monomer to allow specific chiral rejection of L-amino acids.
An aminoacyl-tRNA editing enzyme that deacylates mischarged D-aminoacyl-tRNAs (By similarity). Hydrolyzes correctly charged, achiral, glycyl-tRNA(Gly) (PubMed:27224426). Deacylates mischarged endogenous and E.coli glycyl-tRNA(Ala), protecting cells against glycine mischarging by AlaRS (PubMed:28362257). Acts via tRNA-based rather than protein-based catalysis; rejects L-amino acids rather than detecting D-amino acids in the active site (By similarity). By recycling D-aminoacyl-tRNA to D-amino acids and free tRNA molecules, this enzyme counteracts the toxicity associated with the formation of D-aminoacyl-tRNA entities in vivo and helps enforce protein L-homochirality (By similarity).
Produces N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) (PubMed:11886840, PubMed:21919466). Can also use N-acetylmannosamine 6-phosphate and mannose 6-phosphate as substrates to generate phosphorylated forms of Neu5Ac and KDN, respectively (PubMed:11886840). Essential for biosynthesis of sialic acids in neurons of the central nervous system (PubMed:21919466).
Endoplasmic reticulum cargo receptor that mediates the export of lipoproteins by recruiting cargos into COPII vesicles to facilitate their secretion.
The di-lysine motif confers endoplasmic reticulum localization for type I membrane proteins.
At early stages of embryogenesis, the polycistronic RNA is expressed in seven segmentally separated blastoderm stripes and in a cluster of cells in the anterior part of the embryo (PubMed:17439302). By stage 13 to the end of embryo development, it is expressed in the dorsal trunks, posterior spiracles, pharynx, hindgut and the area which forms the denticle belts (PubMed:17439302). In the leg disk, it is expressed in a ring pattern presumed to be developing tarsal region around 80 to 96 hour after egg laying (AEL) and then in the tarsal furrow at the mid-third instar larval stage (PubMed:17439302, PubMed:18801356). Not detected in the tarsal primordium after 100h AEL but is still expressed in a dorsal chordotonal organ of the leg disk (PubMed:17439302). In pupae, expressed broadly throughout the leg disk 0-3 hour after puparium formation (APF) but is not detected in this region 6 hours APF (PubMed:25344753). High expression 4-8 hours APF in the presumptive joints between tarsal segments (PubMed:21682860). In the noctum expressed from 40 to 44 hours APF (PubMed:25344753). In wing disks of third stage larvae, expressed in two anterior stripes and later in the precursors for chemosensory organs (PubMed:21682860). From late third stage instar larvae to early pupal stages, it is also expressed in the wing provein cells that develop into longitudinal veins L2-L5 (PubMed:21682860). In eye disks, expressed in preclusters for presumptive R8 photoreceptors and in a stripe of cells in the posterior region of the disk (PubMed:21682860).
One of four peptides (tal-1A, tal-2A, tal-3A and tal-AA) produced from a polycistronic gene that function redundantly in several developmental processes (PubMed:17439302, PubMed:17486114, PubMed:25344753, PubMed:21527259). Required in early stages of leg development for the intercalation of the tarsal segments during the mid-third instar stage and later for tarsal joint formation (PubMed:17439302, PubMed:18801356, PubMed:21527259). Promotes the post-translational modification of ovo isoform B (svb) into its active form which in turn initiates trichome development and promotes tarsal joint development (PubMed:21527259, PubMed:20647469, PubMed:26383956). This is likely due to recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Ubr3 to svb for ubiquitination of its N-terminus, converting svb into a transcriptional activator (PubMed:26383956). Also enhances interaction of Ubr3 with Diap1 (PubMed:26383956). Required for correct wing and leg formation through its regulation of several genes including those in the Notch signaling pathway (PubMed:18801356, PubMed:21527259, PubMed:21682860). Essential for denticle formation and may have a role in the developmental timing of trichome differentiation (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:25344753). Essential for the development of taenidial folds in the trachea (PubMed:17486114).
Polycistronic RNA up-regulated by ecdysone.
Simultaneous knockout of tal-1A, tal-2A, tal-3A and tal-AA is embryonic lethal (PubMed:17439302, PubMed:17486114). In embryos chitin secretion and formation of the cuticular exoskeleton appears to be normal (PubMed:17439302, PubMed:17486114). However embryos display a loss of denticle belts and dorsal hairs (PubMed:17439302, PubMed:17486114). Segment-specific epidermal sensory organs are present and segments form normally (PubMed:17439302). The cephalopharyngeal skeleton is lost, and the head skeleton and posterior spiracles are deformed (PubMed:17439302). In the developing leg, tarsal constriction occurs but the tarsal fold does not form (PubMed:17439302). The tracheal system is abnormal displaying a loss of network integrity, an irregular tube diameter and the absence of taenidial folds (PubMed:17439302, PubMed:17486114). Cell packing is not affected, but there is no accumulation of F-actin at the sites of denticle differentiation or formation of F-actin bundles during taenidial development and tracheal tube dilation (stages 14 and 16) (PubMed:17486114). Other F-actin based developmental processes such as filopodia formation of tracheal tip cells, dorsal closure, mitosis or tight packing of denticle cells are unaffected (PubMed:17486114). Denticle and tracheal defects can be rescued by ectopic expression of any one of the four tal peptides (tal-1A, tal-2A, tal-3A and tal-AA) (PubMed:17486114).
This protein is produced by a polycistronic gene which also produces tal-1A, tal-2A and tal-AA from non-overlapping reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302). tal-1A and tal-2A produce the same protein from different reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302).
May play a role in chromatin structure and function.
Two transcripts are detected of sizes 1.9 and 2.2 kb. Both are detected soon after fertilization and show relatively constant expression during the first 2/3 of embryogenesis. In 0-3 hours embryos, the smaller transcript is predominant and the levels of the two transcripts are somewhat reduced at the later stages of development, but they are found in approximately constant amounts during larval, pupal and adult stages. The smaller transcript is suspected to be a maternal transcript.
Acts as component of the Mcm2-7 complex (Mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the Mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. Specifically a MCM467 subcomplex is shown to have in vitro helicase activity which is inhibited by the MCM2 subunit. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.
As accessory component of the DNA polymerase gamma complex is involved in the replication of mitochondrial DNA (PubMed:3095323, PubMed:7499423). Does not bind DNA (PubMed:7499423). Essential for mitochondrial DNA maintenance and larval development (PubMed:11917141, PubMed:19924234).
Component of the DNA polymerase gamma complex consisting of two subunits: the catalytic subunit DNApol-gamma/DNApolG1 and the accessory subunit PolG2/DNApol-gamma35.
Expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:9153213, PubMed:3095323). Expressed at low level in eggs (PubMed:10930405). Levels increase in early embryonic stages followed by a decrease in late embryos and a moderate increase in first-instar larvae (PubMed:10930405).
Abundant throughout oogenesis and embryogenesis, decreases during larval stages and increases again in pupae.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. Binds specifically to single-stranded DNA and RNA with highest affinity for nucleotides G and U. The FACT complex is required for expression of Hox genes.
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of dre4/spt16 and Ssrp. Interacts with CHD1 and TRL/GAGA.
Expressed at highest levels in nurse cells of the ovary.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with an ATP-specific beta subunit, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with a GTP-specific beta subunit forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and specificity for either ATP or GTP is provided by different beta subunits.
Viable (PubMed:28017724). During development, results in delayed egg eclosion, reduced glycogen levels and extension of the third instar larval period but without change of the duration of the pupal period or final size of organ (PubMed:28017724). In the adult, results in defects in locomotor activity (PubMed:28017724). Results in disregulation of both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (TCA) including accumulation of Succinyl-CoA and succinate, and reduction of GABA (PubMed:28017724).
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amidation of deamido-NAD to form NAD. Uses L-glutamine as a nitrogen source (By similarity). Because of its role in energy metabolism, involved in the modulation of aged-related cardiac function, mobility, and lifespan (PubMed:27448710).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the NAD synthetase family.
Component of the male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3 (PubMed:16543150). Interacts with tamo via the nuclear localization signal (PubMed:12653959).
The Msl proteins are essential for elevating transcription of the single X chromosome in the male (X chromosome dosage compensation). Msl-1 is a pioneer protein. Mle, msl-1 and msl-3 are colocalized on the X chromosome. Each of the MSL proteins requires all the other MSLs for wild-type X-chromosome binding. In complex with msl-2, promotes ubiquitination of histone H2B.
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, low-MW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic acyl phosphates.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and low-MW aryl phosphates (PubMed:10675607). Can contribute to the regulation of a variety of developmental processes (PubMed:10675607).
Cone cells and primary pigment cells in developing pupal retina.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Putative oxidoreductase. May control genotoxic stress-induced cell death. May play a role in TGFB1 signaling and TGFB1-mediated cell death. May also play a role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death. May play a role in Wnt signaling (By similarity).
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:29920489). Detected within 24 hours of infection (PubMed:9736738).
Not induced after bacterial challenge in strains carrying a loss-of-function mutation for Toll. Constitutively expressed in Toll gain-of-function mutants.
Secreted immune-induced peptide induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:29920489). Has a role in resistance bacterial and fungal infections (PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). The strength of antimicrobial activity appears to correlate with the overall level of expression (PubMed:29920489). Has no activity against the fungus C.glabrata in vitro (PubMed:29920489).
Required for the quantitative accumulation of H/ACA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs).
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIa family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells, thus providing most of the energy required for transport processes in the vacuolar system (By similarity). May play a role in coupling of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOG2 subfamily.
GTPase that associates with pre-60S ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and is required for their nuclear export and maturation.
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Also involved in meiotic DSB processing.
May be involved in calcium-mediated signal transduction.
Expressed maternally and zygotically (PubMed:2576013). Expressed during oogenesis and throughout development (PubMed:2576013, PubMed:11546740).
In ovaries, expressed in oocyte and nurse cells.
Interacts (via C-terminal domain) with Rab6.
Mutant embryos show Nanos mislocalization and thus bicaudal development (PubMed:2590944). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in sterility and egg chamber defects including loss of annulate lamellae (PubMed:31626769).
This protein is essential for differentiation. It may play a role in localizing of Nanos (a maternal determinant) activity in oocytes. During oogenesis, plays a specific role, together with Rab6 but independently of Sec5, in the polarization of the oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton, in oskar mRNA localization and in the anterodorsal secretion of grk. Plays a role in the biogenesis of annulate lamellae containing nuclear pore complex components (PubMed:31626769).
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Expressed in all germlines, including germline stem cells and spermatogonia.
In asymmetrically dividing germline stem cells (GSCs), plays a critical role in ensuring centrosome duplication, which is essential for the production of centrosomes and centrioles in all downstream germ cells (PubMed:32965218). Might recruit SAK for daughter centriole duplication (PubMed:32965218).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with Klp10A (PubMed:32965218). Interacts with SAK (PubMed:32965218).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in asymmetrically dividing male germline stem cells (GSCs), results in loss of centriole duplication and thereby leads to complete loss of centrosomes (and centrioles) from all male germ cells (PubMed:32965218). In GSCs, results in the enrichment of both SAK and Sas-6 at the remaining elongated mother centrioles (PubMed:32965218). Does not change Klp10A centrosome localization in male germline stem cells (PubMed:32965218). RNAi-mediated knockdown in symmetrically dividing spermatogonia, does not affect normal centrosome duplication (PubMed:32965218).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases catalyze the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RPB6 is part of the clamp element and together with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity).
Belongs to the peptidase C12 family. BAP1 subfamily.
Component of the PR-DUB complex, at least composed of calypso and Asx.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic component of the PR-DUB complex, a complex that specifically mediates deubiquitination of histone H2A monoubiquitinated at 'Lys-118' (H2AK118ub1). Does not deubiquitinate monoubiquitinated histone H2B. Required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. The PR-DUB complex has weak or no activity toward 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Polycomb phenotype leading to lethality, probably due to misexpression of homeotic genes.
Expressed in olfactory sensory neurons in the maxillary palp.
Essential for segmentation and CNS development. May modulate the actions of other transcription factors, including gap and pair-rule proteins.
Flies exhibit severe segmentation defects, including loss and/or fusion of abdominal denticle belts and stripe-specific defects in pair-rule and segment polarity gene expression. Mutant embryos also exhibit loss of specific neurons, fusion of adjacent ventral nerve cord ganglia and aberrant axon scaffold organization.
Initially expressed in a pair-rule-like pattern which is rapidly replaced by strong neuroectoderm expression.
Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.
Belongs to the FARP (FMRFamide related peptide) family.
In insects, FMRFamide and related peptides have modulatory actions at skeletal neuromuscular junctions, and peptides that are immunologically related to FMRFamide are released into the circulation from neurohemal organs.
This precursor includes 13 peptides that have FMRF or related sequences at their C-termini, and other putative neuropeptides.
Binds as a ligand to a family of frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors and acts through a cascade of genes on the nucleus. Segment polarity protein. May function in gonadogenesis and limb development. Wg and Wnt2 have a role in the developing trachea and together are responsible for all dorsal trunk formation.
Dynamic expression pattern during embryogenesis. Expression is predominantly segmented, with expression also seen in the limb primordia and presumptive gonads. In embryonic tracheal cells, expression is close to and dorsal to the tracheal placode.
Palmitoleoylated by porcupine. The lipid group functions as a sorting signal, targeting the ligand to polarized vesicles that transport Wnt2 to unique sites at the cell surface. Depalmitoleoylated by notum, leading to inhibit Wnt signaling pathway.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Expressed in precellular embryo along the ventral midline and, in germ-band retraction embryos, in segmental stripes. Expressed in third instar larvae in imaginal disks, salivary gland, optic lobe, fat body, wreath cells and gastric caecae of the gut.
Negatively regulates Hedgehog (hh) protein signal in wing development (PubMed:18245841). Regulates neural-specific glycosylation by binding to FucTA mRNA and facilitating its nuclear export in neural cells (PubMed:21203496).
Recessive lethal (PubMed:18245841). Heteroallelic larvae are severely developmentally delayed and most have wing disks smaller than wild-type (PubMed:18245841). Heteroallelic adult flies show defects in wing hair orientation (PubMed:18245841). Defective alpha-1,3-fucosylation (PubMed:21203496). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in reduced FucTA protein levels (PubMed:21203496).
Proposed to be involved in DNA replication and to participate in the activation of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC). May be involved in chromosome condensation.
Self-associates. Interacts with Mcm2, dup, Orc2, CDC45L and Su(var)205.
The zinc finger-like domain binds a zinc ion and is involved in self-association.
Expressed in early embryogenesis in 14 symmetrical pairs of segmentally arranged neuroblasts. Also, later in embryogenesis, in a cluster of cells in head region.
Involved in development during embryogenesis.
In the adult brain, expressed almost exclusively in dopaminergic neurons.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the central nervous system (CNS) during development increases the expression of CaBP1, Calr and ERp60 and regulates expression of other genes involved in a variety of processes including oxidative phosphorylation and redox reactions, lipid and sugar homeostasis, and translation. It increases susceptibility to starvation but has no effect on feeding behavior. It increases triacylglyceride (TAG) levels in normal-fed flies but has no effect on TAG levels 12 or 24 hours after starvation. It also induces a heightened startle-response, increases hyperactivity and reduces sleep. RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically in dopaminergic neurons throughout development influences the expression of genes involved in dopamine signaling by increasing expression of ple and Vmat and decreasing expression of DAT. It also recapitulates the effects seen following CNS knockdown, namely increased susceptibility to starvation, heightened startle-response and reduced sleep. RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically in the adult CNS increases resistance to starvation with no effect on feeding behavior, decreases TAG levels in normal-fed flies and has no effect on hyperactivity or sleep.
Required in dopaminergic neurons to regulate expression of genes involved in dopamine signaling. Decreases expression of the dopamine transporter DAT and increases expression of the dopamine transporter Vmat and the tyrosine 3-monooxygenase ple which is involved in dopamine biosynthesis. Also involved in negatively regulating the expression of a group of endoplasmic reticulum proteins, the molecular chaperone Calr and the protein disulfide isomerases CaBP1 and ERp60.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and transfers it to substrates, generally promoting their degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Amino acid transporter which has pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for alanine, glycine and proline (PubMed:15843412). Plays a role in positive regulation of growth by directly or indirectly modulating the effects of the TOR signaling pathway (PubMed:15843412, PubMed:22574197).
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Extensively phosphorylated on serine residues in the RS domain.
May control important aspects of development.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout embryonic development.
Interacts with Nxt1 (PubMed:11780633, PubMed:31570835). Interacts with ZC3H3 (PubMed:19364924). Forms a complex with Nup358/RanBP2, RanGAP and Nxt1 (PubMed:14729961). Interacts with Nup54 and Nup58 (PubMed:33856346). Interacts with Orc3 and Hpr1 (PubMed:27016737).
Mediates the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:11779805, PubMed:11780633, PubMed:11780634, PubMed:27016737). In ovarian follicle cells, plays a role in transposable element silencing regulation by enabling the nuclear export of flamenco (flam) transcripts and subsequent piRNA biogenesis (PubMed:33856346).
Mutations affect the morphogenesis of embryonic neurons, embryonic muscle and adult sensory bristles. This is thought to be due to reduced rate of protein synthesis as the mRNA is not efficiently being exported out of the nucleus.
The C-terminal fragment, containing the TAP domain (also called UBA-like domain) and part of the NTF2-like domain, named the NPC-binding domain, mediates direct interactions with nucleoporin-FG-repeats and is necessary and sufficient for localization of NXF1 to the nuclear rim.
The RNA-binding domain is a non-canonical RNP-type domain.
The leucine-rich repeats and the NTF2-domain are essential for the export of mRNA from the nucleus.
Expressed in the antenna, mostly on the anterior surface of the third antennal segment. Also detected in the maxillary palps and in cells at the bases of the taste hairs on the proboscis and internal taste organs of the head.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Expressed throughout development. Highest expression during larval development.
Ubiquitously expressed during embryogenesis with no sign of tissue specificity in expression up to stage 16.
Abolishes RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) assembly and RNAi silencing activity (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:29317541, PubMed:32843367). Abolishes siRNA unwinding prior to loading onto the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (PubMed:15550672). Decreased levels of endo-siRNAs (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:16554838, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:29317541, PubMed:32843367). Increased susceptibility to infection with RNA viruses such as Flock House virus, Drosophila C virus or Sindbis virus (PubMed:16554838). No effect on the processing of pre-miRNAs (PubMed:24488111). RNAi-mediated knockdown inhibits the induction of the antifungal peptide Drs in response to M.luteus challenge (PubMed:26601278). Also highly susceptible to infection with A.fumigatus, with 80% of flies dying six days after infection (PubMed:26601278).
Activity towards dsRNAs such as hairpin dsRNAs, short dsRNAs and microRNAs, is inhibited by inorganic phosphate (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:29550490). Binding to inorganic phosphate may function in substrate discrimination by blocking the enzyme from binding to nonphysiological substrates, as the presence of inorganic phosphate at physiological concentrations inhibits processing of the inappropriate substrates microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) and short dsRNAs but does not affect cleavage of long dsRNAs (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:29550490). In the presence of inorganic phosphate, interaction with loqs (isoform PD) enables the enzyme to process blunt-end hairpin RNA substrates and produce endo-siRNAs, likely by increasing binding affinity of the enzyme to the hairpin dsRNAs (PubMed:29550490).
Component of the siRNA-directed RISC loading complex (siRLC), composed of at least Dcr-2, r2d2 and Taf11, which processes dsRNAs into duplex siRNAs which they then load onto AGO2 to initiate formation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC) (PubMed:21245036, PubMed:26257286, PubMed:35768503). The Dcr-2-r2d2 complex exists as a heterodimer and heterotetramer, with the latter showing higher siRNA binding activity (PubMed:26257286). Interacts (via N-terminus) with the siRISC loading cofactor r2d2; interaction is essential for formation of the siRLC and consequently, formation of the siRISC (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:35768503). Interacts with Taf11 (PubMed:26257286). Taf11 appears to form a tetramer which facilitates or stabilizes formation of the Dcr-2-r2d2 heterotetramer (PubMed:26257286). Interacts (via N-terminus) with dicing cofactor loqs isoform PD (loqs-PD) (via C-terminus); interaction is required for RNAi activity in producing siRNAs from a subset of endo- and exo-dsRNAs (PubMed:35768513, PubMed:32843367, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:19635780). In the absence of r2d2, may also be able to form an alternative siRLC with loqs-PD (PubMed:21245036). Interacts with wisp (via C-terminus) (PubMed:29317541). Able to interact with the other loqs isoforms (isoforms PA, PB and PC) (PubMed:19635780).
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) endoribonuclease which cleaves endogenous (endo), exogenous (exo), and viral dsRNAs to produce short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:16554838, PubMed:18953338, PubMed:21419681, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:35768513, PubMed:32843367, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:24009507, PubMed:27872309, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:29317541, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:34257295, PubMed:25891075, PubMed:19635780, PubMed:23063653). The generated siRNAs then mediate gene silencing, also called RNA interference (RNAi), by controlling the elimination of endogenous transcripts from mobile and repetitive DNA elements of the genome as well as exogenous RNA of viral origin (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:16554838, PubMed:18953338, PubMed:21419681, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:35768513, PubMed:32843367, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:24009507, PubMed:27872309, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:29317541, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:34257295, PubMed:23063653). Also acts in an RNAi-independent manner to activate translation through cytoplasmic polyadenylation (PubMed:29317541). As well as its role in dsRNA processing, essential in several steps of the siRNA biogenesis pathway, including siRNA loading into the Argonaute 2 (AGO2)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC), length-dependent dicing and guide strand selection for target silencing by the siRISC (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:15066283, PubMed:15550672, PubMed:27872309, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:26257286, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:35768503). Cleaves dsRNAs into siRNAs that are predominantly around twenty-one nucleotides in length (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:21419681, PubMed:27872309, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:32843367, PubMed:34257295, PubMed:29269422, PubMed:35768513, PubMed:23063653). Displays a preference for binding and processing blunt termini (BLT), likely non-self dsRNAs, over dsRNAs with 2 nucleotides 3' overhanging (3'ovr) termini, which are typically the structure of endogenous dsRNAs (PubMed:34257295, PubMed:32843367, PubMed:29269422, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:25891075). According to many reports, the cleavage reaction mode of the enzyme changes according to the termini of the dsRNA substrate (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:32843367, PubMed:29269422, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:25891075). BLT dsRNAs undergo an ATP-dependent processive reaction whereby multiple siRNAs of heterogeneous sizes are produced before the enzyme dissociates (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:32843367, PubMed:29269422, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:25891075). In contrast, dsRNAs with 3'ovr termini, which are typically the structure of endogenous dsRNAs, undergo ATP-independent, distributive cleavage whereby the enzyme dissociates after each cleavage to produce siRNAs of around 22 nucleotides (PubMed:32843367, PubMed:29269422, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:25891075). However, according to another report, the mode of cleavage reaction is not affected by the terminal structures of the dsRNAs substrates (PubMed:34257295). This report suggests that the enzyme is able to initiate processive cleavage of both BLT and 3'ovr dsRNA substrates, and only rarely initiates distributive cleavage (PubMed:34257295). During dsRNA processing and AGO2-loading, requires association with dsRNA-binding accessory proteins loqs isoform PD (loqs-PD) and r2d2 (PubMed:21245036, PubMed:15550672, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:24009507, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:29550490). Functions with r2d2 to form the siRNA-mediated RISC loading complex (siRLC) which is responsible for Ago2-loading of endo- and exo-siRNAs (PubMed:15550672, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:28416567, PubMed:35768503). Interaction with loqs-PD increases initial binding to dsRNA substrates and promotes processing of a subset of endo- and exo-dsRNAs (PubMed:21245036, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:24009507, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:34257295). In the absence of r2d2, may also form an alternative siRLC with loqs-PD to load siRNAs into the siRISC (PubMed:21245036). Function with loqs-PD allows the dicer enzyme to cleave endogenous dsRNA templates independently of their termini, and is required for ATP-dependent processing of a subset of siRNAs but is not required for antiviral RNAi (PubMed:32843367, PubMed:29269422, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:24009507, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:25891075). This suggests that the enzyme's intrinsic termini preferences function in viral defense, while function with loqs-PD allows processing of endogenous dsRNAs with diverse termini (PubMed:32843367, PubMed:29269422). However, according to another report the mode of cleavage reaction is not affected by the presence or absence of loqs-PD (PubMed:34257295). Loaded siRNAs serve as a guide to direct the siRISC to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation (PubMed:15066283). The siRLC plays an important role in the ATP-dependent asymmetry sensing of the duplex, and is therefore also responsible for the selection of the strand that ultimately acts as the guide siRNA for the siRISC (PubMed:35768503, PubMed:29040648). Thermodynamically asymmetric siRNAs are preoriented in the siRLC by either the dsRNA-binding r2d2 protein, or the loqs-PD protein in the alternative siRLC, which preferentially bind to the most thermodynamically stable strand prior to loading onto AGO2 (PubMed:15550672, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:35768503). Both r2d2 and Dcr-2 also initiate unwinding of the siRNA duplex, at which point the heterodimer is exchanged by AGO2 (PubMed:15550672). The strand that was bound by r2d2 is discarded while the one that was bound by Dcr-2 is loaded onto Ago2 and serves as guide to direct the siRISC to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation (PubMed:15550672). Independently of its role in RNAi, acts with the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase wisp to promote cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translational activation of certain messenger RNAs including r2d2 and toll (Tl) transcripts (PubMed:29317541, PubMed:26601278). Consequently it is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of the Toll immune signaling pathway and promoting resistance to fungal and viral infections (PubMed:29317541, PubMed:26601278). As an RNA-binding protein, likely functions in cytoplasmic polyadenylation by recruiting the poly(A) RNA polymerase wisp to target mRNAs (PubMed:26601278, PubMed:29317541).
Interactions between the DUF283 and RIIIDb domains prevent non-specific cleavage by blocking the access of dsRNA to the RNase active center.
The DRBM domain or RNA binding domain (RBD), is important for efficient and high-fidelity production of 21 nucleotide siRNAs, and siRNA loading onto AGO2.
The N-terminal helicase domain, containing the Helicase ATP-binding, Helicase C-terminal and Helicase insertion domains, functions in dsRNA stimulated ATPase activity and RNA translocation during the dicing reaction (PubMed:15066283, PubMed:21419681, PubMed:35768503, PubMed:35768513). Essential for processing endogenous and viral dsRNAs (PubMed:28416567, PubMed:24009507, PubMed:32843367). Binds and hydrolyzes ATP enabling the dicer to translocate along the long dsRNA substrates, and produce siRNAs processively from the end (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:29269422). Some reports suggest the domain is essential for the recognition and initial binding of both blunt (BLT) and 3' overhanging (3'ovr) termini dsRNA substrates (PubMed:35768503, PubMed:35768513). However, another reports found that the helicase domain is only required for binding and correct cleavage of BLT dsRNAs and is dispensable for processing of 3'ovr termini dsRNAs (PubMed:32843367, PubMed:29269422). One of the reports suggest that the helicase domain recognizes dsRNA with BLT termini, and then initiates processive cleavage via a threading mechanism in which the BLT dsRNA is locally unwound and threaded through the helicase domain in an ATP-dependent manner (PubMed:29269422).
The PAZ and platform domain is important for ensuring length fidelity of siRNAs, substrate discrimination, cleavage and anchoring of 3' overhanging (3'ovr) termini substrates, and the positive regulation of Tl (PubMed:26601278, PubMed:27872309, PubMed:29269422, PubMed:35768503). The platform-PAZ domains are important for mediating the ATP-independent cleavage of dsRNAs with 3' overhanging (3'ovr) dsRNAs into 22mer siRNAs (PubMed:29269422). Substrate dsRNAs with blunt termini, are threaded through the helicase domain, cleaved and then the 2-nt 3' overhang of the dsRNA is recognized and anchored by the 5'-pocket in the platform-PAZ domain (PubMed:29269422). The PAZ domain recognizes and anchors the 5'-monophosphate of long dsRNA substrates, positioning the substrate so that the RNase III domain can cleave the dsRNAs 21 nt away from their 5' end (PubMed:27872309, PubMed:35768503). Although it is important for ensuring length fidelity of 21-nt siRNA production, it is not required for efficient siRNA production (PubMed:27872309, PubMed:35768503). Important for substrate discrimination (PubMed:24488111, PubMed:29550490). Inorganic phosphate appears to occupy the same binding pocket in the PAZ domain as the 5' monophosphorylated end of short dsRNAs, pre-miRNAs or hairpin RNA substrates, and so once bound, the inorganic phosphate likely blocks binding and thus cleavage of the dsRNAs (PubMed:24488111, PubMed:29550490). Physiological concentrations of inorganic phosphate inhibit processing of the inappropriate substrates microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) and short dsRNAs, whereas cleavage of long dsRNAs is not inhibited possibly because they are recognized by a different domain/s i.e. the helicase domain and/or the central dsRNA binding domain (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:29550490). This suggests that binding to inorganic phosphate may block binding to nonphysiological substrates, such as pre-miRNAs function to prevent the enzyme from processing nonphysiological dsRNAs substrates (PubMed:21419681, PubMed:24488111, PubMed:29550490). This domain is also important for the ATP-dependent cleavage reaction (PubMed:32843367). The PAZ domain also interacts with the Tl mRNA 3'UTR, and is therefore important for the positive regulation of Tl at the post-transcriptional level, and thus mediating Toll signaling (PubMed:26601278).
When in complex with loqs isoform PD (loqs-PD), undergoes significant conformational changes during the full ATP-dependent dicing reaction cycle for processing a 50 bp dsRNA with a 3' two-nucleotide overhang and a 5' monophosphate terminus (PubMed:35768513). At the initial dsRNA binding stage, the helicase and DUF283 domains transition from an extended to a closed conformation, this anchors the bound dsRNA through major and minor groove recognition and forms the ATP- and 5'-phosphate binding pockets required for dicing activity (PubMed:35768513). In the next ATP hydrolysis-driven steps, the dsRNAs is thread through the helicase domain towards the catalytic center (PubMed:35768513). The overall domain configuration is relatively rigid during the translocation process until the dsRNA terminus reaches the Platform-PAZ domains (PubMed:35768513). During the early-translocation stage, in which about 8 bp of the dsRNA duplex is threaded through the helicase domain towards the catalytic center, interactions between the DUF283 and RIIIDb domains prevent non-specific cleavage by blocking the access of dsRNA to the RNase active center (PubMed:35768513). In the mid-translocation stage, in which about 17 bp of the dsRNA duplex is thread towards the catalytic center, the dsRBD domain binds to the dsRNA, in the process bending and pushing the dsRNA towards the PAZ domain (PubMed:35768513). At the end of the translocation stage, around 21 bp of the dsRNA threads through the helicase domain into the PAZ-platform cassette, in the process disrupting the DUF283-RNaseIIIb interaction, allowing the dsRNA substrate to enter the catalytic active center of the RIIID domains for precise cleavage, and thus achieves the fully active dicing conformation (PubMed:35768513). In this structure, a clear breakage of the dsRNA after the dicing near to the catalytic center occurs exactly 21 bp away from the PAZ-domain-binding terminus (PubMed:35768513). During the post-dicing state, the cleaved siRNA is released, and the remaining dsRNA duplex bound by the helicase domain returns to a conformation similar to the early-translocation state, which enables the complex to start the next dicing cycle (PubMed:35768513).
All five Drostatin-B peptides activate SPR with comparable efficiency, however Drostatin-B4 is a slightly more potent ligand.
Expressed throughout development, with higher expression in larvae than in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:11181081). Higher expression in males than females, with strongest expression at the third instar larval stage (PubMed:20458515).
In both sexes RNA-mediated knockdown results in decreased day- and night-time sleep due to reduced sleep-bout duration. The number of sleep-bouts is not affected.
In larvae, strongly expressed in the midgut region before and in between the copper cells, and in a group of cells in the posterior part of the larval midgut (PubMed:11181081, PubMed:19319573). Expressed in the neurons of many areas including the subesophageal ganglion/tritocerebrum (SOG), olfactory glomeruli, lateral ventral protocerebrum, mushroom body, the optic lobe medulla and in the antennal lobes (PubMed:11181081, PubMed:20308537, PubMed:21174124).
Ligand for the sex peptide receptor (SPR) (PubMed:20308537, PubMed:20458515, PubMed:25333796). Stabilizes sleep and maintains sleep homeostasis to inhibit the activity of wake-promoting circuits, such as those that involve the pigment dispersing factor (pdf) neurons. Regulated by the circadian clock network and pathways associated with a sleep homeostat (PubMed:25333796). May also have a regulatory role in gut motility (PubMed:11181081).
Maximal expression is found during the third larval instar, it drops to become undetectable in the late pupal stage. The expression in adults is similar to that of first and second larval instars.
Heat shock induces the synthesis of seven proteins at five otherwise inactive sites in the polytene chromosomes of fruit fly larvae. Two separate sites, producing two and three copies, respectively, code for the 70 kDa protein.
Most strains have three copies of the gene coding for this protein at chromosome locus 87C1; two tandemly repeated Hsp70 genes (Hsp70Bb and Hsp70Bc) and one in reverse orientation (Hsp70Ba). Some strains, including that sequenced in the Drosophila genome project have three tandemly repeated Hsp70 genes (Hsp70Bb, Hsp70Bbb and Hsp70Bc).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the reversible epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose and the reversible epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (PubMed:20519568, PubMed:22654673). The reaction with UDP-Gal plays a critical role in the Leloir pathway of galactose catabolism in which galactose is converted to the glycolytic intermediate glucose 6-phosphate. It contributes to the catabolism of dietary galactose and enables the endogenous biosynthesis of both UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc when exogenous sources are limited (PubMed:22654673). Both UDP-sugar interconversions are important in the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Required from embryogenesis through pupation, even in the absence of galactose. Loss of Gale during pupation leads to defects in fecundity, both in male and female. Gale activity toward UDP-Gal is both necessary and sufficient for male fecundity, but Gale activities toward both UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc are required for female fecundity. Eggs may require a more substantial pool of specific UDP-sugar substrates than sperm. Individual loss of one activity or the other later in development results in differential sensitivity to galactose. Both male and female deficient in Gale activity toward UDP-Gal exhibit a reduced lifespan when exposed to galactose; this effect is not seen in flies uniquely deficient in Gale activity toward UDP-GalNAc.
Belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase family.
DNA repair enzyme that can remove a variety of covalent adducts from DNA through hydrolysis of a 3'-phosphodiester bond, giving rise to DNA with a free 3' phosphate. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dead-end complexes between DNA and the topoisomerase I active site tyrosine residue. Hydrolyzes 3'-phosphoglycolates on protruding 3' ends on DNA double-strand breaks due to DNA damage by radiation and free radicals. Acts on blunt-ended double-strand DNA breaks and on single-stranded DNA. May have low 3'exonuclease activity and may be able to remove a single nucleoside from the 3'end of DNA and RNA molecules with 3'hydroxyl groups. Has no exonuclease activity towards DNA or RNA with a 3'phosphate (By similarity). Required for normal polarization of epidermal cells, correct subcellular location of the Crb complex to the apical lateral membrane, and for normal neuronal development during embryonic development.
Expressed in the delaminating neuroblasts and a few ganglion mother cells in stage 11-14 embryonic central nervous system. Weak expression is seen in gonads at stage 16.
Binds as a ligand to a family of frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors and acts through a cascade of genes on the nucleus.
In contrast to other members of the family, it is not lipidated.
Belongs to the twisted gastrulation protein family.
Belongs to the eIF4E-binding protein family.
Expressed during all developmental stages.
Hypophosphorylated Thor/4E-BP competes with eIF4G1 to interact with eIF4E1; insulin stimulated Akt1 or Tor phosphorylation of Thor/4E-BP causes dissociation of the complex allowing eIF4G1 to bind and consequent initiation of translation.
Phosphorylation at Thr-37, Thr-46, Ser-65 and Thr-70, corresponding to the hyperphosphorylated form, impairs its ability to prevent the interaction between eIF4G1 and eIF4E1, without affecting its interaction with free eIF4E1 (PubMed:14645523, PubMed:25702871). Phosphorylated in rtesponse to insulin (PubMed:11389445). Phosphorylation at Thr-46 is regulated by Tor and constitutes the major phosphorylation event that regulates activity (PubMed:14645523).
Repressor of translation initiation that regulates eIF4E1 activity by preventing its assembly into the eIF4F complex (PubMed:11389445, PubMed:19804760, PubMed:25702871). Hypophosphorylated form competes with eIF4G1 and strongly binds to eIF4E1, leading to repress translation (PubMed:25702871). In contrast, hyperphosphorylated form dissociates from eIF4E1, allowing interaction between eIF4G1 and eIF4E1, leading to initiation of translation (PubMed:25702871). Acts as a regulator of various biological processes, such as innate immunity, cell growth or synaptic transmission (PubMed:10811906, PubMed:11389445, PubMed:27525480). Acts downstream of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) to regulate cell growth (PubMed:11389445). Extends lifespan upon dietary restriction by regulating the mitochondrial translation (PubMed:19804760). Acts as a regulator of lifespan in response to cold by regulating the mitochondrial translation (PubMed:28827349). Acts as a negative regulator of presynaptic release of neurotransmitter in motor neurons: Thor expression is induced in response to insulin signaling, leading to prevent of translation of complexin (cpx), a protein known to regulate the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (PubMed:27525480). Acts as a negative regulator of synaptic strength at the neuromuscular junction: Thor expression in response to acute fasting prevents translation, thereby suppressing retrograde synaptic enhancement (PubMed:27916456).
The YXXXXLphi motif mediates interaction with eIF4E1 (PubMed:11389445). Compared to other members of the family this YXXXXLphi is atypical and interaction with eIF4E1 is weaker (PubMed:11389445).
Up-regulated in response to bacterial infection (PubMed:10811906). Expression is induced by foxo: in neurons, foxo-dependent expression is activated in response to insulin signaling, while in muscle foxo-dependent expression is activated in response to fasting (PubMed:27525480, PubMed:27916456).
Highly enriched in mushroom body neuropil and in the ellipsoid body (at protein level) (PubMed:9570796). Expressed in oviduct epithelium (at protein level) (PubMed:19262750). Expressed in the adult and larval brain, thoracic and abdominal ganglia, terminal cells of the larval tracheal system, muscle, mature eggs and reproductive system (PubMed:14623240, PubMed:25743690).
Isoform C: Barely detectable in adult body but is expressed in adult head and third instar larva. Isoform B: Detected in adult head, adult body, pupa, third instar larva, 0-4 hour embryo, 0-18 hour embryo and 17-19 hour embryo with lowest expression observed in adult body and 17-19 hour embryo.
Receptor for octopamine (OA) which is a neurotransmitter, neurohormone and neuromodulator in invertebrates (PubMed:9570796, PubMed:15816867). Stimulates intracellular accumulation of cAMP and Ca(2+) following ligand binding (PubMed:9570796, PubMed:15816867). Required for ovulation (PubMed:14623240, PubMed:19262750). Following activation on mature follicle cells by OA, induces activity of the metalloprotease Mmp2 which leads to breakdown of the posterior follicle wall, resulting in ovulation (PubMed:26473732). Ligand binding probably also leads to activation of CamKII which is also required for ovulation (PubMed:19262750). Modulates sleep/wake behavior by acting in neurons of the pars intercerebralis to promote wakefulness (PubMed:20223202). Plays a role in courtship conditioning where the courtship behavior of males rejected by already mated females is inhibited with further females (PubMed:23055498). Required in the mushroom body for appetitive olfactory learning (PubMed:23103875, PubMed:23345239). Specifically conveys the short-term reinforcing effects of sweet taste (PubMed:23103875, PubMed:25728694). In insulin-producing cells of the brain, plays a role in inhibiting transcription of insulin-like peptide Ilp3 (PubMed:24923784). Also plays a role in social behavior by modulating male agression (PubMed:24923784).
Viable with no gross anatomical defects and females display normal courtship and copulation but are impaired in ovulation (PubMed:14623240). Many mature eggs are retained in the ovaries with mutant females laying significantly fewer eggs and taking much longer to ovulate an egg (PubMed:14623240, PubMed:26473732). Increased sleep with longer sleep bouts during the night and a greater number of sleep bouts during the day (PubMed:20223202). Severely impaired learning in appetitive olfactory conditioning which tests the capacity to learn and remember the odor associated with a sugar reward (PubMed:23345239).
Homooligomer (By similarity). Interacts with botv, Ext2 and ttv (PubMed:23720043). Interacts with Vti1 (PubMed:23720043). Interacts with Vps35, Rab5, Chc, Rab11, zip, Pav and Septin1 (PubMed:24786584).
Lethal (PubMed:23720043, PubMed:24786584). Embryos display an aberrant pattern of denticles with some additional dorsalization and twisting (PubMed:23720043). It is associated with a defect in heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis which in turn alters hedgehog signaling (PubMed:23720043).
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-binding protein that links Golgi membranes to the cytoskeleton and may participate in the tensile force required for vesicle budding from the Golgi (PubMed:19837035, PubMed:24786584). Thereby, may play a role in Golgi membrane trafficking and could indirectly give its flattened shape to the Golgi apparatus (By similarity). May also bind to the coatomer to regulate Golgi membrane trafficking (PubMed:23720043, PubMed:24786584). May play a role in anterograde transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and regulate secretion (By similarity). Also involved in the control of the localization of Golgi enzymes through interaction with their cytoplasmic part (By similarity). Functions in cytokinesis by regulating contractile ring formation and vesicle trafficking during cleavage furrow ingression (PubMed:24786584). May also have a role in the intital steps of central spindle formation (PubMed:24786584). Can also bind phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate in vitro (PubMed:24786584).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GCN2 subfamily.
Forms dimers with HSPA5/BIP in resting cells. Oligomerizes in ER-stressed cells (By similarity).
Perturbation in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) promotes reversible dissociation from HSPA5/BIP and oligomerization, resulting in transautophosphorylation and kinase activity induction.
Phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2 (EIF2), leading to its inactivation and thus to a rapid reduction of translational initiation and repression of global protein synthesis.
The lumenal domain senses perturbations in protein folding in the ER, probably through reversible interaction with HSPA5/BIP.
In larvae, weak specific expression in the anterior midgut just proximal to the gastric caeca reproductive rudiments, common ureters of the Malpighian tubules, and distal swollen portion of the anterior pair of Malpighian tubules. Expression is also seen in the imaginal disks of the head; brain hemispheres and the ventral ganglion. Stronger expression in the posterior midgut.
Unusual broad substrate spectrum amino acid:sodium cotransporter that promotes absorption of the D isomers of essential amino acids. Neutral amino acids are the preferred substrates, especially methionine and phenylalanine.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the cytosolic Fe-S scaffold complex. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via a FAD- and FMN-containing diflavin oxidoreductase. Together with the diflavin oxidoreductase, also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit.
The C-terminal domain binds 2 Fe-S clusters but is otherwise mostly in an intrinsically disordered conformation.
The N-terminal domain has structural similarity with S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, but does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine. It is required for correct assembly of the 2 Fe-S clusters.
The twin Cx2C motifs are involved in the recognition by the mitochondrial MIA40-ERV1 disulfide relay system. The formation of 2 disulfide bonds in the Cx2C motifs through dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions effectively traps the protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase light chain subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic heavy chain and a regulatory light chain.
In wild-type flies, it is strongly down-regulated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) interference mediated by Su(Ste) transcripts. In males lacking the Y chromosome, the absence of Su(Ste) locus, relieves such down-regulation, explaining why it is strongly expressed.
Interacts in vitro with the casein kinase 2 alpha subunit (CkII-alpha). The relevance of such interaction is however unclear in vivo.
Probably not expressed in wild-type flies. In males lacking the Y chromosome, it is testis-specific and constitutes the main component of star-shaped crystals.
There are multiple copies of the stellate gene in fruit fly, encoding proteins that are extremely similar, which makes their individual characterization difficult. Thus, most experiments probably do not discriminate between the different members.
Unknown. In males lacking the Y chromosome, its strong overexpression leads to the appearance of proteinaceous star-shaped crystals in the primary spermatocytes causing meiotic drive, possibly by interfering with normal casein kinase 2 activity.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
Embryonic ventral nervous system, higher in the thoracic than abdominal segments.
Has no glutathione S-transferase activity.
In vitro shows no activity towards glutathione. Lacks 16 amino acids at the N-terminus including a glutathione binding site known to be important for catalysis.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Component of the methylosome, a 20S complex containing at least CLNS1A/pICln, PRMT5/SKB1 and WDR77/MEP50; may mediate SNRPD1 and SNRPD3 methylation. Forms a 6S pICln-Sm complex composed of CLNS1A/pICln, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG; ring-like structure where CLNS1A/pICln mimics additional Sm proteins and which is unable to assemble into the core snRNP.
Involved in both the assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs and the methylation of Sm proteins. Chaperone that regulates the assembly of spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs. Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP (Sm core). In the cytosol, the Sm proteins SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG are trapped in an inactive 6S pICln-Sm complex by the chaperone CLNS1A that controls the assembly of the core snRNP. Dissociation by the SMN complex of CLNS1A from the trapped Sm proteins and their transfer to an SMN-Sm complex triggers the assembly of core snRNPs and their transport to the nucleus (By similarity).
Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor. It can both act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto unmodified peptide substrates, and as a glycopeptide transferase that requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties. Prefers both EA2 and the diglycosylated Muc5AC-3/13 as substrates, albeit at very low levels fro Muc5AC-3/13.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Weakly expressed during early embryonic stages but increases during 12-24 hours of embryogenesis through larval development and continues to be expressed throughout adulthood, albeit at slightly lower levels in males than females.
Expressed in developing oocytes and egg chambers. During embryonic stages 9-11, expressed in the primordium of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 12-13, expressed in the posterior midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 14-15, expression continues in the hindgut. No expression detected during embryonic stages 16-17 or in third instar larvae imaginal disks.
Involved in the determination of cell fates in the dorsal mesoderm.
Is expressed in a segmented pattern in visceral muscle and in a subset of cardiac muscles. Loss of activity results in segmental gaps in midgut visceral muscle.
Adapter protein involved in endocytic recycling of synaptic vesicles membranes. May act by mediating the retrieval of synaptotagmin protein Syt from the plasma membrane, thereby facilitating the internalization of multiple synaptic vesicles from the plasma membrane.
Interacts with the second C2 domain of Syt.
Present at synaptic connections both in the CNS and in neuromuscular junctions in the mature embryo (20-22h) and throughout larval development. In the third instar larva, it is expressed in all synaptic bouton types, including I, II and III boutons.
StnB, which is involved in the same pathway, is derived from the same bicistronic transcript that encodes these two different proteins.
The Asp-Pro-Phe (DPF) motifs, which are found in many presynatic proteins, are thought to mediate an interaction with AP-2alpha.
Enriched in brain and ventral nerve cord in stage 17 embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:17498701). Expressed in embryonic neuropil regions of the brain and ventral nerve cord, axon tracts of the ventral nerve cord, and motor axons (at protein level) (PubMed:17785181). Expressed in embryonic and larval neuromuscular junctions (at protein level) (PubMed:19379781, PubMed:20559439). Expressed in mushroom body in larval brain (at protein level) (PubMed:17498701). Expressed in glutamatergic type I boutons of the larval body wall muscles (at protein level) (PubMed:17785181, PubMed:19379781). In the larval brain, expressed in neuropil of brain and ventral nerve cord (at protein level) (PubMed:19379781). Expressed in central and peripheral nervous system during early embryogenesis (PubMed:17498701, PubMed:17785181). Expressed in the embryonic nervous system and body wall muscles, including individual ventral longitudinal muscles 6 and 7 (PubMed:20559439). Expressed in central neurons during embryogenesis beginning at late stage 14 until stages 16 and 17 (PubMed:17785181).
Expressed in brain, with expression in medulla, lamina, lobula, lobula plate, mushroom body and antennal lobe, and in retina (at protein level) (PubMed:17498701, PubMed:23352167). Expressed in rabdomere of photoreceptor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:23352167).
Interacts (via C-terminal PDZ binding motif) with CASK (via PDZ domain) (PubMed:19379781). Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with apolpp/ApoLI; the interaction supports apolpp/ApoLI protein stability (PubMed:23352167). Interact (via cytoplasmic domain) with Spn/Spinophilin (PubMed:26471740). Interacts with RhoGAP100F/Syd-1 (via PDZ domain); RhoGAP100F/Syd-1 may recruit Nrx-1 to the presynaptic active zone (PubMed:22864612).
Neuronal cell adhesion protein involved in synapse formation, development of synaptic active zones, synaptic regulation and visual function (PubMed:17498701, PubMed:17785181, PubMed:19379781, PubMed:20559439, PubMed:22864612, PubMed:23352167, PubMed:26201245, PubMed:26471740). Plays a role in cell adhesion between the pre- and the postsynaptic cell (PubMed:17785181). Required for proper proliferation of synaptic boutons during larval development, a process necessary for coordinated matching of pre-and postsynaptic compartments (PubMed:17785181). Promotes presynaptic active zone formation and neurotransmitter release (PubMed:20559439). Spn/Spinophilin fine-tunes nrx-1/nlg1 signaling at the pre-synapse to control active zone number and functionality and thereby optimizing action potential-induced exocytosis (PubMed:26471740). Required for synapse formation in central nervous system (PubMed:17498701). By regulating synapse formation, may play a role in larval associative learning (PubMed:17498701, PubMed:19379781). Together with RhoGAP100F/syd-1, controls synapse formation at the neuromuscular junction (PubMed:22864612). Essential for synaptic vesicle cycling, which plays critical roles in neurotransmission at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) (PubMed:19379781). Regulated and restricts formation of glutamate receptor clusters (PubMed:20559439). Mediates retinoid transport and subsequent rhodopsin maturation and may regulate lipoprotein function; thereby playing a role in vision (PubMed:23352167). Regulates sleep, circadian rhythm and synaptic plasticity (PubMed:26201245). Together with CASK, required for locomotion (PubMed:19379781).
The intracellular region is required for chromophore generation and subsequent rhodopsin 1 maturation.
Viable and fertile albeit with reduced lifespan (PubMed:17498701, PubMed:19379781). Reduced synapse number and impaired synaptic transmission (PubMed:19379781). Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapses appear relatively normal, but pre- and postsynaptic densities are incompletely apposed (PubMed:20559439). Reduced active zone formation in NMJs during embryogenesis (PubMed:20559439). Reduced excitatory junction current amplitudes in embryonic NMJs due to fewer synapses (PubMed:20559439). Shortened axon branches with fewer boutons in larval NMJs (PubMed:17785181). Long intervening axon stretches devoid of synaptic boutons in NMJ branches (PubMed:17785181). Increase in number of GluRIIA clusters (PubMed:20559439). Loss of normal proliferation of synaptic boutons at glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:17785181). Impairments in larval learning (PubMed:17498701). Fragmented sleep and altered circadian rhythm, animals sleep more at dusk (PubMed:26201245). Exhibit much weaker phototaxis toward dim light as compared to wild-type controls (PubMed:23352167). Light sensitivity of photoreceptors is decreased by approximately 10,000-fold (PubMed:23352167). Absence of blue light-induced prolonged depolarization afterpotential (PDA) (PubMed:23352167). Reduced ninaE/Rh1 protein levels, and a portion of ninaE/Rh1 existing in an immature form, due to a reduction in chromophore levels (PubMed:23352167). Defects in ninaE/Rh1 maturation, possibly as a consequence of a reduction in the chromophore levels (PubMed:23352167). Reduced protein levels of apolpp/ApoLI and apolpp/ApoLII (PubMed:23352167). Reduced synaptic bouton numbers in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) (PubMed:22864612). Defects in the organization of the remaining active zones in NMJs (PubMed:22864612). Increased mobility of Liprin-alpha clusters (PubMed:22864612). Deficit in early GluRIIA incorporation in postsynapse assembly (PubMed:22864612). Reduced locomotor activity (PubMed:17785181). Abnormalities in the distribution of synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins, as well as glutamate receptor (GluR) clusters in NMJs (PubMed:17785181). Mislocalization of Syt/synaptotagmin and brp/bruchpilot in motor axons instead of presynaptic terminal location (PubMed:17785181). Enlarged serine/threonine-protein kinase Pak, GluRIIA and GluRIIC/GluRIII clusters at synaptic boutons (PubMed:17785181). Synapses within synaptic boutons are dramatically altered, showing sites of presynaptic membrane detachment, abnormally long active zones, and increased number of T-bars (PubMed:17785181). Structural abnormalities in active zones and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) of type Ib boutons in NMJS (PubMed:17785181). Pre-synaptic densities (PRDs) and apposed PSDs are over 60% longer than in wild type animals (PubMed:17785181). Reduced synaptic transmission (PubMed:17785181). Detachment of PRD from the PSD, with bleb-like invaginations at the PRDs (PubMed:17785181). Change in the rate of Ca(2+) dependency of neurotransmitter release (PubMed:17785181).
Belongs to the complexin/synaphin family.
Binds to the SNARE core complex containing Snap25, synaptobrevin and Syx1A.
Positively regulates a late step in synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds cotranscriptionally to the 5'-cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference via its interaction with Ars2 and is required for primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing. Also involved in innate immunity via the short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processing machinery by restricting the viral RNA production. In the CBC complex, Cbp80 does not bind directly capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but is required to stabilize the movement of the N-terminal loop of Cbp20 and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure.
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of Cbp80 and Cbp20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Expressed with Orco in 40 olfactory receptor neurons in a broad area across the antenna, including both anterior and posterior faces. This expression pattern matches the distribution of the small sensilla basiconica. Expression in the antenna is observed late in antennal development at 93 hours APF.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Complexes with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. They are necessary and sufficient to promote functional reconstitution of odor-evoked signaling in sensory neurons that normally respond only to carbon dioxide. Involved in the behavioral responses to esters. Involved in the behavioral responses to pentyl acetate.
An essential component of the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 which functions as an activator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238). GATOR2 activates the TORC1 signaling pathway through the inhibition of the GATOR1 subcomplex, controlling the switch to cell proliferation and growth under nutrient replete conditions and during female oocyte development (PubMed:21521741, PubMed:25512509, PubMed:14973288, PubMed:23723238). This component is required for activating TORC1 specifically in germline cells to promote cell growth and maintain the oocyte fate (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:21521741, PubMed:23723238). GATOR1 and GATOR2 act at different stages of oogenesis to regulate TORC1 in order to control meiotic entry and promote oocyte growth and development (PubMed:21521741, PubMed:25512509, PubMed:14973288, PubMed:23723238). After exactly four mitotic cyst divisions, the GATOR1 complex members (Iml1, Nprl2 and Nprl3) down-regulate TORC1 to slow cellular metabolism and promote the mitotic/meiotic transition (PubMed:25512509). At later stages of oogenesis, the mio and Nup44A components of the GATOR2 complex inhibit GATOR1 and thus activate TORC1 to promote meiotic progression, and drive oocyte growth and development (PubMed:21521741, PubMed:25512509). In addition to its role in the regulation of the TORC1 complex, functions independently of TORC1 to prevent the inappropriate accumulation of autolysosomes in germline tissues (PubMed:27166823).
Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR2 subcomplex which is likely composed of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with Wdr24 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with nucleoporin Nup44A/Seh1 (PubMed:21521741).
Egg chambers contain 16 polyploid nurse cells because the oocyte enters the endocycle and develops as a polyploid nurse cell.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain and the peripheric stalk, which acts as a stator to hold the catalytic alpha(3)beta(3) subcomplex and subunit a/ATP6 static relative to the rotary elements.
Belongs to the peptidase S8 family. Furin subfamily.
Furin is likely to represent the ubiquitous endoprotease activity within constitutive secretory pathways and capable of cleavage at the RX(K/R)R consensus motif.
Transient expression in a subset of central nervous system neurons during embryonic stages 12-13. Expression in developing tracheal tree from stage 13 to end of embryonic development.
Required for the assembly of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex), mediating cytochrome b recruitment and probably stabilization within the complex. Thereby, plays an important role in ATP production by mitochondria. Cardiolipin-binding protein, it may also control the cardiolipin composition of mitochondria membranes and their morphology.
Male and female sterility caused by disruption of chromosome segregation and condensation during meiosis (PubMed:33632744). Impaired nuclear localization of proteasome components (PubMed:33632744). Males form abnormally structured sperm and fail to properly exchange histones for protamines (PubMed:33632744).
Nuclear transport receptor that mediates nuclear import of proteins (PubMed:33632744). Serves as receptor for nuclear localization signals (NLS) in cargo substrates (By similarity). Is thought to mediate docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) through binding to nucleoporin and the complex is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring, Ran-dependent mechanism (By similarity). Mediates the import of pre-assembled proteasomes into the nucleus during the late stages of sperm development (PubMed:33632744).
Subunit of the 26S proteasome which plays a role in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.
Activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase when bound to the regulatory p85 subunit (By similarity). May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin-like peptides. When phosphorylated by the insulin receptor binds specifically to various cellular proteins containing SH2 domains. Involved in control of cell proliferation, cell size, and body and organ growth throughout development. Also has a role in a signaling pathway controlling the physiological response required to endure periods of low nutrient conditions. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has a role in regulating aging and is necessary in the ovary for vitellogenic maturation.
Expressed during G1, S and G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Female sterile. Extends fruit fly median life-span by up to 48% in homozygotes and 36% in heterozygotes.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
The APC is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH2 subfamily.
Required for the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2. DPH1 and DPH2 transfer a 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl (ACP) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to a histidine residue, the reaction is assisted by a reduction system comprising DPH3 and a NADH-dependent reductase. Facilitates the reduction of the catalytic iron-sulfur cluster found in the DPH1 subunit.
Heat shock cognate proteins are expressed constitutively during normal development.
Required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in mitochondrial tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. Probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance.
Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr).
Component of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), a complex that acts as a key regulator of embryonic mitosis. The CPC complex has essential functions at the centromere for ensuring sister chromatid cohesion, recruitment of the CPC to kinetochores, and chromosome alignment and segregation. There is no function in meiotic histone phosphorylation or spindle formation.
Flies show multiple mitotic defects, including multipolar spindles that result in large polyploid cells and often in delayed apoptosis. The developmental consequences of these defects include cell-autonomous and non-autonomous defects in cell-type specification and tissue architecture. Flies also display a drastic decrease in histone H3 'Ser-10' phosphorylation, suggesting that the CPC complex mediates phosphorylation of 'Ser-10' of histone H3.
Ubiquitously expressed in the early embryo. Expression is restricted to the ventral nerve cord and brain during later embryonic stages.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, a complex involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination (PubMed:23555814). The complex may promote sister chromatid homologous recombination by recruiting the SMC1-SMC3 cohesin complex to double-strand breaks (By similarity).
Component of the Smc5-Smc6 complex which consists at least of Smc5, Smc6, Nse1, Nse2, Nse4 and MAGE. Nse1, Nse4 and MAGE probably form a subcomplex that bridges the head domains of the Smc5-Smc6 heterodimer (By similarity). Interacts with MAGE and Nse4.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a core component of a variety of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that play critical roles in translational repression and mRNA decapping during embryogenesis, oogenesis, neurogenesis and neurotransmission (PubMed:11546740, PubMed:16256742, PubMed:17178403, PubMed:18590813, PubMed:21267420, PubMed:21447556, PubMed:28875934, PubMed:28388438, PubMed:17982591, PubMed:31114929). Recruits core components and translational repressors to some RNP complexes, and mediates RNP aggregation into processing granules such as P-bodies (PubMed:28875934, PubMed:11546740, PubMed:16256742, PubMed:17178403, PubMed:21267420, PubMed:21447556, PubMed:17982591). As part of a RNP complex containing tral, eIF4E1, cup, and pAbp, involved in RNP-mediated translational repression of maternal mRNAs during oogenesis and embryogenesis (PubMed:28875934). As part of a RNP complex containing tral and the RNA localization factors exu and yps, mediates translational silencing of mRNAs such as osk/oskar and bcd/bicoid during their transport to the oocyte in order to prevent their translation until they reach their positional destinations (PubMed:11546740). In neurons and possibly imaginal disks, involved in miRNA-mediated translational repression, possibly in association with components of the piRNA transposon silencing pathway (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:17178403, PubMed:21267420, PubMed:17982591, PubMed:21081899). Involved in RNA localization and protein trafficking in the oocyte (PubMed:11546740, PubMed:16256742). As part of an ER-associated RNP containing tral, cup and yps, required for tral-dependent ER exit site formation and consequently efficient trafficking of proteins such as grk and yl through the secretory pathway (PubMed:16256742). Component of neuron RNPs that mediate transport and translation of neuronal RNAs, including translation repression of synaptic transcripts in preparation for their dendritic targeting (PubMed:17178403, PubMed:21267420, PubMed:28388438). As part of the Atx2-Not1 repressor complex promotes Not1-dependent post-transcriptional gene silencing in adult circadian pacemaker neurons in order to sustain high-amplitude circadian rhythms and Pdf cycling in a per-independent manner (PubMed:28388438). Promotes the interaction between Atx2 and Not1 within the Atx2-Not1 RNP complex (PubMed:28388438). Recruited to the 4EHP-GYF2 complex by Gyf, where it plays a role in 4EHP-GYF2 mediated translational repression and mRNA decay (PubMed:31114929).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX6/DHH1 subfamily.
Conserved component of different types of multiprotein ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that form distinct germ granules (P-body, nuage, sponge body or polar granules) and P-body-like neuronal RNPs (PubMed:11546740, PubMed:16256742, PubMed:18765641, PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19285948, PubMed:28388438). Consequently it interacts with a wide variety of proteins, some of which appear to be common interactive partners in almost all RNPs types i.e. cup and tral, whereas other interactions are specific to a germ granule/RNP (PubMed:28945271). Core functional components in me31B-containing RNPs include RNA regulatory proteins (such as translational repressor, RNA-decapping and exonuclease proteins), RNA localization proteins and additional proteins depending on the biological context of the RNPs (PubMed:17178403, PubMed:28945271). In the P-body RNPs, interacts with at least the translation repressor proteins tral, cup and Edc3, and the mRNA localization factor yps (PubMed:16256742, PubMed:18765641, PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19285948). Interaction with tral or Edc3 is required for translation repression and possibly RNA decapping; binding to tral and Edc3 is mutually exclusive (PubMed:18765641, PubMed:19285948). In the nuage and germ plasm polar granule RNPs, interacts with at least tral, cup, and additional proteins required for assembly and function of the germ granules such as tud, vas and aub (PubMed:18765641, PubMed:18590813, PubMed:19285948, PubMed:28945271). Interacts (when dimethylated on Arg residues) with tud; interaction is RNA-independent (PubMed:28945271). Component of the osk RNP complex, which is composed of at least me31B, exu, yps, aret/bruno, cup, and the mRNA of osk (PubMed:10662770). Component of the nanos RNP complex, which is composed of at least smg, cup, tral, me31B, the CCR4-NOT complex members Rga/NOT2 and Caf1-55, and the mRNA of nanos (nos) (PubMed:21081899). Interacts with tral and piRNA pathway components papi and AGO3; promotes interaction between nuage RNPs and the piRNA-mediated transposon silencing (PubMed:21447556). Forms a RNP containing at least me31B, eIF4E1, cup, tral and pAbp; this interaction is required for the translational silencing of maternal mRNAs during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (PubMed:28875934). In the sponge body, forms a RNP containing at least me31B, exu, yps and the mRNA of osk; interactions with exu and yps are RNA dependent (PubMed:11546740). Component of a neuronal RNP, at least composed of me31B, tral and Fmr1 (PubMed:17178403). Component of the Atx2-Not1 repressor complex, composed of at least me31B, Atx2, tyf and pAbp (PubMed:28388438). Interacts (via the C-terminus) with Atx2, tyf, pAbp and Lsm12a (PubMed:28388438). Interacts (via RecA-like domain 2) with 4EHP-GYF2 complex member Gyf (via the me31B binding motif) (PubMed:31114929, PubMed:31439631). Interacts with 4E-T, Edc3 and Patr-1 (PubMed:31439631).
First detected at low levels in the germarium region 2B where it is concentrated in the pro-oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:11546740). Remains concentrated in the oocyte until mid-oogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:11546740). In early egg chambers detected in nurse cells and oocytes, and later accumulates at the posterior pole of stage 10 oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:11546740). Expression decreases during the first 5 hours of embryogenesis; expression levels are high during the first 2 hours of embryogenesis then sharply decrease at 2-3 hours and remains low (at protein level) (PubMed:28875934). Ubiquitously expressed in cleavage embryos but is not detected at the cellular blastoderm stage (at protein level) (PubMed:11546740). Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:1900936).
Larvae lethal at the second- or third-instar stage (PubMed:11546740). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adult pigment dispersing factor (Pdf)-expressing clock neurons results in poor circadian locomotor rhythms under constant dark (DD) conditions (PubMed:28388438). The axonal terminus of s-LNv neurons display a loss of Pdf circadian daily oscillations which is consistent with their behavioral arrhythmicity (PubMed:28388438). However, there is no effect on the daily oscillations of pir and tim proteins in Pdf neurons (PubMed:28388438). Double knockdown with Atx2 enhances the behavioral arrhythmicity (PubMed:28388438). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsal-most class IV neurons frequently results in defects in terminal dendrite morphology and dendritic tiling (PubMed:17178403). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adult projection neurons increases levels of the translational reporter protein CaMKII in the antennal lobe (PubMed:21267420). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the anterior/posterior boundary of the wing imaginal disk causes loss of DCP1- and pcm-expressing P-bodies (PubMed:17982591).
Symmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain (at protein level) (PubMed:21267420, PubMed:17178403). Expressed in the olfactory system including the antennal lobes, projection neurons, local interneurons, mushroom-body Kenyon cells and glial cells (at protein level) (PubMed:21267420).
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr77a subfamily.
In larvae, is expressed in dorsal pharyngeal sense organ.
Embryonic lethal. Embryonic wound healing defects. The few adult escapers show subtle rough eye phenotype and extra and/or misplaced or missing macrochaetae on the scutellum.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expression is ubiquitous throughout embryonic development.
Required for embryonic epithelial tissue repair, but not for the assembly of the actomyosin cable at the wound edge. Probably acts downstream of rl in the regulation of Ddc and msn transcription to promote wound healing.
Homotrimer (PubMed:17087725). Interacts with the catalytic subunits of two DNA polymerase complexes: PolD1 in the delta complex and PolE1/DNApol-epsilon255 in the epsilon complex (PubMed:17087725).
Likely to be an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta complex and is probably involved in the control of DNA replication and repair by increasing the polymerase's processibility (PubMed:17087725). May function independently of PCNA during DNA repair (PubMed:17087725).
Ubiquitously expressed throughout development and in adults.
Belongs to the GTR/RAG GTP-binding protein family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily.
High levels are found in some adult tissues: Malpighian tubules, indirect flight muscles, tubular leg muscles and throughout the nervous system (brain, optic lobes, retina and ventral thoracic neuromere). Lower levels are detected at the posterior end where the reproductive organs and rectum are located.
Ouabain-sensitive electrogenic ion pump.
The sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit.
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
Expressed from the end of pachytene until the completion of meiosis I.
Interacts with polo (PubMed:18052611). Interacts with cort (PubMed:24019759).
Mutants exhibit a strong dominant effect on achiasmate segregation, inducing both X and fourth chromosome non-disjunction in females (PubMed:14573476). Precocious nuclear envelope breakdown in oocytes, due to defects in meiotic arrest in G2 (PubMed:18052611).
Polo kinase inhibitor required to maintain G2 arrest in the meiotic cell cycle in females (PubMed:18052611). Holds heterochromatically paired homologs together from the end of pachytene until metaphase I (PubMed:14573476). Haploinsufficient locus for homologous achiasmate segregation and may be required for the maintenance of heterochromatic pairings (PubMed:14573476).
Probably ubiquitinated: degraded during the oocyte-to-embryo transition by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) containing cort protein.
Essential protein required for proper condensation of mitotic chromosomes and progression through mitosis (PubMed:9463384). Binds to specific polytene chromosome sites, many of which are shared with the posterior sex combs (Psc) protein (PubMed:9463384). Involved in maintaining Abd-B repression outside its normal expression domain (PubMed:18667003, PubMed:18286205).
Expressed during oogenesis, embryonic and larval stages.
Homodimer (PubMed:12771214). Interacts with esc, Trl, E(z), scm and ph-p in vitro (PubMed:12771214). Found in vivo in an esc-containing complex, which may be the Esc/E(z) complex (PubMed:12771214). Also found in vivo in a Pc-containing complex that may be the PRC1 complex, but does not interact with Pc directly (PubMed:12771214). Interacts with cyclin CycG (PubMed:18286205).
Essential component of the mitotic checkpoint, which prevents cells from prematurely exiting mitosis (PubMed:15886105, PubMed:17576797). Required for the assembly of the dynein-dynactin, Mad2 complexes and spindly/CG15415 onto kinetochores (PubMed:15886105, PubMed:17576797). Its function related to the spindle assembly machinery is proposed to depend on its association in the RZZ complex (PubMed:22685323). Failure to assemble the complex due to the absence of any one of its components, results in the incorrect redistribution of the remaining components to diverse membrane compartments (PubMed:22685323).
Lagging chromosomes at anaphase and precocious sister chromatid separation upon activation of the spindle checkpoint (PubMed:12686595). In spermatocytes the number of Golgi structures are not affected but they show a mild defect in shape (PubMed:22685323).
An essential component of the GATOR subcomplex GATOR1 which functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27166823, PubMed:25512509). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27166823, PubMed:25512509). The function of GATOR1 in negatively regulating the TORC1 pathway is essential for maintaining baseline levels of TORC1 activity under nutrient rich conditions, and for promoting survival during amino acid or complete starvation by inhibiting TORC1-dependent cell growth and promoting catabolic metabolism and autophagy (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27166823). In addition, this inhibition of TORC1 is necessary to maintain female fertility under normal conditions and during periods of nutrient stress (PubMed:24786828, PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509). GATOR1 and GATOR2 act at different stages of oogenesis to regulate TORC1 in order to control meiotic entry and promote oocyte growth and development (PubMed:25512509). After exactly four mitotic cyst divisions, the GATOR1 complex members (Iml1, Nprl2 and Nprl3) down-regulate TORC1 to slow cellular metabolism and promote the mitotic/meiotic transition (PubMed:25512509). At later stages of oogenesis, the mio and Nup44A components of the GATOR2 complex inhibit GATOR1 and thus activate TORC1 to promote meiotic progression, and drive oocyte growth and development (PubMed:25512509).
Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR1 subcomplex which is likely composed of Iml1, Nplr2 and Nplr3 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with Nprl3 (PubMed:24786828).
Pupal homozygous semi-lethal (PubMed:27672113). Under nutrient-replete conditions, larvae display a significant increase in TORC1 activity and adult escapers display a small, but significant increase in body weight and a reduction in climbing (PubMed:27672113). Newly hatched males display decreased tolerance to both complete starvation and amino acid starvation, likely due to decreased triacylglyceride (TAG) storage and the inability to down-regulate TORC1 activity and activate catabolic metabolism and autophagy (PubMed:27672113). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in the female germline results in a small decrease in the rate of egg production when females are provided with a protein source of wet yeast (PubMed:24786828). Females starved of amino acids for a brief period have increased numbers of degenerating young eggs and show permanent loss of fertility (PubMed:24786828). Mid-stage egg chambers are unaffected (PubMed:24786828). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with another GATOR1 complex member Iml1 in the female germline, increases the penetrance of ovarian cysts displaying delayed mitotic exit and producing 32-cell cysts (PubMed:25512509).
Expressed in adult olfactory system. Expressed in subsets of sensilla in both olfactory organs, the maxillary palps, and third antennal segments.
Present in all examined cell types, including neuroblasts, ganglion mother cells, neurons, imaginal disk, epithelial cells, germline cells and embryonic cells. Present at high level in cells with high proliferation rates, such as neuroblasts and nurse cells. In the brain, it is observed at higher level in neuroblasts, ganglion mother cells and young neurons. Detected at high level in all neurons of 3-day-old adult brains (at protein level).
Required for the correct organization of the nucleolus during development.
viable but sterile. The mushroom body (MB), a functional center for learning and memory, exhibits abnormally thin axonal lobes. In neuroblasts, the nucleolus is packed more tightly, forming a dense sphere, and the nucleolar proteins such as fibrillarin and Nop60B are abnormally distributed in the interphase nucleolus.
Expressed in apical and basolateral ends of follicular epithelium during oogenesis (PubMed:8666669). In embryonic CNS, expression is seen in the neuropil, developing brain and neuronal cell bodies (PubMed:8666669). In embryonic PNS, expression is seen at the cell membrane (PubMed:8666669). In third instar larvae, eye imaginal disk expression is seen at the membranes of developing photoreceptors posterior to the morphogenetic furrow (PubMed:8666669). In pupal eyes, expression is at the membrane of cone cells, secondary and tertiary pigment cells, bristle precursor cells and rhabdomeres (PubMed:8666669). Expressed in the salivary glands of third instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:28554770).
Interacts with wgn (PubMed:23544124). Interacts with Mer and arm at the adherens junction (PubMed:8666669). Interacts with cytoskeletal actin at apical buds of microvilli in the precellularised embryo (PubMed:8666669). Interacts with PCID2 (possibly via FERM domain) (PubMed:28554770).
Involved in connections of major cytoskeletal structures to the plasma membrane (PubMed:8666669). Together with wgn, involved in control of axon targeting of R8 and R2-R5 photoreceptors, independent of egr (PubMed:23544124). In the nucleus, recruited to sites of active transcription by RNA polymerase II where it has a role in nuclear mRNA export together with the mRNA export factor PCID2 and other messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particles (PubMed:28554770).
Positive regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy.
Expressed in the developing wing primordia initially along the D/V wing boundary, and by the late third larval instar, maximal expression is seen in cells at the D/V wing disk boundary. Less expression is seen in cells located farther from this boundary.
Involved in determining which thoracic imaginal disk cells will form wings and halteres, perhaps by interacting with other nuclear regulatory proteins. When in combination with scalloped (sd), it acts as a transcriptional activation complex that regulates gene expression in the wing. Binding to sd switches the DNA target selectivity of sd. Required and sufficient for cell proliferation at the dorsal/ventral (D/V) boundary of the wing imaginal disk. Also required for cell proliferation in the wing imaginal disk, mediated via activation of E2f. By interacting with Dhfr, may control genes involved in DNA replication.
Loss of vestigial function selectively eliminates wing and haltere formation.
The Ser-rich protein domain within the C-terminal region interacts with the C-terminus of sd to form a complex which acts as a selector for wing development. Interacts with Dhfr.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation by Mkk3 in response to environmental stress.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-184 and Tyr-186, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Levels are highest at the preblastoderm stage but low levels are present throughout development.
Kinase involved in a signal transduction pathway. May down-regulate insect immunity gene expression after prolonged infection.
The TXY motif contains the threonine and tyrosine residues whose phosphorylation activates the MAP kinases.
Atypical Ras-like protein that may act as a regulator of NF-kappa-B activity, possibly by preventing the degradation of NF-kappa-B inhibitor cactus.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family. KappaB-Ras subfamily.
In contrast to other members of the Ras family, the members of the KappaB-Ras subfamily do not contain the conserved Gly and Gln residues in positions 18 and 71, which are replaced by Lys and Leu residues, respectively, and are therefore similar to the constitutively active forms of oncogenic forms of Ras. This suggests that members of this family are clearly different from other small GTPases proteins.
Interacts with NF-kappa-B inhibitor cactus.
At larval stage, present in cell bodies of the ventral ganglion and in neuropil (at protein level).
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of tyramine into octopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in ovulation and locomotion (PubMed:14623230, PubMed:14978721, PubMed:8656284, PubMed:16376104). Functions in an amine-mediated Bacc-dependent signaling pathway that negatively regulates acute ethanol sensitivity (PubMed:23142736).
Flies survive to adulthood. Mutant males are fertile, but mutant females are sterile due to defects in ovulation.
Is most likely a monomer under physiological conditions, although under conditions of high pH and low ionic strength the dimeric form predominates. Both forms are equally active.
Present in head and in neurons innervating the oviduct (at protein level).
Slightly down-regulated in adults fed a high calorie diet.
Detected in stage 8 and stage 9 egg chambers (at protein level).
GTPase-activating protein, which acts as a negative regulator for some members of the Ras family (By similarity). Probably decreases their signaling activity by stimulating their intrinsic GTPase activity, thereby lowering the levels of the GTP-bound active form (By similarity). Functions with DE-cadherin (shg) to promote embryonic border cell (BC) migration and adhesion by regulating the distribution of actin protrusions in BCs (PubMed:30763317). Promotes shg-mediated adhesion at the BC interfaces and likely maintains BC cluster adhesion during BC detachment from the follicular epithelium and subsequent BC migration (PubMed:30763317). Also required for restricting the development of actin-rich protrusions to the front of migrating BC clusters thus ensuring unidirectional BC migration (PubMed:30763317). Possibly functions by suppressing Rac1 signaling in non-leading BCs, thus limiting its activity to leading BCs where it initiates localized actin cytoskeleton remodeling to produce the polarized protrusions (PubMed:30763317).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in both the border cells (BCs) and follicle cells (FCs), results in the abnormal distribution of F-actin protrusions which extend from the BC cluster. However, the number of actin protrusions is not significantly affected. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the embryonic polar cells (PCs) results in BC dissociation in 63 percent of egg chambers.
The name 'raskol' means 'to split' in Russian, and is based upon its role in maintaining cell adhesion in the polar and border cells of embryos.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Ribosome biogenesis factor. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Required for optimal pre-ribosomal RNA transcription by RNA polymerase I. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily.
Each Drosophila eye is composed of 800 facets or ommatidia. Each ommatidium contains 8 photoreceptor cells (R1-R8), the R1 to R6 cells are outer cells, while R7 and R8 are inner cells. Rh6 is expressed in a subset of R8 cells, most likely expressed in the subset of R8 cells paired with Rh4-expressing R7 cells (R7y).
Phosphorylated on some or all of the serine and threonine residues present in the C-terminal region.
Visual pigments are the light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision. They consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to cis-retinal.
Allele FC1 is found only in strain Samarkand, allele FC3 only in strain Shahrinau and FC4 only in strain Dilizhan. Allele FC2 Is found in both strains Israel and Ghanghry.
Expression peaks at embryonic stage 10A, is slightly reduced by stage 10B, and undetected in stage 11.
Proteolytic cleavage of isoform FC106 generates 2 further products, S80 and S60.
Required for proper assembly of the eggshell.
Synthesized in early stage 10 egg chambers. Cleavage generates S80, a 80 kDa species, during late stage 10 which is incorporated into the eggshell. During the latter stages of chorion formation, S80 is processed to a 60 kDa component, S60.
Autoacetylation at Lys-638 is required for binding histone H4 with high affinity and for proper function.
Component of the male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3 (PubMed:20620954, PubMed:16543150). Component of the non-specific lethal (NLS) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, nls1, dgt1/NSL2, Rcd1/NSL3, Rcd5/MCRS2, MBD-R2 and wds (PubMed:16543150, PubMed:20620954). In males, interacts with nucleoporin Mtor (PubMed:34133927).
Histone acetyltransferase that plays a direct role in the specific histone acetylation associated with dosage compensation as part of the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex (PubMed:9155031, PubMed:16543150, PubMed:34133927). Dosage compensation ensures that males with a single X chromosome have the same amount of most X-linked gene products as females with two X chromosomes (PubMed:9155031). May be directly involved in the acetylation of histone 4 at 'Lys-16' on the X chromosome of males where it is recruited by the MSL complex (PubMed:11258702). As part of the nonspecific lethal (NLS) complex may associate with promoters of X chromosomal as well as autosomal genes and positively regulate their transcription through chromatin modification (PubMed:20620954).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in male salivary glands, decreases chromosome X gene expression (PubMed:34133927). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of mof with RNAi-mediated knockdown of Mtor in male salivary glands rescues the decrease in chromosome X gene expression (PubMed:34133927).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in pupal lethality. The abdominal epidermis is soft and transparent whereas the head and thorax appear normal.
Regulates translation as part of a complex with DENR. Specifically required for translational re-initiation in mRNAs containing upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Not required for standard translational initiation. Regulates expression of a subset of gene products including mbc, InR and EcR.
Caudal (cad) is one of a number of transcription factors controlling segmentation of the embryo. Further transcriptional regulation via a 5' flanking region containing DNA replication-related elements (DRE) and by dref also regulated by trh and tgo via the CNS midline element. Alongside Bicoid (bcd), caudal forms concentration gradients down the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis providing positional information and subsequent induction of the gap genes. Plays a role in gastrulation/germ band extension, hindgut morphogenesis, positive regulation of cell proliferation, genital disk development and pattern formation. Acts as a key regulator of the Hox gene network and activates transcription via the downstream core promoter element (DPE) relative to the TATA box. Plays a role in the establishment of the hindgut and in the invagination of the hindgut primordium during gastrulation. These effects on the gut are achieved by acting combinatorially at the posterior of the embryo to activate transcription of different targets including fog, fkh and wg. Caudal is involved in regulation of proliferation through transactivation of the E2F gene. Postembryonically its function is mostly restricted to the intestine where it regulates antimicrobial peptide (AMP) levels preserving the normal gut flora.
Maternally localized in an anteroposterior gradient in the syncytial blastoderm. Also expressed in the pole cells. Zygotically localized in the primordia of the terminal abdominal segment, the hindgut and in the posterior midgut rudiment. Expressed in the gut, the gonads and parts of the genital disks of third instar larvae (at protein level).
Abundantly expressed in the female germline. Gus and faf are required for vas expression in the posterior pole of the oocyte.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX4/VASA subfamily.
Defective growth of germline cysts. Fails to efficiently accumulate many localized RNAs, such as Bic-D, orb, osk and nanos (nos), but still accumulates grk RNA.
Interacts with eIF5B and faf. Interacts with gus (via B30.2/SPRY domain) and Fsn (via B30.2/SPRY domain). Interacts with aub, me31B, eIF-4a and TER94. Interacts with piwi; this interaction is RNA independent. Interacts with Dcr-1 and Fmr1; these interactions occur in the polar granules.
Involved in translational control mechanisms operating in early stages of oogenesis. Required maternally in many stages of oogenesis, including cystocyte differentiation, oocyte differentiation, and specification of anterior-posterior polarity in the developing cysts. Essential for the formation and/or structural integrity of perinuclear nuage particles during germ cell formation. Required for gus, Fsn and aub accumulation at the posterior pole of the embryo. Required for the localization of vas to the perinuclear region of nurse cells.
The B30.2/SPRY domain-binding motif mediates recognition by proteins containing a B30.2/SPRY domain.
Ubiquitinated during oogenesis. Deubiquitinated by faf, which protects this protein from proteasome-mediated degradation.
Fatty acid synthetase is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the de novo biosynthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the presence of NADPH. This multifunctional protein contains 7 catalytic activities and a site for the binding of the prosthetic group 4'-phosphopantetheine of the acyl carrier protein ([ACP]) domain.
Acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S cell cycle phase progression by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Inhibitory effects are additive with GADD45 proteins but occurs also in the absence of GADD45 proteins. Acts as a repressor of the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 by inhibiting AB domain-mediated transcriptional activity. May be involved in the hormone-mediated regulation of NR4A1 transcriptional activity. May play a role in mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL64 family.
Activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-198 and Tyr-200, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Phosphorylated on tyrosine residue(s) in response to insulin.
Embryonic wound healing defects (PubMed:22140578). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the prothoracic gland (PG) delays the onset of pupariation by prolonging the L3 larval stage and increases adult weight (PubMed:19965758).
In third instar larvae, expressed in eye imaginal disks. In adults, expressed in head and body.
Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway to regulate proliferation, differentiation and effect cell fate decisions in various tissues (PubMed:8157002, PubMed:19965758, PubMed:22140578, PubMed:27552662). Required downstream of phl/Raf in the sev/sevenless, tor/torso, and EGF receptor homolog Egfr signal transduction pathways (PubMed:8157002). Required for embryonic epithelial tissue repair (PubMed:22140578). During larval development, mediates Ptth/tor signaling leading to the production of ecdysone, a hormone required for the initiation of metamorphosis (PubMed:19965758).
Component of the replication coupling assembly factor (RCAF), composed of asf1, histone H3 and histone H4 (PubMed:10591219). Interacts with the Caf1-105 subunit of the CAF-1 complex (PubMed:11533245). Interacts with brm, mor and tlk (PubMed:12381660, PubMed:14561777). Interacts with Daxx (PubMed:28320872).
Highly expressed in embryos and at lower levels in larvae, pupae and adults.
Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly (PubMed:10591219, PubMed:12381660, PubMed:14561777, PubMed:16151251, PubMed:16396992). Cooperates with chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) to promote replication-dependent chromatin assembly (PubMed:11533245). Plays a role in the formation of silent heterochromatin (PubMed:12381660, PubMed:28320872).
Phosphorylated on undefined residues by tlk.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 5 family.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872). May mediate recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the PNP/UDP phosphorylase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the maturation of rRNA and in the biogenesis of ribosomal subunits.
Essential component for signaling from various receptor tyrosine kinases such as Sevenless, TORSO and DER. Required for photoreceptor cell and wing development.
Phosphorylated on Tyr-801 and Tyr-854 in response to sevenless activation, which initiates the recruitment of the phosphatase CSW.
The name 'dim gamma-tubulin 3' derives from the decreased gamma-tubulin staining of the spindle pole seen following RNAi-mediated knockdown of dgt3 in S2 cells.
Has a role in the ecdysone induced cascade; probably indirect control of 'late' ecdysone genes.
Mutants specifically interrupt the transmission of the regulatory signal from early to late ecdysone inducible genes.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S) which comprises a 16S rRNA and about 50 distinct proteins (By similarity).
Expressed at the time when separation of neural and epidermal precursors cells occurs. Expressed within neuronal cells in the embryo. Later in development, accumulates within the developing central nervous system. After germ band retraction, found in brain, ventral nerve cord and in presumptive peripheral nervous system.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development with slightly lower levels during pupation.
Loss of zygotic expression results in decreased embryonic cell death and the persistence of differentiated neuronal cells along the ventral nerve cord at late embryonic stages. Embryos that do hatch undergo growth arrest at early larval stages, accompanied by mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction.
Probable NADH oxidoreductase (By similarity). Mitochondrial effector of cell death that plays roles in developmentally regulated cell death and normal mitochondrial function.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family. Or30a subfamily.
Expressed in the larval and adult CNS in structures that mediate higher-order brain functions such as learning, memory and motor control: in the mushroom body neuropil and four unpaired neurons in each thoracic segment. The adult CNS has intense expression in the central complex, moderate expression in several neurosecretory cells, and weak expression in two unpaired neurons in the mesothoracic neuromere. Also seen in the somata of the optic lobes.
Potency of neurotransmitter agonists in stimulating cAMP production and the lack of stimulation by other transmitters and metabolites suggests this is a D1-like receptor. Low homology to vertebrate D1 receptors suggests this may be a progenitor of the D1 receptor subfamily.
Receptor for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. Might be involved in the processing of visual information and/or visual learning. Important for Pavlovian conditioning: required in the mushroom body as a receptor conveying unconditional stimuli information, has a role in memory formation for aversive and appetitive learning. Sleep-deprivation-induced impairments in learning can be partially explained through alterations in dopamine signaling, Dop1R1 expression levels are reduced; sleep may have a role in restoring dopamine homeostasis.
Simultaneous knockdown of Dop1R1 and myc restores the induced male-male courtship observed in the single myc knockdown.
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized multi-pass membrane proteins like rhodopsins.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Expressed from early third instar to late pupal stages.
Expressed throughout the imaginal disks of the eye, leg and wing.
Interacts with LATS1, and this interaction inhibits phosphorylation of tsr/cofilin.
Phosphorylated on serine and/or threonine residues by ROCK1. Phosphorylated by PAK4 resulting in increased LIMK1 ability to phosphorylate cofilin. May be dephosphorylated and inactivated by SSH1 (By similarity).
Protein kinase which regulates actin filament dynamics. Phosphorylates and inactivates the actin binding/depolymerizing factor tsr/cofilin, thereby stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton. Modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics may be essential for imaginal disk morphogenesis and axon guidance.
Binds the SH3 domains of drk via the Pro-rich domain. When phosphorylated, can interact with the SH2 domains of drk. Binds sev via the phosphotyrosine interaction domain (PID).
Probably phosphorylated by the Abl tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to sevenless activation.
Together with Abl, involved in embryonic neural development. May have a role in eye development. Acts as an adapter protein for SH2-domain containing proteins during sevenless (sev) signaling.
Uniformly expressed in the embryo from blastoderm through gastrulation. Highly expressed in the mesoderm and CNS during germ-band retraction. CNS expression is later localized to axon bundles. Detected in the embryonic PNS and body wall muscles. Expressed in the eye at the morphogenetic furrow and in developing photoreceptor cells posterior to the furrow.
Consists of at least two heavy chains and a number of intermediate and light chains.
Cytoplasmic dynein acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP.
Dynein heavy chains probably consist of an N-terminal stem (which binds cargo and interacts with other dynein components), and the head or motor domain. The motor contains six tandemly-linked AAA domains in the head, which form a ring. A stalk-like structure (formed by two of the coiled coil domains) protrudes between AAA 4 and AAA 5 and terminates in a microtubule-binding site. A seventh domain may also contribute to this ring; it is not clear whether the N-terminus or the C-terminus forms this extra domain. There are four well-conserved and two non-conserved ATPase sites, one per AAA domain. Probably only one of these (within AAA 1) actually hydrolyzes ATP, the others may serve a regulatory function.
Expressed moderately during embryonic stages (0-18 hours) but then declines in late stage embryos (15-21 hours).
Intron retention event in non-edited RNA.
May be involved in gene regulation during development. Binds RNA.
Partially edited. RNA editing takes place in adult and creates an intron retention event that leads to a premature stop codon. The RNA edited version is called H8.3. A discistronic transcript of Sas10 and Rnp4F becomes an RNA duplex, which is a target for RNA-editing via Adar editase.
This protein is a component of ribonucleosomes. Could be needed to organize a concentration gradient of a dorsalizing morphogen (Dm) originating in the germinal vesicle.
Animals die as third instar larvae, are smaller than wild-type and show very severely reduced brain volume (PubMed:31735666). Complete disruption of brain morphology, especially the optic lobe, in 3rd instar larvae (PubMed:31735666).
Expressed in embryo, wing disk and eye disk. Broadly expressed in 3rd instar larval brain, including neuroblasts, ganglion mother cells, and neurons.
Involved in brain development probably by regulating asymmetric division of neuroblasts (PubMed:31735666, PubMed:30550790, PubMed:25259927). Regulates neuroblast asymmetric cell division by controlling asymmetric protein localization of Mira, Baz, Par-6 and aPKC, and spindle alignment (PubMed:31735666). Also, regulates the localization of kinase Ball during mitosis, specifically maintaining Ball in the nucleus during interphase (PubMed:31735666). Required for proper ER and nuclear envelope morphology in neuroblasts (PubMed:31735666).
Flies exhibit brain cell metaphases where sister chromatids of all chromosomes are aligned parallel to each other instead of assuming the typical morphology, heterochromatin condensation or chromosome segregation are not affected.
Has a role in female meiotic chromosome segregation in females; proximal heterochromatin is involved in chromosome pairing during female meiosis. Is a dominant suppressor of both white and Stubble position-effect variegation (PEV), while it is a weak enhancer of brown variegation.
Expressed in the testicular tube, near and in the seminal vesicles. In adults and third-instar larvae, expressed in the midgut and in the mushroom bodies of the brain and neurons in the pars intercerebralis. Also expressed in neurons of the ventral ganglion and imaginal disks (wing and leg) of third-instar larvae. In stage 17 embryos, expressed in the peripheral nervous system, pharynx and midgut.
Metalloendoprotease which functions in fertility and memory formation (PubMed:24395329, PubMed:27629706). Required in the dorsal paired medial neurons and alpha/beta mushroom body neurons for the proper formation of long-term and middle-term memories (PubMed:27629706). Required in males to maximise egg-laying in female mates and is also required in females for their fertility (PubMed:24395329).
RNAi-mediated knockdown females lay fewer eggs and display a reduced hatch rate when mated to wild-type males, and wild-type females lay fewer eggs when mated to RNAi-mediated knockdown males (PubMed:24395329). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsal paired medial neurons impairs middle-term (MTM) and long-term memory (LTM), but has no effect on normal aversion learning and anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) (PubMed:27629706). RNAi-mediated knockdown in alpha/beta mushroom body neurons impairs MTM and LTM (PubMed:27629706). RNAi-mediated knockdown in all mushroom body neurons has no effect on learning and ARM (PubMed:27629706).
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily.
GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. May combine with the ligand-gated ion channel subunit Lcch3 to form cation-selective GABA-gated ion channels.
Generally pentameric. There are five types of GABA(A) receptor chains: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and rho. Interacts with Lcch3 (beta chain).
Death during embryogenesis with a strong segment-polarity phenotype.
Segment polarity protein which functions in hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Regulates the trafficking and the release of cholesterol-modified hedgehog protein from cells of the posterior compartment (P cells) and is hence required for the effective production of the Hh signal.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout the embryo and the imaginal discs.
Activates the G-protein coupled receptor TrissinR in vitro, leading to increased intracellular calcium ion levels.
Expression increases from prepupal to adult stages.
Mutants reach adulthood and show no overt morphological defects but their hemocytes display a more vacuolated morphology than controls with enlarged endolysosomes which accumulate undigested phagocytic material due to impaired digestion. This leads to decreased resistance to bacterial infection and severely reduced lifespan.
Negatively regulates early endosome maturation by binding to and repressing the activity of 14-3-3zeta which prevents the 14-3-3zeta-mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase Pi3K68D. This, in turn, inhibits the Pi3K68D-mediated conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and prevents progression of early endosomes through the maturation process which regulates subsequent steps of phagocytic processing.
Belongs to the intermediate filament family.
Constitutively expressed in all developmental stages, especially during the first 6-9 hours.
Constitutively expressed in all tissues (at protein level) (PubMed:7593280). Expressed in spermatocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:27402967).
Interacts directly with LBR (PubMed:15054108). Interacts with MAN1 (PubMed:16439308). Interacts with Ote (PubMed:9632815, PubMed:22751930).
Lamins are components of the nuclear lamina, a fibrous layer on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane, which is thought to provide a framework for the nuclear envelope and may also interact with chromatin (PubMed:3126192, PubMed:15035436). May have a role in the localization of the LEM domain proteins Ote, bocks and MAN1 to the nuclear membrane (PubMed:15035436, PubMed:16439308). In spermatocytes, plays a role in maintaining type-A lamin LamC nuclear localization; regulates meiotic cytokinesis by maintaining the structure of the spindle envelope, and by contributing to the formation of the contractile ring and central spindle (PubMed:27402967). Required for nuclear migration and to link the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) to the nucleus (PubMed:14617811). In addition, is required for nuclear envelope localization of klar (PubMed:14617811).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in spermatocytes results in spindle envelope disintegration, failure to form contractile rings and central spindle microtubules during meiosis I resulting in abnormal cytokinesis and multinuclear cell formation.
Three forms of lamin have been identified in D.melanogaster, lamin Dm0 is rapidly processed to lamin Dm1 in the cytoplasm, Dm1 is then assembled in the nuclear envelope and is then phosphorylated, forming lamin Dm2.
Expressed in 16 olfactory receptor neurons in a broad area across the antenna, including both anterior and posterior faces and in the maxillary palp. This expression pattern matches the distribution of the small sensilla basiconica. Expression in the antenna is observed late in antennal development at 93 hours APF.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX55/SPB4 subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Down-regulates Dpp signaling after gastrulation by promoting MAD ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
Flies exhibit lethal defects in hindgut morphogenesis.
Uniformly expressed at blastoderm stage. Weakly but broadly expressed at later stages of embryogenesis.
Belongs to the protoporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen oxidase family. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase subfamily.
Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
A ssDNA-dependent ATPase with 3' to 5' helicase activity (PubMed:27466228). Involved in multiple DNA-damage responses, some that require ATPase and helicase activity and some that are independent of these (PubMed:27466228). Involved in DNA interstrand cross-link repair, probably together with Fancl and other Fanconi anemia pathway homologs (PubMed:25205745). Independent of Fancl involved in DNA double strand break repair, including contributing to the synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway (PubMed:25205745). Probably contributes to SDSA by unwinding short duplex regions in complex D-loop-like DNA structures (PubMed:27466228).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. FANCM sub-subfamily.
Increased incidence of spontaneous mitotic crossovers (PubMed:25205745, PubMed:27466228). Increased sensitivity to DNA damage caused by the cross linking agent nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine (HN2), the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and double-strand break inducing ionizing radiation (IR) (PubMed:25205745, PubMed:27466228).
Essential for development. May have a critical role in splicing or in controlling alternative splice site use of at least some pre-mRNA in vivo. Not required for all splicing. May play a general role in the condensation or decondensation of chromatin.
Both daytime and nighttime sleep are severely reduced in both males and females. A small percentage of flies (around 9%) do not sleep at all. A moderate reduction has minimal effects on baseline sleep but markedly reduces the amount of recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Mutants have impaired Sh-dependent K(+) current.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Methylated on arginine residues by Art5 and Art7; methylation is not required for assembly and biogenesis of snRNPs.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity).
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Forms a complex with Hop and piwi; probably Hop mediates the interaction between piwi and Hsp83 (PubMed:21186352). Forms a complex including sicily, ND-42 and Hsp83; the complex is necessary to chaperone ND-42 in the cytoplasm before mitochondrial import; the interaction with sicily is direct and is dependent on its ATPase activity (PubMed:23509070). Interacts with shu (PubMed:22902557). Interacts with Nup358 (via TPR repeats); the interaction is required for the nuclear import of the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone receptor Met (PubMed:27979731). Forms a complex with Dpit47 and Hsp70aa (PubMed:11493638). Interacts with mora (PubMed:31907206).
In contrast to other major heat shock proteins, this one is also expressed at normal growth temperatures. It is also developmentally expressed during oogenesis.
Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. Together with Hop and piwi, mediates canalization, also known as developmental robustness, likely via epigenetic silencing of existing genetic variants and suppression of transposon-induced new genetic variation. Required for piRNA biogenesis by facilitating loading of piRNAs into PIWI proteins.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal at third instar larva stage and shows decreased levels of sicily, ND-42, and ND-30.
The TPR repeat-binding motif mediates interaction with TPR repeat-containing proteins.
May regulate transcription of undefined genes.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). May play a role in coupling of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c'', rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits VhaAC45 and ATP6AP2.
Belongs to the snail C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expression is complex and dynamic. In early embryogenesis, expression begins on the dorsal side of the embryo. Expressed in a pattern of longitudinal stripes early in germband elongation. Later in embryogenesis, expression is in cells that correspond to the wing, haltere, leg and genital imaginal disks and the abdominal histoblasts. In the embryonic leg disk, expression is restricted to imaginal cells. Also expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), tracheae and head of stage 14 embryos. CNS and tracheal expression decays during later stages, though head expression persists until late in embryogenesis. In third instar larvae, expression is seen in the brain and in regions of many imaginal tissues including the eye-antennal, wing, leg and haltere disks. Expressed in embryonic, larval and adult male germline stem cells and in the somatic cells of the embryonic gonads.
Transcription factor that can both stimulate and repress transcription. Binds to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-A/GCAGGTG-3'. Regulates cell motility and adhesion during tracheal morphogenesis by stimulating transcription of the DE-cadherin gene shg at branch tips, thereby promoting tracheal tube fusion. Maintains diploidy in imaginal cells by inhibiting the transcription of genes required for endoreplication. Required for development of the genital disk and acts as an intrinsic determinant of wing cell fate. The somatic protein is required for maintenance of male germ cells. Acts with other members of the snail protein family to control embryonic central nervous system development.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter family.
May be an inorganic phosphate cotransporter.
Auxillary component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex which catalyzes acetylation of N-terminal methionine residues.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase C (NatC) complex, which is composed of NAA35, NAA38 and NAA30.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL49 family.
ATPase activity is stimulated by binding to either DNA or nucleosomes.
Expressed in embryos, with levels peaking around 6 to 9 hours after egg deposition, and then sharply decreases becoming undetectable at the first larval stage (at protein level) (PubMed:18250149). Reappears at the pupal stage when it is weakly expressed (at protein level) (PubMed:18250149). Strongly expressed in adult females but expression is low to absent in adult males (at protein level) (PubMed:18250149).
Helicase which acts in nucleosome-remodeling by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome mobilization (PubMed:18250149). Involved in regulating transcription (PubMed:9836641, PubMed:18250149). Plays a vital role in development (PubMed:9836641). Binds to a portion of Hunchback (HB) protein that is critical for repression of bithorax complex (BXC) genes (PubMed:9836641). May also function in polycomb group (PcG) repression of Hox genes (PubMed:9836641). May also act as part of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex (the NuRD complex) which participates in the remodeling of chromatin by deacetylating histones (PubMed:18250149).
Interacts with the NuRD complex member HDAC1/Rpd3.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin family.
Isoform alpha and isoform beta are expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is present throughout embryogenesis and fades by first larval instar. Expression levels at all stages are low.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with MED21.
Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family.
Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism (PubMed:24100554). Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate (PubMed:24100554). Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate (By similarity).
Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate.
Essential cystoblast differentiation factor required for Bam function in asymmetric division of the germline stem cells.
Expressed in testis and in 5-8 germline stem cells of ovaries, immediately adjacent to terminal filament.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Dies at second instar larval stage (PubMed:30645584). Shows reduced larval body size and shortened dorsal trunk probably due to defective membrane growth in larval tracheae (PubMed:30645584). Results in defective tracheal tube maturation including liquid clearance and gas filling resulting in twisted and uninflated tracheal tubes (PubMed:30645584). Results in mislocalization of crb from the subapical region to Vsp35/retromer-positive vesicles in the cytoplasm (PubMed:30645584). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the trachea results in a similar phenotype (PubMed:30645584).
Expressed in embryos at stage 13 in tracheal fusion cells (at protein level). During embryonic stages 15 and 16, detected in the dorsal and lateral trunks, in the visceral and dorsal branches and in the transverse connective branches (at protein level). In the larvae, continuously expressed in the entire tracheal system (at protein level).
Transmembrane protein that plays a key role in trachea development by regulating crb localization and maintenance at the apical cell membrane (PubMed:30645584). Required for anisotropic apical surface expansion important for tracheal tube elongation and lumen stability at larval stages (PubMed:30645584).
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).
Expressed in the dorsal region of the embryo, and becomes enriched in a dorsal midline stripe just prior to gastrulation. Expressed in midgut mesoderm and in two overlapping regions of the embryonic large intestine. Expressed in a long-range concentration gradient in the wing imaginal disk.
Heterodimers of scw/dpp are the active subunit, dpp/dpp homodimers elicit a basal response and scw/scw homodimers alone are ineffective in specifying a dorsal pattern. Component of a complex composed of dpp, sog and tsg. Interacts with nord and gbb; the interaction interferes with dpp secretion (PubMed:35037619).
In the third-instar larval stage, expressed in a stripe of cells at the anterior-posterior (A/P) compartment boundary of wing cells (at protein level) (PubMed:35609633, PubMed:35037619). In the pupal wing, expression does not change during the first 8 hrs after pupation (AP) but then disappears from the A/P boundary and commences expression in the differentiating longitudinal veins (at protein level) (PubMed:35037619). Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:10903186). First detected during stages 8 to 10 of oogenesis (PubMed:10903186).
Required during oogenesis for eggshell patterning and dorsal/ventral patterning of the embryo. Acts as a morphogen during embryogenesis to pattern the dorsal/ventral axis, specifying dorsal ectoderm and amnioserosa cell fate within the dorsal half of the embryo; this activity is antagonized by binding to sog and tsg. Induces the formation of visceral mesoderm and the heart in early embryos. Required later in embryogenesis for dorsal closure and patterning of the hindgut. Also functions postembryonically as a long-range morphogen during imaginal disk development; is responsible for the progression of the morphogenetic furrow during eye development. Patterns the wing imaginal disk along its anterior/posterior axis and has a role in positioning pro-veins. Also required to subdivide the wing disk along the proximal/distal axis into body wall (notum) and wing. Ensures the correct architecture of wing epithelial cells. Has multiple roles in the developing tracheal system, controlling directed tracheal cell migration during embryogenesis and later specifying the fate of fusion cells in the tracheal branches. Required for viability of larvae. Essential for the maintenance and division of germline stem cells in the ovary. Signals via the type I receptor tkv, the type II receptor punt, and in some tissues via the type I receptor sax, in a signaling cascade that leads to activation and repression of target genes.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX49/DBP8 subfamily.
Putative Notch ligand involved in the mediation of Notch signaling.
May play a role in regulating both nuclear and cytoplasmic aspects of the mitotic cycle (PubMed:1660828). Regulates localization of the augmin complex during mitosis by ensuring its location on mitotic spindles (PubMed:24829288). Also regulates augmin complex localization during male meiosis by promoting its placement at kinetochores while preventing its association with spindle microtubules (PubMed:24829288).
Belongs to the acid sphingomyelinase family.
Impairs long-term memory functioning with no apparent effect on short-term memory (PubMed:36720500). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs small interfering RNA-mediated silencing and leads to derepression of piRNA pathway-mediated transposable element silencing (PubMed:31943105). Simultaneous knockdown of Trm7-34 decreases lifespan (PubMed:31943105).
Methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at positions 32 of the tRNA anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs (PubMed:25404562, PubMed:31943105). Plays a role in neurogenesis (PubMed:36720500). Requisite for RNA-mediated gene silencing (PubMed:31943105). May modify position 32 in tRNA(Arg(ACG)), tRNA(Gln(CUG)), tRNA(Gln(UUG)), tRNA(Gln(CUC)), tRNA(Leu(CAA)), tRNA(Leu(CAG)), tRNA(Phe(GAA)), tRNA(Trp(CCA)), tRNA(Val(TAC)), tRNA(Val(CAC)), and tRNA(Val(AAC)) (PubMed:31943105).
Accumulates at the leading edge of the cleavage furrow in dividing cells and cellularizing embryos (at protein level).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family.
Involved in cytokinesis and possibly cellularization (PubMed:8181057). Also acts as an enhancer of the sina gene, thus having a role in photoreceptor development (PubMed:8181057). May be involved in p53-dependent apoptosis (PubMed:17456438).
Likely part of a multicomponent septin complex that includes Septin1 (PubMed:8590810). Interacts with Septin1 (PubMed:8590810). Interacts with hil (PubMed:15818553). Interacts with park (PubMed:17456438).
Maternal gene products found in the early embryo prior to zygotic transcription.
Ubiquitinated by park, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase A subfamily.
Binds cyclosporin A (CsA). CsA mediates some of its effects via an inhibitory action on PPIase.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. SWR1 subfamily.
Component of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex which contains Domino, Tip60, Tra1, Brd8, E(Pc), DMAP1, Pontin, Reptin, Ing3, Act87E, BAP55, Mrg15, MrgBP, Gas41 and YL-1.
Isoform A and isoform B are present in 0-12 hours embryonic extracts. During embryonic development, isoform A expression is restricted to the developing nervous system, whereas isoform B is ubiquitously expressed. During postembryonic development, isoform B is found in brain, imaginal disks, lymph glands and salivary glands and isoform A is found in some brain regions, photoreceptor cells and sensory organ precursors (at protein level).
Isoform B is present at high levels in ovary, in follicle cells, nurse cells and oocyte. Isoform B is also present in germline and somatic stem cells from the germarium. Isoform A is undetectable in adult ovary (at protein level).
Mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of unmodified histone H2AV for its phosphorylated and acetylated form H2AVK5acS138ph, leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling. Involved in Notch signaling. Represses E2F target genes. Required for somatic stem cell self-renewal but not for germline stem cell self-renewal. Involved in oogenesis.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. AANAT subfamily.
Catalyzes N-acetylation of tryptamine, tyramine, dopamine, serotonin and octopamine (PubMed:7498465, PubMed:8901578, PubMed:25406072). In astrocytes, regulates sleep homeostasis by limiting the accumulation of serotonin and dopamine in the brain upon sleep deprivation (PubMed:10710313, PubMed:32955431). Is not essential for sclerotization (PubMed:9703021).
Detected from 8h up to the adult stage at relatively constant levels (at protein level) (PubMed:9703021). From 16 hours embryo, detected in cells of the brain, the ventral nerve cord, and the midgut (PubMed:9703021).
Detected in late pupal stages and in adult (at protein level).
Does not affect the percentage or circadian distribution of rest and waking (PubMed:10710313, PubMed:32955431). Shows normal amounts and pattern of activity (PubMed:10710313, PubMed:32955431). Increases homeostatic sleep following deprivation (PubMed:10710313, PubMed:32955431). Reduces catabolism of serotonin and dopamine in the brains in response to sleep deprivation, leading to inappropriate accumulation of these monoamines (PubMed:32955431).
Expressed in the embryonic central nervous system (at protein level) (PubMed:32955431). First detected in stage 14 embryos in cells of the future proventriculus (PubMed:8901578). From stage 15 onwards, strongly expressed in the proventriculus as well as in endodermal cells of the anterior and posterior midgut, whereas the remainder of the midgut shows only very weak expression (PubMed:8901578). No expression is observed in the cells of the developing gastric caeca (PubMed:8901578). Expression in the ventral cord and the brain is nonsegmental (PubMed:8901578).
Expression at the transcriptional or the translational level is not regulated in a circadian fashion.
Has a darker body color (PubMed:32709620). Shows ectopic pigmentation in the wing hinge, the posterior pupal case, leg joints and cuticular sutures (PubMed:32709620). RNAi-mediated knockdown in astrocytes, does not affect numbers of astrocytes present in the brain (PubMed:32955431). Shows normal baseline patterns and amounts of daytime and nighttime sleep, but while awake are less active (PubMed:32955431). Upon overnight mechanical sleep deprivation, results in increased recovery sleep next day (PubMed:32955431). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons results in normal patterns of baseline sleep (PubMed:32955431). Shows lower levels of activity while awake during daytime (PubMed:32955431). During the night, increases duration of sleep bouts and decrease their numbers, suggesting improved sleep consolidation at night (PubMed:32955431). Do not display enhanced recovery sleep the next day following overnight mechanical sleep deprivation (PubMed:32955431).
In the adult, expressed in the midgut portion of the thoracic segments and the frontal half of the abdomen (at protein level) (PubMed:9703021). Expressed in the epithelial cell layer facing the lumen of the gut (at protein level) (PubMed:9703021). In the brain, expressed in a sub-populations of neurons and astrocytes, and in a set of distinct stripes in the optic lobes (at protein level) (PubMed:9703021, PubMed:32955431). Expressed mainly in serotonergic neurons but also in subsets of glutamatergic, GABAergic and cholinergic neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:32955431).
Inhibited by long-chain acyl-CoA thioesters, oleoyl-CoA (an analog of acetyl-CoA) and tyrosol (an analog of tyramine).
Belongs to the DDOST 48 kDa subunit family.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity (By similarity). Required for the assembly of both SST3A- and SS3B-containing OST complexes (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Found in all tissues examined including the ovary and the fat body.
Higher levels are found in third-instar larvae and in adults.
Transcriptional repressor that binds specifically to fat body-specific enhancers, namely the adult ADH enhancer (AAE) and the enhancer that controls yolk protein gene expression.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Hydroxylation at Pro-62 affects translation termination efficiency.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Homozygous lethal. RNAi-mediated knockdown in ovarian follicle epithelium results in cell proliferation in the germarium epithelium. Stalks between adjacent egg chambers/ follicles become elongated due to increased number of cells and the linear arrangement of germline cysts is also disturbed.
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III) which is involved in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and are delivered to lysosomes enabling degradation of membrane proteins (By similarity). Specifically down-regulates Notch signaling activity in the germarium, probably by facilitating Notch endocytosis (PubMed:24762813).
Probable peripherally associated component of the endosomal sorting required for transport complex III (ESCRT-III).
Expressed with Orco in 20-22 sensory neurons on the medial-proximal edge of the antenna. This expression pattern matches the distribution of the large sensilla basiconica. Expression is first seen at 60 hours APF in a subset of cells restricted to a subregion of the developing antenna. Expression continues throughout antennal development. Expressed in the ab3A neuron which responds to ethyl butyrate.
Interacts with Orco, via conserved C-terminal cytoplasmic loops. Complexes exist early in the endomembrane system in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), coupling these complexes to the conserved ciliary trafficking pathway.
Intron retention and rearrangement of DNA.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Involved in the behavioral responses to esters. Complexes with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. They are necessary and sufficient to promote functional reconstitution of odor-evoked signaling in sensory neurons that normally respond only to carbon dioxide.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domains.
Homodimer or homotrimer (Potential). Identified in a complex with Syn and nwk (PubMed:29568072). Interacts with StnA and StnB via its second C2 domain. This interaction may mediate its retrieval from the plasma membrane, thereby facilitating the internalization of multiple synaptic vesicles from the plasma membrane.
May have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. It binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity that requires the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Could be the transducin analog, an amplifier and one of the transducers of a visual impulse that performs the coupling between opsin and cGMP-phosphodiesterase. Could mediate a subset of olfactory and gustatory responses.
Isoform D is expressed only in the retina and ocellus of the adult head. Isoform A is expressed in chemosensory cells of the olfactory and taste structures, including a subset of olfactory and gustatory neurons, and in cells of the central nervous system, including neurons in the lamina ganglionaris.
In the posterior midgut, expressed in almost all intestinal cell types including intestinal stem cells and enterocytes (at protein level). Maternally expressed, ubiquitously distributed in the egg and early embryo and enriched in the germ plasm at the posterior pole of the early embryo including the pole cells.
Induces in vitro expression of actin-dependent filopodia-like cytoplasmic protrusions which firmly attach to the substrate. Antagonizes the activity of isoform D.
Induces in vitro expression of large, highly dynamic, microtubule-dependent lamellopodia-like cytoplasmic expansions which constantly probe the environment.
Interacts with Schip1; the interaction enhances Tao kinase activity.
Isoform A: Enriched in germ plasm but is degraded in pole cells immediately after pole cell formation. Isoform D: Enriched in germ plasm, partitions into pole cells and remains detectable in pole cells until they migrate through the midgut epithelium toward the overlying mesoderm.
Morphological defects in the follicular epithelium where cells in the anterior part of the epithelium stay cuboidal and fail to stretch (PubMed:23266957). RNAi-mediated knockdown in eye and wing imaginal disks results in tissue overgrowth (PubMed:22075147, PubMed:22075148). It also gives rise to transcriptional up-regulation of a number of targets of the Hippo/SWH pathway (PubMed:22075147). RNAi-mediated knockdown in wing imaginal disks results in strong elevation of yki activity (PubMed:22075148). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the adult posterior midgut results in an increased number of intestinal stem cells (PubMed:25160975). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the embryo results in disordered migration of primordial germ cells out of the gut epithelium, their dispersal within the embryo and embryonic death (PubMed:25589578).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which regulates the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (yki) oncoprotein (PubMed:22075147, PubMed:22075148). In imaginal cells, phosphorylates and activates hpo and leads to repression of yki (PubMed:22075147, PubMed:22075148). In the midgut, negatively regulates the proliferation of intestinal stem cells through the Hippo/SWH pathway (PubMed:25160975). Independent of the hippo/SWH pathway, regulates epithelial morphogenesis in follicle cells by promoting the endocytosis of Fas2 and reducing lateral adhesion between epithelial cells which, in turn, permits shrinking of the lateral membrane and initiates morphogenesis of the squamous epithelium (PubMed:23266957). Required for the development of both the mushroom body and the ellipsoid body in the brain and may act as a negative regulator of the par-1 kinase (PubMed:21248138). Negatively regulates the JNK pathway which increases sensitivity to ethanol exposure (PubMed:23227189). Plays a role in the control of cell shape by negatively regulating the growth of microtubule plus-ends as they contact the actin-rich cell cortex (PubMed:20647372). Required for the induction of apoptosis in pole cells by promoting expression of skl which enhances activity of the apoptosis activator hid (PubMed:17449640).
Belongs to the transglutaminase-like superfamily.
Localizes to the neuropil of the embryonic central nervous system (at protein level). Also detected in third instar larval brain (at protein level).
May act as a modulator of septin function during cytokinesis in the developing nervous system.
Mutants are viable with a 98.4% hatch rate which is close to the wild-type hatch rate. No apparent defects in the central nervous system.
Very low levels detected in 0-6 hour embryos with expression up-regulated after 12 hours of embryogenesis and persisting into adult stages (at protein level).
Expression is first detected in the proctodeum and the midgut primordium. In stage 11 embryos, expression is predominant in the leading edge of epidermal cells adjacent to the amnioserosa. Stage 12 embryos exhibit expression in the midgut and the leading edge. Expressed in several rows of germ band cells next to the leading edge at stage 14. Strong expression is visible in the midgut and pharyngeal muscles of stage 17 embryos. Also expressed in somatic muscles and visceral mesoderm. Colocalizes with mys (beta PS integrin) in myotendinous junctions and with Actn in muscle Z lines.
Fails to form the muscle Z line. At the myotendinous junction, muscles detach with the onset of contractility.
Regulator of cell matrix adhesion having two related functions, one upstream of Actn organizing the Z line and the other downstream of integrins regulating assembly of integrin adhesion sites. Also required for the formation of myotendinous junctions in muscles.
'Akiraka ni suru' means 'making things clear' in Japanese. The name is given based on the presence of the clear nuclear localization signal.
Homozygous embryonic lethal; early to mid embryonic stages (PubMed:18066067). Embryos display a range of somatic body wall muscle defects (PubMed:22396663). Embryos show morphological defects in the heart, such as abnormal spacing between rows of aortic cells and abnormal patterning of the aortic outflow tract (PubMed:32950464).
Interacts with dmap1 (PubMed:24947515). Interacts with bap60 and rel; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent; activates selected rel target gene promoters (PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Interacts with bap55; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent (PubMed:25180232). Interacts with twi (PubMed:22396663).
Molecular adapter that acts as a bridge between a variety of multiprotein complexes, and which is required for embryonic development and for normal innate immune response (PubMed:18066067, PubMed:22396663, PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Acts as a regulator of embryonic myogenesis by bridging Twist (twi) with the SWI/SNF-like Brahma complex, promoting expression of twi-regulated genes during myogenesis (PubMed:22396663). Effector of immune deficiency pathway (Imd) by acting either downstream of, or at the level of, the NF-kappa-B factor Relish (Rel) (PubMed:18066067, PubMed:25180232, PubMed:32950464). Acts by bridging the NF-kappa-B factor Rel and the Brahma complex through bap60 interaction, leading to activation a subset of NF-kappa-B factor Relish (Rel) effector genes (PubMed:25180232). Not part of the Toll pathway (PubMed:18066067). Required for the formation of the heart by promoting expression ot tinman (tin) (PubMed:32950464).
Polyubiquitinated via 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin by Hyd, promoting interaction with rel.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family. PTOV1 subfamily.
Despite sequence similarity to MED25, to date this protein has not been identified as a component of the Mediator complex.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. TRX/MLL subfamily.
Component of the MLL3/4 complex composed at least of the catalytic subunit trr, ash2, Rbbp5, Dpy-30L1, wds, hcf, ptip, Pa1, Utx, Lpt and Ncoa6. Interacts with nuclear receptor EcR in an ecdysone-dependent manner. Interacts with ash2; the interaction stabilizes trr.
Contains 3 Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motifs. LXXLL motif 2 is essential for the association with nuclear receptor EcR.
Defects in mechanosensory bristle spacing and differentiation in wings and lack of chaetes and macrochaetes in abdominal a4 and a5 segments.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Abundantly expressed in 1-7 than in 7-20 hours old embryos. Expressed uniformly at the preblastoderm stage, prior to the onset of zygotic transcription. In ovaries, it is not expressed in ovarian stem cells, oogonia or early cysts and is first detectable at stage 8 in nurse cells. At stage 10, it is expressed in the anterior end of the oocyte, and is uniformly distributed later on. Expressed almost uniformly in embryos from precellular blastoderm stage to the germband extended stage. At the germband extended stage, it is enriched in the mesoderm. During germband retraction, it is strongly expressed in the anterior and posterior midgut. At the germband retracted stage, it becomes less abundant and is mainly localized to the ventral nerve cord and the brain. In third instar larvae, it is strongly and almost ubiquitously expressed in all imaginal disks. Also weakly expressed expression in salivary glands. Not expressed in larval brain and gut tissues.
Histone methyltransferase that acts as a coactivator for the ecdysone receptor during development. Specifically trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Recruited by EcR in an ecdysone-dependent manner causing H3 'Lys-4' trimethylation at ecdysone-inducible promoters, leading to activate expression. Plays a central role in the developing compound eye, during the progression of the morphogenetic furrow and in post-furrow differentiation of the retinal epithelium, notably by activating expression of hh. Also required for wing and abdominal development.
May play a role in specifying the identity of particular somatic muscles and neurons of the CNS.
Mesodermal precursor cells of distinct muscles during embryogenesis, a subset of neuronal cells of the CNS and their precursors and also in cells of a small region of the midgut.
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis.
Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA polymerase that adds successive AMP monomers to the 3'-end of specific maternal RNAs (bcd, Tl, and tor), forming a poly(A) tail, during late oogenesis and early embryogenesis (PubMed:29317541, PubMed:18434412, PubMed:18430932). In contrast to the canonical nuclear poly(A) RNA polymerase, it only adds poly(A) to selected cytoplasmic mRNAs (PubMed:18434412, PubMed:18430932). Required for localization of mRNAs to both poles of the egg, to recruit or maintain known centrosomal proteins with two types of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs): the central MTOC that forms between the meiosis II tandem spindles and the centrosomes of the mitotic spindle (PubMed:10747060). Required at the final stage of oogenesis for meiosis I metaphase arrest and for progression beyond this stage (PubMed:10747060, PubMed:12871909, PubMed:18434412). Functions with the RNA-binding protein Dcr-2 to promote cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translational activation of certain mRNAs such as Tl and r2d2 (PubMed:29317541). As a consequence, is involved in regulating Toll immune signaling and promoting resistance to fungal infection (PubMed:29317541).
Expressed in ovaries. Not expressed in adult males.
In embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:29317541). Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:10747060, PubMed:18430932).
Interacts with orb, an RNA-binding protein, generating an ovarian cytoplasmic polyadenylation complex (PubMed:18434412). Interacts (via C-terminus) with Dcr-2 (PubMed:29317541).
Pronuclear migration does not occur in activated eggs. Defects in spindle structures (abnormally shaped spindles, spindle spurs, ectopic spindles associated with lost chromosomes and mispositioning of the meiosis II spindles) correlated with very high frequencies of chromosome non-disjunction and loss. The polar body nuclei do not associate with their normal monastral arrays of microtubules, the sperm aster is reduced in size, and the centrosomes often dissociate from a mitotic spindle that forms in association with the male pronucleus.
Broadly expressed throughout the nervous system of embryo, larva and adult including the ventral nerve cord and brain (at protein level) (PubMed:23083740, PubMed:32165583). In early embryos, deposited maternally and distributed uniformly throughout the embryo until the extended germband stage (PubMed:21900268). By mid-embryogenesis, highest levels are found in the central and peripheral nervous systems with lower expression also detected in the ectoderm and mesoderm (PubMed:21900268). In adults, high levels are present in the head and body of both sexes with higher expression in testis than ovary (PubMed:21900268). In the ovary, expressed in both germ and follicle cells (PubMed:21900268). In adult head, predominantly neuronal with broad expression throughout the brain and ventral ganglia including the mushroom body (PubMed:17965711, PubMed:21900268).
Expressed in 0- to 2-hour-old embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:32165583, PubMed:29317541). Expressed in the larval motor neuron cells in the brain (at protein level) (PubMed:29105522). Expressed throughout development in both the soma and germline. Widely expressed in early embryos with levels dropping during mid-embryogenesis and increasing again in late embryogenesis. Expression is relatively low during larval stages with lowest levels in the first and second instars and an increase during the third instar. Levels increase substantially during the pupal stage and remain relatively high in the adult. In the ovary, little expression in the germarium or previtellogenic stage chambers with levels increasing midway through oogenesis and remaining high until stage 10 (PubMed:21900268). In the testis, there is substantial up-regulation after mitosis is finished and the interconnected spermatocytes begin to grow (PubMed:23209437). Expression peaks as the mature spermatocytes go through meiosis and high levels are found in 32- and 64-cell spermatid cysts with expression persisting after the spermatids in the 64-cell cysts start differentiation and disappearing once elongation and nuclear condensation are completed (PubMed:23209437).
Fails to form stable long-term memory during male courtship suppression, in which a male fly, upon repeated exposure to an unreceptive female, suppresses its courting behavior for days (PubMed:28525754). In neurons, increases levels of the tumor suppressor brat (PubMed:29105522).
In the adult brain the mRNA is expressed as an unspliced non-protein coding mRNA; inclusion of isoform A-specific exon in the mature transcript is important for long-term memory; mRNA levels depends on behavioral stimulus and splicing depends on the activity of the splicing regulator ps.
Lowering pH destabilizes the protein filaments.
Monomer (PubMed:22284910, PubMed:23083740, PubMed:32165583). Upon neuronal stimulation, forms stable amyloid-like oligomers composed of isoform A and isoform B which are required for formation of persistent long-term memory (PubMed:22284910, PubMed:23083740, PubMed:32165583). Isoform A is critical for oligomer formation (PubMed:22284910, PubMed:23083740). Phe-5 of isoform A is required for amyloid-like oligomerization (PubMed:22284910, PubMed:26812143). Rapidly forms amyloids and toxic intermediates are extremely transient (PubMed:26812143). Unlike in the adult nervous system, remains monomeric in the early embryo (PubMed:32165583). Interacts with the translational regulator bol (PubMed:23209437). Interacts with Tob; the interaction is enhanced by neuronal stimulation, stabilizes isoform A and induces oligomerization (PubMed:24523662).
Phosphorylation regulates interaction with Tob and oligomerization. Protein phosphatase 2A keeps both Orb2 and Tob in an unphosphorylated form. Following synaptic activation, unphosphorylated Orb2 is bound and stabilized by unphosphorylated Tob. Tob recruits activated LimK which phosphorylates both Orb2 and Tob and enhances Orb2 oligomerization.
RNA-binding protein involved in translational regulation and required for long-term memory (PubMed:28525754, PubMed:29105522). Required in mushroom body gamma neurons for long-term memory in male courtship (PubMed:17965711, PubMed:23083740). Binds to mRNA 3'-UTRs (PubMed:20547833, PubMed:26638074, PubMed:24830287, PubMed:26095367, PubMed:32165583). In its monomeric form, acts as a translational repressor of genes involved in neuronal growth, synapse formation and protein turnover (PubMed:20547833, PubMed:26638074, PubMed:32165583). In its amyloid-like oligomeric form, acts as a translational activator (PubMed:26638074, PubMed:32165583). The monomeric form reduces poly(A) tail length and destabilizes mRNA while the oligomeric form protects and elongates the poly(A) tail and stabilizes mRNA (PubMed:26638074). Involved in asymmetric cell division in the central nervous system (PubMed:21900268). Plays a role in synapse formation and morphology at neuromuscular junctions by modulating the translation of the tumor suppressor brat (PubMed:29105522). Required for the progression of spermatogenesis through meiosis and for sperm differentiation (PubMed:23209437). During sperm differentiation, required to asymmetrically localize and activate the translation of protein kinase aPKC mRNAs which is necessary for spermatid cyst polarization (PubMed:24830287). Also required during spermatid cyst polarization for localization and translation of its own mRNA (PubMed:24830287).
Required for initial memory acquisition (PubMed:26095367, PubMed:28525754). Following subsequent late dopaminergic pathway activation, recruits isoform B into a complex to activate translation of CaMKII which is required for long-term memory consolidation (PubMed:26095367).
Substantially reduced viability with surviving males being completely sterile due to a failure of spermatocytes to complete meiosis with arrest happening at the G2-M transition (PubMed:23209437). Defective spermatid cyst polarization (PubMed:24830287). RNAi-mediated knockdown in motor neurons decreases number of synapses and accumulation of the tumor suppressor brat at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) (PubMed:29105522). Simultaneous knockdown of the tumor suppressor brat restablishes the number of synapses at NMJ (PubMed:29105522).
The N-terminal Gln/His-rich domain is both dispensable and insufficient for long-term memory and for formation of amyloid-like oligomers with isoform A.
The N-terminal Gln/His-rich domain is necessary and sufficient for long-term memory and is required for formation of amyloid-like oligomers with isoform B (PubMed:17965711, PubMed:23083740). Binds transition metals (PubMed:28763009). Might bind lipid membranes (PubMed:28700922).
The RNA-binding region is essential for long-term memory.
The RNA-binding region is not essential for long-term memory.
Belongs to the PIEZO (TC 1.A.75) family.
Component of a mechanosensitive channel required for rapidly adapting mechanically activated (MA) currents (PubMed:22343900, PubMed:22343891). Plays a major role in nociception (response to strong or painful touch) (PubMed:22343891). Required for maintaining the mechanosensitivity of tarsal bristle mechanosensors (PubMed:32649914). During their evalulation of potential egg-laying sites, females determine the softest substrate for their eggs first by making a coarse evaluation of substrate hardness using mechanosensitive channels nan and Piezo in the leg tarsal bristles, followed by a much finer assessment using nan, iav and Tmc mechanosensitive channels on the labellum (PubMed:32649914). Acts in the nompC- and nan-expressing neurons of the female leg tarsals, to sense the mild differences in egg-laying substrate stiffness (PubMed:32649914).
Piezo comes from the Greek 'piesi' meaning pressure.
Viable and fertile, with no apparent coordination defects (PubMed:22343891). Flies have significant defects in detection of strong touch stimuli, however detection of gentle touch and temperature is unaffected (PubMed:22343891). Decreases firing frequencies of adult leg tarsal bristles (PubMed:32649914). In females, no effect on texture selection during egg-laying (PubMed:32649914). RNAi-mediated knockdown in NompC-expressing neurons, reduces the female's preference for softer egg-laying substrates (PubMed:32649914).
Catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis (PubMed:9858578, PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6806812, PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898). During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA polymerase alpha complex (composed of a catalytic subunit PolA1, an accessory subunit PolA2 and two primase subunits, the catalytic subunit Prim1 and the regulatory subunit Prim2) is recruited to DNA at the replicative forks (PubMed:9858578, PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6806812, PubMed:6409898). The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands (By similarity). These primers are initially extended by the polymerase alpha catalytic subunit and subsequently transferred to polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon for processive synthesis on the lagging and leading strand, respectively (By similarity). In addition to polymerase activity, exhibits 3' to 5' exonuclease activity (PubMed:3112771, PubMed:3129427).
Component of the alpha DNA polymerase complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolA1, the regulatory subunit PolA2, and the primase complex subunits Prim1 and Prim2 respectively (PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898, PubMed:7592543). PolA1 associates with the DNA primase complex before association with PolA2 (PubMed:6409898). Interacts with Dpit47; the interaction inhibits the activity of the DNA polymerase and occurs only in proliferating cells but not in quiescent cells (PubMed:11493638).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Highest level of zygotic expression seen in second-instar larva, level is reduced at other stages of development.
Expressed in embryos (at protein level).
In embryos, a cleaved form of 130 kDa is produced up to cycle 14 and then disappears.
In eukaryotes there are five DNA polymerases: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon which are responsible for different reactions of DNA synthesis.
Inhibited by N2-(p-n-butylphenyl) deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate and N2-(p-n-butylphenyl) deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (PubMed:3129427). DNA synthesis is not inhibited by fungal toxin alpha-amaitin (PubMed:6806812). The 3'-5' exonuclease activity is inhibited by 10mM dGMP (PubMed:3129427).
Expressed during metamorphosis in pupae.
In the anterior end of the larval hindgut and in other larval tissues that are undergoing histolysis.
Induced as part of the humoral response to a bacterial invasion.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
In embryos, expression is seen in heart cells of the dorsal vessel and hindgut visceral mesoderm.
Putative gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Interacts with Tbp, Taf2 and Taf4.
TFIID is a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators and repressors.
Expressed with Orco in 20 sensory neurons on the distal edge of the antenna.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Complexes with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. They are necessary and sufficient to promote functional reconstitution of odor-evoked signaling in sensory neurons that normally respond only to carbon dioxide. Involved in the behavioral responses to acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexanol.
3'-5' RNA exonuclease that trims the 3' end of oligo(U) tracts of the pre-U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecule, leading to the formation of a mature U6 snRNA 3' end-terminated with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate. Participates in the U6 snRNA 3' end processing that prevents U6 snRNA degradation.
Belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily. USB1 family.
Phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end processing. Acts as an exoribonuclease (RNase) responsible for trimming the poly(U) tract of the last nucleotides in the pre-U6 snRNA molecule, leading to the formation of mature U6 snRNA.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Anti-apoptotic protein which functions as a caspase regulator, using its E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity to smother caspase activity. Binds, ubiquitinates and inactivates initiator caspase Dronc, and effector caspases Drice and Dcp-1. Acts as a Nedd8-E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase for Drice. Suppresses apoptosis by targeting the apoptosome for ubiquitination and inactivation. Plays an important role in cell motility. Overexpression suppresses rpr and hid-dependent cell death in the eye. Interaction of Diap1 with Dronc is required to suppress Dronc-mediated cell death through Diap1-mediated ubiquitination of Dronc. Acts as a positive regulator of Wnt signaling.
Detected in wing disks (at protein level).
Interacts (via BIR 2 domain) with Dronc (via residues 114-125). Rpr, hid and grim can outcompete Dronc for binding Diap1 therefore removing Diap1-mediated ubiquitination. Interacts (via BIR 2 domain) with HtrA2; this displaces any bound Dronc. Interacts with Strica (PubMed:11550090). The N-terminally cleaved form interacts with Ubr3 (via UBR-type zinc finger) (PubMed:25146930, PubMed:26383956); the interaction promotes the recruitment and uniquitination of substrate capases such as Dronc (PubMed:25146930).
Ubiquitinated and degraded by HtrA2 in apoptotic cells; proteolytic cleavage at specific sites in the BIR domain linker region generating inactive fragments. Mutation of one site reduces but does not abolish cleavage as another site is selected by the protease.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Accumulates after eclosion and gradually increases during sexual maturation. In males, levels decline immediately after mating and recover progressively.
Expressed in sweet sensing neurons of classical chemosensory sensilla, but also in two supersensitive neurons of atypical taste sensilla.
One of the few identified sugar gustatory receptors identified so far with glucose being its primary ligand and which mediates acceptance behavior.
Plays a role in the sugar gustatory response.
At germband retraction (stage 12), expression is high in the embryo amnioserosa and relatively low at the apical edge of the leading edge/ dorsalmost epidermal (DME) cells (PubMed:18816840, PubMed:23579691). Whereas at dorsal closure (stage 13), expression is relatively low in the amnioserosa and high in the DME cells (PubMed:18816840, PubMed:23579691). Isoforms containing exon 7 are detected in all stages of development and are expressed in embryos, early and late larvae, and adults (PubMed:8568878).
In Johnston's organ, expressed in neurons and scolopale cells.
Interacts with sau (PubMed:24786584). Interacts with ck and Ubr3 (PubMed:27331610).
Nonmuscle myosin appears to be responsible for cellularization. Required for morphogenesis and cytokinesis (PubMed:24786584). Necessary for auditory transduction: plays a role in Johnston's organ organization by acting in scolopidial apical attachment (PubMed:27331610). Interaction with the myosin ck may be important for this function (PubMed:27331610).
Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct proteins.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
Forms a complex with Nrg and Cont (PubMed:15459097). Forms a complex composed of septa junction proteins Nrx-IV/Nrx, Tsf2/MTf, Cont and Nrg during late embryogenesis (PubMed:20935638). The C-terminal region interacts with coracle (PubMed:9508778). Interacts with Patj in cis form (PubMed:10102271).
Found in septate junctions of epithelial and glial cells.
In embryos, expressed in trachea and hindgut (at protein level).
Seems to play a role in the formation and function of septate junctions. Septate junctions, which are the equivalent of vertebrates tight junctions, are characterized by regular arrays of transverse structures that span the intermembrane space and form a physical barrier to diffusion. Required for the blood-brain barrier formation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family. Ribosome biogenesis protein NSA2 subfamily.
Component of the pre-66S ribosomal particle.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. May play a part in the quality control of pre-60S particles.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Component of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex (By similarity). Interacts with Rab6.
In mutant flies, axons from R7 photoreceptor cells in the eye fail to reach their normal target in brain medulla layer M6, but instead target layer M3. This leads to defects in synaptic signal transmission. Differentiation of photoreceptors is not affected.
In third-instar larvae, detected in most cells of the optic lobes, showing an enrichment in the lamina and the medulla neuropil. At pupal stage, expressed in photoreceptor cells, as well as in the postsynaptic cells that form the lamina plexus and medulla. Also expressed in salivary glands and pupal eye imaginal disks.
Probable component of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that may be required for efficient fusion of endosome-derived vesicles with the Golgi (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating Rab6-dependent CadN transport in photoreceptor cells which is required for the formation of normal synaptic connections between axons from the inner photoreceptor cells in the eye and postsynaptic cells in the brain medulla layer M6, and for the generation of normal postsynaptic responses.
Belongs to the selenophosphate synthase 1 family. Class I subfamily.
First expressed in the midgut anlagen with subsequent expression in a variety of tissues including the gut and nervous system.
Synthesizes selenophosphate from selenide and ATP.
Adult females show severely reduced number of egg chambers and the small germarium in ovarioles. The rare eggs that become fertilized display gross defects in embryogenesis exhibiting fusion of adjacent segments and holes in the dorsal and ventral cuticle.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GPRK subfamily.
Expressed in all larval tissues and in adult ovaries. Larval CNS staining is localized to axons projecting to the optic lobes and the mushroom bodies, in the longitudinal connectives, and in cell bodies and nerves of the ring gland corpus allatum. Adult CNS staining is detectable only in cell bodies and processes associated with the ellipsoid body of the central complex and portions of the mushroom bodies. In the wing disk, expression is confined to a stripe that parallels the anterior/posterior boundary of the wing blade and the hinge region, and weak expression in the prospective notum.
Specifically phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors (By similarity). Required during oogenesis and embryogenesis; component of a signaling pathway that functions during egg chamber maturation.
Binds as a ligand to a family of frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors and acts through a cascade of genes on the nucleus. Acts downstream of homeotic complex genes in the visceral mesoderm and is required for embryonic segmentation. Also required for cell movement and FAK regulation during ovarian morphogenesis.
Palmitoleoylated by porcupine. The lipid group functions as a sorting signal, targeting the ligand to polarized vesicles that transport Wnt4 to unique sites at the cell surface. Depalmitoleoylated by notum, leading to inhibit Wnt signaling pathway.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8. In the complex, it probably interacts directly with CSN2 and CSN4.
The PCI domain is necessary and sufficient for the interactions with other CSN subunits of the complex.
Essential signaling component in transmitting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal leading to cact degradation, which is required for NF-kappa-B (Rel) activation. Required for antibacterial immune response.
Interacts with IKKbeta to form the I-kappa-B kinase complex.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation (PubMed:18493598). In addition to its role in the eIF-3 complex, also functions in protein ubiquitination and degradation (PubMed:18493598, PubMed:28505193). During mitosis required for regulating mitotic microtubule growth and kinetochore formation, and consequently is required for satisfying the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) during metaphase to prevent delays in mitotic progression (PubMed:28505193). This is likely by promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of Klp67A, a kinesin-like protein that suppresses microtubule polymerization at plus ends (PubMed:28505193). Acts in the COP9 signalosome (CSN) mediated regulation of cullin neddylation by promoting Cul1 and Cul3 neddylation and negatively regulating the CSN complex subunit CSN5 (PubMed:18493598).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex. The eIF-3 complex interacts with pix. Interacts with mxt (PubMed:23716590).
Expressed throughout development and in adults (at protein level). Expression peaks in early embryos (2 hours after oviposition), then steadily decreases over the embryonic and larval stages (at protein level). Expression increases again 5 days after oviposition and remains stable until day 10 (at protein level).
Expression levels in females and males are relatively similar 10 days after oviposition, however by day 15 expression is higher in gravid females than in males (at protein level).
Homozygous lethal at the first instar larval stage. Larvae are smaller than wild-type and die 3-4 days after hatching.
Mediates efflux of magnesium ions from mitochondria, suggesting a role in magnesium homeostasis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in accumulation of magnesium ions in mitochondria, and reduced lifespan. A magnesium-deficient diet rescues the reduced lifespan phenotype.
Larval (posterior) and imaginal (anterior) epidermis.
This protein is glycine-rich and contains several repeats of the motif (G/S)1-4(Y/F) like structural proteins from insect egg shells, egg cases and vertebrate cytokeratins.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E2-like enzyme which forms an intermediate with UFM1 via a thioester linkage (By similarity). As part of Ufm1 cascade, might play a role in the development of the neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:26872069).
Interacts with Uba5 (via C-terminus). Interacts with Ufl1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown shows aberrant neuromuscular junctions in the larval muscle, and abnormal wings together with locomotive defects in the adult.
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
As the catalytic component of the DNA polymerase gamma complex is involved in the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (PubMed:3095323, PubMed:7499423, PubMed:8798543, PubMed:11917141, PubMed:19924234, PubMed:15537632, PubMed:28430993). Has both 5'-3' DNA polymerase and a highly mispair-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity (PubMed:2671990, PubMed:7499423, PubMed:8798543, PubMed:28430993, PubMed:26554610, PubMed:15537632). At the end of mtDNA replication DNA ends are ligated to produce a closed circular mtDNA molecule, its exonuclease activity is required for formation of these ligatable ends by preventing DNA synthesis from continuing past the 5'-end of downstream DNA into duplex DNA regions (PubMed:28430993). Does not possess DNA primase activity, does not catalyze strand displacement synthesis and does not contain a 5'-3' exonuclease activity to catalyze nick translation (PubMed:3095323). Important for promoting the elimination of paternal mitochondrial DNA during spermatogenesis, however its exact role in this function has not yet been identified and appears to be independent of its 3'-5'-exonuclease activity and only partially dependent on its DNA polymerase activity (PubMed:28318978).
Expressed in the embryo (at protein levels) (PubMed:3095323). Expressed at high levels in eggs and to a lesser extent during embryonic development (PubMed:10930405). Expressed at all larval stages and at higher levels in adults (PubMed:10930405).
Larval lethal due to severe defects in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and synthesis (PubMed:26554610). Larvae display a severe decrease in body weight and a 70% decrease in mtDNA levels but are able to survive on maternal contribution until the third larval stage (PubMed:26554610). RNAi-mediated knockdown in male germline cells, results in defective clearance of paternal mitochondrial nucleoids (containing mitochondrial DNA) during spermatogenesis (PubMed:28318978). Eggs fertilized by mutant males do not display an increase in male mtDNA levels, suggesting that it does not affect regulatory pathways in the embryo that prevent the paternal transmission of mtDNA (PubMed:28318978).
Stimulated by KCl, and inhibited by the small molecules o 2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate (d2TTP) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM).
Expression is confined to the eye imaginal disks, parts of the brain, the ventral ganglion and the salivary glands.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL42 family.
All cells and tissues of the developing embryo. Later in development, expression is higher in midgut, brain, nerve cord, and gonads.
Activated in response to hyperosmotic stress: cell shrinkage promotes formation of a membraneless compartment that concentrates wnk-1 with its downstrem substrates (PubMed:36318922). Activation requires autophosphorylation (PubMed:33439774). Autophosphorylation and subsequent activation is inhibited by increases in intracellular Cl(-) or K(+) (PubMed:33439774, PubMed:35303418).
Autophosphorylated (PubMed:23797875). Autophosphorylation at Ser-628 and Ser-632 promotes its activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WNK subfamily.
Disordered regions undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) for the formation of a cytoplasmic membraneless compartment that concentrates Wnk with its downstream substrates.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase component of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 kinase cascade, which plays an important role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis and regulatory volume increase in response to hyperosmotic stress (PubMed:23797875, PubMed:25086033, PubMed:36318922). Wnk mediates regulatory volume increase in response to hyperosmotic stress by acting as a molecular crowding sensor, which senses cell shrinkage and mediates formation of a membraneless compartment by undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (PubMed:36318922). The membraneless compartment concentrates Wnk with its substrate Fray, promoting Wnk-dependent phosphorylation and activation of downstream kinase Fray. Following activation, Fray catalyzes phosphorylation of ion cotransporters Ncc69 and Irk1, regulating their activity (PubMed:25086033, PubMed:36318922, PubMed:35303418). Phosphorylation of Na-K-Cl cotransporter Ncc69 promotes its activation and ion influx (PubMed:25086033). Involved in circadian rhythms in small ventral lateral (sLNv) pacemaker neurons: in the morning, Wnk activity is repressed by high levels of intracellular chloride; in contrast Wnk activation in the evening promotes the activation of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Irk1 via Fray (PubMed:35303418). Acts as positive regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway during wing disk development (PubMed:23797875).
In late third larval instar ovaries, detected in germ cells but not in somatic intermingled cells and is expressed uniformly in the wing disk. In the embryo, expressed in the ventral midline, tracheal placodes, and cells forming the anterior-most row in each segment.
In the larva, becomes detectable at the late second larval instar stage and continues to be expressed throughout the larval period.
Increase in the number of differentiating germ cells.
Plays a role in the ovary in limiting the number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) that develop directly into gametes, allowing them instead to enter the developmental pathway that produces germline stem cells (GSCs) from PGCs and ensuring lifelong production of gametes from these GSCs. Negatively regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) signaling. Probably down-regulates EGFR signaling on intermingled cells, a type of somatic stromal cell which contacts PGCs, and the resultant low level of signaling limits the proportion of PGCs which start gametogenesis, maintaining them in an undifferentiated proliferative state.
Probably involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton by acting downstream of CDC42, inducing actin filament assembly.
Coexpressed with CCAP in most CCAP-specific neurons. Coexpressed with Burs in 4 bilateral neurons in thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of the ventral nervous system.
Heterodimer with Burs; 2 cystine knot polypeptides.
Mitochondrial protein that is likely to be responsible for thermogenic respiration. Likely to function in mitochondrial uncoupling i.e. creating mitochondrial proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane and can therefore dissipate the mitochondrial proton gradient and convert the energy of substrate oxidation into heat instead of ATP. Involved in cold tolerance, it is required for development to the adult stage at low temperatures.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is adult lethal at low temperatures. At 15 degrees Celsius there is a severe reduction in the number of larvae and flies do not survive to the adult stage. Second instar larvae moved from 23 to 14 degrees Celsius show no heat production in response to the decrease in temperature. In second instar larvae body wall preparations, maximal oxygen consumption rate (i.e. mitochondrial respiration) is significantly higher than the controls, and the addition of the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-[trifluoromethoxy]-phenyl-hydrazone followed by the ATP inhibitor oligomycin results in a threefold increase in the oxygen consumption rate. Uncoupling in larval mitochondria in response to the addition of palmitate is also suppressed.
Binds 1 or 2 heme groups per heterodimer.
Expressed in embryos in a segmental pattern in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and in the brain, beginning at stage 15 or 16 and continuing through to stage 1. Colocalized with Gyc-89Db in several peripheral neurons that innervate trachea, basiconical sensilla and the sensory cones in the posterior segments of the embryo. Expression in wandering third instar larvae is most prominent in a small cluster of cells located in the anterior medial region of each brain lobe. In the VNC, expression is found in scattered cells both laterally and at the midline.
Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults.
Heterodimers with Gyc-89Da and Gyc-89Db are activated in response to changing oxygen concentrations, alerting flies to hypoxic environments. Under normal oxygen concentrations, oxygen binds to the heme group and results in low levels of guanylyl cyclase activity. When exposed to reduced oxygen concentrations, the oxygen dissociates from the heme group resulting in activation of the enzyme.
Homodimer, and heterodimer; with Gyc-89Db and Gyc-89Da, in the presence of magnesium or manganese.
Probably not activated by nitric oxide (NO). Homodimer is slightly stimulated by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) but not the NO donor DEA-NONOate or the NO-independent activator YC-1. Heterodimer also exhibits some stimulation, some compounds (SIN-1 and two of the NONOates) that were ineffective at stimulating Gyc-88E alone did stimulate the heterodimer.
There are two types of guanylate cyclases: soluble forms and membrane-associated receptor forms.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
Detected in syncytial embryos and larvae (at protein level).
Interacts with microtubules as well as alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimers.
N-acetyltransferase that mediates the acetylation of the N-terminal residues of alpha- and beta-tubulin (PubMed:33479178). Required for microtubule stability and inhibition of JNK signaling to promote cell survival during development, possibly acting independently of its N-acetyltransferase activity (PubMed:33479178). Necessary for the stabilization of spindle microtubules and for mitosis progression (PubMed:33479178). Regulates microtubule stability by inhibiting Spastin-mediated depolymerization and promoting Eb1-mediated polymerization (PubMed:33479178).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the posterior compartment of the wing disk, results in adult wings that are reduced in size, display abnormally thin veins and form blisters in the posterior part of the wing (PubMed:33479178). Defects are mainly due to activation of the JNK signaling pathway leading to increased apoptosis in the developing wing (PubMed:33479178). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsoventral (DV) boundary and anterior-posterior (AP) boundary regions of the wing disk, induces notching along the adult wing margin and a reduction in the AP boundary region between the L3 and L4 veins (PubMed:33479178). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the adult thorax causes defects in the abdominal segments (PubMed:33479178). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the adult eyes induces ectopic tissue growth and reduced eye size (PubMed:33479178). RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos, results in various abnormal mitotic patterns, such as defective chromosome alignments, short spindles and a loss of chromosomes (PubMed:33479178).
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. USP20/USP33 subfamily.
Deubiquitinating enzyme that acts as an inhibitor of mitophagy probably by counteracting the action of park. Possibly functions by hydrolyzing ubiquitin attached by park on target proteins, thereby reducing park's ability to drive mitophagy.
RNAi-mediated knockdown has no effect on the number of mitochondrial clumps and mitochondrial membrane potential in the indirect flight muscles, and there is also no effect on climbing performance. However RNAi-mediated knockdown rescues the defective mitophagy phenotypes caused by mutations in park; reducing the number of mitochondrial clumps, and improving mitochondrial membrane potential and climbing performance in park-deficient flies.
Activated by calcium/calmodulin and G protein.
This is a membrane-bound, calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase. Inactivation of this cyclase leads to a learning and memory defect.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Probable malonate and methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase involved in the catabolism of valine, thymine, and compounds catabolized by way of beta-alanine, including uracil and cytidine.
Expressed in blastoderm embryos (at protein level). Abundantly expressed in late-stage embryos including in the developing salivary glands (at protein level).
Formation of embryos with altered dorsal-ventral patterning, dramatically decreased levels of ea in the perivitelline space and reduced processing of ea.
Involved in embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning which is generated by a series of serine protease processing events where gd processes snk which cleaves ea which then processes spz into the activating ligand for the Toll receptor. Required during this process for the secretion of ea from the developing embryo into the perivitelline space and for ea processing.
In embryos, both isoforms are initially expressed on the surface of the axons in the MP1 pathway and later on several other longitudinal axon fascicles.
Neuronal recognition molecule for the MP1 axon pathway, pathway recognition for axons during the development of nerve fascicles.
Enhances para sodium channel function. Required during pupal development to rescue adult paralysis and also protects adult flies against heat-induced lethality.
Expressed weakly in middle to late embryos, absent in larvae and is most abundantly expressed in middle to late pupal stages.
Preferentially expressed in the central nervous system of developing embryos, weaker expression is seen in the peripheral nervous system. In pupae and adults, expression is seen predominantly in heads, body and legs.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Chitinase class II subfamily.
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-alpha subfamily.
Although strongly related to polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase proteins, it lacks the conserved Asp-Xaa-His motif in positions 199-201 and the conserved His residue in position 330 which are involved in the binding to the cofactor Mn(2+). This suggests that it may have lost its activity.
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Death during pupal stage, possibly due to the accumulation of DNA DSBs and the induction of apoptosis in third instar larvae.
Essential component of the MRN complex, a complex that possesses single-stranded DNA endonuclease and 3' to 5' exonuclease activities, and plays a central role in double-strand break (DSB) repair. The complex participates in processes such as DNA recombination, DNA repair, genome stability, telomere integrity and meiosis. The MRN complex may protect telomeres by facilitating recruitment of HOAP and HP1 at chromosome ends. In the complex, it mediates the ATP-binding and is probably required to bind DNA ends and hold them in close proximity.
Homodimer. Probable component of the MRN complex with mre11 (By similarity).
The zinc-hook, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, contains 2 Cys residues that coordinate one molecule of zinc with the help of the 2 Cys residues of the zinc-hook of another RAD50 molecule, thereby forming a V-shaped homodimer. The two heads of the homodimer, which constitute the ATP-binding domain, interact with the MRE11 homodimer (By similarity).
Cause death late in larval development, with defects in cell-cycle progression and chromosome condensation in mitosis.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication (PubMed:11137005). DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far (PubMed:11137005). ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication (PubMed:11137005). As part of the ORC complex, might also have a role in mRNA export (Probable).
ORC is composed of six subunits. Interacts with Mcm10 (PubMed:12808023). Interacts with CG9890 (PubMed:30713769). Interaction between the TREX-2/AMEX complex and the ORC complex is required for ORC localization to mRNPs, and consequently mRNA export (PubMed:27016737).
Adds a GMP to the 5'-end of tRNA(His) after transcription and RNase P cleavage.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity.
Probable component of the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.
Expressed at low levels at all stages of development, with a peak of expression in the embryo and in the 2-day-old pupa. Detected in all wing cells of the 2-day-old pupa.
Plays a role in the organization of cell polarity via a planar cell polarity (PCP) cascade. Involved in the development of the hairs on the wings. Specify the correct orientation of the hair by limiting the site of prehair initiation to the distal vertex of the wing cells. Controls wing cell hair number by maintaining the integrity of the cytoskeletal components that direct hair development.
Associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and is required for sex determination (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). In the WMM complex, acts as a key regulator of m6A methylation by bridging fl(2)d to the RNA-binding component nito (PubMed:29535189). Required for sex determination and dosage compensation via Sxl alternative splicing: m6A methylation acts as a key regulator of Sxl pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755).
Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). The MAC subcomplex is composed of Ime4/Mettl3 and Mettl14 (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). The MACOM subcomplex is composed of fl(2)d, Flacc/Xio, Hakai, vir, and, in some cases of nito (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755).
Expression is enriched in early embryos, decreases during larval stages, and rises again at pupal stages (PubMed:29555755). Strongly expressed during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, a time where N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs is decreasing (PubMed:29535189).
Female-specific lethality, associated with sexual transformation phenotypes (PubMed:29555755). Hemizygous males are sterile (PubMed:29555755). Sexual transformation phenotypes resemble other N6-methyladenosine (m6A) factors, such as sexual transformations, Sxl splicing defect, held-out wings, flightless flies and reduction of m6A levels (PubMed:29555755).
Was named Xiong after the Chinese character for maleness.
Widely expressed during embryogenesis but shows enrichment in the neuroectoderm.
First seen at the early (syncytial) blastoderm stage 4. During cellularization of the blastoderm (stage 5), stripes of expression appear and remain through to stage 10. Expression becomes undetectable during germ band retraction (stages 11-14). By stage 15, some expression resumes in the primordium of the ring gland, so that by stage 17 strong expression is seen, but only in the ring gland. This specific localization continues throughout the larval instars (at protein level). Expressed in the prothoracic gland cells of the larval ring gland (RG). Levels decline just after the molt to the third instar then increase later during the wandering stage. Low levels of expression are seen in the larval brain and fat body. In the adult, majority of expression is restricted to the ovaries, with low levels in the head and carcass of both sexes.
Involved in the metabolism of insect hormones; responsible for ecdysteroid C25-hydroxylase activity. May be involved in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-14 is the initiator.
Expressed throughout the larval brain, ventral nerve cord (VNC) and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (at protein level).
No obvious phenotype. Viable and fertile with normal basic motor functions. However in type 1b boutons at the larval neuromuscular junction of some mutants (30-40%), there is an increase in the number of synaptic vesicles with a large diameter and a decrease in vesicle density under resting conditions. Resolution of synaptic vesicles from endocytic cisternae following an intense stimulation is delayed, and consequently boutons display an increased number of cisternae. Mutant larvae also show an increase in the amplitude of spontaneous miniature excitatory junctional currents (mEJCs), but normal evoked excitatory junction currents (EJCs). No effect on synaptic growth, the number of synaptic vesicle release sites and vesicle budding.
Required for the correct formation of synaptic vesicles at nerve terminals and has a role in the regulation of the synaptic vesicle exo-endocytic cycle.
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate (By similarity).
Catalyzes the transfer of endogenously produced octanoic acid from octanoyl-acyl-carrier-protein onto the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes. Lipoyl-ACP can also act as a substrate although octanoyl-ACP is likely to be the physiological substrate.
In the reaction, the free carboxyl group of octanoic acid is attached via an amide linkage to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes.
Abundantly expressed through all stages of the life cycle.
Mutation of tko causes a behavioral mutation ('bang sensitivity' = temporarily paralysis in response to a physical jolt).
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. Binds to the polypyrimidine tract of introns early during spliceosome assembly (By similarity).
During embryonic stages 9-11, weakly expressed in the mesoderm. During embryonic stages 12-13, very weak expression is observed in the somatic mesoderm region. No expression detected from stage 14-15. During embryonic stages 16-17, expressed in the epidermis and the antennomaxillary complex. In third instar larvae, expressed ubiquitously in wing, eye-antennal, leg and haltere imaginal disks.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout embryonic and larval stages.
A humoral factor that plays a role in stress tolerance; gives increased resistance to the lethal effects of bacterial challenge and stress. Regulated by the JAK/STAT pathway and NF-KB-like Relish pathway in the fat body, upd3 in the hemocytes and Mekk1 in response to septic injury and consequent immune response.
By stressful conditions such as bacterial infection, heat shock, mechanical pressure, dehydration, feeding with oxidative agents such as paraquat or exposure to ultraviolet light.
Expressed in the fat body (at protein level).
Expressed in the third larval instar and maintained through pupal development. Levels gradually increase during adulthood.
Flies overexpressing TotA show prolonged survival and retain normal activity at otherwise lethal temperatures.
Activated by agonist muscimol (PubMed:8016117, PubMed:12805302, PubMed:8389005, PubMed:24823815). Insensitive to zinc, glycine, glutamate, and baclofen, loreclezole, to antagonist bicuculline, glycine-receptor antagonist strychnine, and nonselective GABA and glycine antagonist RU 5135 (PubMed:8016117, PubMed:8389005, PubMed:8882620, PubMed:12805302). Insensitive to flunitrazepam, pentobarbitone or pregnane steroids such as 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (PubMed:8016117, PubMed:8882620, PubMed:12805302). Inhibited by insecticides picrotoxin (PTX), cyclodiene dieldrin, TBPS and lindane (PubMed:8016117, PubMed:8389005, PubMed:7527461). Inhibited by ivermectin, fipronil and pyrafluprole (PubMed:24823815).
Expressed in different parts of the brain: the mushroom bodies (alpha, alpha', beta, beta', gamma lobes and peduncles), the neurons projecting to the columnar-type neuron LC9 optic glomerulus, in interneurons connecting the paired olfactory lobes, antennal lobes, PDF-expressing small and large ventral lateral neurons (LNvs) of the circadian clock and lobula columnar neuron 11 (LC11) (at protein level) (PubMed:18093529, PubMed:19038223, PubMed:32339168, PubMed:19230663, PubMed:24068821, PubMed:29174887, PubMed:32075756). Expressed in all major ON pathway medulla neurons (Mi1, Tm3, Mi4, and Mi9) and in OFF pathway neurons (Tm1, Tm2, Tm4, and Tm9) (PubMed:31535971).
Forms oligomers (PubMed:8882620). Interacts with Nlg4; the interaction mediates Rdl clustering (PubMed:24068821). Interacts with Fbxl4; the interaction mediates Rdl degradation (PubMed:29174887).
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor voltage channel subunit (PubMed:8016117, PubMed:8389005, PubMed:7527461, PubMed:8882620, PubMed:12805302, PubMed:24823815). GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA receptor and opening an integral chloride channel (PubMed:8389005, PubMed:7527461, PubMed:12805302). Together with glutamate receptor GluClalpha, plays an important role in the visual response by regulating the activity of ON/OFF-selective neurons (PubMed:31535971, PubMed:32075756). Plays a role in promoting sleep and sleep latency by regulating the activity of peptidergic PDF neurons (PubMed:18223647, PubMed:19038223, PubMed:19230663). In large ventral lateral clock neurons, clustering is mediated by Nlg4 and protein levels undergo daily degradation in response to the circadian clock (PubMed:24068821, PubMed:29174887). In neurons in the mushroom bodies, has a role in odor memory acquisition where it inhibits appetitive and aversive olfactory learning, probably upstream of adenylyl cyclase rut and GTPase activating protein Nf1 (PubMed:18093529, PubMed:19193904). In male-specific GABAergic neurons, plays a role in inhibiting male aggressive behavior during courtship (PubMed:24241395).
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor voltage channel subunit.
In large ventral lateral neurons (lLNvs), undergoes daily rhythmic degradation which is inversely correlated with the activity of lLNvs, which is involved in the circadian clock (PubMed:29174887). Degradation levels are increased in the early hours of the morning and mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbxl4 (PubMed:29174887).
In lobula columnar neurons 11 (LC11) results in a reduction of visual responses to the motion of small objects (PubMed:32075756). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons leads to dis-inhibition of male aggressive behavior (PubMed:24241395). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons in the alpha/beta mushroom bodies enhances learning (PubMed:18093529). RNAi-mediated knockdown in mushroom bodies enhances appetitive olfactory learning (PubMed:19193904). RNAi-mediated knockdown in PDF-expressing neurons results in decreased sleep but does not alter waking activity, circadian period, or rhythmicity under dark-dark conditions (PubMed:19230663). Simultaneous knockout of adenylate cyclase rut does not enhance the phenotype (PubMed:19193904). Simultaneous knockout of E3 ligase Fbxl4 results in significantly increased duration of daytime sleep and nighttime sleep as well as shortened sleep onset latency (PubMed:29174887).
Inhibited by insecticides picrotoxin (PTX).
Resistance is thought to be due to insensitivity of the cyclodiene/picrotoxinin binding site on the GABA(A) receptor-chloride ionophore complex.
Isoform 3 is expressed both maternally and zygotically.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-7 is the initiator.
Probable corepressor protein, which regulates different key pathways such as the EGF receptor and Wg pathways. Involved in neuronal cell fate, survival and axon guidance, cell cycle regulation and repression of head identity in the embryonic trunk. May act with the Hox gene Deformed and the EGF receptor signaling pathway. Positive regulator of the Wg pathway in larval tissues but not in embryonic tissues. May act as a transcriptional corepressor protein, which repress transcription via the recruitment of large complexes containing histone deacetylase proteins.
Produced by alternative splicing of isoform 1.
Produced by alternative splicing of isoform 2.
Ubiquitous. Expressed prior to cellularization in stage 3 embryos, and in blastoderm cells, including pole cells. Expressed throughout the rest of embryogenesis. Later, it is expressed at higher level in epidermal cells and CNS.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
May function as a general inhibitor of the histone deacetylase HDAC1.
Transfers mannosyl residues to the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues.
Although homology to other calpains is high within the protease domain, the lack of calcium-binding sites suggests that this protein is a protease that may not be activated by calcium ions.
Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease.
Mutants cause specific cells to degenerate in the developing optic lobes, resulting in the absence of certain classes of columnar neurons.
Present throughout development, with expression levels lower in larvae than other life stages.
RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs small interfering RNA-mediated silencing and leads to derepression of piRNA pathway-mediated transposable element silencing.
Together with methyltransferase Trm7-34, methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at position 34 of the anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs.
Belongs to the UPF0184 (EST00098) family.
May play a role in the response to environmental stress. Appears to act upstream of the JUN N-terminal pathway.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
SNARE involved in targeting and fusion of ER-derived transport vesicles with the Golgi complex as well as Golgi-derived retrograde transport vesicles with the ER.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the GatB/GatE family. GatB subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A, B and C subunits.
ATPase activity is stimulated by microtubules, which promote homooligomerization. ATP-dependent microtubule severing is stimulated by interaction with KATNB1.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
Can homooligomerize into hexameric rings, which may be promoted by interaction with microtubules. Interacts with KATNB1, which may serve as a targeting subunit.
Catalytic subunit of a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP2 subfamily.
Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. SerC subfamily.
Binds 1 pyridoxal phosphate per subunit.
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine and of 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate to phosphohydroxythreonine.
Although strongly related to the PI3/PI4-kinase family, it lacks the typical motifs that constitute the catalytic site of PI3/PI4-kinase proteins, suggesting that it probably lacks such activity.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. TRA1 subfamily.
Component of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex which contains the catalytic subunit Tip60 and the subunits Domino, Tra1, Brd8, E(Pc), DMAP1, Pontin, Reptin, Ing3, Act87E, BAP55, Mrg15, MrgBP, Gas41 and YL-1 (PubMed:15528408). Probable component of some SAGA complex (PubMed:12697829). Interacts with Spt3, Gcn5, Ada3 and Ada2b (PubMed:12697829).
Contaminating sequence. Insertion of several transposable element sequences.
Part of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex which is involved in DNA repair (PubMed:15528408). Upon induction of DNA double-strand breaks, this complex acetylates phosphorylated H2AV in nucleosomes and exchanges it with unmodified H2AV (PubMed:15528408). During wing development, required for activity of Notch and its coactivator mam (PubMed:16508010). Function in promoting mam function is likely to involve both the Tip60 and SAGA complexes (PubMed:16508010).
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. May be the terminally assembled subunit of Complex I.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFV3 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the flavoprotein-sulfur (FP) fragment of the enzyme.
Expressed in specific tissues such as the developing central nervous system (CNS) and both the male and female germline. In the CNS, it is restricted in a subset of cells during embryogenesis and early larval development. In embryos, it is also expressed in salivary glands. In the testis, expressed in somatic cyst cells throughout the distal region where the mitotic cysts develop, extending through to meiotic cysts.
Flies have defects in locomotor behavior and die during larval development, due to abnormal neural function. Mutant males lacking functional slmo survive into adulthood and show an early division of the germline but never progress through the gonial divisions. Mutant females demonstrate germarial degeneration and reduced fertility.
Required to regulate peristaltic movement and also for germline proliferation in males and females.
Composed of 4 alpha helices: 2 hydrophobic transmembrane regions (alpha3 and alpha4) and 2 alpha helices (alpha1 and alpha2) (By similarity). Alpha1 and alpha2 feature one hydrophobic side and a hydrophilic side (By similarity). In normal conditions, NijB is inactivated and alpha1 and alpha2 helices are not inserted into the membrane (By similarity). Following NijB activation, alpha1 and alpha2 helices insert into the membrane and drive NijB oligomerization via interactions between alpha3 and alpha4 and the hydrophobic face of alpha1 from an adjacent subunit (By similarity). Such structures disrupt membrane integrity and form a lesion through the introduction of the hydrophilic faces of alpha1 and alpha2 into the hydrophobic membrane (By similarity).
Effector of non-apoptotic necrotic cell death that mediates plasma membrane rupture (cytolysis): oligomerizes in response to death stimuli and promotes plasma membrane rupture by introducing hydrophilic faces of 2 alpha helices into the hydrophobic membrane, leading to release intracellular molecules that propagate the inflammatory response (PubMed:33472215). Also acts as a homophilic transmembrane adhesion molecule that promotes cell adhesion by mediating homophilic interactions via its extracellular region (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Located at the top of the head of the 40S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 18S rRNA.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Part of a translational control module, also containing pths/DDX47 and ath/DHX33, which coordinates germline stem cell differentiation with ribosome biogenesis during oogenesis. This module allows for coregulation of ribosomal proteins and non1/GTPBP4, a p53 repressor, preventing p53 stabilization, cell cycle arrest and loss of stem cell differentiation (PubMed:35413237). Controls cell cycle progression by regulating translation of mRNAs that contain a terminal oligo pyrimidine (TOP) motif in their 5' UTRs, such as non1 (PubMed:35413237).
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Expressed during the first 6 hours of embryonic development, levels decline during larval and pupal stages to increase again during adulthood.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand than undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 3'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity). Weakly relaxes negative supercoils and displays a distinct preference for binding single-stranded DNA.
Expressed at the termini of the blastoderm embryo in three domains; strongly expressed at the posterior pole, relatively weakly expressed at the anterior pole and expressed in a broad transverse stripe just anterior to the presumptive cephalic furrow. Subsequent to the blastoderm stage, the expression pattern reflects the morphological rearrangements associated with gastrulation. Additionally, at early gastrulation, terminal expression is supplemented by weak expression in seven stripes. These primary stripes are rapidly supplemented by seven secondary stripes. Relatively uniformly expressed throughout the anlagen, primordia and epithelia of the embryonic foregut and hindgut. By stage 13, hindgut expression is greatly reduced but foregut expression remains high until stage 17. Segmentally expressed in the developing leg; present at a subset of segmental boundaries including all proximal joints (coxa/femur, femur/tibia, tibia/t1) and the distal t5/pretarsal boundary.
Putative transcription factor. Required for leg joint formation, acting downstream of Notch to pattern the leg tarsal segments. Functions in the terminal pathway during embryogenesis, acting downstream of tll in the posterior of the embryo. Acts in a hierarchy downstream of drm and lin during foregut and hindgut patterning and morphogenesis. Involved in cell rearrangement during elongation of the embryonic hindgut. Regulates expression of hindgut patterning genes to establish the small intestine region of the embryonic hindgut. Required in the foregut for spatially localized gene expression and morphogenesis of the proventriculus.
Participates in fat metabolism regulation by recruiting FOXO and the TSC1-TSC2 complex to the cell membrane, which positively regulates TOR activity and negatively regulates the expression of FOXO target genes. Involved in R8 photoreceptor subtype specification. During early embryonic development, may be required for ectodermal patterning.
The PH domain is required for membrane targeting.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Belongs to the flagellar radial spoke RSP3 family.
Expressed at a high level in seven cells of each larval brain hemisphere that may correspond to neurosecretory cells. Expressed at a moderate level in the larval gut.
Expressed in the larva but not in the embryo.
Expressed in neurons of the third antennal segment.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to ethyl acetate, anisole, hexanoic acid, and pyrazines.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex assembles, via its C-terminus that bridges alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3).
Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. As a reducing substrate of peroxiredoxin 1, thioredoxin 2 is preferred over thioredoxin 1.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton (PubMed:1339308). At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations (PubMed:1339308). By binding to PIP2, it may inhibit the formation of IP3 and DG (PubMed:1339308). This profilin is required for intercellular cytoplasm transport during Drosophila oogenesis (PubMed:1339308). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival, and is important for climbing behavior and activity (PubMed:37041188).
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations.
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males significantly reduces survival to 27 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 9 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown also decreases activity throughout the day (during both light and dark cycles) (PubMed:37041188).
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM10 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent guanine N(1)-methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of N(1)-methylguanine at position 9 (m1G9) in tRNAs.
Histone methyltransferase that methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me) (PubMed:12408863). H3K4me represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (PubMed:12408863). Functions in segment determination through interaction with genes of bithorax (BX-C) and antennapedia (ANT-C) complexes (PubMed:2107543, PubMed:7958911). Acts as an activator of BX-C (PubMed:7924996). Involved in the very early regulation of homeotic genes expressed only in the posterior region of the embryo (PubMed:7924996, PubMed:25310983). Also has auto-methylation activity on Cys-3641 (PubMed:24235145).
Interacts (via SET domain) with ash1 (via SET domain) (PubMed:10454589, PubMed:10656681). Interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:25310983).
Maternal isoforms are expressed in syncytial blastoderm, confined to the ventral region fated to become mesoderm. An additional broad domain of expression arises during cellularization and is quickly resolved into four pair-rule-like stripes in the posterior half of the embryo.
RNAi-mediated knock-down in the larva results in decreased expression of Hox genes such as Ubx and Antp.
Belongs to the dynactin 150 kDa subunit family.
Monomer and homodimer (By similarity). Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex part of a tripartite complex with dynein and a adapter, such as BICDL1, BICD2 or HOOK3. The dynactin complex is built around ACTR1A/ACTB filament and consists of an actin-related filament composed of a shoulder domain, a pointed end and a barbed end. Its length is defined by its flexible shoulder domain. The soulder is composed of 2 DCTN1 subunits, 4 DCTN2 and 2 DCTN3. DCTN1/p150(glued) binds directly to microtubules and to cytoplasmic dynein (By similarity).
Part of the dynactin complex that activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules (By similarity). Plays a key role in dynein-mediated retrograde transport of vesicles and organelles along microtubules by recruiting and tethering dynein to microtubules. Binds to both dynein and microtubules providing a link between specific cargos, microtubules and dynein. Essential for targeting dynein to microtubule plus ends, recruiting dynein to membranous cargos and enhancing dynein processivity (the ability to move along a microtubule for a long distance without falling off the track). Can also act as a brake to slow the dynein motor during motility along the microtubule. Can regulate microtubule stability by promoting microtubule formation, nucleation and polymerization and by inhibiting microtubule catastrophe in neurons. Inhibits microtubule catastrophe by binding both to microtubules and to tubulin, leading to enhanced microtubule stability along the axon. Plays a role in metaphase spindle orientation. Plays a role in centriole cohesion and subdistal appendage organization and function. Its recruitment to the centriole in a KIF3A-dependent manner is essential for the maintenance of centriole cohesion and the formation of subdistal appendage. Also required for microtubule anchoring at the mother centriole. Plays a role in primary cilia formation (By similarity).
Part of a minimal complex, TORC1, consisting of mTor, raptor and lst8. Interacts with mTor but not raptor. Does not require raptor for binding to mTor. Part of a minimal complex, TORC2, consisting of mTor, rictor and lst8.
Reduced tissue growth (PubMed:22493059, PubMed:25999153). Adults display an overall reduction in size with a 25% reduction in body weight, and have smaller wings and eyes (PubMed:22493059, PubMed:25999153). Reduced phosphorylation of Akt1 which is a direct target of the TORC2 complex but no effect on the phosphorylation of SK6 which is a major target of the TORC1 complex (PubMed:22493059).
Subunit of TORC1 and TORC2, which regulate cell growth and survival in response to nutrient and hormonal signals (PubMed:22493059, PubMed:25999153). Essential for TORC2-mediated regulation of cell growth and phosphorylation of Akt1 (PubMed:22493059, PubMed:25999153). However it is not required for TORC1-mediated functions such as TORC1-dependent regulation of cell growth, autophagy and phosphorylation of S6K (PubMed:22493059).
Subunit of TORC1 and TORC2, which regulate cell growth and survival in response to nutrient and hormonal signals. Essential for TORC2-mediated regulation of cell growth and phosphorylation of Akt1. However it is not required for TORC1-mediated functions such as TORC1-dependent regulation of cell growth, autophagy and phosphorylation of S6K.
Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of hiw and Fsn (PubMed:17697379, PubMed:21874015). Interacts with Rae1, probably as part of the hiw-Fsn complex (PubMed:21874015). Interacts (via B30.2/SPRY domain) with vas (PubMed:20123973). Interacts with Cul1 (PubMed:20123973).
Dramatic overgrowth of synaptic termini, with a large increase in the number of synaptic boutons and branches. Also impaired synaptic transmission.
Expressed in nurse cells and oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:20123973). Expressed in the brain (PubMed:21874015). Expressed in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (PubMed:17697379).
Expressed in oocytes (at protein level).
Required in the presynaptic motoneuron to down-regulate the levels of wnd and restrain synaptic terminal growth at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Negatively regulates the localization of vas to the posterior pole of the oocyte. Involved in primordial germ cell formation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Required for postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA (PubMed:1902572). Involved in the negative regulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway in the wing by acting with the putative E3 ligases poe, Kcmf1 and Ufd4 to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of rl/MAPK (PubMed:27552662).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP bound to the 40S ribosomal initiation complex (40S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F].eIF-2.GTP) with the subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit resulting in the release of eIF-2 and the guanine nucleotide. The subsequent joining of a 60S ribosomal subunit results in the formation of a functional 80S initiation complex (80S.mRNA.Met-tRNA[F]) (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Detectable in early embryos. Present coincident with bicoid/bcd expression, with peak levels detected in 0-2 hours embryos. Expression is lower during cellularization stages (2-4 hours) and drops dramatically during late embryonic development (4-24 hours). Very little, if any expression is detected in unfertilized eggs.
Distributed throughout the early embryo.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that adds a methylphosphate cap at the 5'-end of 7SK snRNA, leading to stabilize it (By similarity). Required for dorso-ventral patterning in oogenesis and for anterior-posterior pattern formation during embryogenesis, possibly by binding and stabilizing 7SK RNA, thereby promoting formation of a repressive RNA-protein complex (PubMed:21262214).
Severe defect in oogenesis: females lay eggs, however, up to 50% do not initiate development and many show a dorsalized phenotype. Among the eggs that do initiate development, up to 20% fail to complete embryogenesis and of these, nearly all display severe head defects and die as unhatched larvae or die soon after hatching. Mutants show anterior pattern defects and fail to repress the translation of caudal mRNA and exhibit head involution defects. Mutants also display a severe reduction in the level of 7SK RNA and reduced binding of bicoid/bcd to the caudal 3' UTR.
Expressed throughout development, high during embryonic and adult stages. Isoform T1 is predominantly expressed during embryo and adult stages.
Expressed throughout development, high during embryonic and adult stages. Isoform T2 is predominantly expressed during larval and adult stages.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Expressed during late pupal development and in adult females between days 1-3.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
The exocyst complex is composed of Sec3/Exoc1, Sec5/Exoc2, Sec6/Exoc3, Sec8/Exoc4, Sec10/Exoc5, Sec15/Exoc6, Exo70/Exoc7 and Exo84/Exoc8.
Acts as an actin nucleation factor, remains associated with the slow-growing pointed end of the new filament. Promotes dissociation of capu from the barbed end of actin filaments. Involved in intracellular vesicle transport along actin fibers, providing a novel link between actin cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular transport. Required for localization of determinants within the developing oocyte to the posterior pole and to the dorsal anterior corner. Links Rho family signaling and Jnk function to the actin cytoskeleton.
Binds to actin monomers via the WH2 domain.
Flies display premature microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic streaming; failure in the orientation of microtubule plus ends towards the posterior pole.
Interacts with bsk, Rho1, Rac1, Cdc42 and wash. Interacts with capu.
The Spir-box targets binding to intracellular membrane structures.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c family.
Mutant foxo lacking Akt1 phosphorylation sites no longer responds to insulin inhibition, remains in the nucleus, and is constitutively active, inducing cell arrest.
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. Consistently activates both the downstream target Thor\d4EBP and the feedback control target InR. Involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle, modulating cell growth and proliferation. In response to cellular stresses, such as nutrient deprivation or increased levels of reactive oxygen species, foxo is activated and inhibits growth through the action of target genes such as Thor. Foxo activated in the adult fat body can regulate lifespan in adults; an insulin peptide itself may function as one secondary messenger of insulin-regulated aging. Also regulates Lip4, homolog of human acid lipases, thereby acting as a key modulator of lipid metabolism by insulin signaling and integrates insulin responses to glucose and lipid homeostasis.
A high percentage of mutants die as pupae or pharate adults (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:27672113). Under nutrient-replete conditions, larvae display a significant increase in TORC1 activity (PubMed:27672113, PubMed:27166823). Adult escapers display a small but significant increase in body weight and a reduction in climbing (PubMed:27672113). Newly hatched males have a decreased tolerance to both complete starvation and amino acid starvation, likely due to decreased triacylglyceride (TAG) storage and the inability to down-regulate TORC1 activity and activate catabolic metabolism and autophagy (PubMed:27672113). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in the female germline results in a small decrease in the rate of egg production when females are provided with a protein source of wet yeast (PubMed:24786828). Females starved of amino acids for a brief period have increased numbers of degenerating young eggs and show permanent loss of fertility (PubMed:24786828). Mid-stage egg chambers are unaffected (PubMed:24786828).
As a component of the GATOR1 complex functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 pathway.
Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR1 subcomplex which is likely composed of Iml1, Nplr2 and Nplr3 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with Nprl2 (PubMed:24786828).
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Interacts with Vhl.
Functions as a transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Binds to core DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters.
The oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain is required for cytoplasmic localization in normoxia.
Required for survival of imaginal disk cells possibly by regulation of cell apoptosis (PubMed:14704172). Required for germline stem cell self-renewal through mediation of BMP signaling (PubMed:22413088).
ATP-binding RNA helicase involved in the biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX51/DBP6 subfamily.
Expressed in the germline tissue of the ovary.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for activated transcription of the MtnA, MtnB and MtnD genes.
Component of the Mediator complex, which includes at least MED4, MED6, MED14, MED17, MED18, MED20, MED21, MED23, MED24, MED27, MED30 and MED31.
Maternally encoded. Expression decreases during larval stages then rises during mid-pupal metamorphosis.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Component of the osk RNP complex, which is composed of at least exuperantia (exu), ypsilon schachtel (yps), aret (bruno), cup, and the mRNA of osk (PubMed:10662770). In the sponge body, forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) containing at least me31B, exu, yps and the mRNA of osk; interactions with exu and yps are RNA dependent (PubMed:11546740).
Ensures the proper localization of the mRNA of the bicoid gene to the anterior regions of the oocyte thus playing a fundamental role in the establishment of the polarity of the oocyte. May bind the bcd mRNA.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. MPPE1 family.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family.
Each of the four internal repeats contains five hydrophobic transmembrane segments (S1, S2, S3, S5, S6) and one positively charged transmembrane segment (S4). S4 segments probably represent the voltage-sensor and are characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position.
Expressed widely in the embryonic nervous system.
Expression peaks in the first larval instar, midpupal, and late pupal stages. In late-stage embryos, it is expressed preferentially in the nervous system.
Partially edited. 11 sites are edited by Adar.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death (By similarity). Probably encodes a dihydropyridine-insensitive current. Vital for survival to adulthood.
Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit. The ions are bound to the C2 domain.
PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins (By similarity). PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters (By similarity). Acts in a hh-signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut immune response to bacterial uracil; required for the activation of Cad99C and consequently Cad99C-dependent endosome formation, which is essential for the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794).
Up-regulated in the midgut epithelium in response to bacterial uracil.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan alpha/epsilon family.
Component of the sarcoglycan complex, a subcomplex of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex which forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix.
Belongs to the beta-class carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family.
As part of the NSL complex it is involved in acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 on several lysine residues and therefore may be involved in the regulation of transcription.
Component of the NSL complex at least composed of MOF/KAT8, KANSL1, KANSL2, KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1/OGT, WDR5 and HCFC1.
Belongs to the quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. AKR/ZDHHC17 subfamily.
In stage 13-15 embryos, expressed in the central nervous system. At the third instar larval stage, expressed in the ventral nerve cord and is enriched in the neuropil.
Interacts with dorsal-ventral patterning protein Sog.
Probable palmitoyltransferase which is required for photoreceptor synaptic transmission and for the correct expression and localization of palmitoylated protein Csp and synaptosomal-associated protein Snap25 (PubMed:18158335, PubMed:18032660). Probably palmitoylates Csp (PubMed:18158335). Probably also palmitoylates the dorsal-ventral patterning protein Sog and promotes its secretion and activity and the stabilization of the membrane-bound form (PubMed:20599894). Required for synaptic vesicle exocytosis (PubMed:18158335).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes reduced basal secretion of Sog.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Expressed in non-neuronal cells in hygrosensitive sensilla in the second chamber of the sacculus of the antenna third segment (at protein level).
Odorant-binding protein required for hygrotaxis behavior in humidity-detecting sensilla.
Viable with no morphological, mobility or chemosensory response defects (PubMed:30230472). Results in defective hygrotaxis behavior which might be related to increased desiccation resistance and overall longer lifespan (PubMed:30230472).
Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome, specifically of the base subcomplex of the PA700/19S regulatory complex (RC).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Interacts with PI31; this interaction is increased by PI31 ADP-ribosylation. Interacts with Rpt5.
Expressed in the tracheal system. Expressed in the taste-sensing terminal organ of the larval head. In adults, expressed in hairs on the tibia, femur and wing margin, but not in hairs on the tarsi of the leg.
Part of a complex that plays a role in tracheal liquid clearance. In both larvae and adults, contributes to the behavioral response to salt. Probable role in sodium transport.
Belongs to the formin homology family. Diaphanous subfamily.
Required for cytokinesis in both mitosis and meiosis. Has a role in actin cytoskeleton organization and is essential for many, if not all, actin-mediated events involving membrane invagination. May serve as a mediator between signaling molecules and actin organizers at specific phases of the cell cycle. Possible component of the contractile ring or may control its function.
The DAD domain regulates activation via by an autoinhibitory interaction with the GBD/FH3 domain. This autoinhibition is released upon competitive binding of an activated GTPase. The release of DAD allows the FH2 domain to then nucleate and elongate nonbranched actin filaments (By similarity).
Forms a complex with DCP1A, DCP2, Me31B/DDX6 and EDC4/HEDLS (By similarity). Within this complex directly interacts with DCP1A, DCP2 and Me31B/DDX6 (PubMed:17923697, PubMed:18765641, PubMed:19285948). Homooligomer (PubMed:17923697). Interacts with Gyf (PubMed:31114929).
In the process of mRNA degradation, may play a role in mRNA decapping.
Component of the dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC). Interacts with Dg, via the Dg WW domain binding sites.
During embryogenesis and in third instar larvae, expression is seen in pericardial cells of the dorsal vessel and in the ventral nerve cord. Expression is absent from both the embryonic and larval musculature.
Expressed in neuronally derived tissues, mainly the CNS and the brain of stage 16 embryos. Lower level expression is seen in the sensory organs. Expression is absent from the musculature. In larvae, expression is predominant throughout the neuropil and brain and in the eye antennal disks.
Expressed predominantly in all body wall muscle fibers during embryogenesis and in third instar larvae. Expression is also seen in the embryonic and larval ventral midline and larval brain.
Flies exhibit muscle degeneration and lethality. Flies that have reduced expression of all isoforms (due to transgenic RNA interference targeting the common C-terminal region) exhibit severe muscle degeneration in larvae and adult flies. Muscles were either ruptured, absent or the fibers were detached from their attachment sites at tendon cells. These are necrotic, not apoptotic processes.
Flies that have reduced expression of all isoforms (due to transgenic RNA interference targeting the common C-terminal region) exhibit severe muscle degeneration in larvae and adult flies. Muscles were either ruptured, absent, or the fibers were detached from their attachment sites at tendon cells. These are necrotic, not apoptotic processes.
Flies that have reduced expression of all isoforms (transgenic RNA interference targeting the common C-terminal region) exhibit severe muscle degeneration in larvae and adult flies. Muscles were either ruptured, absent or the fibers were detached from their attachment sites at tendon cells. These are necrotic, not apoptotic processes.
Isoform A is expressed in embryos and larvae and levels increase further in adults. Isoform F has weak expression in embryos, increases in larvae and falls again in adults. Isoform G is weakly expressed in adult flies, and not detectable earlier in development.
Isoform A, isoform F and isoform G are expressed in the midgut endoderm of stage 12 embryos. In stage 16 embryos, expression is also seen in the pericardial cells, cells at the ectoderm segmental border and cells along the midline of the CNS. During embryogenesis, isoform A is also expressed in the visceral mesoderm, muscle attachment sites, mesectodermal cells at the midline, the gut, and throughout muscle fibers. In larvae, isoform A is found in all muscle fibers, but not detectable in the brain or neuropil.
Required for the maintenance of appropriate synaptic retrograde communication and the stabilization of muscle cell architecture or physiology. Both det and Dg are required for maintenance of early dpp signaling in the presumptive crossvein. Isoform A is not required to maintain muscle integrity, but plays a role in neuromuscular homeostasis by regulating neurotransmitter release. May play a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
Required for the maintenance of appropriate synaptic retrograde communication and the stabilization of muscle cell architecture or physiology. May play a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
Specifically required for survival and integrity of the larval musculature: the maintenance of appropriate synaptic retrograde communication and the stabilization of muscle cell architecture or physiology. May play a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
Wings exhibit a 'crossveinless' phenotype. Adult flies are viable and the crossvein defect is the sole overt morphological defect observed. Flies that have reduced expression of all isoforms (due to transgenic RNA interference targeting the common C-terminal region) exhibit severe muscle degeneration in larvae and adult flies. Muscles were either ruptured, absent or the fibers were detached from their attachment sites at tendon cells. These are necrotic, not apoptotic processes.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Involved in post-replicative DNA-mismatch repair.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity). Interacts with Rpn6.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that seems to be required for NPC assembly and maintenance (By similarity). Required for nuclear import of phosphorylated Mad via importin msk (PubMed:20547758). Has no role in classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS)-dependent nuclear import via importin-beta (PubMed:20547758). Facilitates the interaction between Nup93 and sec13 with msk (PubMed:20547758).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Component of the NPC Nup107-160 subcomplex.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Belongs to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase type I family.
Cation-independent electroneutral transporter (not associated with membrane depolarization) of a variety of tricarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates. There is also small, but detectable, transport of monocarboxylics. Transport is through the epithelium of the gut and across the plasma membranes of organs involved in intermediary metabolism and storage. Affinity for substrates is citrate > succinate > pyruvate. Fumarate, a-ketoglutarate, and glutarate are also transported, but not lactate. Transport mechanism that is not coupled to Na(+), K(+), or Cl(-). Function is shown in Xenopus oocytes and human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cell lines.
Completely inhibited by DIDS. Modest but significant inhibition by phloretin or furosemide.
In adults, abundantly expressed in the fat body, basolateral region of midgut cells and oenocytes. Low level expression is seen in the halteres, procardia, restricted regions of the esophagus and hindgut, base of the legs and in a subset of cells in the third segment of the antennae.
The life-extending effect of mutations is likely caused by an alteration in energy balance caused by a decrease in transport function.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of various hexoses to hexose 6-phosphate.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL50 family.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to ethyl acetate, pentyl acetate, methyl caproate, anisole, heptanal, 2-heptanone, r-carvone, nonanoic acid, and pyrazines.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Required for spermatogenesis. Could be required to process a specific transcript essential for spermatogenesis.
The dystroglycan complex is involved in a number of processes including laminin and basement membrane assembly, sarcolemmal stability, cell survival, peripheral nerve myelination, nodal structure, cell migration, and epithelial polarization.
Transmembrane protein that plays important roles in connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. Acts as a cell adhesion receptor in both muscle and non-muscle tissues. Receptor for both DMD and UTRN and, through these interactions, scaffolds axin to the cytoskeleton. Also functions in cell adhesion-mediated signaling and implicated in cell polarity.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
In third instar larval and early pupal brains, expressed in cells sending projections across the interhemispheric junction. In adult brain, expressed in mushroom body, ellipsoid body and pars intercerebralis.
Involved in brain restructurization via hormonal control during metamorphosis. Implicated in N-glycan processing.
During stage 10 found in the anterior part of the visual system that later gives rise to the anterior lip of the optic lobe. At stage 12 also found in the posterior lip of the optic lobe. In third larval instar expressed in the optic lobe of the larval brain and in the eye antennal disk, both in antennal and eye portion.
Orphan receptor that binds DNA as a monomer to hormone response elements (HRE) containing an extended core motif half-site sequence 5'-AAGTCA-3' in which the 5' flanking nucleotides participate in determining receptor specificity. This receptor binds to the consensus sequence [AG][AG]AAGTCAA. Plays a key role in the establishment of non-metameric domains at the anterior and posterior poles of the embryo. It may also play a role in the nervous system. The maternal terminal pathway activates the tll gene in the termini; TLL activity then represses segmentation and activates terminal-specific genes in these domains. Involved in the regulation of early eye development. In the embryonic visual system anlage drives cells to optic lobe as opposed to Bolwig's organ fate.
3'-5' exoribonuclease required for mitochondrial metabolism.
Developmental delays and premature female germline stem cell attrition, reduced fecundity, associated with a dramatic extension of lifespan that is reversed with an antioxidant diet.
Divalent metal cations; Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Chimeric cDNA. It is a chimera between Dox-A3 and CG8193.
Expression is very low during all stages of development.
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6 dihydroxyindole to indole-5'6 quinone (By similarity).
Upon activation, a trypsin type protease cleaves prophenol oxidase to yield the active enzyme.
Component of the N-terminal acetyltransferase B (NatB) complex.
Expressed in the fat body after immune challenge.
Flies are deficient in the induction of Defensin whether the infection was with a Gram-negative or Gram-positive micro-organism.
Non-catalytic subunit of the NatB complex which catalyzes acetylation of the N-terminal methionine residues of proteins beginning with Met-Asp or Met-Glu (By similarity). Has 2 roles in the larval immune response: required both for the phagocytic degradation of internalized bacteria and for the induction of Defensin in the fat body. Within the phagocytic blood cells, has a role in detection of infection and activation of the humoral immune response.
Detected in ovaries (at protein level) (PubMed:11164341). In larvae, detected in the fat body, salivary glands, imaginal disks and gut (at protein level) (PubMed:11164341). In adults, expressed in the cardia, and in regions of the ventriculus including the area posterior to the cardia (PubMed:8662683). In females also expressed in follicle cells (PubMed:8662683).
Detected throughout development and in adults (at protein level) (PubMed:11164341). Expressed in embryos, larvae and adults (PubMed:8662683).
O-glycosylated. Glycosylated in the ovary of 4 day old females.
Transmembrane mucin that may be involved in cellular adhesion and the innate immune response (PubMed:8662683, PubMed:12769978). Membrane-tethered mucins are involved in many cell surface functions and form a physical barrier around cells to regulate cell-cell and/or cell-substrate interactions, and protect against pathogens or harmful extracellular conditions (PubMed:8662683, PubMed:12769978, PubMed:11164341). This mucin likely acts in hemocyte adhesion as it is released from hemocytes during coagulation and is also able to bind lipophorin particles which form part of the hemocyte coagulogen (PubMed:12769978). Able to induce expression of the antibacterial proteins in the presence of GalNAc-specific lectins and so probably also functions in the innate immune response (PubMed:8662683).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB6 subunit family.
Flies fail to jump in response to a light-off stimulus. Neural-specific mutants exhibit modified giant fiber system and gustatory response.
Isoform Neural is expressed in synapses of giant fibers (GF), in a large thoracic cell in location of postsynaptic target and optic lobe lamina and medulla. Isoform Lethal is expressed in embryonic mesodermal derivatives. During metamorphosis, both isoforms are dynamically expressed in pupal nervous system.
Structural component of the gap junctions at electrical synapses in distal and mid-depth levels in the lamina. Isoform Lethal forms voltage sensitive intercellular channels through homotypic interactions.
Involved in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Probable component of kinase complex containing nonC and recruited to stalled ribosomes (By similarity).
Binds preferentially and cooperatively to pyrimidine rich single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) (PubMed:7673145, PubMed:8206370, PubMed:21953457). Required to maintain the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and plays crucial roles during mtDNA replication that stimulate activity of the gamma complex polymerase PolG1/tam at the replication fork (PubMed:21953457, PubMed:26446790, PubMed:14754882, PubMed:28318978, PubMed:7673145, PubMed:11294889). Promotes PolG1 activity largely by organizing the template DNA and eliminating secondary structures to favor ss-DNA conformations that facilitate PolG1 activity (PubMed:26446790, PubMed:21953457, PubMed:7673145).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Levels are high during embryogenesis and in the larvae but decrease in the pupae before increasing again in the adult.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the testes results in a reduced number of paternal mitochondrial nucleoids at the nebenkern stage of spermatogenesis (PubMed:28318978). However, the clearance of nucleoids at the elongation stage of spermatogenesis is unaffected (PubMed:28318978).
Uniformly distributed in the early embryo. High levels detected in the anterior and posterior midgut primordia of stage 12 embryos. In larvae, high levels were detected in proliferating tissues including the CNS and digestive tract. In adults, highly expressed in the CNS, digestive tract and ovary.
Essential for ensuring the polarized growth of tracheal seamless tubes. During seamless tube morphogenesis, likely to act as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rab35 to regulate vesicle trafficking from the recycling endosomes to the lumenal apical membrane to ensure the polarized dynein motor complex-dependent growth of seamless tubes along the proximodistal axis in tracheal terminal cells. When the terminal branch lumen is growing, Rab35-GTP is active and likely directs the transport of apical membrane vesicles from the soma to the distal tip of elongating terminal cell branches thus providing a continuous supply of apical membrane components as the lumen grows. Whereas when Rab35-GDP is inactivated, presumably by this GAP, apical membrane vesicles are transported to a central location adjacent to the terminal cell nucleus.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the trachea results in a U-turn phenotype in which the seamless tubes undergo a series of 180 degree turns in terminal tip cells.
Guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor that regulates small GTPases (By similarity). Converts GDP-bound inactive form of Rab3 to the GTP-bound active forms (By similarity).
Adult flies display wings inflated with lymph, suffer from a bloated gut and progressive dissolution of internal tissues, have reduced fertility, show impaired fast phototactic responses, and die prematurely (PubMed:10961449). Flies display wings with fluid filled blisters approximately 22 hours after eclosion resulting from failure of dorsal and ventral cuticular wing surfaces to bond following normal migration of the epithelial cells from the wing (PubMed:16962574). Female flies are sub-viable, semi-sterile and grow smaller ovaries. Ovaries show cellular degeneration with escort cells and follicle cells often displaying clear cytoplasms, multi-lamellar bodies and multi-vesicular vacuoles containing cell debris. Ovaries have reduced levels of both extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen IV alpha chains. Reduced tissue stiffness along germaria of ovarioles, including the germline stem cell (GSC) niche and the area where the follicle stem cells reside, as well as in the follicular epithelium of early egg chambers and their interfollicular stalks, despite a largely normal distribution of major ECM components. Severely impaired oogenesis, abnormally long interfollicular stalks, significant alterations to germarium morphology and abnormalities in stem cell niche organization in aging ovaries. Impaired ability of the GSC niche to generate new cysts. Abnormal localization of matrix metalloproteinases Mmp1 and Mmp2 (PubMed:26808525).
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I35 (TIMP) family.
Expressed in heads of female and male adult flies (PubMed:10961449). Expressed at the time of eclosion in unopened wings of adult flies (PubMed:16962574). Strongly expressed at the tip of ovarian germarium region 1 where germline stem cells (GSCs) and cystoblasts reside and in region 2 of the germarium (PubMed:26808525).
Expressed throughout development in larvae and pupae. Expressed at embryonic stage 14-17 in a small constriction of the gut, in the full complement of cardial cells and in a paired anterior structure, possibly belonging to the antenno-maxillary complex.
Metalloproteinase inhibitor that acts on both matrix metalloproteinases Mmp1 and Mmp2 in vitro (PubMed:14567681). Complexes with metalloproteinases and irreversibly inactivates them by binding to their catalytic zinc cofactor (By similarity). Required for wing maturation which is the final step in morphogenesis of the adult fly (PubMed:16962574). Involved in the negative regulation of developmental tissue invasion for imaginal disk eversion during metamorphosis by inhibiting Mmp-mediated basement membrane (BM) degradation (PubMed:17301221). Required for oogenesis and for the long-term maintainance of germarial structure and shape in the adult ovaries. Required for maintaining composition and biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and for the normal organization and cyst production of the germline stem cell (GSC) niche (PubMed:26808525).
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Controls somatic sexual differentiation. Binds directly and specifically to the FBE (fat body enhancer) of the yolk protein 1 and 2 genes (Yp1 and Yp2). This enhancer is sufficient to direct the female-specific transcription characteristic of the Yp genes in adult fat bodies. Involved in regulation of male-specific expression of takeout in brain-associated fat body.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. DOT1 family.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates histone H3 to form H3K79me3. This methylation is required for telomere silencing and for the pachytene checkpoint during the meiotic cell cycle by allowing the recruitment of RAD9 to double strand breaks. Nucleosomes are preferred as substrate compared to free histone.
Histone methyltransferase. Methylates 'Lys-79' of histone H3. Required for Polycomb Group (PcG) and trithorax Group (trxG) maintenance of expression. Also involved in telomeric silencing but do not in centric heterochromatin. Probably participates in pairing sensitivity.
In contrast to other lysine histone methyltransferases, it does not contain a SET domain, suggesting the existence of another mechanism for methylation of lysine residues of histones.
Was named 'grappa' because the eyes of mutant flies are of a color similar to that of the Italian spirit.
In larval brain, leads to overgrowth and defective differentiation halting the development of secondary neuroblasts beyond the stage of immature type II intermediary neuronal progenitors (INP).
PTB domain recognizes multiple ligands by engaging different amounts of surface area dictated by tertiary contacts rather than primary sequence. This may allow interactions with a diverse set of proteins during asymmetric division and specification of cell fate.
Phosphorylated by aPKC which lowers lipid affinity and promotes dissociation from the cell cortex.
Required in determination of cell fate during sensory organ formation in embryos (PubMed:2752427). Restricts developmental potential and promote maturation of intermediary neuronal progenitor (INP) cells probably acting as an antagonist of Notch signaling (PubMed:24550111, PubMed:28899667, PubMed:18342578).
Activates the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis (PubMed:8269855, PubMed:20159598, PubMed:27462444, PubMed:26954546). The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein. Ex acts synergistically along with Mer and Kibra to regulate the Hippo signaling pathway (PubMed:20159598). Involved in the control of cell proliferation in imaginal disks (PubMed:8269855, PubMed:27462444). May bind to certain proteins of signal transduction pathways by interaction with their SH3 domains (PubMed:20159598). Required for apical localization of Schip1 (PubMed:26954546).
Forms a complex with Kibra and Mer (PubMed:20159598). Interacts (via RXPPXY motif) with Kibra (via domain WW 1) (PubMed:20159598). Interacts with Mer and Hpo (via SARAH domain) (PubMed:20159598). Interacts with Schip1; the interaction results in recruitment of Schip1 to the apical cell membrane (PubMed:26954546). Interacts with ack and yki (PubMed:27462444).
Hyperplasia of the imaginal disk resulting in wing overgrowth (PubMed:8269855). This overgrowth is limited to specific regions along the 2 wing axes (PubMed:8269855). Defects also in eyes, head, thorax and limbs where duplication and bulging often occur (PubMed:8269855). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the amount of Schip1 in the apical region of the cell.
Phosphorylated by Ack at several tyrosines including Tyr-227, Tyr-423, Tyr-679, Tyr-766 and Tyr-1103.
An essential component of the GATOR subcomplex GATOR1 which functions as an inhibitor of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509). The function of GATOR1 in negatively regulating the TORC1 pathway is essential for maintaining baseline levels of TORC1 activity under nutrient rich conditions, and for promoting survival during amino acid or complete starvation by inhibiting TORC1-dependent cell growth and promoting catabolic metabolism and autophagy (PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509). GATOR1 and GATOR2 act at different stages of oogenesis to regulate TORC1 in order to control meiotic entry and promote oocyte growth and development (PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509). After exactly four mitotic cyst divisions, the GATOR1 complex members (Iml1, Nprl2 and Nprl3) down-regulate TORC1 to slow cellular metabolism and promote the mitotic/meiotic transition (PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509). At later stages of oogenesis, the mio and Nup44A components of the GATOR2 complex inhibit GATOR1 and thus activate TORC1 to promote meiotic progression, and drive oocyte growth and development (PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509).
Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR1 subcomplex which is likely composed of Iml1, Nplr2 and Nplr3 (PubMed:27166823).
Pupal lethal (PubMed:27672113). Under nutrient-replete conditions, larvae display a significant increase in TORC1 activity, indicated by increased phosphorylation of S6K/p70S6K (PubMed:27672113). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the female germline results in a large percentage of ovarian cysts delaying mitotic exit (PubMed:25512509, PubMed:27672113). Instead, cysts undergo a fifth mitotic division before meiotic commitment to produce 32-cell cysts with a single oocyte (PubMed:25512509, PubMed:27672113). Double RNAi-mediated knockdown with GATOR1 complex member Nprl2 in the female germline increases the penetrance of ovarian cysts displaying delayed mitotic exit and producing 32-cell cysts (PubMed:27672113, PubMed:25512509). The number of ovarian cysts that delay meiotic commitment and undergo a fifth mitotic division are decreased when females are fed the mTORC1 complex inhibitor rapamycin (PubMed:25512509).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. MFSD6 family.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome, suggesting that it is involved in the minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly.
Interacts with Notch (via cytoplasmic domain) (PubMed:9857191). Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle (By similarity).
Plays a role in regulating Notch activity.
The name 'Notchless' derives from the ability to suppress the wing notching caused by some Notch mutant alleles.
Main cells of accessory gland and seminal fluid.
Responsible for physiological and behavioral changes in mated female flies. May play a role in accessory protein regulation and/or in the coagulation of seminal fluid to form a mating plug.
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
Its physiological substrate seems to be the small heat shock protein (HSP27/HSP25).
Phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase.
Both full-length and truncated protein are expressed in testis (at protein level) (PubMed:10073941). Expressed in oocytes and nurse cells (at protein level) (PubMed:31626769).
Forms a complex with Nup358/RanBP2, sbr/Nxf1 and Nxt1 (PubMed:14729961). Associates with the nuclear pore complex via its interaction with Nup358/RanBP2 (PubMed:14729961, PubMed:17032737).
GTPase activator for the nuclear Ras-related regulatory protein Ran, converting it to the putatively inactive GDP-bound state (By similarity). Trans-acting factor necessary for meiotic distortion (PubMed:10073941). Distortion is only seen in individuals that carry the RanGAP tandem duplication and express a RanGAP truncated protein. Binding of truncated RanGAP product to the Responder(RSP) locus initiates events that lead to sperm dysfunction (PubMed:10073941). During oogenesis, plays a role in the biogenesis of annulate lamellae containing nuclear pore complex components (PubMed:31626769).
Cells at the bases of a few scattered sensilla on the posterior surface of the antenna.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. MiaB subfamily.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAC subfamily.
Binding of the PH domain to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI(3)K) results in its targeting to the plasma membrane.
Death at the first instar larval stage (PubMed:9601646). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in the female germline reduces ovary size (PubMed:24786828). RNAi-mediated knockdown in both larval salivary glands and fat body, results in small salivary glands displaying ectopic lipid storage and reduced expression of CdsA (PubMed:24603715).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Strongly expressed in embryo and pupa. Weakly expressed in larva. Mildly expressed in adult.
Phosphorylated and activated by Pk61C/PDK1 (PubMed:11344272). Phosphorylated on Ser-586 by the TORC2 complex (PubMed:10962553, PubMed:15718470, PubMed:22493059).
Serine/threonine kinase involved in various developmental processes (PubMed:9601646, PubMed:10587646, PubMed:10962553, PubMed:11740943, PubMed:12172554, PubMed:11872800, PubMed:14525946, PubMed:12893776, PubMed:15466161, PubMed:15712201). During early embryogenesis, acts as a survival protein (PubMed:9601646, PubMed:10962553). During mid-embryogenesis, phosphorylates and activates trh, a transcription factor required for tracheal cell fate determination (PubMed:11740943). Also regulates tracheal cell migration (PubMed:11740943, PubMed:14525946). Later in development, acts downstream of PI3K and Pk61C/PDK1 in the insulin receptor transduction pathway which regulates cell growth and organ size, by phosphorylating and antagonizing FOXO transcription factor (PubMed:10587646, PubMed:10962553, PubMed:11752451, PubMed:12893776, PubMed:25329475, PubMed:29025897, PubMed:24603715). Controls follicle cell size during oogenesis (PubMed:15712201). May also stimulate cell growth by phosphorylating Gig/Tsc2 and inactivating the Tsc complex (PubMed:12172554, PubMed:15466161). Dephosphorylation of 'Ser-586' by Phlpp triggers apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth (PubMed:10962553).
Ubiquitously expressed. Present in ovary, where it is concentrated at the basal side of follicle cells.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:19197064). Involved in poly(A)+ RNA transport (By similarity). Required for nuclear import of Mad (PubMed:20547758). May play a role in double strand break DNA repair (PubMed:26502056). Essential for nephrocyte development (PubMed:30910934).
Part of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:19197064). Interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:19197064).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in nephrocytes alters their cell morphology and function (PubMed:30910934). Reduces total number of nephrocytes starting from larval stage and results in shortened lifespan (PubMed:30910934).
Embryo (at protein level) (PubMed:21447556). Expressed throughout development with highest levels of expression in 3rd-instar larvae and adults (PubMed:21447556). Expressed throughout the whole early embryo including the pole cells (PubMed:21447556).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with AGO3 (via the N-terminal region when symmetrically methylated on arginine residues); this interaction is RNA-independent and may be required for AGO3 localization to the nuage (PubMed:21447556). Interacts (via Tudor domain) with piwi (via N-terminus) (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:29531043). Interacts with tral and me31B (PubMed:21447556).
Involved in the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins, and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons which is essential for germline integrity (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:29531043). Likely to act by recruiting Piwi proteins such as AGO3 and piwi to the piRNA biogenesis machinery in the nuage (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:29531043). Required for the final steps of primary piRNA biogenesis by participating in the 3' end-trimming of piwi-bound intermediates into mature piRNAs (PubMed:29531043).
Ovaries (at protein level). Expressed in the ovary and testis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not produce a visible phenotype. However, fertility is reduced with egg-laying decreased by 30%. AGO3 protein levels are decreased and AGO3 is delocalized from the nuage. No effect on nuage morphology and no mislocalization of piwi and aub. RNAi-mediated knockdown in germline tissues results in delocalization of AGO3 from the nuage.
The Tudor domain is sufficient for binding to the N-terminus (1-14) of both unmethylated piwi or piwi symmetrically dimethylated at 'Arg-10' (PubMed:29531043). However, it may not be sufficient for binding to symmetrically dimethylated AGO3, instead this interaction may require a larger region of the C-terminus which includes the Tudor domain (257-576) (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:29531043).
Interacts with Eb1 via the two SxIP motifs; the interaction is not required for kebab kinetochore localization.
No visible phenotype. Flies are viable and fertile. RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect mitotic progression.
Belongs to the ANT/ATPSC lysine N-methyltransferase family.
Associates with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (PubMed:14508492). Interacts with the RISC components AGO2, Fmr1 and vig (PubMed:14508492). Interacts with piwi (PubMed:26808625).
Endonuclease which shows activity towards both DNA and RNA substrates (PubMed:14508492, PubMed:26808625). Has a role in translation regulation throught its association with the with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (PubMed:14508492, PubMed:26808625). Plays a role in spermatogenesis probably by negatively regulating piwi expression in the germline (PubMed:26808625). Together with piwi, might be involved in transposon repression in the germline (PubMed:26808625).
Expressed in adult ovaries and testis (at protein level).
Expressed in both germline and somatic cells during oogenesis and spermatogenesis (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective spermatogenesis.
Tudor domain specifically binds peptides with symmetrically dimethylated arginines (sDMA) and may facilitate protein-protein interactions.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS6 subunit family.
Belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
Required for correct development of the embryonic midline glial cells which are necessary for the formation of distinct segmental commissures.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Mediates the production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades.
Cell cycle-dependent nuclear envelope component required for embryonic mitosis.
Maternal protein synthesized during postoogenic maturation and persisting throughout embryogenesis.
The OPA repeat-containing and the Ser/Thr-rich regions might be involved in protein-protein interactions with the major protein-rich layer of the nuclear envelope.
Required maternally for proper expression of other homeotic genes involved in pattern formation, such as Ubx.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the DNA primase complex and component of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which play an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis (PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6806812, PubMed:6812052, PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898). During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA polymerase alpha complex (composed of a catalytic subunit PolA1, an accessory subunit PolA2 and two primase subunits, the catalytic subunit Prim1 and the regulatory subunit Prim2) is recruited to DNA at the replicative forks (By similarity). The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands (By similarity). These primers are initially extended by the polymerase alpha catalytic subunit and subsequently transferred to polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon for processive synthesis on the lagging and leading strand, respectively (By similarity). In the primase complex, both subunits are necessary for the initial di-nucleotide formation, but the extension of the primer depends only on the catalytic subunit (By similarity). Can add both ribo- and deoxynucleotides during elongation of the primers (PubMed:6812052). Binds single stranded DNA (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression is very low in late embryos, larvae, pupae and adult males.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit Prim1 and a regulatory subunit Prim2, also known as the DNA primase complex (PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898). Component of the alpha DNA polymerase complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolA1, the regulatory subunit PolA2, and the primase complex subunits Prim1 and Prim2 respectively (PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898). PolA1 associates with the DNA primase complex before association with PolA2 (PubMed:6409898).
The bound zinc ion is not a cofactor. It is bound to a zinc knuckle motif that may be involved in sequence recognition and the binding of ssDNA (By similarity).
The presence of the regulatory subunit Prim2 accelerates the kinetics of initiation and primer extension.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily.
Maternal protein detectable up to 6 hours of embryonic development.
Acts as a molecular chaperone for neuroendocrine convertase amon/PC2, preventing its premature activation in the regulated secretory pathway (PubMed:10749852). Binds to inactive amon in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates its transport from there to later compartments of the secretory pathway where it is proteolytically matured and activated (By similarity). Also required for cleavage of amon (PubMed:10749852).
Interacts with amon/PC2 early in the secretory pathway. Dissociation occurs at later stages.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL39 family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Contains the conserved metal-binding sites characteristic of RNA polymerases but has been shown to lack RNA polymerase activity when expressed in E.coli.
Expressed in unfertilized eggs and in early embryos from 0 to 4 hours.
No visible phenotype. Flies are viable and fertile.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex. The eIF-3 complex interacts with pix (PubMed:17392269). Interacts with mxt (PubMed:23716590).
Expressed at high levels in unfertilized eggs, early embryos, pupae and adult males while a low level expression is found in adult females and larvae.
High levels are seen in unfertilized eggs and expression increases slightly during early embryo stages (2-3 hours). Levels are high in embryos until 4 hours after fertilization and then decrease gradually through embryonic and larval stages.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear envelope (PubMed:17682050). Essential for the nuclear import of nuclear localization signal (NLS)-containing proteins in an importin alpha/importin beta-dependent manner (PubMed:17682050). Together with Nup58, required for transposable element silencing regulation in ovarian follicle cells (PubMed:33856346). By interacting with the nuclear (Nxf1/Nxt1) and cytosolic (fs(1)Yb) components of the flamenco (flam) transcripts processing pathway, enables export and subsequent piRNA production (PubMed:33856346).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:17682050). Interacts with Nup58 (PubMed:33856346). Interacts (via C-terminus) with fs(1)Yb; this interaction occurs in a RNA-independent manner (PubMed:33856346). Interacts with sbr/nxf1 (PubMed:33856346). Interacts with Nxt1 (PubMed:33856346).
Binds 2 magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. LKB1 subfamily.
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate (PubMed:8582281, PubMed:35609633). Required for cell division patterning during postembryonic development of the nervous system (PubMed:8582281). Plays a role in dpp/BMP signaling possibly by stabilizing dpp and thereby creating a morphological gradient during wing development (PubMed:35609633). Might have a role in testis development (PubMed:35609633).
Expressed ubiquitously with elevated signal at the anterior-posterior (A/P) and dorsoventral (D/V) compartment boundaries and in peripheral wing disk cells (at protein level).
Interacts with nord; the interaction promotes dally degradation.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. Adducin subfamily.
Belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Catalyzes the dehydration of methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P) into 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate (DK-MTP-1-P).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2/AMEX complex (anchoring and mRNA export complex), composed of e(y)2, xmas and PCID2 (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:27016737). Within the TREX-2/ AMEX complex, interactions with e(y)2 is required for localization of e(y)2 to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:18034162, Ref.7). Interaction between the TREX-2/AMEX complex and the ORC complex is required for ORC localization to mRNPs, and consequently mRNA export (PubMed:27016737, PubMed:33689068). Within the TREX-2/AMEX-ORC complex, interacts with Orc6, (via C-terminus) with Orc3, and weakly interacts with Orc4 (PubMed:27016737, PubMed:33689068). However, another report found that the interaction with Orc3 is not direct, instead it is mediated via e(y)2 (Ref.7). Interacts with piwi (PubMed:28472469).
Detected in the testes and ovaries (at protein level).
Detected in the testes and ovaries, with expression levels higher in oocytes than in testicular cells (at protein level).
Involved in mRNA export and mRNA coupled transcription activation (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:27016737, PubMed:33602059). Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2/AMEX complex (anchoring and mRNA export complex) which functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket), thereby enabling the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:27016737). The TREX-2/AMEX complex also functions with the transcriptional coactivator SAGA/TFTC complex, to anchor a subset of transcription sites to the nuclear pore complex basket in order to achieve efficient transcription and export of their resulting mRNAs (PubMed:18034162). Within the complex, required for localization of e(y)2 to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:18034162).
Isoform A (xmas-2) and isoform B (xmas-1) were originally thought to be separate genes until a third longer transcript, isoform C, was identified that encompasses both ORFs and supports their existence as three alternatively spliced isoforms (PubMed:29779104). Although most of the functional information for this protein is attributed to isoform A/xmas-2 in the literature, it might also be relevant for isoform C and isoform B/xmas-1.
Not detected in embryos (at protein level).
Detected in the larval fat body, salivary glands and wing imaginal disks (at protein level).
Flies are hypersensitive to the cold, hyperphagic and display elevated triglyceride stores resulting in an increased resistance to starvation (PubMed:28399403). Heat production is impaired and flies are slow to recover after cold treatment (PubMed:28399403). The size of the lipid droplets in larval fat bodies are significantly increased and flies display increased feeding (PubMed:28399403). Total body glycogen is also significantly increased in adult females but not in males (PubMed:28399403). Mutants also display an increase in calcium-dependent SERCA activity (PubMed:28399403). No effect on levels of circulating sugars, glucose and trehalose (PubMed:28399403). RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs small interfering RNA-mediated silencing (PubMed:31943105).
Together with methyltransferase Trm7-32, methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at position 32 of the anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs (By similarity). Plays a key role in energy homeostasis by regulating the balance between energy storage and heat production. Functions by negatively regulating Ca(2+) signaling pathways that are involved in heat production and maintaining correct lipid storage in the fat body. Regulates Ca(2+) signaling pathways by reducing the activity of the calcium-transporting ATPase SERCA possibly by promoting uncoupling of SERCA ATP hydrolysis from calcium pumping. May also function in the nervous system to control feeding behavior (PubMed:28399403).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Expressed from early embryos to adults; maximal expression in third instar larvae through to adulthood.
Involved in the biosynthesis of L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope on both glycolipids and glycoproteins. Enzyme has a broad specificity.
First detected in 6 to 9 hour old embryos. Expression is highest in 9 to 15 hour old embryos. First detected in stage 11 embryos within the neurogenic region. Detected in the procephalic region, the ventral nerve cord, subesophagal, thoracic and abdominal ganglia in stage 13 to 14 embryos. Detected in embryonic midgut primordia. Barely detectable at the first stage of larval development. Not detectable in older larvae, pupae or adults.
Transcription factor that binds to the E-box and functions as inhibitor of transcription. DNA binding requires dimerization with an E protein. Inhibits transcription activation by ASCL1/MASH1 by sequestering E proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
A humoral factor that may play a role in stress tolerance. Requires Mekk1 expression in the fat body to regulate response to septic injury and consequent immune response.
By a variety of stressful conditions including bacterial infection and heat shock.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CK2 subfamily.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. The alpha chain contains the catalytic site. May participate in Wnt signaling.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in mislocalization of mbm in interphase cells with partial localization to the cytoplasm as well as nucleolar expression.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. CbbY/CbbZ/Gph/YieH family.
Dephosphorylates pseudouridine 5'-phosphate, a potential intermediate in rRNA degradation.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 37 family.
Belongs to the PtdIns transfer protein family. PI transfer class IIB subfamily.
Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins mediate the monomeric transport of lipids by shielding a lipid from the aqueous environment and binding the lipid in a hydrophobic cavity.
Cardioregulatory neurohormone that increases heart beat rate during adult wing inflation; has no effect on beat amplitude. The effect of CCAP is both ino- and chronotropic (By similarity).
Central nervous system; most neurons exhibit coexpression with Burs.
Nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP from ATP and GTP and plays a key role in antiviral innate immunity (PubMed:34261128). Directly binds some unknown nucleic acid, activating the nucleotidyltransferase activity, leading to synthesis of both 3',2'-cGAMP and 2',3'-cGAMP second messengers (PubMed:34261128). 3',2'-cGAMP and 2',3'-cGAMP bind to and activate Sting, thereby triggering the antiviral immune response via activation of the NF-kappa-B transcription factor Rel (Relish) (PubMed:34261128).
The enzyme activity is specifically activated by some nucleic acid.
Belongs to the WD repeat striatin family.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to esters, and specifically to ethyl hexanoate, benzaldehyde, and acetophenone.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament.
In the salivary glands of mid instar larvae levels dramatically increase during puff stage 1 at 98-106 hours of development. Levels remain constant and abundant in late larvae until puff stage 10, then decrease by stage 11.
O-glycosylated by Pgnat9 in salivary glands.
Specifically expressed in the salivary gland.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA10 subunit family.
Complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This a component of the hydrophobic protein fraction (PubMed:28683319). Forms a complex including sicily, ND-42 and Hsp83; the complex is necessary to chaperone ND-42 in the cytoplasm before mitochondrial import; the interaction between sicily and ND-42 is direct and occurs preferably between the unprocessed forms in the cytoplasm (PubMed:23509070).
Expressed in muscles (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to loss of ND-30 and reduced mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) activity (PubMed:23509070). Larvae exhibit elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an up-regulation of Hsp60 (PubMed:23509070). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in retinal degeneration exacerbated with aging and accompanied by high levels of ROS and accumulation of lipid droplets in the glia (PubMed:23509070, PubMed:25594180). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons results in lipid droplet accumulation and increased levels of peroxidated lipids (PubMed:25594180).
Expressed specifically in neurons and transported to synaptic terminals.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
Catalyzes the removal of elemental sulfur from cysteine to produce alanine. It supplies the inorganic sulfur for iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters.
Interacts with bcn92 and IscU (PubMed:29491838). Might form a complex with bcn92, IscU and fh (Probable).
L-cysteine binding is slower in the presence of bcn92 and IscU (PubMed:29491838). Activation requires bcn92, IscU and fh (PubMed:29491838).
Ubiquitous expression at high levels in any life stage.
Was originally thought (PubMed:10710312) to be a putative gustatory receptor named Gr65a but further analysis (PubMed:14608037) suggested that this is not the case.
Negatively regulates nitric oxide production by inducing nitric oxide synthase translocation to actin cytoskeleton and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Has a role in localizing bicoid mRNA at the anterior margin of the oocyte during oogenesis, and a poorly characterized role in nuclear divisions in early embryogenesis.
Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Contains approximately 16 iron atoms per subunit.
Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with r2d2 (via C-terminus).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates RNA cap1 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of RNAs. Methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA to produce m(7)GpppNmp (cap1).
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap1 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs (PubMed:32504809). Methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA to produce m(7)GpppNmp (cap1) (PubMed:32504809). Positively regulates the Ago2-dependent small RNA pathway, with roles in both siRNA biogenesis and RISC assembly (PubMed:32504809). Involved in facilitating conversion of pre-RISC into holo-RISC, possibly by promoting the unwinding of Ago2-bound siRNA duplexes and thus the retention of the guide strand in holo-RISC (PubMed:32504809).
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Protein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Plays a role in RNA processing and termination.
A light-sensitive calcium channel that is required for inositide-mediated Ca(2+) entry in the retina during phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated phototransduction. Ca(2+) influx may then feed back and inhibit PLC, thereby facilitating phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) recycling. Trp and trpl act together in the light response, though it is unclear whether as heteromultimers or as distinct units, and are activated by fatty acids and metabolic stress. Also required for olfactory adaptation and may be involved in olfactory system development.
Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. STrpC subfamily.
Expressed predominantly in the rhabdomeres of photoreceptor cells. Expressed in the third antennal segment and in the olfactory segment at approximately 70 hours after puparium formation during antennal development.
The C-terminus interacts with a PDZ domain of inaD to form the core of the inaD signaling complex. Other members of the complex include norpA (PLC), inaC (PKC), and possibly trpl, ninaC, Fkbp59, calmodulin and rhodopsin. Forms homomultimers and heteromultimers with trpl. Interaction with trpl is mediated in part by the N-terminal region and the transmembrane domains. Also interacts, though to a lower extent, with Trpgamma.
Component of the gamma-secretase complex, a complex composed of a presenilin (Psn) homodimer, nicastrin (Nct), Aph-1 and Pen-2.
Essential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch. It probably represents a stabilizing cofactor for the presenilin homodimer that promotes the formation of a stable complex.
Endopeptidase which plays a key role in innate immunity by cleaving Tl ligand spz and thereby activating the Toll pathway in response to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections (PubMed:16631589, PubMed:16399077, PubMed:18724373, PubMed:26843333, PubMed:16996061). Acts downstream of pathogen recognition receptors PGRP-SA and GNBP1 and protease grass in response to Gram-positive bacterial infection (PubMed:16399077). Acts downstream of protease psh in response to fungal infection (PubMed:16399077).
In embryogenesis, expressed from stage 11 at the posterior tip of the germ-band; during germline retraction, expressed both ventrally and dorsally; expressed in the developing fat body and lymph nodes. In larvae, expressed in the fat body and in mature hemocytes with weak expression in the lymph glands.
In larvae infected with Gram-positive bacteria, fails to induce the expression of the Toll pathway-activated anti-fungal peptide Drs (PubMed:26843333). siRNA-mediated knockdown results in increased susceptibility to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections, failure to cleave spz and to induce the expression of the antifungal peptide Drs (PubMed:16399077, PubMed:16996061). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body causes increased susceptibility to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections and failure to induce the expression of the antifungal peptide Drs (PubMed:16631589).
In the active form, heterodimer of a light chain and a heavy chain; disulfide-linked.
It is not clear if the light chain is degraded after cleavage.
Proteolytically cleaved in response to Gram-negative bacterial or fungal infection; processing is likely to result in its activation (PubMed:16399077). Cleavage produces a light chain containing the CLIP domain and a catalytic heavy chain which remain covalently associated through an interchain disulfide bond (Probable).
Up-regulated in response to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
Cleaved into an alpha and beta chain by autocatalysis; this activates the enzyme. The N-terminal residue of the beta subunit is responsible for the nucleophile hydrolase activity.
Has both L-asparaginase and beta-aspartyl peptidase activity. Does not have aspartylglucosaminidase activity and is inactive toward GlcNAc-L-Asn. Likewise, has no activity toward glutamine.
Heterodimer of an alpha and beta chain produced by autocleavage.
Belongs to the teashirt C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Expression in the Malpighian tubules (MTs) and stomatogastric nervous system starts at embryonic stage 10. At stage 11, expression in the head domain is initiated in the clypeolabrum in two bilaterally symmetric clusters of cells. At stage 12, expression appears in the central nervous system (CNS) of the trunk and the epidermis. The staining in the hindgut is maintained throughout embryogenesis. At stage 13, expression is present in elongating MTs. The anterior staining is detected in cells that invaginate into the stomodeum and by stage 15 onwards, in cells close to the pharynx. Also expressed in cells of the brain, the second constriction of the gut, the trunk epidermis, the anterior segments of the CNS (the three thoracic and the first two abdominal segments) and in the MTs. From stage 12 onwards, tsh and tio are colocalized in some cells.
The tsh tio gene pair seems to have arisen from a recent duplication event: tsh has the dominant role compared to tio.
Tiptop (tio) and teashirt (tsh) have, on the whole, common activities. Tio and tsh repress each other's expression and tsh has a crucial role for trunk patterning that is in part masked by ectopic expression of tiptop. Both genes share a common activity required for the activation of Ser and svb and the maintenance of en and wg.
Dual specificity phosphatase able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues, with a preference for phosphotyrosine as a substrate.
ATP-dependent metalloprotease that catalyzes the degradation of folded and unfolded proteins with a suitable degron sequence in the mitochondrial intermembrane region (PubMed:26160069). Plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial morphology and function by cleaving Opa1, giving rise to a form of Opa1 that promotes maintenance of normal mitochondrial structure and mitochondrial protein metabolism (PubMed:31125351). Ensures cell proliferation, maintains normal cristae morphology and complex I respiration activity, promotes antiapoptotic activity and protects mitochondria from the accumulation of oxidatively damaged membrane proteins (PubMed:26160069, PubMed:31125351). Required to control the accumulation of nonassembled respiratory chain subunits such as ND-30 (PubMed:26160069).
Viable but lifespan is reduced and males are sterile. Mitochondrial proteostasis is disrupted leading to crista disorganization, mitochondrial unfolded protein stress and impaired complex I activity which increases levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These defects all likely contribute to the increase in Dronc-mediated apoptosis in neuromuscular tissue. The severity of the mitochondrial abnormalities and their resulting phenotypes increase with age, resulting in the progressive degeneration of photoreceptor neurons and locomotor activity and increased sensitivity to genetic and environmental stresses.
Required for the maintenance and formation of cilia.
In the antenna, detected in sacculus neurons which innervate the first and second chambers (at protein level).
Integral part of a neural sensory system in the antenna that provides the neural basis for the response to environmental changes in humidity (hygrosensation) (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Together with Ir25a and Ir93a, mediates the response of the hygrosensory sacculus neurons to changes in relative humidity and is required for dry detection behavior (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904).
Response of sacculus neurons to changes in humidity is abolished and consequently larvae fail to move towards their preferred humidity.
Component of neuronal ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that contains at least various translational repressor and mRNA turnover proteins such as me31B, tral, Upf1, AGO2 and sometimes Fmr1.
Contains a proline-rich domain. The insertion of this domain in the DRBM 2 domain is required for stau-oskar mRNA localization.
DRBM 3 domain binds optimally to stem-loops containing 12 bp (in vitro).
Polar granules at the posterior pole of the oocyte, and by the time the egg is laid, at the anterior pole.
RNA-binding protein which forms ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that play critical roles in the localization, translational repression and turnover of RNAs during embryogenesis, neurotransmission and neurogenesis (PubMed:10698941, PubMed:1712672, PubMed:8001156, PubMed:17178403). In the oocyte, essential for the localization of both the osk/oskar mRNA to the posterior pole and bcd/bicoid RNA to the anterior pole, and is therefore required for the correct anterior-posterior patterning of the developing embryo (PubMed:10698941, PubMed:1712672, PubMed:8001156). Association with osk or bcd at their respective poles, appears to promote the formation and stabilization of the ribonucleoprotein complexes (PubMed:1712672, PubMed:8001156). Integral component of diverse neuritic ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that mediate the transport, translation and turnover of neuronal RNAs during neuorgenesis and the translation repression of synaptic transcripts in preparation for their dendritic targeting (PubMed:17178403).
Produced in the male accessory glands and secreted into seminal fluid.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in males results in a number of effects in females mated with these males including impaired processing of the metalloprotease Semp1 and the accessory gland proteins Acp26Aa and Acp36DE, lower levels of egg laying after the first day post-mating, higher rates of sexual receptivity to subsequent males and failure to release stored sperm from the female seminal receptacle.
Seminal fluid protease which is required for cleavage and probably also activation of the metalloprotease Semp1 (PubMed:22253601, PubMed:24514904). Also required for a number of female post-mating responses independent of Semp1 including egg laying and sperm usage (PubMed:22253601).
Undergoes cleavage in the male during mating with a cleaved product detected in the ejaculatory duct and/or bulb of males by 8-10 minutes after the start of mating. Further cleavage occurs in the mated female.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:14638854). Interacts with mbo/Nup88 and (via C-terminus) with emb to attenuate emb-mediated protein export (PubMed:14638854, PubMed:17032737).
Contains FG repeats. FG repeats are interaction sites for karyopherins (importins, exportins) and form probably an affinity gradient, guiding the transport proteins unidirectionally with their cargo through the NPC. FG repeat regions are highly flexible and lack ordered secondary structure. The overall conservation of FG repeats regarding exact sequence, spacing, and repeat unit length is limited. FG-rich region is required for emb localization to the nuclear pore complex.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:14638854). Serves as a docking site in the receptor-mediated import of substrates across the nuclear pore complex including emb, RanGAP and phosphorylated Mad (PubMed:17682050, PubMed:20547758, PubMed:17032737). Protects mbo/Nup88 from proteasomal degradation at the nuclear pore (PubMed:17032737). Together with mbo/Nup88, sequesters emb in the cytoplasm and thereby attenuates nuclear export signal (NES)-mediated nuclear export (PubMed:17032737). Together with mbo/Nup88, required for the nuclear import of the Rel family transcription factors dorsal (dl) and Dorsal-related immunity factor (Dif) and the activation of an immune response (PubMed:17032737).
Detected in developing rhabdomeres in photoreceptor cells.
The exocyst complex is composed of Sec3/Exoc1, Sec5/Exoc2, Sec6/Exoc3, Sec8/Exoc4, Sec10/Exoc5, Sec15/Exoc6, Exo70/Exoc7 and Exo84/Exoc8 (By similarity). Interacts with RAB3, RAB8, RAB11 and RAB27.
Channel-forming protein essential for import of protein precursors into mitochondria.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex). Interacts with mitochondrial targeting sequences (By similarity).
Only expressed in the male germline, detected in primary spermatocytes as well as post-meiotic stages. Not detected in stem cells and spermatogonia near the tip of the testis.
Component of the swi5-sfr1 complex, a complex required for double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
Acetylated on Lys-5 by Tip60. Acetylation is enhanced by Ser-138 phosphorylation and promotes the exchange of the phosphorylated form with the unmodified form of H2AV.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in embryos and adults (females only).
Monoubiquitination of Lys-121 by sce/dRING gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of Ser-138 occurs in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by exogenous genotoxic agents. Phosphorylation is dependent on the DNA damage checkpoint kinases ATR and ATM, spreads on either side of a detected DSB site and may mark the surrounding chromatin for recruitment of proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair.
The [ST]-Q motif constitutes a recognition sequence for kinases from the PI3/PI4-kinase family.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. H2A or its variant His2Av forms a heterodimer with H2B.
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Acts as a Polycomb group (PcG) protein required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes of the animal throughout development. Required for histone H3 'Lys-9' methylation and histone H4 'Lys-12' acetylation, two modifications that are essential for heterochromatin formation. Also involved in DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. Essential for early development.
Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor (PubMed:12829714, PubMed:18669915). It can both act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto unmodified peptide substrates, and as a glycopeptide transferase that requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties. Prefers EA2 as substrate (PubMed:12829714). In the larval midgut, required for O-glycosylation of apical and luminal proteins within copper cells enabling proper gut acidification (PubMed:22157008).
Expressed during oogenesis, in the somatically derived follicle cells that surround the developing oocyte, which are involved in the maturation of the oocyte and construction of the egg shell, as well as playing a role in subsequent embryonic pattern formation. During embryonic stages 9-11, expressed in the primordium of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. Expressed in salivary glands from embryonic stage 12 onwards. During embryonic stages 12-13, expressed in the posterior midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 14-17, expressed in the hindgut and the posterior spiracles. Expression is also detected in the epidermis and antennomaxillary complex at embryonic stages 16-17. In third instar larvae, ubiquitously expressed in wing, eye-antennal, leg and haltere imaginal disks.
Expressed throughout embryonic, larval, pupal and adult stages, with increasing levels during larval development. Transcripts are first detected during embryonic stages 9-11.
Lethal (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body, embryonic mesoderm, respiratory system or digestive system and reproductive tract is lethal (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larval digestive system, results in loss of gut acidification and disruption of protein O-glycosylation in copper cells (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in hemocytes, amnioserosa, endoderm, mesoderm or nervous system causes no defect (PubMed:22157008).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Embryonic lethal. Embryos exhibit severe defects in head involution and imperfect dorsal closure. During head involution, the head structures fail to internalize resulting in holes in the dorsal anterior region of the cuticle. The disruption in the dorsal surface stretches the ventral surface, causing the cuticle to bow.
Expressed in hemocytes (at protein level).
Has a role in regulating actin cytoskeletal organization: required during early development for proper execution of morphogenetic movements of individual cells and groups of cells important for the formation of the embryonic body plan (PubMed:10556060, PubMed:24535826, PubMed:25739458). Plays a role in regulating dorsal closure during embryogenesis (PubMed:10556060, PubMed:10323867). During axis elongation, required for Rho-kinase Rok planar polarity and adherens junction localization as well as for generating a planar polarized distribution of the actin-binding protein Shrm (PubMed:24535826). During embryogenesis, acts upstream of wash to regulate the developmental migration of tail hemocytes anteriorly along the ventral midline (PubMed:25739458). May have a role in eye development (PubMed:7835340).
Interacts with capu (PubMed:10556060). Interacts (via REM repeats) with Pkn (via N-terminus) (PubMed:10323867, PubMed:17507675). Interacts (via N-terminus) with wash (via N-terminus) (PubMed:25739458).
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.
O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway.
Probable RNA-binding protein that specifically binds to the fourth chromosome and may bind an RNA that spreads the fourth chromosome. May be a reminiscence of X chromosome dosage compensation of ancestral Drosophila species in which the X and the fourth chromosomes are one single chromosome.
Weakly expressed in embryos. Expression increases during larval and pupal stages. In adults, it is predominantly expressed in males, while it is weakly expressed in females.
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Essential role in endosome membrane invagination and formation of multivesicular bodies, MVBs. Required during gastrulation and appears to regulate early embryonic signaling pathways. Inhibits tyrosine kinase receptor signaling by promoting degradation of the tyrosine-phosphorylated, active receptor, potentially by sorting activated receptors into MVBs. The MVBs are then trafficked to the lysosome where their contents are degraded.
Homodimer; in vitro. Interacts with ubiquitin.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase Pus10 family.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil-55 in the psi GC loop of transfer RNAs.
First appears at gastrulation in the ectodermal proctodeum and later in the hindgut, anal plate, and along the CNS.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 is the initiator or if the sequence starts further upstream.
May be involved in the development of the central nervous system.
Expressed in larval brain cortex cells and ring glands and weakly in larval digestive system and adult nervous system.
Probably involved in steroid hormones biosynthesis.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. GMF subfamily.
In ovaries, expressed in follicular epithelium, in polar cells, migrating border cells, and centripedal cells (at protein level).
Inhibits Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation (PubMed:25308079). Together with flr, promotes Arp2/3-nucleated actin filament array disassembly (PubMed:25308079). Promotes debranching (PubMed:25308079). Regulates lamellipodial protrusion dynamics possibly by facilitating lamellipodial retraction (PubMed:25308079). In egg chambers, enhances the retraction dynamics of cellular extensions in border cells and thus together with flr plays an important role in directional migration of border cell clusters (PubMed:25308079).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in not severe delays of border cell migrations in stage 10 egg chambers (PubMed:25308079). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of GMF and flr results in an accumulation of F-actin in follicular epithelium of developing egg chambers, border cell migration delays, and in deformation of bristles in the thorax (PubMed:25308079). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown in border cells of GMF and flr enhances the accumulation of F-actin foci (PubMed:25308079).
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Alpha-N-methyltransferase that methylates the N-terminus of target proteins containing the N-terminal motif [Ala/Pro/Ser]-Pro-Lys when the initiator Met is cleaved. Specifically catalyzes mono-, di- or tri-methylation of exposed alpha-amino group of Ala or Ser residue in the [Ala/Ser]-Pro-Lys motif and mono- or di-methylation of Pro in the Pro-Pro-Lys motif (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
Flies exhibit photoreceptor cells that degenerate within a week after eclosion.
Required for the maintenance of phospholipid turnover within the photoreceptor.
Mitochondrial proton/calcium antiporter that mediates proton-dependent calcium efflux from mitochondrion.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
It is first seen in the dorsal portion of the embryo just after cellularization and is expressed at high levels during early embryogenesis and as development progresses high levels are seen in the dorsal epidermis.
Transcriptional regulator involved in several developmental processes during embryonic and imaginal disks development. Involved in determining dorsal cell fate. Acts as an essential transcriptional regulator of proneural achaete-scute complex (AS-C) and is required for its spatial regulation during development of the adult peripheral nervous system, and hence for the positioning of neural precursors. It is the only factor to directly activate AS-C genes.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with Dcp1 and Dcp2 (PubMed:18755833). Interacts with Gyf (PubMed:31114929).
In the process of mRNA degradation, seems to play a role in mRNA decapping. Required for silencing a subset of endogenous miRNA targets.
Binds to nucleoporins and the GTP-bound form of Ran.
May function as a nuclear transport receptor.
Required for normal photoreceptor differentiation between Ras and Raf for EGFR signaling in the eye and for mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Probably acts together with Cnk to promote Raf activation, perhaps by recruiting an activating kinase.
Component of the chromatin accessibility complex (CHRAC), composed of Chrac-14, Chrac-16, Acf and Iswi (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:10731132). Forms an heterodimer with Chrac-14 (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:16260604). The Chrac-14/Chrac-16 heterodimer interacts with Acf (via N-terminus) (PubMed:16260604). Stabilizes the interaction between Chrac-14 and Iswi (PubMed:10856248).
Expressed in nurse cells and oocytes of all stages (PubMed:26851213). Expressed in oocytes and embryos and down-regulated afterwards (PubMed:10856248).
Histone-like protein which promotes nucleosome sliding of ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:11447119). Part of the chromatin-accessibility complex (CHRAC) which uses energy/ATP to increase the general accessibility of DNA in chromatin (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:11447119). As an heterodimer with Chrac-14, binds DNA and facilitates nucleosome sliding by Acf (PubMed:16260604). As part of the CHRAC complex, required for oogenesis (PubMed:26851213).
Acts as a transcription factor. Binds to the TATA box promoter element which lies close to the position of transcription initiation.
May be essential for embryonic development.
Primary spermatocytes in the adult testis and in a subset of cells in the dorsal medial region of the embryonic CNS.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport pathways.
Flies are not viable. However, the decreased expression due to gene disruption leads to a temperature-sensitive phenotype with paralysis at 38 degrees Celsius.
Induces a small but significant sodium conductance when expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Expressed in temporally and spatially restricted patterns during embryogenesis in the anterior, ventral and terminal regions of the embryo.
Likely to be involved in the establishment of the head.
May play a role in pre-mRNA 3'-processing.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
Activated by millimolar concentrations of calcium.
Expressed in all developmental stages, with highest expression in the egg, probably of maternal origin. Very low expression in the early larva, rising through larval development up to the third larval stage. Constant expression in the pupa and adult.
Strongly expressed in follicular and border cells of the oocyte. Ubiquitously expressed in early embryos. Localized to the trachea and their orifices, and to the larynx of late embryos. Restricted to the salivary gland in third instar larvae.
Undergoes calcium-dependent autolytic cleavage between Asn-74 and Ala-75 and between Gln-224 and Asn-225 to produce two major products, calpain B catalytic subunit 1 and calpain B catalytic subunit 2. This autolysis is necessary for activation of the protein.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in pigment granule biogenesis.
Homodimer. Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed of Blos1, Blos2, Blos3, Blos4, Dysb, Muted, Pldn and Snapin. Interacts with Snapin.
Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MNB/DYRK subfamily.
This protein functions as a dosage-dependent inducer in mitotic control. It is a tyrosine protein phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle. It may directly dephosphorylate Cdk1 and activate the Cdk1 activity.
Interacts with Rcd4;this complex is recruited to daughter centrioles before their conversion to centrosomes.
Participes in the structural integrity of both centrioles and basal bodies and in centriole cohesion (PubMed:19948479). Participates in the later stages of centriole assembly through the interaction with Rcd4 leading to the centriole to centrosome conversion (PubMed:32543652).
Acts in the nervous system to mediate the control of copulatory organs during courtship.
At stage 11, expression is restricted to the neuroblasts, predominant in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and ventral nerve cord, and in the PNS. Later embryonic expression is seen in the gonads. Late third instar larvae show expression in the CNS, imaginal disks (including genital, eye-antennal, leg, wing and haltere disks), and gonads. In the larval brain, it is expressed in all of the glial cells and in clusters of neurons that projected contralaterally. In the larval ventral ganglion, it is expressed in subperineurial glia, peripheral exit glia, and a number of interneurons, but not in motor neurons. Isoform B is abundantly expressed in males and females. Isoform D is male specific and expressed at low levels.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development. Zygotic expression levels rise after embryonic stage 9.
Male flies exhibit abnormal copulation. They fail to successfully withdraw their genitalia upon termination of copulation so end up 'stuck' to the female, tugging to separate. There is also a 'non-copulating' behavioral phenotype. There are no morphological defects in the male genitalia. Females can mate successfully but have reduced fertility. Complete loss of lig function results in lethality during early pupal stages.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Acts as an essential factor of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis. Acts by initiating polyubiquitin chains on APC/C substrates, leading to the degradation of APC/C substrates by the proteasome and promoting mitotic exit.
Embryonic lethality. Both homozygous and hemizygous females show maternal effect lethality and produce syncytial embryos that fail to develop as a result of mitotic defects.
Ubiquitinated by the APC/C complex, leading to its degradation at the metaphase-anaphase transition.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase family.
Expressed in embryonic central and peripheral nervous system.
Most abundantly expressed at the blastoderm stage of embryogenesis.
Plays a pivotal role in regulating the expression of other pair-rule genes such as eve, ftz, and h.
Involved in the immune response to bacterial infection.
Lacks the conserved active site CXXC motif that is essential for thiol reductase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
May act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
Antiviral effector protein expressed downstream of Sting and Rel (Relish) signaling in response to viral infection.
Expression is directly activated by Rel (Relish).
Was named Nazo, after the Japanese name 'enigma'.
Binds 3 zinc ions per subunit. The zinc ions have a structural role.
Dioxygenase that specifically demethylates DNA methylated on the 6th position of adenine (N(6)-methyladenosine) DNA (PubMed:25936838, PubMed:30078725). N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) DNA is present at a relatively high level at the very earliest embryonic stages but at low levels at the late embryonic stages and may act as a regulator of gene expression (PubMed:25936838). Promotes differentiation of early germ cells in ovary (PubMed:25936838). Contributes to neuronal morphology, development, and function in the brain (PubMed:30078725). By interacting with histone modifier wds, binds to a specific set of genes, modulates intragenic (N(6)-methyladenosine) DNA levels and thereby maintains transcriptional activation (PubMed:30078725). Also able to catalyze the conversion of the modified genomic base 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) (PubMed:25936838).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with wds (via WD repeats).
Lethality at the pupa stage. A small population of mutant animals are however able to pass through the pupa stage but die within 3 days post-eclosion. Strong developmental defects and significantly increases the abundance of N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in DNA. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in mushroom bodies abnormalities, including beta-lobes which erroneously cross the midline, missing or misdirected alpha- and beta-lobes, as well as truncated or overbranched lobes (PubMed:30078725). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons results in mushroom body abnormalities in adult flies (PubMed:30078725). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of Tet and wds results in enhanced mushroom body alpha lobe development defects compared to the single Tet knockdown (PubMed:30078725).
Weakly expressed during early embryonic stages but is highly expressed during the later embryonic stages.
Embryonic expression is in small clusters of cells along posterior margin of most segments, brain and segmentally repeating pattern along midline of nerve cord. Expressed in embryonic, larval and adult gonads of both sexes, and larval imaginal disks.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development with highest levels in pupae and adults.
Readthrough of the terminator UGA may occur between the codons for 332-Glu and 334-Arg.
Vital for proper neuronal development and hatching.
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738). In hemolymph 6 hours after bacterial infection, levels of expression increase for first 24 hours and persist for the following three weeks (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738). Up-regulated by septic injury caused by the Gram-positive bacterium M.luteus and the fungus C.albicans, and by M.luteus or E.faecalis-derived peptidoglycans and by B.subtilis or A.oryzae proteases (PubMed:19590012). Up-regulated by Gram-negative bacteria in the respiratory epithelium (PubMed:22022271). Up-regulated in the trachea and fat body in response to tracheal melanization, either by spontaneous melanization or melanization resulting from infection by bacteria (E.coli and M.luteus) or the fungus B.bassiana (PubMed:18854145).
Hemolymph (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738). Synthesized in the fat body and is secreted into the blood (PubMed:9736738). In larvae, expressed in the visceral branches and posterior spiracles of the trachea (PubMed:22022271).
Possesses antifungal activity and is active against a relatively broad spectrum of filamentous fungi (PubMed:8808632, PubMed:12872120). It inhibits spore germination at high concentrations and at low concentrations delays growth of hyphae which subsequently exhibit abnormal morphology (PubMed:7806546). Spz C-106 in the hemolymph controls expression of the antifungal peptide by acting as a ligand of Tl and inducing an intracellular signaling pathway (PubMed:8808632). Part of a psh-dependent Toll pathway, which may function in activating the systematic immune response in response to localized melanization of the tracheal system (PubMed:18854145).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of queuosine 5'-phosphate, releasing the nucleobase queuine (q). Is required for salvage of queuine from exogenous queuosine (Q) that is imported and then converted to queuosine 5'-phosphate intracellularly.
Acts at least in part as component of the WASH complex which may regulate wash nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) activity and is required for its membrane targeting during endosomal sorting (By similarity). During embryogenesis, not involved in the wash-dependent developmental migration of hemocytes anteriorly from the tail (PubMed:25739458).
As an RNA helicase, unwinds RNA and alters RNA structures through ATP binding and hydrolysis. Involved in multiple cellular processes, including pre-mRNA splicing, alternative splicing, rRNA processing and miRNA processing, as well as transcription regulation (By similarity) (PubMed:12368261). Plays a role in innate immunity. Specifically restricts bunyavirus infection, including Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) or La Crosse virus (LACV), but not vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), in an interferon- and DROSHA-independent manner (PubMed:25126784).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX5/DBP2 subfamily.
Interacts with Fmr1 to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex involved in translation regulation, other components of the complex are RpL5, RpL11, AGO2 and Dcr-1.
No phenotype under normal conditions. Upon infection with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) or La Crosse virus (LACV), knockdown flies exhibit increased mortality. No phenotype upon infection with other viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Sindbis virus (SINV), nor Drosophila C virus (DCV).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
Mutant male larvae die at the third instar larval stage with a severe reduction in polyadenylation and increased mitochondrial tRNA levels except for tRNA(Cys) which shows a marked reduction and an accumulation of shortened RNAs. Mutant male larvae show de novo translation of some peptides, suggesting that polyadenylation is not required for translation. They also show reduced assembly and activity of respiratory chain complexes I and V. Heterozygous females are viable and fertile as the gene is X-linked. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced larval body weight, death at the ferrate stage or soon after eclosion and severely reduced polyadenylation in larvae.
Polymerase that creates the 3' poly(A) tail of mitochondrial transcripts. This is not required for transcript stability or translation but may maintain mRNA integrity by protecting 3' termini from degradation.
Acts through intracellular calcium in Malpighian tubule stellate cells to raise chloride conductance.
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 family.
An integral component of the septate junction. May play a role in cell-cell interactions that are necessary for proper development. Vital for embryonic development.
At onset of germ band retraction, expression is seen in epidermis, hindgut and foregut. During retraction, expression extends to tracheal branches and salivary glands.
Expressed weakly in 4-8 hours embryos, more abundant expression in 8-12 hours and remains throughout later embryonic and larval stages.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of serine from carbohydrates. The reaction mechanism proceeds via the formation of a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediates (By similarity).
Expressed in a complex banded pattern early in embryogenesis. During maturation of the embryo, expression becomes restricted to cells around and of the gut.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Methylates the carboxyl group of the C-terminal leucine residue of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits to form alpha-leucine ester residues.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes consensus sequences at the breakpoint junctions in chromosomal translocations, mostly involving immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor gene segments. Seems to recognize single-stranded DNA ends generated by staggered breaks occurring at recombination hot spots.
Exhibits both single-stranded and double-stranded endoribonuclease activity. May act as an activator of RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) by facilitating endonucleolytic cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand.
Ring-shaped heterooctamer of six TSN and two TSNAX subunits, DNA/RNA binding occurs inside the ring.
Induced sensitivity to DNA damage induced by irradiation or treatment with hydroxyurea/ Repair by homologous recombination is dramatically decreased. Instead, large flanking deletions are formed, and repair by the non-conservative single-strand annealing pathway predominates.
Interacts with Rad9 (PubMed:18266476). Interacts with spn-A/Rad51 (PubMed:17822964). Interacts with cyclin CycG (PubMed:22976300).
Involved in and required for double-strand break repair by meiotic and mitotic homologous recombination. During meiosis, has a dual role in the repair of meiotic double-stranded breaks and the efficient activation of the meiotic recombination checkpoint.
Component of a CRL2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, also named ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) complex.
Substrate-recognition component of a Cul2-RING (CRL2) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex of the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons) pathway, which recognizes a C-degron located at the extreme C terminus of target proteins, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation. The C-degron recognized by the DesCEND pathway is usually a motif of less than ten residues and can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms.
Expressed in embryonic central nervous system and adult testes.
Flies increase the growth of the perineurial glial layer of the larval peripheral nerve and exhibit male sterility due to the inhibition of sperm individualization.
Has a role in growth of the perineurial glial layer of the larval peripheral nerve (PubMed:27552662). May have a role in male fertility and eye development or function (PubMed:27552662). Involved in the negative regulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway in the wing by acting with the E2 enzyme Unc6 and the putative E3 ligases Kcmf1 and Ufd4 to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of rl/MAPK (PubMed:27552662).
May bind calmodulin (PubMed:9813038). Interacts with Kcmf1 (PubMed:27552662).
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Calcineurin is a calcium-binding and calmodulin-binding protein found in all cells from yeast to mammals, and a calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase.
Composed of two components (A and B), the A component is the catalytic subunit and the B component confers calcium sensitivity.
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-9 is the initiator.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin (By similarity).
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin.
The highest levels are detected in embryos before and during cellularization. After onset of gastrulation the highest levels of expression appear in embryonic regions that give rise to endodermal and ectodermal tissues including the midgut and hindgut.
Binds to direct repeats of the sequence 5'-AGGTCA-3'. Inhibits the ecdysone response. Plays an essential role in regulating molting of the tracheal cuticle during larval development.
By 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) 106 hours after egg laying.
Death during the larval stages, due to defects in tracheal development characterized by fluid filling of the second instar tracheae. Mutant larvae that survive into the third instar are smaller than wild-type larvae and fail to pupariate.
Highest expression in third instar larvae and prepupae.
May be due to a competing acceptor splice site.
Specifically expressed in gut, fat body and Malpighian tubules of sugar-fed larvae.
Strongly and rapidly induced in larvae by maltose, trehalose, glucose, fructose or saccharose, but not by lactose or galactose.
Transcription factor which represses a set of lipase genes involved in fat catabolism.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
The M domain binds the 7SL RNA in presence of SRP19 and binds the signal sequence of presecretory proteins.
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which binds GTP and forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA. The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another. SRP receptor compaction upon binding with cargo-loaded SRP and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER.
In adults expressed predominantly in the thorax.
Low levels in larvae and pupae, but increases in young adults, becoming relatively stable in two-day-old flies.
The tetrapeptide (A-A-P-[AV]) repeats found throughout the protein are also present in many proteins constituting the protective envelope of other species.
Expressed throughout embryonic development, with highest levels detected in cycling cells including in mitotically active cells during germ-band extended stages, as well as proliferating cells of the CNS and endoreduplicating cells of tissues such as the midgut at later embryonic stages. Maternal mRNA detected in syncytial stage embryos and disappears by the cellular blastoderm stage. A single transcript of 1.4 kb is detected at the highest level in 4 to 8 hour embryos, and at a relatively high level in 0 to 2 hour embryos. Lower levels of the transcript are detected in unfertilized eggs, larvae, pupae and adult.
Flies show reduced viability, with between 20 to 35% surviving until adult stages and both male and female flies showing significantly reduced fertility (PubMed:11511545). E2f1 and E2f2 double mutants die at the pupal stage during development compared with E2f1 mutants that die earlier at the larval stage, indicating that E2f1 and E2f2 functionally antagonize each other in vivo. According to PubMed:11748144, flies are viable, with males that are fully fertile and females that are partially sterile. p53 and E2f2 double mutants exhibit substantially more apoptosis at 20 and 24 hours after exposure to IR as compared to p53 single mutants, indicating that E2f2 limits IR-induced p53-independent apoptosis.
Forms a heterodimer with Dp. Interacts with Rbf/Rbf1 and Rbf2. Component of the DREAM complex, which is at least composed of Myb, Caf1-55, mip40, mip120, mip130, E2f2, Dp, Rbf, Rbf2, lin-52, HDAC1/Rpd3 and l(3)mbt.
Transcriptional repressor that binds to E2f sites and represses E2f-regulated target genes. Binding to E2f sites requires transcription factor Dp. Acts synergistically with Rbf2 to antagonize E2f1-mediated transcriptional activation. Component of the DREAM complex, a multiprotein complex that can both act as a transcription activator or repressor depending on the context. The DREAM complex is required for recruiting E2f2 at differentiation-specific promoters and for stabilizing E2f2-Rbf complexes during S phase. During development, the complex represses transcription of developmentally controlled E2f target genes. During oogenesis, plays a role in restricting DNA synthesis to sites of chorion gene amplification in late stage ovarian follicle cells. Plays an inhibitory role in ionizing radiation (IR)-induced p53-independent apoptosis. May be involved in cell cycle exit by temporarily limiting CycE-dependent activation of E2f-regulated transcription.
Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family.
Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family. NaCP60E subfamily.
In embryonic and larval stages, expression is limited to very few non-neuronal cells in either the CNS or PNS. In pupal and adult stages, expressed in cell bodies of the fly central nervous system, including optic lobes, central brain, subesophageal ganglion, thoracico-abdominal ganglion, major olfactory organs, the third antennal segment and the maxillary palps.
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Plays a role in processing of olfactory information during the olfactory avoidance response.
The sequence contains 4 internal repeats, each with 5 hydrophobic segments (S1, S2, S3, S5, S6) and one positively charged segment (S4). Segments S4 are probably the voltage-sensors and are characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position.
Expressed in both gustatory and olfactory systems of larvae and adults. Expressed in antenna, proboscis and larval chemosensory organ. Expressed in five sensilla on each third antennal segment, in the pharyngeal organs and in the dorsal organ, terminal organ and the ventral pits of the third instar larvae. Also expressed in wing and tarsi.
Present in the aqueous fluid surrounding olfactory sensory dendrites and are thought to aid in the capture and transport of hydrophobic odorants into and through this fluid (By similarity). May function in both olfactory and gustatory systems.
Autoproteolytically cleaved into active forms in the mitochondria.
Expressed during all stages of development; high in embryos, declined in larvae and pupae and high again in adults.
Interacts with th/DIAP1 (via BIR 2 domain) (PubMed:18259196). Interacts with Pink1 and rho-7 (PubMed:19048081).
Serine protease that shows proteolytic activity against a non-specific substrate beta-casein. Promotes or induces cell death either by direct binding to and inhibition of BIRC proteins (also called inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, IAPs), leading to an increase in caspase activity, or by a BIRC inhibition-independent, caspase-independent and serine protease activity-dependent mechanism. Can antagonize antiapoptotic activity of th/Diap1 by directly inducing the degradation of th/Diap1.
Ubiquitinated by th, thereby antagonizing induced cell death.
Hydrolyzes N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (MMA) which act as inhibitors of NOS. Has therefore a role in the regulation of nitric oxide generation.
May play a role in ribosome biogenesis, being required for integration of the 5S RNP into the ribosomal large subunit.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK3 subfamily.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon GTP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent GTP hydrolysis.
Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Has GTP:AMP phosphotransferase and ITP:AMP phosphotransferase activities.
Accessory component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex (By similarity). Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication (By similarity). Histone-like protein which promotes nucleosome sliding of ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:11447119, PubMed:18327268). Part of the chromatin-accessibility complex (CHRAC) which uses energy/ATP to increase the general accessibility of DNA in chromatin (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:11447119). As an heterodimer with Chrac-16, binds DNA and facilitates nucleosome sliding by Acf (PubMed:16260604). Has a role in DNA damage response by preventing cid mislocalization to chromatin (PubMed:24703848).
Expressed in oocytes and in the early embryo and down-regulated afterwards (at protein level).
Homodimer (PubMed:18327268). Component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolE1/DNApol-epsilon255 and the accessory subunits PolE2/DNApol-epsilon58, Chrac-14/DNApolE3 and PolE4 (By similarity). Component of the chromatin accessibility complex (CHRAC), composed of Chrac-14, Chrac-16, Acf and Iswi (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:11447119). Forms an heterodimer with Chrac-16 (PubMed:10856248, PubMed:16260604). The Chrac-14/Chrac-16 heterodimer interacts with Acf (via N-terminus) (PubMed:16260604). Interacts directly with Iswi and this interaction is further stabilized by association with Chrac-16 (PubMed:10856248). Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268). Interacts with cid (PubMed:24703848).
Acts as a homeotic selector gene controlling antennal and mandibular segment identity.
EMS has two different spatial patterns of expression during embryogenesis. The EMS head-specific expression pattern initiates prior to cellular blastoderm and continues only until early germ-band extension. The EMS metameric expression pattern initiates after gastrulation and is expressed in the lateral neuroblasts, in ectodermal cells at the anterior lateral borders of each segment, and in the Filzkoerper primordia.
The sequence shown is that of strain canton S.
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen.
Homooctamer; active form. Homohexamer; low activity form.
Interacts with pho as a component of the pho-repressive complex (PhoRC).
MBT repeats have unique discriminatory binding activity for methylated Lys residues in H3 and H4; the MBT repeats bind mono- and dimethylated H3K9Me1, H3K9Me2, H4K20Me1 and H4K20Me2 but fail to interact with these residues if they are unmodified or trimethylated.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein that binds to the Polycomb response elements (PREs) found in the regulatory regions of many genes. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Necessary but not sufficient to recruit a functional PcG repressive complex that represses target genes, suggesting that the recruitment of the distinct PRC1 complex is also required to allow a subsequent repression.
Belongs to the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 3 family.
Expression is developmentally restricted, peaks at the blastoderm stage (2-4 hours) and then disappears (at protein level).
The heterotrimeric Elba complex consists of Elba1, Elba2 and Elba3.
The heterotrimeric Elba complex is required for chromatin domain boundary function during early embryogenesis. It binds to a 8-bp sequence 5'-CCAATAAG-3' in the Fab-7 insulator or boundary element in the bithorax complex and contributes to its insulator or boundary activity (PubMed:23240086). Elba1 may act as a transcriptional repressor and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-CCAATTGG-3' to mediate transcriptional repression (PubMed:25561495).
ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor which functions as substrate recognition component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA. Regulates polymerase II transcription. Also required for efficient transcription by RNA polymerase I, and more specifically the polymerase I transcription termination step. Regulates negatively DNA replication. Not only involved in transcription-related chromatin remodeling, but also required to maintain a specific chromatin configuration across the genome (By similarity). Involved in assembly of active chromatin. Required for maintaining open chromatin and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells and is important for wing development and fertility. Is essential for the incorporation of histone H3.3 and assembly of paternal chromatin. Required for replication-independent nucleosome assembly in the decondensing male pronucleus.
Component of the SAGA complex (By similarity). Interacts with SSRP1.
The 2 chromodomains are involved in the binding to the histone H3 methyllysine at position 4 (H3K4me3).
The CHD1 helical C-terminal domain (CHCT) binds DNA and nucleosomes.
Expressed in ventral cells of the blastoderm and/or in cells of ventral origin. The sharp lateral boundaries overlap with snail (sna) expression.
Not expressed after germ-band retraction.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons and in the adult head, abdomen, leg and wing. In larvae, is expressed in taste organs, as well as the brain and the gastrointestinal system.
Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Gr43a is the main sugar receptor in larvae. Functions as a narrowly tuned fructose receptor in taste neurons but also as a fructose receptor in the brain. Necessary and sufficient to sense hemolymph fructose and promote feeding in hungry flies but suppress feeding in satiated flies.
Found in synchronous muscle; not found in asynchronous indirect flight muscle.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ as well as in the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
Component of the 60S large ribosomal subunit (LSU).
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell (PubMed:23636399). The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules (Probable). The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain (Probable). The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel (Probable). As part of the LSU, it is probably required for its formation and the maturation of rRNAs (Probable).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Component of some E3 complex at least composed of sina, ebi and phyl. Interacts with eff.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is required for specification of R7 photoreceptor cell fate in the eye by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Tramtrack (ttk) (PubMed:9267026, PubMed:9267027, PubMed:11526076, PubMed:12215542, PubMed:18160715). E3 Ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (PubMed:12215542). Acts via the formation of a complex with ebi and phyl that ubiquitinates the transcription repressor ttk, a general inhibitor of photoreceptor differentiation, in a subset of photoreceptor cells in the eye, leading to the differentiation of cells into neurons (PubMed:9267026, PubMed:9267027, PubMed:11526076, PubMed:12215542). Also involved in external sensory organ development (PubMed:11526076).
Essential component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. The CSN complex plays an essential role in oogenesis and embryogenesis and is required for proper photoreceptor R cell differentiation and promote lamina glial cell migration or axon targeting. It also promotes Ubl-dependent degradation of cyclin E (CycE) during early oogenesis.
Plays a role in mitochondrial morphogenesis.
'Hu-li tai shao' means 'too little nursing' in Chinese.
Isoform C is expressed in nurse cells. Isoform A is produced in the nurse cell but transported into the oocyte at stage 1, localizes to the oocyte cortex at stage 8 and to the anterior pole from day 9 onwards. Isoform B is expressed in the somatic follicle cells that surround the germline.
Required for assembling actin at ring canals in developing egg chambers. Probably interacts with other developmental proteins involved in nurse cell/oocyte transport through the ring canals. Important for normal neuromotor function (PubMed:23836506).
Belongs to the liprin family. Liprin-beta subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Isoform C is expressed both maternally and zygotically. Isoform A is expressed at the same level in adult females but at a much lower level in ovaries.
Plays a central role in ribosomal RNA processing. Probable catalytic subunit of H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (H/ACA snoRNP) complex, which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ('psi') residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs. Required for maintenance of the germline stem cell lineage during spermatogenesis.
Cleaves thioester-linked long fatty acyl groups such as palmitate from modified cysteine residues in proteins or peptides.
Flies deficient in Ppt1 are viable and fertile, but accumulate abnormal autofluorescent storage material in the adult central nervous system and have a shorter life span.
Expressed in all stages of zygotic development, with highest levels of expression during embryonic and early pupal stages, and lower levels in larval and adult stages.
First detected in neuroblasts in stage 9 embryos. Expressed in all 10 abdominal segments and in the labial segment during early embryogenesis. Expressed in the stage 14 developing epithelium. By embryonic stage 16, expression is refined to the abdominal histoblasts and salivary gland imaginal ring cells. Expressed in both larval and imaginal cells between the salivary gland and the salivary gland imaginal ring, in late third instar larvae. Also expressed in specific areas of the larval wing, leg and eye-antennal disks.
Probable transcription factor. Required for the establishment of a subset of imaginal tissues: the abdominal histoblasts and the salivary gland imaginal rings.
Chimeric cDNA. It is a chimera between Dox-A3 and PPO2.
Expression is high during the larval stage, predominantly in the feeding and wandering larvae.
This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6 dihydroxyindole to indole-5'6 quinonee (By similarity).
Belongs to the inner dynein arm light chain family.
May play a dynamic role in flagellar motility.
Deoxyribonucleoside kinase that has a broad specificity phosphorylating thymidine, 2'-deoxyriboadenosine, 2'-deoxyribocytidine and 2'-deoxyriboguanosine. Specificity is higher for pyrimidine nucleosides. Several anti-viral and anti-cancer nucleoside analogs are also efficiently phosphorylated.
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
The WXXF motif mediates binding with the GAE domain of proteins.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily.
May have a role in detoxification and digestion during embryogenesis and larval development.
Probably expressed both maternally and zygotically.
Ubiquitously expressed before embryonic stage 11. At stage 11, expression is concentrated in the foregut and posterior midgut. By stage 15, in gastric caeca, pharynx, posterior spiracles and anterior edge of midgut. At the end of embryogenesis, expression is confined to gastric caeca. During third instar larvae, expressed at low levels in gastric caeca, midgut and hindgut and high level in fat body.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Developing embryos exhibit expression in the posterior hindgut, foregut, midgut, Malpighian tubules, anal plate, Garland cells, and a subset of cells in the central nervous system. Central nervous system expression is seen in segmentally repeating in cells flanking the midline of the ventral ganglion. Isoform A and isoform B are colocalized in both the nervous system and the fluid reabsorption system.
Flies lacking this protein, in a wild-type background, display no observable behavioral defects. In a Shaker mutant background, flies lacking ine exhibit downturned wings and an indented thorax. Flies lacking ine exhibit increased excitability of the larval peripheral nerve by causing the defective re-uptake of the substrate neurotransmitter of the ine transporter and thus overstimulation by this neurotransmitter. Flies lacking ine increase the growth of the perineurial glial layer of the larval peripheral nerve. Flies overexpressing ine exhibit delayed onset of long-term facilitation and increased failure rate of transmitter release at the larval neuromuscular junction, reduced amplitude of larval nerve compound action potentials, suppression of the leg-shaking behavior of mutants defective in the Shaker-encoded potassium channel, and temperature-sensitive paralysis.
Plays a role in neuronal membrane excitation, important for normal response properties of the photoreceptor. Able to control excitability from either neurons or glia cells. Ine negatively regulates neuronal sodium channels. Controls neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways associated with the structure of the larval peripheral nerve, ine and eag control perineurial glial growth through partially redundant pathways. Isoform A and isoform B are both functional, although isoform A functions with greater efficiency. Has a role in osmolyte transport within the Malpighian tubule and hindgut.
The long N terminus is uncommon among members of the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family but is required for efficient transporter activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(0) seems to have nine subunits: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8 (or A6L) (By similarity).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(0) domain. Minor subunit located with subunit a in the membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the CND2 (condensin subunit 2) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes.
Involved in the metabolism of insect hormones and in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins.
Expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ, the dorsal external chemosensory organ, as well as in the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ of larvae.
Probable gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its not yet determined substrates.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
ADP-ribosylation by Tnks increases its affinity for assembly chaperones PSMD9 and PMSD5, sequestering them away from the proteasome Rpt base subunits and promoting in this way 26S proteasome assembly. Also interferes with its inhibitory effect on 20S proteasome.
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
In testis, expressed in germline stem cells and primary spermatocytes (at protein level).
Interacts with ntc. Interacts with Tnks (via ANK repeats). Interacts with 20S proteasome subunits Prosalpha1, Prosalpha3, Prosalpha4 and Prosalpha6, but not with Prosalpha2 and Prosalpha5. The interaction with Prosalpha4 is reduced by PI31 ADP-ribosylation. Interacts with the 19S assembly chaperones PSMD5 and PSMD9; these interactions are increased by PI31 ADP-ribosylation.
Larval lethal. Mutant larvae develop melanotic tumors.
Plays an important role in the control of proteasome function. Inhibits the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20S proteasome. Enhances 26S proteasome function by promoting its assembly through the interaction with the assembly chaperones PSMD9 and PMSD5. Functions together with ntc to control non-apoptotic caspase activation during sperm individualization. In testis, is required for proper protein degradation and germline cell cycle progression.
The Hydrophobic-Tyrosine-X (HbYX) motif is involved in proteasome activation.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Belongs to the selenophosphate synthase 1 family. Class II subfamily.
Expressed at low levels throughout the embryo. At later developmental stages, expressed in areas of high cell proliferation. From embryo stage 13, expression is high in central nervous system and midgut, especially in the gastric caeca. Expression also seen in larval imaginal disks and brain.
Plays a role in apoptosis and consequently a role in imaginal disk patterning and growth.
The conserved active site Cys (or selenocysteine) residue in position 49 is replaced by an Arg and therefore lacks selenide-dependent monoselenophosphate synthetase activity.
Throughout development, from embryo to adult.
Component of the uniplex complex. Interacts (via the transmembrane region) with MCU (via the first transmembrane region); the interaction is direct.
Essential regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter MCU channel, a protein that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria.
Essential regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter complex (uniplex), a complex that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscle results in mitochondrial calcium uptake defects.
Arm and Abl proteins function cooperatively at adherens junctions in both the CNS and epidermis; critical for embryonic epithelial morphogenesis regulating cell shape changes and cell migration (PubMed:11756472, PubMed:12973825, PubMed:9635189). Plays a critical role in transducing embryonic midline repulsive cues; may regulate cytoskeletal dynamics underlying a growth cone's response to midline cues (PubMed:12973825). The ability of pCC/MP2 axons to correctly interpret midline repulsive cues and stay on the ipsilateral side is dependent on the strength of both Slit/robo and Abl-dependent signaling pathways (PubMed:12973825). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival, and is important for climbing behavior and activity (PubMed:37041188).
Arm and ena colocalize with Abl at adherens junctions throughout development.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ABL subfamily.
Both loss- and gain-of-function mutants exhibit neurons within the pCC/MP2 pathway that incorrectly project across the midline. Loss of Abl disrupts cell migration and cell shape changes during dorsal closure (PubMed:11756472, PubMed:9635189). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males, significantly reduces survival to 53 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 14 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown also increases activity, at least during the light cycle (PubMed:37041188).
Abundant only during the third larval stage.
Expressed in water-sensing neurons in taste bristles on the proboscis but not in carbonation-sensing taste peg neurons (at protein level). Expressed in the tracheal system.
Flies do not exhibit any general drinking defects, but do exhibit markedly reduced water-elicited proboscis extension reflex responses. Abolishes water-elicited spiking activity of water gustatory neurons.
Osmosensitive ion channel that mediates the cellular and behavioral response to water. Plays an essential role in gustatory water reception. Part of a complex that plays a role in tracheal liquid clearance. Probable role in sodium transport.
Phosphorylates D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate, a molecule that may play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Highest embryonic expression is found during syncytial blastoderm (nuclear cycles 11-12). Expression declines rapidly at cellular blastoderm stage 5 and is not detected during the rest of embryonic development.
Heterodimers of scw/dpp are the active subunit, dpp/dpp homodimers elicit a basal response and scw/scw homodimers alone are ineffective in specifying a dorsal pattern.
Part of the signal that specifies dorsal cell fates in the embryo. Acts together with dpp.
Ubiquitously expressed during early stages of embryogenesis, but the effect on development appears graded and is restricted to the dorsal side of the embryo.
Transiently expressed on motor axons, growth cones and terminal arbors.
Forms a complex composed of septa junction proteins Nrx-IV/Nrx, Tsf2/MTf, Cont and Nrg during late embryogenesis.
In the embryo trachea, dorsal trunk airways are tortuous (PubMed:20935638). Failure to secrete verm/vermiform into the growing tracheal tubes, diffused luminal chitin and tube overelongation (PubMed:20935638). Septate junction permeability is impaired, septate junctions proteins Nrx-IV/Nrx and Cora are abnormally spread basolaterally and strong reduction in paracellular septa (PubMed:20935638). Adherens junctions are normal (PubMed:20935638). Levels of ferritins Fer1 and Fer2 are normal (PubMed:20935638).
Iron-binding protein and component of septate junctions that form the paracellular permeability barrier in epithelial tissues (PubMed:20935638). In an iron-dependent manner, required for septate junction assembly during epithelial maturation in embryos and mature septa junctions stability (PubMed:20935638).
Expression begins at the end of second larval instar, present throughout third larval instar and is gone by the pupal stages.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Regulator of mitochondrial fusion required to maintain neuronal homeostasis.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 10 family.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). May be involved in the 3'-end processing of the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 but is probably not essential for 3'-end processing of the snRNA U7 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424).
Microtubule-binding protein that localizes to the microtubular manchette of elongating spermatids.
Krueppel is a gap class segmentation protein. It is involved in the segmentation of the embryo and in the differentiation of the Malpighian tubules.
Involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus trafficking at a very early stage.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 6 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for activated transcription of the MtnA gene.
May play an important role in the regulation of microtubule assembly and interaction.
Phosphorylation of various serine residues may play a regulatory role. The basic domain contains numerous sequences that match known consensus sequences of several different protein kinases.
Has intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and promotes ubiquitination. Involved in the negative regulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway in the wing by acting with the E2 enzyme Unc6 and the putative E3 ligases poe and Ufd4 to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of rl/MAPK.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Expressed during larval and pupal stages.
Expressed in the fat body and hemocytes.
Larvae infected with Gram-negative bacteria fail to induce tracheal expression of the antimicrobial peptide gene Drs.
Major activator of the imd/Relish pathway and is likely to encode a pattern recognition molecule for the humoral immune response (PubMed:11872802, PubMed:22022271). Required for Relish processing and nuclear translocation following proteolytic cleavage (PubMed:11872802). Involved in the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan of Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:11872802). The different isoforms probably display different recognition capabilities to various microbial patterns (PubMed:12777387, PubMed:16006509).
Mediates the response to LPS and Gram-negative bacteria.
Mediates the response to LPS, peptidoglycan and Gram-negative bacteria.
Males are sterile, spermatids exhibit degenerated mitochondria. Reduced activation of the Drs promoter. Double mutants for ref(2)P and scny die 96 hours after egg laying (PubMed:22622177).
Polymorphic for two allelic forms in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, ref(2)Po and ref(2)Pp. The latter allele confers resistance to the rhabdovirus sigma infecting wild populations.
Required for selective autophagy activation by ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:22622177). Implicated in sigma rhabdovirus multiplication and necessary for male fertility. Involved in activating transcription of Drs (PubMed:12446795, PubMed:2510997).
May interact with itself, with nenya and vilya through its RING-type zinc finger.
Required for the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) together with nenya and vilya during the meiotic recombination process (PubMed:30615609). Plays a role in DSBs processing into crossovers (PubMed:30615609). Plays a redundant role with nenya in chromosome segregation during female meiosis (PubMed:30615609).
Deubiquitinating enzyme that acts as a key inhibitor of mitophagy by counteracting the action of parkin (park).
RNAi-mediated knockdown rescues the defective mitophagy caused by mutations in parkin and improves mitochondrial integrity in park- or PINK1-deficient flies. Moreover, knockdown in dopaminergic neurons protects flies against paraquat herbicide toxicity in vivo, ameliorating defects in dopamine levels, motor function and organismal survival.
(Microbial infection) After infection with E.chaffeensis, results in reduced bacterial replication rate and increased survival.
(Microbial infection) Required for optimal replication of E.chaffeensis.
May be required for cytochrome c complex (COX) assembly and function, COX being the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
Although strongly related to peptidase C2 proteins, it lack the essential Cys, His and Asn residues of the catalytic triad at positions 84, 242 and 267, respectively.
Expressed throughout development, with expression highest in the pupa.
Localized to the salivary glands in the larva.
Not known; does not seem to have protease activity.
E3 UFM1-protein ligase that mediates ufmylation of target proteins.
Belongs to the PpiC/parvulin rotamase family. PIN4 subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. LSG1 subfamily.
Expressed in larval serotonergic neurons.
GTPase required for the nuclear export of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Probably acts by mediating the release of Nmd3 from the 60S ribosomal subunit after export into the cytoplasm. Regulator of body size; acts in serotonergic neurons to regulate insulin signaling and thus exerts global growth control.
Larvae reach less than 60% of normal size and have fewer and smaller cells, the adults that survive exhibit normal body proportions and are healthy. In the brains excess serotonin and insulin accumulate, while peripheral insulin pathway activation is low.
Belongs to the TFIIE beta subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Catalyzes the formation of long-chain N-acylserotonins and N-acyldopamines, which are important cellular signaling lipids (PubMed:24444601, PubMed:31385627). Catalyzes in vitro the formation of various N-acetyl-2-arylethylamines such as N-acetyltryptamine and melatonin (PubMed:11098219, PubMed:26476413).
Expressed in all stages except early embryos (PubMed:11098219). Expressed in thorax-abdomen (PubMed:24444601).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in decreased levels of N-palmitoyldopamine (PALDA) and N-oleoylethanolamine and higher levels of N-palmitoyl-derived fatty acid amides (FAAs), N-palmitoylglycine, palmitamide and palmitoleamide.
When length of the acyl-CoA aliphatic chain is increased, it begins to occupy the binding site for the amine substrate, leading to non-productive amine binding which results in a decrease in the rate of catalysis (PubMed:26476413). Inhibited by tyrosol (an analog of tyramine) (PubMed:26476413). Tyramine or octopamine are not substrates when the acyl acceptor is oleoyl-CoA (PubMed:24444601).
Not expressed in embryos. Expressed in larvae and pupae.
Structural components of the gap junctions.
Uniform expression in the imaginal wing disk. Expressed in an outer layer of the pupal developing CNS. Also expressed in pupal retina: cone cells and primary pigment cells.
Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
Expression commences during embryonic germ band elongation and persists throughout development and in the adult. Highest level of expression observed in late embryonic, late larval and early pupal stages.
Phosphorylation by EF-2 kinase completely inactivates eEF2.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated Mocs2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (Mocs2A) and 2 large (Mocs2B) subunits (By similarity). Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268).
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the small subunit (Mocs2A).
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of trans-2-enoyl thioesters in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (fatty acid synthesis type II). Fatty acid chain elongation in mitochondria uses acyl carrier protein (ACP) as an acyl group carrier, but the enzyme accepts both ACP and CoA thioesters as substrates in vitro.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Belongs to the dynactin subunit 4 family.
Adaptins are components of the adapter complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles.
Adaptins are components of the adapter complexes which link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration. AP-2alpha is a subunit of the plasma membrane adapter.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit AP50) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit AP17).
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Expressed in the Garland cells, imaginal disks, adult midgut precursors, the antenno-maxillary complex, the endoderm, the fat bodies, and the visceral mesoderm and cells of the CNS and PNS including neuroblasts, the presumptive stomatogastric nervous system, and the lateral chordotonal sense organs.
As part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), has a role in its assembly and function.
Autoacetylation at Lys-355 is required for proper function.
Catalytic subunit of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex which is involved in DNA repair. Upon induction of DNA double-strand breaks, acetylates phosphorylated histone H2AV in nucleosomes on 'Lys-4' and exchanges it with unmodified H2AV.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates (By similarity). In male germline stem cells (GSCs), plays a role in GSCs maintenance during larval germline development by modulating the expression of genes such as Stat92E and preventing DNA damage-induced checkpoint activation (PubMed:34644293). May play a role in female germline stem cell maintenance (PubMed:34644293).
ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates.
Expressed in both male germline and somatic cells (at protein level) (PubMed:34644293). Expressed in ovarian germline stem cells (at protein level) (PubMed:34644293). Expressed in adult testes (at protein level) (PubMed:34644293). Expressed in the germarium including germline stem cells (PubMed:34644293).
In males, RNAi-mediated knockdown in germ cells results in loss of male germline stem cells (GSCs) at day 14, appearance of branched fusomes and down regulation of a number of genes including Stat92E expression in adult testes (PubMed:34644293). In females, RNAi-mediated knockdown in germ cells results in a decrease in germline stem cells in the germaria (PubMed:34644293). RNAi-mediated knockdown in somatic cells or in differentiating spermatogonia does not affect GSC number in larval and adult testes or female germaria (PubMed:34644293). In the germline, simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of Rtel1 and grp results in partial rescue of loss of germline stem cell (PubMed:34644293). In the germline, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Rtel1 in a lok mutant background results in partial rescue of loss of germline stem cell, including restored levels of Stat92E expression (PubMed:34644293).
Adds the second glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol (By similarity). Functions in developmental processes such as germband extension, the apical constriction of mesoderm precursor cells and ventral furrow formation in early embryogenesis prior to gastrulation (PubMed:24681004). Involved in the glycosylation and intracellular distribution of shg (E-cadherin) (PubMed:24681004). Function in cell intercalation in the lateral epidermis during germband extension may be due to its effect on shg (PubMed:24681004).
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Expressed in endocrine cells of the larval midgut (at protein level) (PubMed:24098432, PubMed:24850274). Also expressed in endocrine cells of the midgut of adult males and females (at protein level) (PubMed:24098432). In the midgut, expression occurs mainly in the anterior region (at protein level) (PubMed:24098432). In the larval central nervous system, expressed in about 40 neurons in the brain hemispheres and ventral nerve cord (at protein level) (PubMed:24098432). Highly expressed in larval and adult gut with low levels in larval and adult brain (PubMed:24098432). Very little expression in the larval fat body (PubMed:26168160). However, another study shows high levels of expression in the larval fat body as well as the larval gut with low levels in the larval central nervous system (PubMed:26020940).
Ligand for the CCHamide-2 receptor CCHa2-R (PubMed:23293632, PubMed:21110953). In one study, shown to be an orexigenic peptide which induces appetite and stimulates food intake, leading to the release of insulin-like peptides which stimulate growth (PubMed:26168160). In another study, shown to be a nutrient-sensitive peptide derived from peripheral tissues which controls growth by directly regulating the production and release of insulin-like peptides (PubMed:26020940).
Reduced food intake in adults and larvae, reduced locomotor activity, delayed development with mutants taking 200 hours to develop from egg to pupa compared to 130 hours for wild-type flies, reduced levels of the insulin-like peptides Ilp2 and Ilp3, and reduced wing size (PubMed:26168160). Reduced levels of insulin-like peptide Ilp5 and reduced body weight of mid-third instar larvae (PubMed:26020940).
Repressed in larvae by starvation for 18 hours with levels recovering when larvae are refed with yeast or glucose.
Very low expression in eggs. Expression increases during the first instar larval stage, decreases gradually during the second and third instar larval stages and in pupae and increases in adults.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2) during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Has also a structural role in the COQ enzyme complex, stabilizing other COQ polypeptides. Involved in lifespan determination in a ubiquinone-independent manner.
Component of the SF3B complex (PubMed:27185460, PubMed:18981222). SF3B complex associates with the splicing factor SF3A complex and a 12S RNA unit to form the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins complex (U2 snRNP)(PubMed:27185460, PubMed:18981222). Identified in the SAGA transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex; the interaction is RNA-independent (PubMed:27185460).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of spliceosome (PubMed:27185460, PubMed:18981222). As part of the spliceosome complex, plays a role in the regulation of spermatogonial differentiation (PubMed:27035939). When associated with the SAGA transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex, might be involved in the transcriptional activation of a subset of SAGA-regulated genes (PubMed:27185460).
Lethal at the first instar larval stage (PubMed:27185460). RNAi-mediated knockdown in germ cells results in male sterility (PubMed:27035939).
'Mago nashi' means 'without grandchildren' in Japanese.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs (PubMed:14973490, PubMed:24967911). Involved in exon definition of genes containing long introns, including the rolled/MAPK gene (PubMed:20946982, PubMed:20946983). The mago-tsu heterodimer interacts with the EJC key regulator Pym leading to EJC disassembly in the cytoplasm (PubMed:24967911). Has a role in oskar mRNA localization to the posterior pole of the developing oocyte, and may also be involved in polarization of the oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton (PubMed:8026338, PubMed:9272960).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:8026338). Localizes to the posterior pole of the oocyte during stage 9 of oogenesis (PubMed:14973490).
Heterodimer with tsu/RBM8A (PubMed:12704080, PubMed:12730685, PubMed:14968132). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains btz/CASC3, eIF4AIII, mago and tsu/RBM8A (PubMed:14973490). Interacts with Pym (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct (PubMed:24967911, PubMed:14968132). Interacts with eIF4AIII (PubMed:14973490).
Component of the THO complex, composed of at least e(y)2, HPR1, THO2, THOC5, THOC6 and THOC7 (PubMed:15133499). Interacts with piwi; the interaction might be partly RNA-mediated (PubMed:28472469). Interacts with CG9890 (PubMed:30713769).
The THO complex is required for cell proliferation and for proper export of heat-shock mRNAs under heat stress.
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Vesicular transporter family.
Involved in acetylcholine transport into synaptic vesicles.
Expressed in neurons of the dorsal pharyngeal sense organs of larvae.
The strain (Berkeley) sequenced by the collaborative genome project contains a deletion of T nucleotide in position 49 leading to premature stop codon. It is therefore considered a pseudogene.
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
N-alpha-acetyltransferase that acetylates the amino terminal acidic residue of proteins devoid of initiator methionine (PubMed:29581307). Preferentially acts on proteins starting with Asp-Asp-Asp and Glu-Glu-Glu sequences (PubMed:29581307). In vitro, shows high activity towards N-terminal sequences starting with Met-Asp-Glu-Leu, Met-Glu-Glu-Glu and Met-Asp-Asp-Asp (PubMed:29581307).
This protein is produced by a polycistronic gene which also produces tal-1A, tal-2A and tal-3A from non-overlapping reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302). tal-1A and tal-2A produce the same protein from different reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. MOCOS subfamily.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form.
Allosterically activated by ADP, AMP, or fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and allosterically inhibited by ATP or citrate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade "E" sub-subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade 'E' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Nearly 90% of the PFK activity in adults is localized to the thorax.
Expressed at low levels in the adult head and very low, but detectable, levels in the body.
Expression is seen as early as 6 hours of embryonic development and continues throughout embryonic and larval stages, increasing in abundance at each larval molt. The level remains high during pupal life but decreases to low levels in the adult.
Required for the establishment of stable connections between the larval optic nerves, the Bolwig's nerves, and their target cells in the brain during embryonic development.
E3 SUMO-protein ligase (By similarity). Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for trafficking across the nuclear envelope (PubMed:17682050). Required for nuclear import of nuclear localization signal (NLS)-containing proteins in an importin alpha/importin beta-dependent manner, but also for the nuclear import of specific proteins such as phosphorylated Mad or the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone receptor Met as part of the juvenile hormone signal transduction pathway (PubMed:27979731, PubMed:17682050, PubMed:17682050). Plays a role in nuclear mRNA export by recruiting the mRNA transport complex composed of Nxt1 and sbr/Nxf1 to the NPC (PubMed:14729961). Essential during germline development for transposon silencing and piRNA biogenesis probably by regulating piwi localization to the nucleus (PubMed:29735528). During oogenesis, required to form granules that modulate the biogenesis of annulate lamellae containing nuclear pore complex components (PubMed:31626769).
Expressed during embryogenesis (at protein level).
Expressed in both oocytes and nurse cells (at protein level).
Part of the nuclear pore complex (By similarity). Forms a complex with Nxt1, sbr/Nxf1 and RanGAP (PubMed:14729961). Interacts (via TPR repeats) with Hsp83; the interaction is required for the nuclear import of the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone receptor Met (PubMed:27979731). Interacts (via N-terminus) with piwi (PubMed:29735528).
RNAi-mediated knockdown abolishes embryonic development (PubMed:31626769). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larval fat body reduces the levels of importin beta and disrupts the nuclear import of the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone receptor Met and juvenile hormone signal transduction (PubMed:27979731). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germarium results in failed piwi localization to the nucleus, failed transposon silencing and piRNA biogenesis, increased DNA damage levels and overall defective ovaries (PubMed:29735528). RNAi-mediated knockdown in egg chambers reduces numbers of annulate lamellae containing nuclear pore complex components (PubMed:31626769).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Differs from position 182 onward for unknown reasons.
In embryos, from stage 14, expression is seen in posterior midgut, esophagus and salivary glands. No expression is seen in larval imaginal disks.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
Involved in the determination of the neuronal precursors of optic lobes in the central nervous system.
L(1)SC, SC and AC strongly label the presumptive stomatogastric nervous system, while ASE is more prominent in the presumptive procephalic lobe.
Catalyzes the reduction of saturated fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols. The preferred substrates are C24:0 and C26:0. Necessary for the final stages of tracheal maturation, to facilitate the transition from water-filled to gas-filled tubes. May help to maintain the integrity of the outer hydrophobic envelope of the trachea.
Detected in the tracheal system and hindgut from embryonic stage 13 onwards (at protein level).
Tracheal morphogenesis in embryos is grossly normal. The tracheal tubes fail to fill with gas during the final stages of maturation, and instead remain full of fluid. The hydrophobic outer cuticle layer of the trachea appears to be disrupted and forms membranous structures extending into the tracheal lumen.
Detected in embryos and larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:12876273). Expressed in larval imaginal disks (at protein level) (PubMed:11514618).
Essential for maintaining the architecture of the Golgi stacks and for normal organization of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER). Required for both the formation of the Golgi stacks and the maintenance of the individual cisternae.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a loss of Golgi stacks and affects the organization of the transitional ER (tER) sites. Golgi stacks break down and form clusters of vesicles and tubules. The Golgi stacks that are present have an adherent morphology, including a decrease in stack diameter and total cisternae (stacked and single). The tER sites lose their organization and become dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. However, the efficiency of anterograde intracellular transport is not affected.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during all developmental stages.
Flies display defects in the unfolding and expansion of the wings resulting in a loss of venation and a marked decrease in their size. Lethality is polyphasic with flies dying during early larval development and displaying apparently collapsed tracheal trees.
Putative mitochondrial carrier of unknown solute specificity. Required for gas-filling of the tracheal system at hatching time of the embryo and for normal epithelial morphogenesis of the wings.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Expressed at all stages where apoptosis occurs.
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 21 kDa (p21) and a 12 kDa (p12) subunit. Inactive pro-form can homodimerize. Dronc and Drice can form a stable complex (PubMed:10675329). Interacts with Diap2 (via BIR3 domain) to form a stable complex (PubMed:18166655).
Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. Acts downstream of rpr. Cleaves baculovirus p35 and lamin DmO in vitro.
(Microbial infection) Plays an important role in infection by flaviviruses such as West Nile virus and Dengue virus type 2.
(Microbial infection) RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces infection by West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2).
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) composed of a catalytic subunit twr/SEC11 and three accessory subunits Spase12/SPCS1, Spase25/SPCS2 and Spase22-23/SPCS3. The complex induces a local thinning of the ER membrane which is used to measure the length of the signal peptide (SP) h-region of protein substrates. This ensures the selectivity of the complex towards h-regions shorter than 18-20 amino acids.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Dispensable for SPC enzymatic activity (By similarity).
EF-1 is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Probably plays a role in anchoring the complex to other cellular components.
May function both as a monomer and a homodimer.
Oxidoreductase involved in disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Efficiently reoxidizes pdi-1, the enzyme catalyzing protein disulfide formation, in order to allow pdi-1 to sustain additional rounds of disulfide formation. Following pdi reoxidation, passes its electrons to molecular oxygen via FAD, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell (By similarity).
Expressed at the time when separation of neural and epidermal precursors cells occurs. Detected in the neuro-ectoderm of stage 9 embryos. At stage 10/11, accumulates at high levels in the presumptive mesoderm, however, it disappears quickly with the onset of germ band retraction. In eye disk, expression occurs close to, as well as posterior to the morphogenetic furrow. In the wing disk, found in the proneural clusters areas, the dorso-ventral boundary and vein/intervein regions.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 4 [4Fe-4S] clusters per heterotetramer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini of Nubp1 and two labile, bridging clusters between subunits of the Nubp1-Nubp2 heterotetramer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. The Nubp1-Nubp2 heterotetramer forms a Fe-S scaffold complex, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins.
Heterotetramer of 2 Nubp1 and 2 Nubp2 chains.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes the dorsal-ventral pathway of the embryo. Three proteases; ndl, gd and snk process easter to create active easter. Active easter defines cell identities along the dorsal-ventral continuum by activating the spz ligand for the Tl receptor in the ventral region of the embryo. Nudel, pipe and windbeutel together trigger the protease cascade within the extraembryonic perivitelline compartment which induces dorsoventral polarity of the Drosophila embryo.
Requires cleavage for activation (presumably).
Expressed at a low level in the larval gut.
Increased susceptibility to fungal infection and failure to induce the expression of antifungal peptide Drs in response to fungal infection but not in response to E.coli or M.luteus bacterial infection.
Serine protease that plays a key role in innate immunity in response to Gram-positive bacterial and fungal proteases (PubMed:12098703, PubMed:18724373, PubMed:16399077). Acts as a component of the Toll pathway upstream of protease spz processing enzyme SPE and Tl ligand spz (PubMed:12098703, PubMed:18724373, PubMed:16399077). Nec regulates the cascade by inhibiting psh (PubMed:12098703).
Phosphorylated on different cytoplasmic tyrosine residues.
Prior to gastrulation, it is strongly expressed in the presumptive mesoderm. Mesodermal expression begins to fade during stages 13-14, persisting only in the cells that form the dorsal vessel. Expressed within the CNS from late stage 13, shortly after the first axons have extended. Detected in several dispersed clusters of cells within the CNS, increasing in number as development proceeds. Also expressed in the peripheral and exit glia, which migrate laterally out of the CNS between stages 14 and 17. Strongly expressed in motor axons that exit the CNS ipsilaterally via the segmental nerve root (SN). Not expressed on either commissural or longitudinal axons within the CNS, nor on motor axons that exit via the intersegmental nerve (ISN). In the periphery, it is detected on all branches of the SN. Also expressed at high level in exit and peripheral glia along both the SN and ISN.
Receptor for netrin required for axon guidance. Mediates axon repulsion of neuronal growth cones in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding.
Receptor for netrin required for motor axon guidance. Mediates both short- and long-range axon motor repulsion in the developing nervous system upon ligand binding. Also involved in glial migration. While short-range repulsion requires both fra and unc-5, long-range repulsion only requires unc-5.
May be involved in the degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
May be involved in the degradation process of specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins. May also involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process. Required for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. May be involved in cell growth and differentiation.
Cilium-specific protein with a role in cilium/flagellum formation (PubMed:21750193, PubMed:27646273). May be involved in transport of components into the growing cilium (PubMed:21750193). In germ cells and sensory neurons, plays a role with Cby in the building of the transition zone necessary for the formation of the ciliary cap and for the correct elongation of the axoneme (PubMed:27646273).
Displays reduced climbing ability and die very soon after eclosion (PubMed:21750193). Loss of protein expression leads to truncated sensory cilia formation and impaired intraflagellar transport processes (PubMed:21750193). Simultaneous knockout of Cby and dila results in lack of motor coordination and absence of cilia in chordotonal neurons where centrioles fail to build a transition zone and Cep290 and Mks1 are mis-localized. Males are sterile: aberrant microtubule extensions, lack of ciliary cap and mislocalization of Mks1 and B9d1 to the basal body result in failure of axoneme formation and lack of mature sperm; sperm cysts fail to elongate whereas the overall size of the testes is not reduced (PubMed:27646273).
Expressed in chordotonal (Ch) neuronal precursors. Expressed in ciliated cells, like sensory neurons and spermatids.
Expressed in developing and differentiating ciliated sensory neurons of both the chordotonal (Ch) mechanosensory neurons and external sensory (ES) cells.
Basal levels of phosphorylated kinase p38a/ERK2 are decreased significantly. Increased sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced death.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE8 subfamily.
Expressed in Malpighian tubules and head.
Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes (By similarity). Involved in the positive regulation of MAP kinase signaling and in inhibiting oxidative stress-induced cell death (PubMed:23509299).
This protein is produced by a polycistronic gene which also produces tal-1A, tal-3A and tal-AA from non-overlapping reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302). tal-1A and tal-2A produce the same protein from different reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302).
This protein is produced by a polycistronic gene which also produces tal-2A, tal-3A and tal-AA from non-overlapping reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302). tal-1A and tal-2A produce the same protein from different reading frames (PubMed:17486114, PubMed:17439302).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
RNA N6-methyltransferase that mediates N6-methylation of adenine of U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA).
Causes defects in the proliferation of brain neuroblasts and results in the absence of identified neuronal lineages in the central and peripheral nervous systems (PubMed:2044955). During embryonic Malpighian morphogenesis, most of the cells of the Malpighian tubules fail to undergo rearrangement to form tubes with a two cell circumference. Only cells at the distal end of the tubule rearrange (PubMed:10502111).
Colocalizes with a complex containing snRNP proteins.
Is expressed throughout embryonic, larval, pupal and adult stages at relatively constant levels.
May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing process (PubMed:12163015, PubMed:2044955). Involved in embryonic neurogenesis and cell rearrangement during Malpighian tubule morphogenesis (PubMed:2044955, PubMed:10502111).
Transcribed in all cells during embryonic development.
At embryonic stage 9, highest expression is detected within the ectoderm, ventral chord, and anterior foregut primordium. Later in development preferential expression is in the foregut, proventriculus, and central nervous system. Coexpressed with Taf10b in the lateral epidermis and anal plate.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Also a member of the histone acetylase (HAT) complex.
Required for biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. IDGF subfamily.
Cooperates with insulin-like peptides to stimulate the proliferation, polarization and motility of imaginal disk cells. May act by stabilizing the binding of insulin-like peptides to its receptor through a simultaneous interaction with both molecules to form a multiprotein signaling complex.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout development, with a much stronger expression during larval stages.
Lacks the typical Glu active site in position 152 that is replaced by a Gln residue, preventing the hydrolase activity. Its precise function remains unclear.
Primarily expressed in yolk cells and fat body. In larvae, it is expressed in the imaginal ring and weakly expressed in imaginal disks. More strongly expressed than Idgf1 and Idgf3.
May play a regulatory role in autophagic activity.
Negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed of Blos1, Blos2, Blos3, Blos4, Dysb, Muted, Pldn and Snapin. Interacts with Blos1, Blos4 and Dysb.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in pigment granule biogenesis and membrane trafficking in synapses (PubMed:20015953, PubMed:28317021). In response to high synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions, plays a key role in promoting efficient synaptic vesicle recycling and re-formation through early endosomes (PubMed:28317021).
Expressed throughout development from embryo to adult stages (at protein level) (PubMed:28317021). In larvae, expressed at the neuromuscular junction both pre- and postsynaptically (at protein level) (PubMed:28317021).
Viable and fertile (PubMed:28317021). In the neuromuscular junctions, results in abnormal tubular endosomal compartments and a reduction in early endosomes which leads to a decrease recycling and recovery of the synaptic vesicle pool and results in failure to sustain neurotransmitter release during high-frequency stimulation (PubMed:28317021). Does not affect synaptic morphology or basal function (PubMed:28317021).
Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha is viable but with reduced male fertility (PubMed:16139213, PubMed:20457924). Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha is more sensitive to chemical agents that induce oxidative stress (PubMed:16139213). Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha shows reduced lifespan and decreased spontaneous movement over time (PubMed:20457924). Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha spermatozoa are morphologically normal but immotile with abnormal vacuoles in the Nebenkern, abnormal mitochondria and aberrant separation of investment cones during sperm individualization (PubMed:20457924).
Expressed at high levels only in the later stages of development.
Plays an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and cell death acting as oxidative stress sensor (PubMed:16139213, PubMed:16139214, PubMed:20457924). Does not play a role in methylglyoxal detoxification (By similarity).
Expressed in all larval and adult organs and tissues, with highest levels in the ovary.
Interacts (via YXXXXLphi motif) with eIF4E1 (PubMed:25702871). Interacts with DDX6/me31B (PubMed:31439631).
The YXXXXLphi motif mediates interaction with eIF4E1.
eIF4E1-binding protein that regulates translation and stability of mRNAs in processing bodies (P-bodies) (By similarity). Probably plays a role in P-bodies to coordinate the storage of translationally inactive mRNAs in the cytoplasm and prevent their degradation (By similarity). Acts as a binding platform for multiple RNA-binding proteins. Required for the formation of P-bodies (By similarity).
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
Ubiquitous expression throughout development. Expressed during cell division in the syncytial embryo. Expressed in developing photoreceptors of the eye imaginal disk of the third larval stage. In adults, highly expressed in neurons of the brain, concentrated in axons. In the adult ovaries, expression accumulates in the germarium and the polar follicular cells as well as in the oocyte along the microtubule network.
Flies exhibit a specific and marked size reduction of the optic lobes and central brain hemispheres but no major alteration in neuronal architecture can be found.
In ventral nerve cord and supraesophageal ganglion of embryos. Is most prominent in the mushroom body neuropil and the outer proliferation center of the optic lobes in third instar larvae.
Isoform A and isoform C are present mainly in embryos and pupae. By contrast, isoform D appears to be expressed most markedly in third instar larvae and pupae.
Role in the specific control of proper proliferation of optic lobe neuronal progeny.
Essential for the maturation of hemocytes.
Hemocyte precursor cells start to differentiate normally, but never develop into mature hemocytes.
Highly expressed in the embryonic cephalic mesoderm starting from stage 6 and fading by stage 11. Hemocyte precursor cells.
Contributes to oxidative stress resistance by reducing cysteine-sulfinic acid formed under exposure to oxidants in a peroxiredoxin (PubMed:33920774). May catalyze the reduction in a multi-step process by acting both as a specific phosphotransferase and a thioltransferase (By similarity).
Five day old adults display increased levels of hyperoxidized forms of peroxiredoxins, and both males and females show increased locomotor activity (PubMed:33920774). No effect on lifespan under normal or oxidative stress conditions (PubMed:33920774).
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH1 subfamily.
Although it shares weak sequence similarity with GTF2B/TFIIB, displays a similar subdomain organization as GTF2B/TFIIB, with a N-terminal zinc finger, a connecting region (composed of B-reader and B-linker regions), followed by 2 cyclin folds.
Component of RNA polymerase I core factor complex that acts as a GTF2B/TFIIB-like factor and plays a key role in multiple steps during transcription initiation such as pre-initiation complex (PIC) assembly and postpolymerase recruitment events in polymerase I (Pol I) transcription. Binds rDNA promoters and plays a role in Pol I recruitment (By similarity).
Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The alpha chain may bind calmodulin (By similarity).
Component of pre-catalytic, catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosomes. Associates with the spliceosome prior to recognition of the 3'-splice site for step II, probably during catalysis of step I.
Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome. Participates in the second catalytic step of pre-mRNA splicing, when the free hydroxyl group of exon I attacks the 3'-splice site to generate spliced mRNA and the excised lariat intron. Required for holding exon 1 properly in the spliceosome and for correct AG identification when more than one possible AG exists in 3'-splicing site region. May be involved in the activation of proximal AG. Probably also involved in alternative splicing regulation.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS25 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Belongs to the tRNA methyltransferase O family.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Interacts with PCNA. Three molecules of FEN1 bind to one PCNA trimer with each molecule binding to one PCNA monomer. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation upon DNA damage induces relocalization to the nuclear plasma.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family. CTF18 subfamily.
Chromosome cohesion factor involved in sister chromatid cohesion and fidelity of chromosome transmission. Component of one of the cell nuclear antigen loader complexes, CTF18-replication factor C (CTF18-RFC). The CTF18-RFC complex catalyzes the ATP-dependent loading of PCNA onto primed and gapped DNA and has weak ATPase activity. The CTF18-RFC complex catalyzes the ATP-dependent loading of PCNA onto primed and gapped DNA.
Viable (PubMed:11161570). In ovaries, results in defective oogenesis leading to sterility (PubMed:11161570). Results in morphological defects in both eye and wing (PubMed:11161570). Simultaneous knockout of cutlet and RfC4 or RfC38 exacerbates the eye defect of the single cutlet knockout (PubMed:11161570).
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Increased lifespan and stress resistance.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that specifically methylates the C(5) position of a cytosine in 28S rRNA.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP regulatory subunit family.
Regulatory subunit of the Rab3 GTPase-activating (Rab3GAP) complex composed of Rab3-GAP and Rab3GAP1, which has both GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity towards Rab3, and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity towards Rab18 (PubMed:21338884, PubMed:32248620). As part of the Rab3GAP complex, required for the rapid induction and sustained expression of synaptic homeostasis at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (PubMed:21338884). Also participates in the regulation of autophagy in tissues such as larval fat cells and adult muscles (PubMed:32248620). The Rab3GAP complex, acts as a GAP for Rab3 by converting active Rab3-GTP to the inactive form Rab3-GDP (PubMed:21338884). At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), forms a presynaptic signaling mechanism with Rab3 that regulates progression of synaptic homeostasis at a late stage of vesicle release (PubMed:21338884). Within this mechanism Rab3-GTP acts, directly or indirectly, to inhibit the progression of synaptic homeostasis, and Rab3-GAP functions to inactivate this action of Rab3-GTP (PubMed:21338884). The Rab3GAP complex, acts as a GEF for Rab18 by promoting the conversion of inactive Rab18-GDP to the active form Rab18-GTP (By similarity). Regulates autophagy as part of a Rab3GAP-Rab18 module (PubMed:32248620). Once Rab18 is activated by the GEF Rab3GAP complex, the Rab3GAP-Rab18 module localizes to autophagosomes, and regulates autolysosome formation and maturation together with the Rab18 interacting effector, the PI3K/Vps34 Complex I (PubMed:32248620).
The Rab3 GTPase-activating (Rab3GAP) complex is a heterodimer composed of Rab3GAP1 and Rab3-GAP.
Third instar larvae display adherent perinuclear redistribution of lysosomes, autolysosomes and autophagosomes in the fat body.
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Global transcriptional regulator. Modifies gene expression by affecting chromatin.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:11062264). Expressed throughout larval, pupal and adult stages (PubMed:22467859).
Expressed in the mesoderm at stage 11, several hours before myoblast fusion, and persists in most muscle cells, somatic, visceral and pharyngeal muscles and their precursors, until the third instar (PubMed:10629221, PubMed:10934048, PubMed:9548712, PubMed:10669599, PubMed:8335002, PubMed:11062264). Isoform A: Expressed in the indirect flight muscle (at protein level) (PubMed:8335002, PubMed:22467859, PubMed:26251439).
Flies exhibit chromosome undercondensation, chromosome breakage, loss of diploidy, and premature sister chromatid separation. They also exhibit defects in myoblast fusion, muscle organization and gut morphogenesis.
Interacts with Msp300; this interaction mediates the recruitment of Msp300 to the Z-disks.
Key component in the assembly and functioning of adult and embryonic striated muscles and muscle tendons. By providing connections at the level of individual microfilaments, it contributes to the fine balance of forces between the two halves of the sarcomere. The size and extensibility of the cross-links are the main determinants of sarcomere extensibility properties of muscle. In non-muscle cells, seems to play a role in chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Might link the lamina network to chromatin or nuclear actin, or both during interphase.
Expressed in larval eye, wing and leg imaginal disks and in salivary gland. Expressed in the larval optic lobe, showing an enrichment in the neuropil. In the adult brain, expressed in photoreceptors and mushroom body.
Interacts with Rich and Act5C (PubMed:21835342, PubMed:22928698). Interacts with BicD (via C-terminal domain) (PubMed:17329360, PubMed:17827179). Interacts (in GTP-bound) with GCC1/CG10703 and cbs (PubMed:19001129). Interacts with Gorab (via C-terminus); binds to a Gorab homodimer, this interaction seems to be required for trans-Golgi localization of Gorab (PubMed:33704067).
Protein transport (PubMed:17329360, PubMed:17827179, PubMed:18833296, PubMed:21835342, PubMed:22928698, PubMed:33704067, PubMed:9685396). Regulator of membrane traffic from the Golgi apparatus towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PubMed:21795785). Mediates membrane trafficking during egg chamber growth and organization, possibly upstream of exocyst component Sec5. Also during oogenesis, plays a role, together with BicD but independently of Sec5, in the polarization of the oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton, in the localization of oskar mRNA and in the anterodorsal secretion of grk. Required for anterograde opsin transport through the ER-Golgi complex. Plays a role, together with Rich, in regulating CadN transport in photoreceptor cells which is required for the formation of normal synaptic connections between axons from the inner photoreceptor cells in the eye and postsynaptic cells in the brain medulla layer M6 (PubMed:21835342). Necessary for proper development of bristle shafts of macrochaete and microchaete on the head, thorax and scutellum. Modulates Notch signaling (PubMed:10459009). As a key regulator of vesicular traffic, plays a critical role in the regulation of actin organization and is required for normal rates of phagocytic uptake during phagocytosis involved in defense against viral and fungal infection.
Expressed during embryogenesis mainly in embryonic epidermis.
Probable effector of the planar cell polarity signaling pathway which regulates the septin cytoskeleton in both ciliogenesis and collective cell movements. Functions cell autonomously to regulate wing cell hair polarity and number.
In larvae, highly expressed in the tracheal system. Weak expression is also detected in other larval tissues including the gut and epidermis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in spontaneous melanization of the tracheal system in larvae and pupae (PubMed:18854145, PubMed:22227521). Displays melanization at the 2nd or 3rd larval stage and affected larvae die a few days after it first occurs (PubMed:18854145). Melanization is first detected between tracheal cells and the overlying cuticle, then increases in intensity and spreads to the epithelial layer of the affected tracheal cells (PubMed:18854145). Increased expression of the antimicrobial gene Drs in the trachea and fat body (PubMed:18854145).
Serine protease inhibitor which plays an essential role in regulating the tracheal melanization immune response to bacterial and fungal infection (PubMed:18854145, PubMed:22227521). Acts by negatively regulating a protease cascade involving Mp1 and Sp7, that functions in the activation of the Hayan-phenoloxidase (PPO1) cascade (PubMed:18854145).
Required for the export of mRNAs containing poly(A) tails from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. May be involved in the terminal step of the mRNA transport through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity).
Expressed from early embryos through to adulthood.
Functions at a post-ubiquitation step in the ubiquitin fusion degradation (UFD) pathway.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family.
Detected in ovaries (at protein level) (PubMed:25223282). In adults, relatively higher expression in the head compared to the body (PubMed:11997505).
In stage 13 embryos at the beginning of dorsal closure, enriched in the leading edge of the epidermis (at protein level).
Interacts with yki and ex (PubMed:27462444). Interacts with drk (PubMed:22615583). Likely to be a member of an axonal guidance receptor complex that includes SH3PX1, dock and Dscam (PubMed:11773052). Interacts (via N-terminus) with dock (PubMed:23562806, PubMed:11773052). Interacts with SH3PX1 (via SH3 domain) (PubMed:11773052).
No visible developmental defects but males and females display reduced fertility (PubMed:27462444, PubMed:22615583, PubMed:23562806). Males are sterile due to disruption of spermatid coiling (PubMed:27462444, PubMed:22615583, PubMed:23562806). Spermatids individualization complexes are displaced from the outer region of the testis coil to the inner region and display increased apoptosis (PubMed:22615583). During oogenesis, defective assembly and disassembly of cytoophidium in nurse cells result in a range of phenotypes resulting from reduced CTP production (PubMed:25223282). These include reduced egg laying, disruptions in the plasma membrane between adjacent nurse cells that result in the nurse cells fusing, and reduced nurse cell nuclei diameter most likely as a result of defective endoreplication (PubMed:25223282). Cytoophidium are observed in the germanium at an earlier developmental stage and persist inappropriately into late-stage egg chambers (PubMed:25223282). The number of cytoophidium in the cytoplasm of nurse cells is increased and their length is reduced (PubMed:25223282). Enhances the small eye phenotype in hid mutants (PubMed:22615583). Developing embryos display a very low frequently of dorsal defects (PubMed:18816840). Simultaneous knockdown of Ack and Ack-like results in many embryos failing to properly secrete the cuticle likely due to the loss of zip expression (PubMed:18816840). Mutants also display defects in the dorsal surface including holes in the cuticle and germband retraction failure (PubMed:18816840).
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein and serine/threonine-protein kinase that is implicated in diverse biological functions such as cell survival, cell differentiation, cell growth and proliferation (PubMed:11997505, PubMed:18816840, PubMed:22615583, PubMed:23562806, PubMed:25223282, PubMed:27462444). Phosphorylates SH3PX1 and ex (PubMed:22615583, PubMed:11773052, PubMed:27462444). Phosphorylates SH3PX1 predominantly on 'Tyr-56', which likely promotes the recruitment of SH3PX1 to an axonal guidance receptor complex that includes dock and Dscam; because phosphorylation of SH3PX1 increases its interaction with the complex member dock while decreasing its interaction with the actin cytoskeleton modulator WASp (PubMed:11773052). In the wing and eye, promotes tissue growth, and during embryogenesis coordinates cell shape changes required for correct dorsal closure (PubMed:22615583, PubMed:27462444, PubMed:18816840). Functions in the negative regulation of the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway by enhancing yki activity thereby promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis (PubMed:22615583, PubMed:27462444). This is accomplished, at least in part, by phosphorylating ex thereby reducing its ability to efficiently activate the Hippo signaling cascade (PubMed:27462444). In the eye disk, wing disk and possibly spermatids, inhibits programmed cell death induced by hid and rpr through a mechanism that is independent of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway (PubMed:22615583). Essential for male and female fertility (PubMed:22615583, PubMed:23562806). During oogenesis required for the correct temporal assembly, and consequently the catalytic activity of long Ctps filaments (cytoophidium) in the germline nurse cells, likely by phosphorylating an unidentified substrate that is essential for linking individual Ctps filaments into large, catalytically active assemblies (PubMed:25223282).
Phosphorylated (PubMed:22615583). Autophosphorylated (PubMed:11773052).
The SAM and SH3 domains are required for localization to clathrin-coated vesicles in spermatocytes.
The SAM, Protein kinase and SH3 domains are required for sperm formation.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. PSMD14 subfamily.
Component of the 19S regulatory cap of the 26S proteasome.
Metalloprotease component of the 26S proteasome that specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The function of the 'Lys-63'-specific deubiquitination of the proteasome is unclear (By similarity).
Adults produce fewer progeny (PubMed:29764939). Larvae display an increase in survival when fed a diet enriched with 3-chloro-L-tyrosine (Cl-Tyr), whereas survival is unaffected when fed a diet containing 3-iodo-L-tyrosine (I-Tyr) or 3-bromo-L-tyrosine (Br-Tyr) (PubMed:29764939). Adult survival is unaffected when fed a diet supplemented with halotyrosines (PubMed:29764939).
Catalyzes the dehalogenation of halotyrosines such as 3-bromo-L-tyrosine, 3-chloro-L-tyrosine, 3-iodo-L-tyrosine and 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (PubMed:27643701). Activity towards 3-fluoro-L-tyrosine is weak (PubMed:27643701). Important for male and female fertility (PubMed:29764939). May be involved in maintaining the viability of sperm, both during development in the testes and storage in the female spermatheca (PubMed:29764939).
Named condet in honor of Dr. Jean Francois Condet who discovered that ingestion of iodide could reduce goiter.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) deficiency (PubMed:29590638). Mitochondria in the flight muscle shows a wide range of structural abnormalities including dispersed cristae, onion-like swirling membranes, swollen mitochondria, sparse matrix and irregular cristae densities (PubMed:29590638). Eclosion rate is reduced, locomotion and feeding are severely impaired and lifespan shortened (PubMed:29590638). In the brain, there is a pericerebral fat body deficit (PubMed:29590638). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons shortens lifespan and results in mild defects in feeding behavior and geotaxis response (PubMed:29590638). Results in lipid droplet accumulation in the glia (PubMed:25594180). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the glia results in no lipid droplet accumulation (PubMed:25594180). RNAi-mediated knockdown in differentiated muscle impairs feeding and locomotion, and shortens lifespan (PubMed:29590638).
Essential glycylase which modifies both tubulin and non-tubulin proteins, generating side chains of glycine on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues of target proteins. Monoglycylates alpha-tubulin by adding a single glycine chain to generate monoglycine side chains, but is not involved in elongation step to generate polyglycine side chains on alpha-tubulin. Has the ability to both mono- and polyglycylate non-tubulin proteins such as up (Troponin T). Required for early steps of spermatogenesis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
Expressed in the antenna, mostly on the anterior surface of the third antennal segment (PubMed:7545907, PubMed:29630598). Expressed in auxilary cells and the third antennal segment and exported to the sensillar lymph (at protein level) (PubMed:29630598).
Expression is inversely regulated in male and female in response to the male-specific pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) and is dependent on the active neurotransmission of cVA-sensitive neurons to second order olfactory neurons.
Odorant-binding protein required for olfactory behavior and activity of pheromone-sensitive neurons in response to the male-specific pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA). Modulates social responsivity differently in males and females, regulating male aggression and female receptivity respectively.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in males results in reduction of aggressive display. RNAi-mediated knockdown in females results in a significant reduction in sexual receptivity after exposure to the male-specific pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA).
Component of the proteolytic cascade acting downstream of the 26S proteasome in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (By similarity). Efficiently cleaves Ala-Ala-Ala-polypeptide and Pro-Pro-Ala-polypeptide, Val-Leu-Lys-polypeptide only at high concentration. Does not cleave Ala-Phe-Pro-polypeptide nor Pro-Leu-Gly-polypeptide.
Homooligomer; forms a complex of 6 MDa probably composed of 40 subunits. Forms a structure consisting of 2 segmented and twisted strands that form a spindle-shaped structure. Each strand is composed of 10 segments (a segment being a homodimer oriented head to head), stacking of these segments leads to the formation of a twisted single strand. 2 strands compose the fully assembled spindle.
Inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and butabindide, but not by peptidase inhibitor pepstatin, EDTA, nor bestatin.
The limitation of proteolytic products to tripeptides is achieved by tailoring the size of the substrate-binding cleft: the two negatively charged residues Glu-399 and Glu-430 that are blocking position P4 limit the number of residues that can be accommodated in the binding cleft and thus create a molecular ruler. At the same time, they orient substrates so that the tripeptides are removed exclusively from the N-terminus (PubMed:20676100).
Adult mutant flies are unable to fly and roll over when inverted, explaining the name 'turtle' (PubMed:11312296). In the eye, axonal tiling of the R7 photoreceptor is defective in approximately 22% of axons (PubMed:24174674). Double knockouts of tutl and bdl rescue the R7 axonal tiling defect (PubMed:24174674).
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Turtle family.
Essential protein that plays a role in the establishment of coordinated motor control (PubMed:11312296). In the developing eye, involved in axonal targeting of the R7 photoreceptor (PubMed:24174674).
Exclusively expressed in the central nervous system.
Expressed throughout the central nervous system from segregation of neuronal precursors through the end of development. Also detected in cephalic sensory structures.
Embryonic lethal. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the trachea of first instar larvae results in discontinuous tubes. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the tracheal terminal cells of first instar larva results in lumen devoid of taenidiae and occluded with disorganized electron-dense material, pan-tracheal liquid clearance defect as well as a breaks in the dorsal trunks.
Expressed in embryo from stage 10 in all ectodermally-derived epithelia secreting cuticle. During germband retraction, epidermal expression is strongest in the T2, T3, and A8 epidermal parasegments, but not detected during primary branching. Pan-tracheal expression is first detected at stage 14 and continues during later stages coinciding with lumen growth and cuticle deposition. In addition to tracheal expression, expressed in epidermis, foregut, and hindgut.
Transcriptional activator. In tracheal terminal cells, regulates the transcription of factors involved in the formation of a mature apical extracellular matrix (aECM) which is essential for the integrity and shape of seamless tubes.
Consists mainly of membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets.
Expressed throughout development, highest levels are in embryos and pupae.
Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane and also the plasma membrane (By similarity). The channel at the outer mitochondrial membrane allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules; in the plasma membrane it is involved in cell volume regulation and apoptosis (By similarity). It adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV (By similarity). The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is cation-selective (By similarity). In depolarized mitochondria, acts downstream of park to promote mitophagy or prevent apoptosis; polyubiquitination by park promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination by park decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis (PubMed:32047033).
Ubiquitinated (PubMed:32047033). Undergoes monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination by park; monoubiquitination at Lys-273 inhibits apoptosis, whereas polyubiquitination at Lys-11, Lys-19, Lys-52 and Lys-109 may promote mitophagy (PubMed:32047033).
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity). Interacts with the SMN complex (PubMed:18621711).
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Facilitator of innate immune signaling that binds cyclic dinucleotides produced in response to infection by bacteria and/or viruses, and promotes the activation of the NF-kappa-B transcription factor Rel (Relish) (PubMed:29934091, PubMed:29924997, PubMed:30119996, PubMed:33262294, PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Recognizes and binds cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a cyclic dinucleotide messenger produced by bacteria such as L.monocytogenes, leading to activation of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (IMD) signaling pathway and activation of Rel (Relish) (PubMed:29924997). Innate immune response is triggered in response to double-stranded RNA from viruses delivered to the cytoplasm: Sting acts by specifically binding cyclic dinucleotides 3',2'-cGAMP and 2',3'-cGAMP produced by cGlr1 and cGlr2 in response to RNA virus in the cytosol (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Has a strong preference for 3',2'-cGAMP compared to other cyclic dinucleotides such as 2',3'-cGAMP or 3'3'-c-di-GMP (PubMed:34261127). Upon binding to 3',2'-cGAMP, activates an antiviral immune response, leading to the activation of Rel (Relish) (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Activated in brain in response to Zika virus infection, leading to autophagy (PubMed:29934091).
In third instar larvae eye imaginal disk, expressed in cells posterior to the morphogenetic furrow, in all photoreceptor and cone cell precursors as well as in still uncommitted cells.
Inhibitory regulator of the Ras-cyclic AMP pathway. May function as a negative regulator of Ras85D/Ras1 in the sev signaling pathway. Acts cell autonomously in cone cell precursors as a negative regulator of R7 photoreceptor cell determination.
Mutant flies display a highly irregular eye pattern, with ommatidia improperly oriented and occasionally fused. Most of these ommatidia contain extra cells that resemble R7 photoreceptor cell, characterized by small rhabdomere diameter, a central position in the distal half of the retina and expression of the R7-specific rhodopsin Rh4. The extra R7 cells are derived from cone cell precursors. In mutant wing, an additional longitudinal vein branches off the posterior crossvein, the wing veins widen at their junctions with the wing margins and wing vein material is found in between the longitudinal veins.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Constitutively expressed in fat bodies of larvae and adults.
Effector of the programmed cell death (PCD) activators rpr, grim and hid (PubMed:9740659). May play an apoptotic role in the germline as well as soma. Fadd interacts with Dredd to promote cleavage of Dredd and is necessary and sufficient for enhancing Dredd-induced apoptosis (PubMed:10934188). Plays a role in the innate immune response. Required for resistance to Gram-negative bacterial infection (PubMed:11269502). Diap2-mediated ubiquitination of Dredd is critical for processing of imd and rel and the subsequent expression of antimicrobial genes such as DptA (PubMed:22549468).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Embryos exhibit ubiquitous low level of expression until stage 11 and then expression becomes spatially and temporally restricted to areas of PCD.
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 15 kDa (caspase-8 subunit p15) and a 10 kDa (caspase-8 subunit p10) subunit (PubMed:9740659). Interacts (via N-terminus) with Diap2; likely to bind Diap2 simultaneously with Fadd to form a trimeric complex (PubMed:10934188, PubMed:22549468).
Polyubiquitinated by Diap2 following activation of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway.
Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramer composed of two large chains (delta and beta3), a medium chain (mu3) and a small chain (sigma3).
Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) is a heterotetramer.
Intron retention. This sequence is incomplete at 5'- and 3'-ends and extensively differs from that shown at positions 1-269, 546 and 840-1034.
May be a coat protein involved in the formation of specialized structures like pigment granules.
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adapter-related complex which is not clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to lysosomes (By similarity).
DsDNA-dependent ATPase which acts as a transcription termination factor by coupling ATP hydrolysis with removal of RNA polymerase II from the DNA template.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically trimethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3 in ovary. H3 'Lys-9' trimethylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression by recruiting Su(var)205/HP1 to methylated histones. Plays a central role during oogenesis.
Oogenesis arrests at early stages. This arrest is accompanied by reduced proliferation of somatic cells required for egg chamber formation, and by apoptosis in both germ and somatic cell populations.
Present most strongly at early stages of oogenesis, in germ cells in the germarium. Present in germ stem cells and dividing germline cyst cells. Weakly or not expressed in somatic cells at the tip of the germarium, including the terminal filament, inner sheath cells, or cap cells, but it is present at low levels in somatic cells in regions 2 and 3 of the germarium, including the prefollicular cells and the follicle cells of stage 1 egg chambers. Soon after egg chambers budd off the germarium, levels increase in the follicle cells. By mid-oogenesis it decreases in the nurse cells, while levels continued to increase in the follicle cells (at protein level).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Levels are highest in 0-2 hours embryos and at lower levels during later embryonic and larval stages. A modest increase in expression is seen during the pupal stage. Expressed throughout the 9 hours embryo. After 12 hours expression is concentrated in the central nervous system.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility.
Scm associates with the PRC1 core complex containing PSC, PC, PH and Sce/RING1. Forms homotypic and heterotypic interactions. Interacts with the SAM domain of ph-p via its SAM domain in vitro. Interacts with corto in vitro.
The SAM domain is essential for function.
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Expression is largely restricted to head, with limited expression detectable in cardia and crop. In entrained individuals, expression is observed in the brain cortex (region between optic lobe and central complex), photoreceptors and antennae. In asynchronous individuals, expression is seen in third antennal segment and male-specific expression is seen in the brain-associated fat body.
Participates in a novel circadian output pathway that conveys temporal and food status information to feeding-relevant metabolisms and activities. Involved in male courtship behavior. In the brain-associated fat body, transcription is enhanced by the dsx and fru male-specific isoforms and repressed by the dsx female-specific isoform.
Starvation and circadian clock. In the heads of entrained flies, levels fluctuate daily and the cycle phase is delayed with respect to per and tim. Cycling appears to be linked to the endogenous clock rather than light stimuli.
Required for the processing of the 27S pre-rRNA.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of Tim9 and 3 copies of Tim10, named soluble 70 kDa complex. The complex associates with the Tim22 component of the TIM22 complex. Interacts with multi-pass transmembrane proteins in transit (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of Tim9 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Autophagy factor required for autophagosome formation. Target of the TOR kinase signaling pathway that regulates autophagy through the control of the phosphorylation status of Atg13 and Atg1. The Atg1-Atg13 complex functions at multiple levels to mediate and adjust nutrient-dependent autophagic signaling. Involved in the autophagic degradation of dBruce which controls DNA fragmentation in nurse cells.
Belongs to the ATG13 family. Metazoan subfamily.
Phosphorylated in a nutrient-, TOR- and Atg1 kinase-dependent manner.
Results in late stage egg chambers that contain persisting nurse cell nuclei without fragmented DNA and attenuation of caspase-3 cleavage.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation-oxidative deamination of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to 3,4-dihydroxylphenylacetaldehyde (DHPAA) (PubMed:21283636). Involved in cuticle development (Probable). Probably responsible for the protein cross-linking during the development of flexible cuticles (PubMed:21283636).
Duplication of 82 nt that changes the frame.
Forms a heterodimer with the catalytic subunit.
In testis, it is present at high level in hub cells, a niche for germline stem cells of testis.
Male sterile and female semi-sterile phenotypes. In males, spermatogenesis is arrested at the elongating stage of the developing spermatids, resulting in an absence of mature sperms in the seminal vesicles. The decreased fertility in females is mostly due to defects in oogenesis. There are abnormal egg chambers present in the mutant females, in which the cystocytes fail to arrest their cell division at the fourth mitotic cycle, resulting in more than 16 cells in a single egg chamber. Additionally, these abnormal cystocytes do not undergo multiple rounds of endoreplication as the nurse cells do in a normal egg chamber.
Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. In the complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit. Required during gametogenesis.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type-1 seryl-tRNA synthetase subfamily.
Adapter protein that plays a central role in localization of transcripts in the oocyte and in young embryos (PubMed:9118812). Maintains RNA targets in a repressed state by promoting their deadenylation and protects deadenylated mRNAs from further degradation (PubMed:21937713). Binds to and recruits eIF-4E to the 3'-UTR of some mRNA targets which prevents interaction between eIF4E1 and eIF4G (PubMed:14685270, PubMed:15465908, PubMed:21081899). This may contribute to translational repression but does not appear to be necessary for it to occur (PubMed:21081899). Can promote translational repression independently of deadenylation and eIF4E1 binding (PubMed:21937713). Required for correct localization of eIF4E1 in the developing oocyte (PubMed:15465908). Required for translational repression of oskar (osk) mRNA (PubMed:14691132, PubMed:14723848). Also required for the translational repression of nanos (nos) mRNA (PubMed:21081899). Promotes the accumulation of the germ plasm components osk, vas and stau at the posterior pole of the oocyte and is required for germ cell development (PubMed:22454519, PubMed:17277377). Represses orb positive autoregulatory activity which prevents premature activation of orb and ensures its accumulation specifically in the developing oocyte (PubMed:22164257). In 0-1 hour embryos, forms a complex with me31B, cup, tral and pAbp which binds to various mRNAs including maternal mRNAs, and down-regulates their expression during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (PubMed:28875934).
Component of the osk RNP complex, which is composed of at least exu, yps, aret/bruno, cup, and the mRNA of osk (PubMed:10662770). Interacts with the decapping activators me31B and tral (PubMed:21937713). Component of the nanos RNP complex, which is composed of at least smg, cup, tral, me31B, the CCR4-NOT complex members Rga/NOT2 and Caf1, and the mRNA of nanos (nos) (PubMed:21081899). Interacts with btz (PubMed:14691132, PubMed:14723848). Recruited to the 3'-UTR of nos and osk mRNAs by smg and btz, respectively (PubMed:14685270, PubMed:14691132). Forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) containing at least me31B, eIF4E1, cup, tral and pAbp; this interaction is required for the translational silencing of maternal mRNAs during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (PubMed:28875934). No interaction was detected with pAbp in 1-5 hour embryos (PubMed:28875934). Interacts with osk and vas (PubMed:22454519). Interacts with Pop2, twin/CCR4, Rga, Not3 and Not1 which are all core components of the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex; interaction with the complex is required for cup deadenylation activity (PubMed:21937713). Interacts with nanos (PubMed:11060247). Interacts with smg (PubMed:14685270). Interacts (via YXXXXLphi motifs) with eIF4E1; the interaction promotes retention of cup in the cytoplasm (PubMed:14723848, PubMed:14685270, PubMed:15465908, PubMed:21937713, PubMed:22832024). Interacts with orb; the interaction represses the orb positive autoregulatory loop (PubMed:22164257). Interacts with Nup154 (PubMed:17277377).
Expressed in the egg chamber and more specifically in nurse cells (at protein level) (PubMed:17277377). Expressed during the first 2 hours of embryogenesis but is absent in 2-5 hour embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:28875934). Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:9118812). Expressed throughout embryogenesis (PubMed:22454519). In stage 2, uniformly distributed throughout the whole embryo (PubMed:22454519). During blastoderm formation, concentrated at the posterior pole to become incorporated into newly formed germ cells (PubMed:22454519). Subsequently accumulates specifically in the pole cells at stage 10, when they migrate through the posterior midgut primordium, and during stage 14, when the germ cells reach their final destination (PubMed:22454519).
Mislocalization and precocious expression of orb in the ovary, accumulation of high levels of orb in nurse cells, elongation of orb poly-A tails, hyperphosphorylation of orb and reduced osk mRNA levels (PubMed:22164257). Reduced number of germ cells (PubMed:22454519).
Predominantly expressed in ovaries and in 0-2 hours old embryos. Weakly expressed in testis. Expressed in young embryos through stage 9, then it decreases throughout the rest of embryogenesis. In ovaries, it is expressed in germ cells throughout pre-vitellogenic development, but is not expressed in the somatic follicle cells. In germarial cysts, the protein (and not the transcripts) is transported selectively into the oocyte.
The YXXXXLphi motifs mediate interaction with eIF4E1.
Expressed during the embryonic development (PubMed:11046149). Expressed both maternally and zygotically in embryos (PubMed:11046149). Until early gastrulation, expression is uniformly distributed in the embryo (PubMed:11046149). At mid-gastrulation (stage 11), expressed everywhere with discernible concentration in the mesoderm (PubMed:11046149). After gastrulation (stage 14), expressed in the mesoderm, ventral nerve cord, and brain (PubMed:11046149). At stage 16, elevated expression is also seen in the muscle (PubMed:11046149). Highly expressed in nervous system throughout later development (at protein level) (PubMed:11046149, PubMed:11733059).
Highly expressed in testes in the early stages of spermatogenesis before spermatid individualization (at protein level) (PubMed:15183715).
Homodimer (PubMed:11046149). Interacts with AGO2, Dcr-1, Rm62, vig, RpL5 and RpL11; these interactions form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a messenger ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) complex involved in translation regulation (PubMed:12368261, PubMed:14508492). As part of the RISC complex, interacts with Tudor-SN (PubMed:14508492). Component of a neuronal RNP at least composed of Fmr1, tral and me31B (PubMed:17178403). Interacts with piwi and vas; these interactions occur in the polar granules (PubMed:16949822). Interacts with Cyfip (PubMed:12818175). Associates with polyribosome (PubMed:12368261). Interacts with Ythdf; the interaction is RNA independent (PubMed:33428246).
Polyribosome-associated RNA-binding protein that plays a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of protein synthesis of mRNAs (PubMed:11046149, PubMed:11733059, PubMed:12368261, PubMed:17178403). Acts as an mRNA regulator by mediating formation of some phase-separated membraneless compartment: undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation upon binding to target mRNAs, leading to assemble mRNAs into cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules that concentrate mRNAs with associated regulatory factors (PubMed:35165263). Mainly acts as an activator of mRNA translation: promotes translation of stored mRNAs in oocytes (PubMed:30115809). Can also act as a negative translational regulator of specific mRNAs (PubMed:11733059, PubMed:17178403). Represses translation of the microtubule-associated protein futsch mRNA to regulate microtubule-dependent synaptic growth and function (PubMed:11733059). Localizes to specific N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs as part of a complex with the m6A reader Ythdf and thereby regulates axonal growth in the mushroom bodies and neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:33428246). Specifically recognizes and binds a subset of N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing mRNAs in embryos, promoting formation of a phase-separated membraneless compartment that mediates degradation of maternal mRNAs (PubMed:35165263). May also be involved in microRNA (miRNA)-mediated translational suppression as part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (PubMed:12368261, PubMed:14508492). Required for stability of the central pair of microtubules in the spermatid axoneme (PubMed:15183715). Regulates photoreceptor structure and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) neurotransmission in the eye (PubMed:11733059, PubMed:17178403). During embryogenesis, involved in germline fate determination (PubMed:16949822).
The C-terminal disordered region undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) for the formation of a membraneless compartment that concentrates mRNAs with associated regulatory factors.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class subfamily.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Component of a protein kinase signal transduction cascade. Mediator of TGF-beta signal transduction. Responsible for activation of the JNK MAPK pathway (basket, bsk and hemipterous, hep) in response to LPS. Component of the NF-kappa-B pathway; relish-mediated JNK inhibition involves proteasomal degradation of Tak1; certain targets of Relish that are induced during immune responses may facilitate destruction of Tak1 and switch off the JNK cascade. Participates in diverse roles such as control of cell shape and regulation of apoptosis.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
Required for gamma-tubulin complex recruitment to the centrosome.
Expressed throughout development. During embryogenesis specifically expressed in developing tracheal regions.
Involved in development of tracheal vasculature. Probably involved in halting cell migration at the end of vascular tube outgrowth. Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity when in complex with Elongin BC complex, Cul2 and Rox1a/Rbx1, and can target sima/Hif1a for ubiquitination. May play a critical role in promoting microtubule stabilization when tubulins are correctly folded by the prefoldin complex. If tubulin is incorrectly folded, may promote its degradation.
Part of a complex with Cul2, Roc1a/Rbx1 and the elongin BC complex. Interacts with sima/Hif1a. Interacts with itself. Interacts with mgr and betaTub56D/tubulin beta-1 chain. Interacts with tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers by itself or in complex with mgr. Interacts with microtubules (MTs).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
B-H1 and B-H2 are abundant in the eye-antenna imaginal disk. Expressed in R1 and R6 cells throughout larval stage until 30 hours after puparium formation, at which time expression is seen in the anterior and posterior primary pigment cells. Coexpressed in embryonic glial cells, neurons of the CNS and PNS, most latitudinal anterior cells of the developing notum and the central circular region of the leg and antennal imaginal disk throughout larval development.
B-H1 and B-H2 are regulated by members of the wg signaling pathway; wg and dpp. B-H1 and B-H2 are coexpressed and functionally required in R1 and R6 receptor cells and primary pigment cells for normal eye development. Coexpression is also required for the fate determination of external sensory organs, formation of notal microchaetae, formation of presutural macrochaetae, antennal development and for distal leg morphogenesis; segmentation and specification of tarsal segments 3-5.
Coexpressed at high levels with B-H1 in embryo and pupae and at low levels in larvae.
Belongs to the cholesterol 7-desaturase family.
Catalyzes the production of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC or cholesta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol) by inserting a double bond (desaturating) at the C7-C8 single bond of cholesterol (PubMed:21632547). Essential regulator of steroid biosynthesis, as this reaction is the first step in the synthesis of the steroid hormone Delta(7)-dafachronic acid (PubMed:21632547, PubMed:16763204). Required for insect molting, metamorphosis and body growth throughout development via the regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the prothoracic gland (PubMed:16763204).
Expressed predominantly in the prothoracic gland and weakly in brain and malpighian tubules.
Nvd_Dm plays a pivotal role in larval development in Drosophila. On this basis of the prolonged first instar larval phenotype, the gene was named 'neverland', which is the fictional island featured in J. M. Barrie's play Peter Pan, where children cease to age.
RNAi animals show apparent growth arrest in body size compared with control animal, also loss of nvd-Dm function prevents larval growth prior to the initiation of the molting process.
Part of the core SMN complex, at least composed of Smn and Gem2. The SMN complex associates with the entire set of spliceosomal snRNP Sm proteins, SmB, SmD1, SmD2, SmD3, SmE, SmF and SmG, and with the snRNP-specific proteins snRNP-U1-70K, U2A, snf/U1A and U5-116KD.
The SMN complex catalyzes the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome, and thereby plays an important role in the splicing of cellular pre-mRNAs (PubMed:18621711, PubMed:23333303). Most spliceosomal snRNPs contain a common set of Sm proteins SNRPB, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP (Sm core) (By similarity). In the cytosol, the Sm proteins SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPE, SNRPF and SNRPG (5Sm) are trapped in an inactive 6S pICln-Sm complex by the chaperone CLNS1A that controls the assembly of the core snRNP (By similarity). To assemble core snRNPs, the SMN complex accepts the trapped 5Sm proteins from CLNS1A (By similarity). Binding of snRNA inside 5Sm ultimately triggers eviction of the SMN complex, thereby allowing binding of SNRPD3 and SNRPB to complete assembly of the core snRNP (By similarity). Within the SMN complex, GEMIN2 constrains the conformation of 5Sm, thereby promoting 5Sm binding to snRNA containing the snRNP code (a nonameric Sm site and a 3'-adjacent stem-loop), thus preventing progression of assembly until a cognate substrate is bound (By similarity).
Detected in brain cells adjacent to the mushroom body. Expression is low in wandering larvae, elevated 6 hours after puparium formation and back to low levels 12 hours after puparium formation. Detected in infiltrating processes of a subset of glial cells adjacent to mushroom body dorsal lobes.
Embryonic hemocytes display a reduced level of apoptotic cell phagocytosis (PubMed:19927123). Larval hemocytes display reduced bacterial phagocytosis (PubMed:19890048). RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscle leads to an increase in the number of ghost synaptic boutons but does not affect the deposition of presynaptic debris while RNAi-mediated knockdown in glia leads to a significant increase in presynaptic debris deposition but does not affect the number of ghost boutons (PubMed:19707574).
Plays a role in axon pruning in larval mushroom body neurons during metamorphosis (PubMed:16772168). Plays a role in the infiltration of glial cell processes into mushroom body lobes and the subsequent engulfment of degenerating axon branches (PubMed:16772168). Involved in Drpr-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (PubMed:19927123). Required for bacterial phagocytosis (PubMed:19890048). During neuromuscular junction development, required for the clearance of pruned ghost boutons and presynaptic debris and for normal synaptic growth (PubMed:19707574).
Lacks the typical Glu active site in position 150 that is replaced by a Gln residue, preventing the hydrolase activity. Its precise function remains unclear.
Primarily expressed in yolk cells and fat body. In larvae, it is expressed in large salivary gland cells and weakly expressed in imaginal disks. Less expressed than Idgf2 and Idgf4.
Belongs to the UPL family. K-HECT subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (By similarity). Involved in the negative regulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway in the wing by acting with the E2 enzyme Unc6 and the putative E3 ligases poe and Kcmf1 to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of rl/MAPK (PubMed:27552662).
May play a role in muscle cell metabolism.
By 20-hydroxyecdysone at the onset of metamorphosis.
During embryogenesis, expression is seen in mesodermal precursors of somatic, visceral and pharyngeal muscle. Later in embryogenesis, expression is restricted to heart and muscle attachment sites of the epidermis. During onset of metamorphosis, expression is seen in muscle and muscle attachment cells.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during embryonic, larval and pupal development.
Flies exhibit wing blisters and flight impairment.
Required for integrin-mediated cell-adhesion in wing blade. Vital role in steroid regulation of muscle development and to control heart rate. Required during embryogenesis, in late stages of somatic muscle development, for myotube migration and during metamorphosis for muscle reorganization.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Class-III ADH is remarkably ineffective in oxidizing ethanol, but it readily catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and the oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione.
Demethylates proteins that have been reversibly carboxymethylated.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX54/DBP10 subfamily.
Kylose kinase that mediates the 2-O-phosphorylation of xylose in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans.
Probably involved in the antiviral immune response (PubMed:18953338). May have a role in controlling viral load in the adult fat body, after infection with viruses such as the Drosophila C virus (PubMed:18953338).
Strongly up-regulated in response to viral infection by the Drosophila C virus, alphavirus Sindbis virus and Nora virus (PubMed:18953338, PubMed:32878003). Up-regulation increases between 1 and 3 hours after infection with the Drosophila C virus (PubMed:18953338). Up-regulation increases between 1 and 6 hours after infection with the Sindbis virus, exhibiting a dramatic increase at 6 hours (PubMed:18953338). Induced in the fat body following infection with the Drosophila C virus (PubMed:18953338). In hemolymph of flies infected with Nora virus, levels of expression increase by approximately 4-fold 3 and 17 days after infection, by 1-fold 10 days after infection, and by 2-fold 24 days after infection, compared to uninfected flies (PubMed:32878003). Very weakly to not up-regulated by infection with the Gram-negative bacteria E.cloacae and E.coli, or the Gram-positive bacteria M.luteus and E.fecalis (PubMed:18953338). Not up-regulated by the plus-strand RNA virus, the Nodavirus flock house virus, or the fungus B.bassiana (PubMed:18953338).
Interacts with the translational regulator orb2.
Not expressed in embryos. Expressed in larvae, pupae and adult males. Expressed during spermatogenesis.
RNA-binding protein that plays a central role in spermatogenesis. Required for meiotic entry and germline differentiation, at the transition between G2 and M phases of meiosis I. Acts by regulating translation of specific mRNAs, possibly by binding to their 3'-UTR. Essential for translation of twine (twe) mRNA. Required for the expression of various genes such as CG6784, CG17210, CG15841 scpr-B, scpr-C, and rho-6.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
The thioredoxin domain lacks the 2 redox-active cysteines, suggesting that it lacks thioredoxin activity.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Each Drosophila eye is composed of 800 facets or ommatidia. Each ommatidium contains 8 photoreceptor cells (R1-R8), the R1 to R6 cells are outer cells, while R7 and R8 are inner cells.
Acts as a regulator of the microfilament network governing cellularization of the embryo. Determines the timing of a key conformational transition in the cortical microfilament network: the proper coordination of membrane invagination and basal closure of the cells. To do this, bnk possibly physically links neighboring contractile units of the early cycle 14 microfilament network in a manner that prevents basal constriction until the proper stage has been reached. Bnk together with nullo and Sry-alpha may provide auxiliary functions, by acting both to stabilize a large and dynamic microfilament structure and regulate its functions.
Observed exclusively in the late syncytial and cellular blastoderm stages of development. Transcripts are first detected during nuclear division cycle 11. They reach a strong peak at cycle 14 and from then on gradually decline until they are no longer detectable at the end of cellularization.
Can be divided into a N-terminal globular domain, a proline-rich P-domain forming an elongated arm-like structure and a C-terminal acidic domain. The P-domain binds one molecule of calcium with high affinity, whereas the acidic C-domain binds multiple calcium ions with low affinity (By similarity).
Molecular calcium-binding chaperone promoting folding, oligomeric assembly and quality control in the ER via the calreticulin/calnexin cycle. This lectin may interact transiently with almost all of the monoglucosylated glycoproteins that are synthesized in the ER (By similarity).
The interaction with glycans occurs through a binding site in the globular lectin domain.
The zinc binding sites are localized to the N-domain.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Component of the NURF complex composed of Caf1-55, E(bx), Nurf-38 and Iswi. Interacts with Trl. Interacts with histone H3-K4Me3.
Histone-binding component of NURF (nucleosome remodeling factor), a complex which catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitates transcription of chromatin. Specifically recognizes H3 tails trimethylated on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3), which mark transcription start sites of virtually all active genes. Required for homeotic gene expression, proper larval blood cell development, normal male X chromosome morphology, ecdysteroid signaling and metamorphosis.
The second PHD-type zinc finger mediates binding to histone H3K4Me3.
Interacts with Chro and Mtor as part of a macromolecular complex forming the spindle matrix. Chro colocalizes with Skeletor (Skel) on the chromosomes at interphase and on spindle during metaphase.
Isoform B is expressed during embryonic development.
Isoform D is expressed during embryonic development.
Provides structural support to stabilize and organize the microtubule spindle during mitosis (within embryonic somatic cells) and meiosis (within spermatocytes). The role in mitosis regulation depends on the Ran pathway.
Lacks the typical Glu active site in position 161 that is replaced by a Gln residue, preventing the hydrolase activity. Its precise function remains unclear.
Probably required to stimulate the proliferation, polarization and motility of imaginal disk cells. May act by stabilizing the binding of insulin-like peptides to its receptor through a simultaneous interaction with both molecules to form a multiprotein signaling complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the even-skipped homeobox family.
May play a role in determining neuronal identity. May be directly involved in specifying identity of individual neurons. Pair-rule protein required for segmentation; involved in transforming the broad, spatial, aperiodic expression patterns of the gap genes into a system of precise periodic expression patterns of the pair-rule and segmentary polarity genes.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. Labial subfamily.
During embryogenesis, expressed in mandibular lobe, hypopharyngeal organ, neural and epidermal cells of procephalic lobe, sensory cells of clypeolabrum, posterior midgut, thoracic and abdominal segments.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. High expression in embryos and third instar larvae, lower expression in pupae.
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-2 or Met-7 is the initiator.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Required for proper head development.
Homodimer; homodimerization may regulate adenylyltransferase and phosphodiesterase activities.
Protein that can both mediate the addition of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to specific residues of target proteins (AMPylation), and the removal of the same modification from target proteins (de-AMPylation), depending on the context (PubMed:29089387). The side chain of Glu-247 determines which of the two opposing activities (AMPylase or de-AMPylase) will take place (By similarity). Acts as a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) by mediating AMPylation or de-AMPylation of Hsc70-3/BiP (PubMed:25395623, PubMed:29089387). In unstressed cells, acts as an adenylyltransferase by mediating AMPylation of Hsc70-3/BiP at 'Thr-518', thereby inactivating it (PubMed:29089387). In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, acts as a phosphodiesterase by mediating removal of ATP (de-AMPylation) from Hsc70-3/BiP at 'Thr-518', leading to restore HSPA5/BiP activity (PubMed:29089387).
The fido domain mediates the adenylyltransferase activity.
The side chain of Glu-247 determines which of the two opposing activities (AMPylase or de-AMPylase) will take place. In response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, mediates de-AMPylase activity (By similarity). Adenylyltransferase activity is inhibited by the inhibitory helix present at the N-terminus: Glu-247 binds ATP and competes with ATP-binding at Arg-386, thereby preventing adenylyltransferase activity (By similarity). In unstressed cells, disengagement of Glu-247 promotes adenylyltransferase activity (By similarity). Activation dissociates ATP-binding from Glu-247, allowing ordered binding of the entire ATP moiety with the alpha-phosphate in an orientation that is productive for accepting an incoming target hydroxyl side chain (By similarity).
Up-regulated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Was initially thought to mediate AMPylation of Hsc70-3/BiP at 'Thr-366' (PubMed:25395623). However, it was later shown that it catalyzes AMPylation of Hsc70-3/BiP at 'Thr-518'.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Acts as a non-catalytic accessory component of a dynein complex.
Flies exhibit defects in bristle and wing development.
Interacts with spn-F (PubMed:16540510). Forms ternary complexes with spn-F and IKKepsilon (PubMed:26092846, PubMed:26540204).
In bundles of maturing sperm of larval, pupal and adult males.
Serine/threonine protein phosphatase that may dephosphorylate and activate lipin-like phosphatases. Lipins are phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and control the metabolism of fatty acids at different levels. May indirectly modulate the lipid composition of nuclear and/or endoplasmic reticulum membranes and be required for proper nuclear membrane morphology and/or dynamics. May also indirectly regulate the production of lipid droplets and triacylglycerol (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Death as late embryos with morphological defects that resemble those of animals with mutations in genes of the ecdysone-inducible regulatory circuit. Amidated peptides are largely absent but peptide precursors, a nonamidated neuropeptide, nonpeptide transmitters, and other peptide biosynthetic enzymes are detected.
Expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) in a small number of CNS neurons (approximately a few hundred). Expression is present both in cell bodies and within neuropil regions. It is strongly expressed in neuroendocrine neurons (at protein level).
Monooxygenase that catalyzes an essential reaction in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. Produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate. C-terminal amidation of peptides is required for normal developmental transitions and for biosynthesis of secretory peptides throughout the life.
DNA-binding regulatory protein implicated in early development. Involved in neuronal cell fate decision. Repressed directly or indirectly by the BX-C homeotic proteins.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of polyamine biosynthesis that converts ornithine into putrescine, which is the precursor for the polyamines, spermidine and spermine. Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation and are implicated in cellular processes, ranging from DNA replication to apoptosis.
Homodimer. Only the dimer is catalytically active, as the active sites are constructed of residues from both monomers.
Inhibited by antizyme (AZ) in response to polyamine levels. AZ inhibits the assembly of the functional homodimer by binding to ODC monomers and targeting them for ubiquitin-independent proteolytic destruction by the 26S proteasome.
Expressed throughout much embryogenesis. Expression peaks at the blastoderm stage (2-4 hours) and at later embryonic stages expression corresponds mostly to the procephalic ectoderm primordium.
The heterotrimeric Elba complex is required for chromatin domain boundary function during early embryogenesis. It binds to a 8-bp sequence 5'-CCAATAAG-3' in the Fab-7 insulator or boundary element in the bithorax complex and contributes to its insulator or boundary activity (PubMed:23240086). Elba2 can act as a transcriptional repressor and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-CCAATTGG-3' to mediate transcriptional repression (PubMed:25561495).
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
CAP-1 and CAP-2, but not CAP-3 are ligands for the Capa receptor (PubMed:12177421, PubMed:12459185). CAP-1 and CAP-2 are probably components of the signal transduction pathway that leads to Malpighian tubule fluid secretion via the second messenger nitric oxide (PubMed:11959669). CAP-3 is a ligand for the PK1-R G-protein coupled receptor (PubMed:16054112).
In larvae, the precursor peptide is exclusively present in a single pair of neuroendocrine cells in the labial neuromere (subesophageal ganglion) and three pairs of cells in the ventral ganglion abdominal neuromeres.
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family.
Expressed in developing male and female germ cells.
Required during meiosis. Regulates the transition from the extended G2 phase to the onset of the first meiotic division.
Low levels seen in adult heads, thorax, abdomen and ovaries, high levels in testes.
Accumulates at the leading edge of the cleavage furrow in dividing cells and cellularizing embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:8590810). Also accumulates at the leading edge of the embryo epithelium during dorsal closure, in the embryonic neurons, and at the baso-lateral surfaces of ovarian follicle cells (at protein level) (PubMed:8590810).
Involved in cytokinesis (Probable). May be involved in p53-dependent apoptosis (PubMed:17456438).
Likely part of a multicomponent septin complex that includes pnut (PubMed:8590810). Interacts with pnut (PubMed:8590810). Interacts with park (PubMed:17456438).
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (Tafs). Associates with TFIID-IIA (DA complex) to form TFIID-IIA-IIB (DAB-complex) which is then recognized by polymerase II.
General factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
Part of the THO complex containing HPR1, THOC2, THOC5, THOC6 and THOC7.
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR12/YTM1 family.
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). E(y)1 and Taf6 exist as a heterotetramer. Interacts with Taf1.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Catalyzes the glutathione dependent oxygenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid in vitro. Possesses low glutathione thioltransferase activity toward 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Has no glutathione thioltransferase activity with adrenochrome, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid ((5S)-HpETE), prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) or 2-hydroxyethyldisulfide (HED).
Glutathione is required for the MAAI activity.
Impaired response to environmental cues such as temperature and humidity (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Response of dorsal organ cool cells to changes in temperature is abolished and consequently larvae fail to avoid cool temperatures (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Response of sacculus neurons to changes in humidity is abolished and consequently larvae fail to move towards their preferred humidity (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904).
In the antenna, detected in sacculus neurons which innervate the first and second chambers (at protein level) (PubMed:27656904). Expressed in multiple cells of the larval dorsal organ ganglion, including the dorsal organ cool cells where it is predominately localized to the dendritic bulbs (at protein level).
Integral part of various neural sensory systems in the antenna that provide the neural basis for the response to environmental changes in temperature (thermosensation) and humidity (hygrosensation) (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Together with Ir21a and Ir25a, mediates the response of the larval dorsal organ cool cells, a trio of cool-responsive neurons, to cooling and is required for cool avoidance behavior (PubMed:27656904, PubMed:27161501). Together with Ir25a and Ir40a, mediates the response of the hydrosensory sacculus neurons to changes in relative humidity, and is required for dry detection and humidiy preference behavior (PubMed:27656904, PubMed:27161501).
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily.
Decapping scavenger enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of a residual cap structure following the degradation of mRNAs by the 3'->5' exosome-mediated mRNA decay pathway.
As a subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), involved in the early steps of protein synthesis. In the presence of GTP, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with initiator tRNA Met-tRNAi and then recruits the 40S ribosomal complex and initiation factors eIF-1, eIF-1A and eIF-3 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC), a step that determines the rate of protein translation. The 43S PIC binds to mRNA and scans downstream to the initiation codon, where it forms a 48S initiation complex by codon-anticodon base pairing. This leads to the displacement of eIF-1 to allow GTPase-activating protein (GAP) eIF-5-mediated hydrolysis of eIF2-bound GTP. Hydrolysis of GTP and release of Pi, which makes GTP hydrolysis irreversible, causes the release of the eIF-2-GDP binary complex from the 40S subunit, an event that is essential for the subsequent joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit to form an elongation-competent 80S ribosome. In order for eIF-2 to recycle and catalyze another round of initiation, the GDP bound to eIF-2 must be exchanged with GTP by way of a reaction catalyzed by GDP-GTP exchange factor (GEF) eIF-2B.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EIF2G subfamily.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) is a heterotrimeric G-protein composed of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit. The factors eIF-1, eIF-2, eIF-3, TIF5/eIF-5 and methionyl-tRNAi form a multifactor complex (MFC) that may bind to the 40S ribosome.
Isoform B expressed maternally and zygotically. Isoform B expressed throughout development, in larvae, in pupae and in adult flies.
3D structural studies were performed with a synthetic heptapeptide that contained Cys, corresponding to position 1094, therefore the detected disulfide bridge is an artifact.
Abundantly expressed in the adult retina.
Flies have no photoreceptor potential, their eyes lack phospholipase C (PLC) activity and they are completely blind.
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes (By similarity). Essential component of the phototransduction pathway (PubMed:2457447). Essential downstream component of a hh-signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut immune response to bacterial uracil; required for the activation of Cad99C and consequently Cad99C-dependent endosome formation, which is essential for the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794).
The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(0) seems to have nine subunits: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8 (or A6L).
Responsible for physiological and behavioral changes in mated female flies.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi. Involved in dsRNA uptake.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Expressed in a specific subset of neuroblasts in the ventral nerve cord and the procephalic region in the embryo. Expressed in many, if not all, late delaminating NBs, and in early NBs, but only after they have undergone several rounds of ganglion mother cell-producing divisions.
Expressed in embryos. Expressed from blastoderm embryos. Not expressed in first and second instar larvae. Weakly expressed in third instar larvae. May be weakly expressed in adults.
Transcription factor that specifies expression of key genes in developing central nervous system (CNS). Essential for many, if not all, late developing neuroblastoma (NB) sublineages. Binds to the 5'-[CG]C[CT][CT]AAAAA[AT]-3' DNA sequence, like hb, suggesting that cas and hb act as a late regulators in early and late CNS NB sublineage, respectively. Acts by repressing expression of nub/pdm-1 and pdm2/pdm-2 POU genes, and restrict their pattern of expression in appropriate cells. Required for a full expression of vvl/drifter and acj6/I-POU; it is however unknown whether it directly activates these genes. Controls engrailed (en) expression in the ventral nerve chord.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
By a variety of stressful conditions including bacterial infection, heat shock and exposure to ultraviolet light.
Expressed in late embryos and disappeared by early larval states to reappear in the early pupae.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIII family.
53% of mutants die during embryogenesis with the remainder dying during larval and pupal development. In embryos the rate of dorsal closure is reduced and complete closure is delayed until after stage 16. During dorsal closure, filopodia are normal but the actomyosin cable is reduced and the leading edge cells have an irregular morphology. After dorsal closure, a very small percentage of embryos display a small anterior hole in their cuticle. Reduced phosphorylation of arm.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fes/fps subfamily.
Expressed during all stages of development.
Expressed in a subset of cells in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:16831834). In the embryo, expressed in leading edge cells of the dorsal epidermis (at protein level) (PubMed:16831834). Expressed in many tissues during embryonic development, some expression is transient and absent from most of nervous system (PubMed:1898762). In the embryo, strong expression in the leading edge cells from late stage 13 and throughout dorsal closure to the end of stage 15 (PubMed:16831834). In the embryonic CNS, expressed in the midline glia from stage 13, and by stage 16 expressed in a segmentally repeated subset of cells and in the dMP2 neurons (PubMed:16831834). Larvae exhibit expression in neural tissues and graded expression in all imaginal disks (PubMed:1898762). Pupal expression is seen in muscles and varies during development (PubMed:1898762). Expression in adults is strong in the retina and present in ovaries, no expression is present in the adult brain (PubMed:1898762).
Tyrosine-protein kinase which is required during embryogenesis for formation of the actin cable in leading edge cells of the dorsal epidermis and for the timely progression of dorsal closure. May play a role in regulation of adherens junctions and cell adhesion through phosphorylation of the beta-catenin arm.
Belongs to the inositol 3,4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase family.
GTPase-activating protein for Rho family proteins (PubMed:33835025). Essential component of the CLIC (clathrin-independent carrier)/GEEC (GPI-anchored protein-enriched early endocytic compartment) endocytic pathway (PubMed:28993397). During hematopoiesis, inhibits Egfr-ras-MAPK signaling by promoting Spi-induced Egfr internalization through CLIC/GEEC endocytosis, thereby preventing plasmatocyte overproliferation (PubMed:28993397). Essential for normal mushroom body (MB) development and consequently the formation of olfactory long-term memories (PubMed:33892766). During MD development, required to stop the MB beta-lobe from crossing the brain midline, possibly acting via its role in the CLIC/GEEC endocytic pathway to down-regulate the Egfr-ras-MAPK signaling at the tip of the beta-lobes (PubMed:33892766). Required during embryo cellularization for maintaining and regulating the rate of actomyosin ring constriction (PubMed:33835025). During cellularization, inhibits Rho-GTP levels at the furrow canal tip in a spatiotemporal manner, thus delaying the onset of actomyosin contraction and ensuring appropriate closure of the cells at the base of nuclei after membrane extension (PubMed:33835025).
In the adult brain, expressed in the antennal lobe, the subesophageal ganglion and the alpha/beta neurons of the mushroom body.
In the larval primary lymph gland, expressed throughout the medullary and cortical zones (at protein level). Also detected in larval and embryo plasmatocytes (at protein level).
Interacts with Egfr (when ubiquitinated).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos is lethal at 24 hr, likely due to defective cellularization (PubMed:33835025). During cellularization, the F-actin network at the base of the furrow canal is unorganized, the furrow tips contain wavy edges and there is a loss of contact between adjacent furrow tips (PubMed:33835025). Actomyosin ring constriction is enhanced, and the nuclei have a bottleneck appearance likely due to premature constriction at the furrow canal tip during the mid cellularization stage (PubMed:33835025). Another study reports that flies are viable and fertile (PubMed:28993397). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the alpha/beta neurons of the adult mushroom body (MB), results in abnormal crossing of the MB beta lobe over the brain midline (PubMed:33892766).
The Rho-GAP domain is necessary for inhibiting contractile ring constriction during cellularization.
All isoforms are expressed in somatic muscle. Isoforms containing exon 6a1 (isoforms 1 and 2) are expressed in all muscles but highest expression is in abdominal muscle and splanchnic muscle of the gut. Isoforms containing exon 6b1 (isoforms 5, 6, 9 and 10) are highly expressed in the tergal depressor of trochanter (TDT) muscle.
Isoforms containing exon 3 (isoform 9 and isoform 10) are expressed in adults. Isoforms containing exon 6a1 (isoforms 1 and 2) are expressed at all developmental stages. Isoforms containing exon 6a2 (isoforms 3 and 4) are weakly expressed in embryos and larvae and very weakly in adults. Isoforms containing exon 6b1 (isoforms 5, 6, 9 and 10) are weakly expressed in larva and increase during metamorphosis. Isoforms containing exon 6b2 (isoforms 7 and 8) are weakly expressed in embryos and larvae and at a higher level in adults.
Troponin I is the ATPase inhibitory subunit of troponin in the thin filament regulatory complex. Involved in the development and maintenance of muscle and nervous system. May also be involved in the cytoskeletal apparatus.
Belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family. Notum subfamily.
Carboxylesterase that acts as a key negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by specifically mediating depalmitoleoylation of WNT proteins. Serine palmitoleoylation of WNT proteins is required for efficient binding to frizzled receptors (PubMed:25731175). Also acts as a regulator of long-range activity of Hedgehog (hh), possibly by regulating the switch between low and high level hh pathway signaling (PubMed:20412775, PubMed:22872085).
The molecular function of NOTUM has remained unclear for many years. It was initially thought to hydrolyze glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of glypicans, thereby affecting glypicans ability to interact with Wnt ligands (PubMed:12015973, PubMed:12000788). It was later reported to trigger glypican shedding, by mediating cleavage of their GPI-anchor (PubMed:15469839). However, while NOTUM specifically inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway, more pleiotropic effects would be expected from an enzyme affecting glypicans. It was finally shown that it requires glypicans to suppress Wnt signaling, but does not cleave their GPI-anchor (PubMed:25731175). It acts by mediating depalmitoleoylation of WNT proteins, impairing WNT binding to frizzled receptors (PubMed:25731175).
Chitin-binding protein that is important for the longitudinal contraction and lateral expansion of the larval cuticle during its conversion into the oval-shaped puparium case. Essential for survival to the second instar larval stage. Confers the orientated contractility and expandability of the larval cuticle by regulating the arrangement of chitin and the formation of supracellular ridges on the cuticle of third instar larvae. Essential for determining pupal body shape; required for the orientated shape change of the cuticle during metamorphosis which involves changes in the morphology of the supracellular ridges.
Larval lethal at the first instar stage. Hindgut development during embryogenesis appears normal but at the first instar larval stage the hindgut protrudes out of the anus and probably causes the lethality.
Mainly involved in larvae survival, possibly by maintaining the normal morphology of the larval hindgut during development.
Mainly involved in regulating pupal shape.
Uniformly expressed throughout the cuticle of third instar larva.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Higher expression in adult heads than bodies.
Key enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-myo-inositol 1-phosphate in a NAD-dependent manner (PubMed:11121586). Rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of all inositol-containing compounds (By similarity).
Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.
Forms homohexameric rings. May form a dodecamer with rept made of two stacked hexameric rings (By similarity). Component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex. Interacts with Myc and rept.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Expressed specifically in photoreceptor cells.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Acts on the folding of rhodopsin RH1 and RH2 (but not RH3) and is required for visual transduction.
Begins to accumulate at the posterior pole of the oocyte from stage 8 onwards.
Capu, spir, and stau are required for the initial localization of osk to the posterior pole.
Organizes the germ plasm and directs localization of the posterior determinant nanos. Oskar protein is required to keep nanos (nos) RNA and staufen protein at the posterior pole.
Homozygous semilethal and sterile. Mutant flies show accumulation of the longest isoforms of multiple-isoform miRNAs including miR-3 and miR-34.
Interacts with AGO1; the interaction is not RNA dependent.
Possesses 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity. Required for 3'-end trimming of AGO1-bound miRNAs, in particular multiple-isoform miRNAs, which represents a critical step in miRNA maturation.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Catalyzes the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent transamination of alanine with glyoxylate as an amino group acceptor (PubMed:12220660). Can also catalyze, although with much less efficiency, the transamination of amino-butyrate, phenylalanine and serine with glyoxylate or pyruvate as an amino group acceptor (PubMed:12220660). Does not catalyze the transamination of both 3-hydroxykynurenine and L-kynurenine (PubMed:12220660). May play a role in the detoxification of glyoxylate, a toxic plant metabolite from the fly diet (Probable).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in Malpighian tubules.
Part of a rhi-dependent transcription machinery that enables the generation of piRNA precursors from heterochromatin while maintaining the suppression of transposon-encoded promoters and enhancers. Moonshiner/CG12721 recruits transcriptional machinery to heterochromatin to initiate the bidirectional transcription of piRNA clusters. Functions by forming a complex with transcription initiation factors TfIIA-S and Trf2, and interacting with del which is part of the RDC (rhi, del and cuff) complex that binds to repressive H3K9me3 marks in the chromatin. This mechanism allows transcription to occur in piRNA clusters despite the lack of proper promoter elements and in the presence of the repressive H3K9me3 mark.
The name 'Moonshiner' derives from its activity in the transcriptional 'prohibition' of heterochromatin.
Viable and ovaries appear normal. However females are sterile. Phenotype likely results from transcriptional defects at piRNA clusters caused by loss of Pol II specifically at rhi-dependent piRNA clusters in the developing ovary, resulting in a severe reduction in steady-state piRNA precursor levels and derepression of transposable mRNA transcription.
Both isoforms are expressed during pupal and adult stages.
Both isoforms are only expressed in indirect flight muscles.
Homodimer (Probable). May interact with Unc-89 (via protein kinase domain 2) (PubMed:26251439).
Isoform 9A is expressed both maternally and zygotically during embryogenesis and mid pupal stages. Muscle isoform is expressed at late embryogenesis through to adulthood, highest expression level being late embryo and early larval stages.
Tropomyosin, in association with the troponin complex, plays a central role in the calcium dependent regulation of muscle contraction.
Part of a translational control module, also containing pths/DDX47 and ais/DDX52, which coordinates germline stem cell differentiation with ribosome biogenesis during oogenesis. This module allows for coregulation of ribosomal proteins and non1/GTPBP4, a p53 repressor, preventing p53 stabilization, cell cycle arrest and loss of stem cell differentiation.
Involved in primary piRNA biogenesis in germline cells.
Expressed exclusively in the central nervous system of embryos. In the third instar larva, expression is also restricted to neural tissue with specific expression behind the morphogenetic furrow in the developing eye and in the optic lobes within brain.
Flies display a severe decrease in daytime activity pattern and an increase in sleeping periods.
Rhomboid protease-like protein which has no protease activity but regulates the secretion of several ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Indirectly activates the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway and may thereby regulate sleep, cell survival, proliferation and migration.
Specifically expressed in the nervous system and in brain.
Pair-rule protein expressed in a segmentally repeating pattern to define the polarity of embryonic segments. Capable of sequence-specific DNA-binding.
Might mediate EGFR and FGFR signal transduction cascades required for lumen formation in tracheal cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in tracheal cells results in defective gas-filling lumen in terminal branches.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
Belongs to the phage and mitochondrial RNA polymerase family.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. AhpC/Prx1 subfamily.
Expressed in thoracic flight muscles (at protein level) (PubMed:11677042, PubMed:20869434). Detected in the head and body (at protein level) (PubMed:33920774).
High expression in embryos and adult tissues, lower expression in larval and pupal stages (PubMed:11677042). Expression levels decrease in an age-dependent manner, levels are 75% less on day 30 than on day 5 post eclosion (PubMed:23124252).
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation (PubMed:33920774). 6 homodimers assemble to form a ring-like dodecamer (By similarity). Also exists as a monomer, however the monomeric form is present at a much lower level than the homodimeric form (PubMed:33920774).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to decreased lifespan, increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and an increase in apoptotic cells in the central brain (PubMed:33889951, PubMed:20869434, PubMed:23124252). Exposure of young (10-15 days old) flies to paraquat or hydrogen peroxide leads to decreased resistance to oxidants (PubMed:20869434). Reduced survival rate under oxidative stress conditions; further decrease in responsiveness to oxidative stress with age (PubMed:23124252). Affects coordinated motor behavior, such as shorter distance covered in a given time interval (15% reduction) and reduced velocity (16% reduction) compared to wild-type animals (PubMed:33889951). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons and glia, but not in muscles, significantly affects motor behavior (PubMed:33889951). Pan-neuronal RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces distance covered over time by 14%, with velocity during periods of moving being reduced by 13% compared to control animals (PubMed:33889951). Pan-glial RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces the distance covered by 7% and velocity during periods of moving by 8% (PubMed:33889951). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a Prx5 null mutant background leads to mean life span reduction from 55-70 days to 12.8 days and, after appearing relatively normal for the first 9-11 days after eclosion, animals undergo a very rapid increase in mortality rate (PubMed:20869434). Accelerated pro-oxidizing shift in the redox state (PubMed:20869434). Increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis in the thoracic muscles, digestive tract and oenocytes (PubMed:20869434). Reduction in night activity offset and age-dependent increase in temperature sensitive paralysis (PubMed:33585478). RNAi-mediated knockdown in motor neurons in a Prx5 null mutant background shortens life span and decreases negative geotaxis and phototaxis (PubMed:33585478).
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is provided by the other dimeric subunit to form an intersubunit disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively (PubMed:11677042). Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides (PubMed:11677042, PubMed:20869434, PubMed:23124252). May be involved in aging-associated changes in the responsiveness to oxidative stress (PubMed:23124252). Involved in the maintenance of global thiol redox homeostasis (PubMed:20869434). Functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and in motor neurons and is essential for normal motor function (PubMed:33889951, PubMed:33585478).
Detected in testis (at protein level). Also expressed in ovary.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with both members of the centralspindlin complex, Pav and Tum.
Required during male meiosis for completion of spermatocyte cytokinesis and possibly also required in female germline cells. Also involved in ring canal formation in male and female germline cells. Not essential for cleavage furrow ingression but is required for contractile ring stability and the attachment of the furrowing membrane to the actomyosin ring in late telophase. Displays high binding affinity for beta-galactosides.
Some mutants display multinucleate spermatids, sterility and asymmetric contraction of the contractile ring with subsequent collapse of the cleavage furrow.
The name 'nessun dorma' is based on Pavarotti's famous aria from the opera Turandot due to the interaction of nesd with Pav.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). SRP9 together with Srp14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP (By similarity). The complex of Srp9 and Srp14 is required for SRP RNA binding (By similarity).
Heterodimer with Srp14; binds RNA as heterodimer (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule and six protein subunits: Srp72, Srp68, Srp54, Srp19, Srp14 and Srp9 (By similarity).
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
Expressed in embryo from stage-5 onwards. Expressed in larvae.
Expression varies in tissues throughout development. At stage 5, expressed in the embryo dorsal region followed by expression in a striped pattern at stage 6. During gastrulation, expressed in ventral region and ventral nerve cord. Also detected in many neurons in the externa sensilla and chordotonal organ. At stage 16, expressed on the surface of the midgut. Additionally, expressed in a subset of cardioblasts (Tin+ subpopulation) during dorsal vessel formation. In third-instar larval tissues, expressed in the eye and antennal disks. In the antennal disks, expressed in the second antennal segments. In the eye disks, strongest expression found in the ocelli, and in the differentiating ommatidial cells. Also expressed in all cells within and in the vicinity of the morphogenetic furrow.
Involved in eye morphogenesis. May be essential for the normal differentiation of ommatidial cells.
Sequence of unknown origin in the N-terminal part.
Adapter protein that regulates intracellular membrane fusion reactions (By similarity) (PubMed:33725482). Regulates the fusion of lysosome-related organelles (PubMed:33725482). Promotes microtubules nucleation and centrosomal recruitment of microtubule nucleating proteins such as msps (PubMed:33725482). In syncytial embryos, during the formation of yolk granules, suppresses vesicle fusion events with lipid droplets, possibly via interaction with Rab5 (PubMed:33725482). In the eye, regulates pigment granules size (PubMed:22934826). In hemocytes, required for the late steps of bacteria phagocytosis (PubMed:22934826). In fat body, required for autophagosome maturation (PubMed:22934826).
Expressed in follicular epithelial cells on the side facing the developing oocyte where yolk components are secreted before uptake into the oocyte (at protein level) (PubMed:33725482). Expressed in syncytial embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:33725482).
Interacts with Rab5; the interaction is independent of GDP or GTP (PubMed:33725482). Interacts with msps (PubMed:33725482).
Scaffold protein involved in the Toll signaling pathway via its interaction with pelle/pll kinase.
Implicated in the regulation of ecdysone-triggered gene hierarchies. Probably plays a key role in mediating the regulation of the larval molt by 20-OH-ecdysone.
In mid instar larvae salivary glands, levels are low during puff stage 1, increase during puff stages 2-4 and diminish from stage 5 onwards. In prepupae, isoform A is the predominant form during puff stage 19 and the transition to stage 20. By stage 3 it is present in the gut, Malpighian tubules and the fat body, levels persist beyond stage 11.
In mid instar larvae salivary glands, levels increase during puff stage 1, then remain relatively constant until the premetamorphic pulse of ecdysone at puff stage 5. Levels increase again in late larvae at puff stages 9-10. At puff stage 1 expression is also seen in the gut. Levels are low in the gut, Malpighian tubules, fat body and wing disks between stages 1 and 11.
In mid instar larvae salivary glands, low basal levels are observed in puff stage 1. Levels increase in late larvae from puff stages 3-10, then decrease abruptly at stage 11. In prepupae, isoform C is the predominant form during the transition between puff stages 18-19. At puff stage 1, expression is also present in the gut. By stage 3 it is present in the wing disks, Malpighian tubules and the fat body. At stage 11, expression is only present in the gut and wing disks.
The expression of this protein is developmentally regulated and is correlated with the 20-OH-ecdysone induced activity of puff 75B.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Catalyzes the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) from phosphatidic acid (PA) in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Required for the biosynthesis of the dimeric phospholipid cardiolipin, which stabilizes supercomplexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Magnesium. Also active with cobalt or copper.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins (By similarity). Required for tubulin stability and spindle and centrosome formation in cooperation with Vhl.
Expressed in larval central nervous system (CNS) and pupal testis (at protein level).
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits (By similarity). Interacts with itself. Interacts with Vhl and betaTub56D/tubulin beta-1 chain. Interacts with tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers by itself or in complex with Vhl. Does not interact with microtubules (MTs).
Pupal lethal. Most mutants die just before emergence from the pupal case. In mutant larval CNS, neuroblasts show bipolar spindles that may lack one or both centrosomes or monopolar spindles having one or two centrosomes at the single pole. The mitotic index is elevated twofold over that in wild-type larval brains and the ratio of metaphase:anaphase two- to threefold over wild-type. Mutant neuroblasts also show a decrease of 25% in betaTub56D/tubulin beta chain-1 expression. Mutant mature primary spermatocytes show impaired MT network resulting in meiotic spindles either absent or highly abnormal. In mutant testis, decreased expression of betaTub85D/tubulin beta-2 chain is observed.
Expressed throughout development from embryo to adult.
Flies overexpressing sNPF are heavier and bigger than wild-type. But loss-of-function flies are not smaller than wild-type.
Plays a role in controlling food intake and regulating body size.
Stage 17 embryos show expression in the two brain hemispheres (neural cells located in the dorsal posterior region), the connected ventral ganglion (pairs of neural cells along the ventral midline) and the peripheral nervous system (expressed in the antennal-maxillary sensory cells). In the brain hemispheres of the feeding third instar larva, expression in neural cells is located in the dorsal-anterior region of the protocerebrum. In the larval ventral ganglion, expression is seen in the neural cells located in the subesophagial region, along the ventral midline and in thoracic and abdominal segments. In the adult brain, expression is seen in the medulla and the mushroom body calyx (at protein level).
Required for the specification of pole cells and germ cell formation. Mothers with reduced glc function give rise to sterile adult progeny that lack germ cells.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily.
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in embryos, larvae and adults.
Interacts with sra in a complex that contains CanA-14F.
Expressed from embryonic stage 12 through to adulthood.
Expressed in the brain, CNS, PNS and cells posterior to the morphogenetic furrow in the eye imaginal disk of late embryos.
Forms homo- and heterooligomeric complexes. Binds Hep, a dual specificity protein kinase in the JNK pathway, but not its downstream target bsk. The C-terminal region interacts with the kinesin light chain protein, Klc, and the C-terminal PTY motif of amyloid-beta protein precursor-like protein, Appl.
The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates JNK signaling by aggregating specific components of the MAPK cascade to form a functional JNK signaling module. May function as a regulator of vesicle transport, through interactions with the JNK-signaling components and motor proteins (By similarity).
Homodimer (PubMed:28716842). Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex (By similarity). Interacts with klar and Msp300, components of LINC complex (PubMed:28716842).
Homozygous mutants display growth retardation and dy as larvae and show defects in ovarian follicle cells, which enwrap the germ cell clusters in ovarioles.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity (By similarity). In addition may regulates nuclear envelope (NE) architecture and nuclear positioning through the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC)-dependent and -independent mechanisms (PubMed:28716842).
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Identified in a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated mRNAs. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Cleavage of precursor form is necessary for function.
Flies die from growth arrest in the first-instar larval stage.
Ubiquitin-like protein which plays an important role in cell cycle control, embryogenesis and neurogenesis. Covalent attachment to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex Uba3-Ula1 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UbcE2M. Attachment of Nedd8 to cullins activates their associated E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and thus promotes polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of cyclins and other regulatory proteins.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed during embryonic, larval, pupal and adult stages. Weakly expressed during early embryonic stages but displays a dramatic increase at 12-24 hours of embryonic development. Continues to be in adult but displays much lower levels in the female adult as compared with the male.
Expressed in developing oocytes and egg chambers. During embryonic stages 9-11, expressed in the primordium of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 12-13, shows specific expression in the proventriculus that continues until the end of embryogenesis. In third instar larvae, ubiquitously expressed in wing, eye-antennal, leg and haltere imaginal disks.
Glycopeptide transferase involved in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which catalyzes the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to an already glycosylated peptide. In contrast to other proteins of the family, it does not act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor, but instead requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties. Some peptide transferase activity is however not excluded, considering that its appropriate peptide substrate may remain unidentified. Prefers the diglycosylated Muc5AC-3/13 as substrate.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body or the digestive system and reproductive tract is lethal (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in hemocytes, epiderm, endoderm, mesoderm, respiratory system or nervous system causes no defect (PubMed:22157008).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT7 subfamily.
Essential arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA). Specifically mediates the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins SmD1 and SmD3.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates.
Acts in a planar cell polarity (PCP) complex; polarization along the apical/basal axis of epithelial cells. Correct expression of the alternative isoforms is required for PCP signaling in imaginal disks. PCP signaling in the wing disk requires the receptor fz and the cytoplasmic proteins dsh and pk. These act in a feedback loop leading to activation of the jnk cascade and subsequent polarized arrangement of hairs and bristles. Dgo and pk compete with one another for dsh binding, thereby modulating fz dsh activity and ensuring tight control over fz PCP signaling. Vang, stan and pk function together to regulate the establishment of tissue polarity in the adult eye.
Belongs to the prickle / espinas / testin family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Isoform B is expressed in embryos only. Isoform A and isoform C are expressed in embryos and pupae.
Expressed in the wing, leg and eye imaginal disks. Expressed within the photoreceptors of the eye.
Flies exhibit aberrant hair and bristle orientation on the wings and aberrant ommatidial arrangement in the compound eye.
Interacts with dsh; PET and LIM domains interact with dsh DEP domain, in wing cells. Interacts with Vang in photoreceptor cells.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Expressed in a specific population of brain neurons, named E347, that are necessary and sufficient for proper body fat storage.
Homooligomer; homooligomerizes into virion-like capsids.
Master regulator of synaptic plasticity that self-assembles into virion-like capsids that encapsulate RNAs and mediate intercellular RNA transfer from motorneurons to muscles (PubMed:29328915). Arc1 protein is released from motorneurons in extracellular vesicles that mediate the transfer of Arc1 mRNA into muscle cells, where Arc1 mRNA can undergo activity-dependent translation (PubMed:29328915). Intercellular transfer od Arc1 mRNA is required for synaptic plasticity at the neuromuscular junction (PubMed:29328915). May play a role in energy balance: required for regulation of body fat by a specific population of brain neurons, named E347, that are necessary and sufficient for proper body fat storage (PubMed:26209258).
Strong reduction in the number of synaptic boutons at neuromuscular junction in third-instar larvae.
The protein is evolutionarily related to retrotransposon Gag proteins (PubMed:29328915, PubMed:29328916). It contains structural elements found within viral Gag polyproteins originated from the Ty3/gypsy retrotransposon family and retains the ability to form virion-like capsid structures that can mediate mRNA transfer between cells (PubMed:29328915, PubMed:29328916). Tetrapod and fly Arc protein-coding genes originated independently from distinct lineages of Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons (PubMed:29328916).
Up-regulated following stimulation of E347 brain neurons.
The functional 150 kDa pyruvate import complex is a heteromer of MPC1 and MPC2.
Viable on standard food, but sensitive to a carbohydrate-only diet, with rapid lethality after transfer to a sucrose medium.
Exclusively or primarily restricted to the olfactory system. Expressed in all olfactory sensilla including antenna, maxillary palp, proboscis, other adult chemosensory and larval chemosensory organ. Also expressed in the wing and tarsal gustatory sensilla and dorsal organ. Expressed in larval hemolymph.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Adapter protein which modulates signaling mediated by several receptor tyrosine kinases such as sev and Ack (PubMed:8462097, PubMed:22615583, PubMed:8462098). Required for proper signaling by sevenless (PubMed:8462097, PubMed:8462098). May act to stimulate the ability of Sos to catalyze Ras1 activation by linking sevenless and Sos in a signaling complex (PubMed:8462097, PubMed:8462098). Required for functional and morphological integrities of the scolopidia, sensory neurons and the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC) brain neuropil (PubMed:30610177). Required for Ack-dependent suppression of apoptosis in the eye (PubMed:22615583).
Embryonically lethal (PubMed:30610177). Loss in Johnston's organ causes scolopidium abnormalities (PubMed:30610177).
Found mainly in the developing eye and in the antennal disk. Also observed in other imaginal disks tested and in the embryo. Expressed in Johnston's organ, the hearing organ, neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:30610177).
Interacts with autophosphorylated sev via SH2 domain and Sos, Dos and Dab via SH3 domains (PubMed:12128212, PubMed:8462097, PubMed:8462098, PubMed:9671493). Binds to tyrosine phosphorylated Dab via the SH2 domain (PubMed:9671493). Interacts with phosphorylated Ack (PubMed:22615583).
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
In Drosophila, the definition of premature stop codons in mRNAs appears to be independent of exon boundaries and of the EJC complex.
RNA-dependent helicase and ATPase required for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Is recruited to mRNAs upon translation termination and undergoes a cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation; its phosphorylation appears to be a key step in NMD. The formation of an Upf1-Upf2-Upf3 surveillance complex is believed to activate NMD (By similarity).
Cholesterylation is required for N-product targeting to lipid rafts and multimerization.
Expressed in embryos, larvae and pupae at high levels with maximum expression in 6-12 hours embryos and 0-24 hours pupae (PubMed:8166882, PubMed:1394430, PubMed:1280560, PubMed:1340474). Low levels of expression are seen in adults (PubMed:8166882, PubMed:1394430).
In embryos, expression starts at stage 5 as a few stripes at the anterior and posterior ends, this expands to 17 stripes during stages 8-11 (PubMed:8166882, PubMed:1280560, PubMed:1340474). Expression is also seen in CNS and some PNS cells until stage 13-14, and in foregut, hindgut and salivary glands (PubMed:1340474). In larvae, expression is seen in the posterior compartment of the wing, leg and antennal imaginal disks (PubMed:1394430, PubMed:1340474). In adults, high level of expression in specific regions of the proventriculus and hindgut, with slightly lower levels of expression in the posterior midgut (PubMed:25639794). Relatively low levels of expression in the anterior midgut region (PubMed:25639794).
N-palmitoylation by Rasp of the hedgehog N-product, within the secretory pathway, is required for the embryonic and larval patterning activities of the hedgehog signal.
Strongly up-regulated in the anterior midgut and the posterior midgut in response to bacterial uracil.
The C-terminal part of the hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis activity that results in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (N-product and C-product) (PubMed:7885476). In addition, the C-terminal part displays a cholesterol transferase activity that results by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product (By similarity). Once cleaved, the C-product has no signaling activity and diffuses from the cell (PubMed:12586063).
The C-terminal part of the hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis activity that results in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (N-product and C-product) (PubMed:7885476). In addition, the C-terminal part displays a cholesterol transferase activity that results by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N-product (By similarity). The N-product is the active species in both local and long-range signaling, whereas the C-product has no signaling activity (By similarity).
The dually lipidated hedgehog protein N-product is a morphogen which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development (PubMed:25639794, PubMed:27195754, PubMed:8166882, PubMed:1394430, PubMed:1340474, PubMed:11319862). Establishes the anterior-posterior axis of the embryonic segments and patterns the larval imaginal disks. Binds to the patched (ptc) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (smo), to activate the transcription of target genes wingless (wg), decapentaplegic (dpp) and ptc. In the absence of hh, ptc represses the constitutive signaling activity of smo through fused (fu). Essential component of a signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut immune response to bacterial uracil; required to activate Cad99C-dependent endosome formation, norpA-dependent Ca2+ mobilization and p38 MAPK, which are essential steps in the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794). During photoreceptor differentiation, it up-regulates transcription of Ubr3, which in turn promotes the hh-signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of cos (PubMed:27195754, PubMed:25639794, PubMed:8166882, PubMed:1394430, PubMed:1340474, PubMed:11319862).
Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.
Inhibitor of the WG signaling pathway. Down-regulates beta-catenin (armadillo=ARM). Probably facilitate the phosphorylation of beta-catenin and APC by GSK3B (zeste-white 3=ZW3).
Interacts with ZW3 and ARM. The interaction between AXN and ARM occurs via the armadillo repeats contained in ARM.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout the development.
Belongs to the vitelline membrane family.
Expressed in stage 10 egg-chambers, localized in the outer eggshell (chorion membrane).
In mid instar larvae salivary glands levels are low during puff stage 1 and increase during puff stage 2 to become the predominant form in stage 3. Levels reach maximum in late larvae during puff stages 8-10, decreasing abruptly at stage 11. This expression pattern is also seen in Malpighian tubules and wing disk. Levels at puff stage 11 are appreciable in the gut and fat body. Transcripts are detected again in salivary glands from puff stages 12-14 and 17-21.
In mid instar larvae salivary glands levels increase during 86-94 hours of development and represent the predominant isoform during puff stage 1. Levels remain relatively constant in late larvae until the premetamorphic pulse of ecdysone. Transcripts are detected again from puff stages 12-14 and 17-21.
The expression of this protein is developmentally regulated and is correlated with the 20-OH-ecdysone induced activity of puff 74EF.
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Mediates sugar transport across membranes.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (By similarity). Does not have cyclase activity (By similarity).
Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin specifically from endoplasmic reticulum-associated UBC7 E2 ligase and transfers it to substrates, promoting their degradation. Component of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system also called ER-associated degradation (ERAD) involved in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Also promotes the degradation of normal but naturally short-lived proteins. Protects cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Sequesters p53 in the cytoplasm and promotes its degradation, thereby negatively regulating its biological function in transcription, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with p53. May interact with Septin2.
The RING-type zinc finger is required for E3 ligase activity.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx5 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events.
Expressed 48 hours after puparium formation in lateral glomeruli in the anterior and central regions of the antennal lobe, including the DA1, VA1d, VA1v, DC3. DC1, DA4l and DA4m glomeruli (at protein level) (PubMed:25741726). Expressed zygotically (PubMed:12617819). High levels of expression in embryos and pupae, and relatively low levels of expression in larvae and adults (PubMed:10973475). At cellular blastoderm stage, expressed as several segmentally separated stripes, with the anterior stripes appearing first (PubMed:12617819). At germ band extension, strongly expressed in the delaminating neuroblasts (PubMed:12617819). Expression decreases at germ band extension, remaining in a specific subset of neurons in the central nervous system (PubMed:12617819). Expressed in 6 segmentally repeated stripes in the germband (PubMed:25363762). In larvae, detected in the fat body (PubMed:12617819). In larvae, expressed in the optic lobes and the ventral nerve cord of the CNS (PubMed:23892553). Expressed 48 hours after puparium formation in ORN axons and PN dendrites that target to largely overlaping glomeruli (PubMed:25741726).
In some plant proteins and in human SARM1, the TIR domain has NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase) activity (By similarity). However, despite the presence of the catalytic Asp residue, the isolated TIR domain of human TLR4 lacks NADase activity (By similarity). Based on this, it is unlikely that Toll-like receptors have NADase activity.
Toll-related receptor which binds to the neurotrophin spz5 (PubMed:10973475, PubMed:23892553). Functions in olfactory circuit assembly by promoting synaptic partner matching between olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) axons and projection neurons (PN) dendrites partners in the antennal lobe (PubMed:25741726). Involved in the targeting of specific classes of PN dendrites (Va1d, Va1v, DC3 and DA1) (PubMed:25741726). Functions with Toll-7 to regulate motor axon targeting and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:23892553). Possibly functions with 18w and Toll-8 during convergent extension, to help direct proper planar cell polarity, cell intercalation and axis elongation (PubMed:25363762). Promotes heterophilic cell adhesion with 18w in vitro (PubMed:25363762). May be an upstream component of the NF-kappa-B (rel) regulatory cascade (PubMed:23892553).
Viable (PubMed:25741726). Dorsomedial or dorsolateral mistargeting of VA1d ORN axons (PubMed:25741726). No effect on the immune response to septic injury using a mixture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; adult flies are able induce expression of antibacterial peptide genes (Drs, AttA, DptA and Mtk) and mount a proper innate immune response (PubMed:21158756).
Expressed by a subset of glial cells found at the midline of the embryo stage 12 nervous system. Expression is highest during the formation of the embryonic axonal commissures, a process requiring midline glial cell function (at protein level).
Flies exhibit disruption of the formation of commissural pathways and shows delays the completion of longitudinal pathfinding. The disruption in commissure formation is accompanied by reduced axon-glial contact, such that extending axons grow on other axons and form a tightly fasciculated bundle that arches over the midline.
Has a role in intercellular carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC3 subfamily.
Expressed maternally throughout the embryo at the syncytial cleavage divisions and zygotically at the termini and in a broad central band during cellularization. At germ band extension, the protein is found in the mesoderm. Expressed in a subset of neurons from larva and pupa.
Flies show axon guidance abnormalities in mushroom bodies and pathfinding errors by photoreceptor and subesophageal neurons. Female flies with retn defects are strikingly resistant to male courtship and show male-like courtship of females and males, especially as they age.
Present in the pharyngeal muscles, hindgut epithelium, amnioserosa, ring gland, midgut-hindgut junction, posterior region of each brain lobe, longitudinal glial cells of the CNS and the salivary gland duct of germ-band retracted embryos.
Transcription factor which is a downstream target of gcm and repo. Directly or indirectly activates the transcription of locos and pros, which are essential for the development of some glial cells. Plays an essential role in defining the cell shape and migration characteristics of longitudinal glia that enable them to establish a normal axon scaffold.
Expressed during oogenesis, in early embryos (0 to 4 hours) and in fertile adult females (at protein level).
Expressed in ovaries, primarily in nurse cells and oocytes (at protein level).
Homozygous females produce defective eggs, which desiccate and collapse soon after egg laying, or embryos, which hatch very rarely. Mutants exhibit wing morphology defects, including blistering, formation of ectopic vein material, and loss of material at the margin.
Interacts (via B30.2/SPRY domain) with vas; this interaction may be necessary for the transport of vas to the posterior pole of the oocyte. Interacts with Cul-5. May associate with the Elongin BC complex composed of Elongin-B and Elongin-C.
Involved in the localization of vas to the posterior pole of the oocyte. Required maternally in the germ line for efficient primordial germ cell formation.
Belongs to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 1 family.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr66a subfamily.
Expressed widely in gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) that respond to aversive chemicals. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ, and the dorsal, ventral and posterior external chemosensory organs.
Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Required for sensing all nonvolatile repulsive chemicals, including tastants, pheromones, and especially N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the most widely used insect repellent worldwide. Functions also as a pheromone receptor for a male inhibitory pheromone leading to male-male courtship suppression.
Impairs avoiding all nonvolatile repellents tested, ranging from quinine to denatonium, lobeline, caffeine, and N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Also displays increased male-to-male courtship.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-3 is the initiator.
Member of the regulatory pathway controlling female somatic sexual differentiation, regulated by Sxl. Activates dsx female-specific splicing by promoting the formation of a splicing enhancer complex which consists of tra, tra2 and sr proteins. Together with tra-2, plays a role in switching fru splicing from the male-specific pattern to the female-specific pattern through activation of the female-specific fru 5'-splice site. No known function in males.
The sexual regulation of tra occurs through a mechanism of sex-specific alternative RNA splicing. The non-sex-specific RNA expressed in males is not translated.
Expressed specifically in the midgut epithelium. In third-instar larvae, expressed in the epithelium of two distinct areas of the midgut; the m2 and m10-m12 compartments. Levels decrease during pupation, and then increase in the adult midgut 2 days after eclosion.
Important for cholesterol absorption at the midgut epithelium. Acts only in the early steps of sterol absorption, prior to Npc1a-dependent intracellular sterol trafficking.
Larval lethal at the second instar stage. In larvae dietary cholesterol absorption is impaired. In the larval midgut there is a severe reduction in cholesterol and failure to accumulate cholesterol-rich trafficking organelles. No effect on total cholesterol content, possibly due to maternal contributions. Glucose absorption in the midgut is not affected.
Expressed in all stages of embryonic and larval development as well as in pupae and adults.
Interacts with ODC1 and thereby sterically blocks ODC homodimerization.
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizyme protein that negatively regulates ODC activity and intracellular polyamine biosynthesis and uptake in response to increased intracellular polyamine levels. Binds to ODC monomers, inhibiting the assembly of the functional ODC homodimer, and targets the monomers for ubiquitin-independent proteolytic destruction by the 26S proteasome (By similarity). Required for cellular differentiation in neuronal and myogenic lineages during embryonic development (PubMed:8878684).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA7 subunit family.
Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family.
Forms a complex with the hairy/Enhancer of split/deadpan family of basic helix-loop-helix proteins in order to repress transcription (PubMed:8001118, PubMed:8649374). Its activity in regulating transcription depends on other proteins as it lacks a DNA-binding motif (PubMed:8001118, PubMed:8649374). Interacts with hairy/hry (via WRPW motif) (PubMed:8649374).
Transcriptional corepressor that regulates transcription when recruited to specific target DNA by hairy-related bHLH proteins (PubMed:8001118, PubMed:8649374). Maternally required for neurogenesis; in the segregation of the neuroectoderm (PubMed:8001118). Directly or indirectly interacts with Notch and Delta (PubMed:8001118).
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Acts as an essential factor of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis. Acts by specifically elongating polyubiquitin chains initiated by the E2 enzyme vih/UbcH10 on APC/C substrates, enhancing the degradation of APC/C substrates by the proteasome and promoting mitotic exit.
Eca and bai are essential, though not redundant, for dorsoventral patterning of the embryo. Specifically required during early embryogenesis for the activity of maternal tkv, while the zygotic tkv is not affected.
Mutant embryos exhibit reduced dpp signaling during early embryogenesis. Maternal tkv is not active and is not secreted.
May be involved in the ribosome maturation process.
For the sake of clarity sequence features are annotated only for the first chain, and are not repeated for each of the following chains.
In Drosophila ubiquitin is encoded by 3 different genes. RpL40 and RpS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins eL40 and eS31, respectively. Ubi-p63E gene codes for a polyubiquitin precursor with 10 exact head to tail repeats.
Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL46 family.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate.
Flies exhibit a G1/S block in the third larval instar with normal neuronal differentiation.
Probable acetyltransferase, which acetylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol during biosynthesis of GPI-anchor.
Expressed at the time when separation of neural and epidermal precursors cells occurs. Mesectodermal expression appears shortly before the onset of gastrulation. In imaginal disks, expression is seen primarily within presumptive proneural clusters of eye-antennal, wing and leg disks.
Component of a complex composed of dpp, sog and tsg.
First appears in stage 4 embryos, expressed in two domains: a broad mid-dorsal saddle and an anterior cap, expression between the domains is continuous across the dorsal midline. At stage 5, expression is refined into 4 graded stripes in the mid-dorsal region and a paired domain in the anterior region. During stages 7 and 8, anterior expression fades and the mid dorsal stripes are located between the anterior and posterior transverse furrow (ATF and PTF). Expressing cells become incorporated into the deepening PTF.
Involved in dorsal-ventral patterning. Required for specification of a narrow strip of dorsal midline cells that will give rise to the amnioserosa, but not for specification of dorsal ectoderm cells. Inhibits BMP signaling; enhances the binding of sog to dpp, thus enhancing the antagonistic activity of sog.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. This subunit functions in visual transduction in the compound eye.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-9', H3 'Lys-27', H3 'Lys-36', H3 'Lys-79' or H4 'Lys-20'. Specifically demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-4'. Required for the correct regulation of homeotic genes during development. Plays a role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm and in maintaining the normal periodicity of the circadian clock. Regulates the expression of clock-controlled genes including tim, per and cry.
Interacts with Myc. Part of a complex containing Lid, Myc and Ash2.
RNAi-mediated knockdown impairs habituation learning.
Probable C-mannosyltransferase that mediates C-mannosylation of tryptophan residues on target proteins.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 7 family.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family. QTRT2 subfamily.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and an accessory subunit.
Non-catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine).
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. May play a role in binding dynein to membranous organelles or chromosomes.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs).
Acts as component of the Mcm2-7 complex (Mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the Mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for DNA replication and cell proliferation. Essential role in mitotic DNA replication but not in endoreplication.
Heterohexamer, composed of three subunits, alpha, beta and gamma.
Larval storage protein (LSP) which may serve as a store of amino acids for synthesis of adult proteins.
Belongs to the acetyl-CoA hydrolase/transferase family.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Component of a protein complex required for cotranscriptional processing of 3'-ends of polyadenylated and histone pre-mRNA.
Interacts with Cpsf73 and Cpsf100 forming a core cleavage factor required for both polyadenylated and histone mRNA processing. Interacts with Slbp and Lsm11.
The HEAT repeats have been determined based on 3D-structure analysis and are not detected by sequence-based prediction programs.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Complex coexpression pattern of dib (disembodied) and sad (shade) in the early embryo that restricts to the prothoracic gland cells of the developing ring gland during late embryogenesis. In larvae and adult, coexpression is seen in prothoracic gland and follicle cells of the ovary. In adults, coexpression is seen in the follicle cells.
Expression starts during embryonic blastoderm stages and is absent by stages 12/13. Reappears in stage 16.
Required for CNS development; negatively regulates glial cell division in the embryonic midline. Involved in the metabolism of insect hormones; responsible for ecdysteroid C22-hydroxylase activity. May be involved in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides.
Binds to eIF4E1 using a novel tripartite interface in the C-terminal domain comprising a canonical helix which engages the eIF4E1 dorsal surface, a non-canonical helix which engages the eIF4E1 lateral surface and an auxiliary helix that lies anti-parallel to the canonical helix on the eIF4E1 dorsal surface. The tripartite binding mode compromises its ability to compete with eIF4G1 for binding to eIF4E1 but once bound, the complex is very stable and is resistant to competition by eIF4G1.
Expressed throughout oogenesis with particularly high levels in germ line stem cells and cystoblasts and decreasing levels in subsequent divisions. Around stage 8, remains detectable in nurse cells and oocytes and expression increases in follicle cells where it persists until late oogenesis, both in stretched cells and in columnar follicle cells (at protein level).
Interacts with eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E1 (PubMed:23716590, PubMed:26294658). Also interacts with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex members eif3-S9/eif3b, Int6/eif3e and eIF-3p40/eif3h and with CG3225 (PubMed:23716590).
Mutants are viable and fertile but 14-21% of embryos fail to hatch, displaying variable segmentation defects affecting anterior-posterior patterning. Mutant ovaries are generally smaller with fewer late-stage oocytes than controls and females lay fewer eggs. Reduced cap-dependent translation.
The name 'Mextli' derives from the Aztec god of storms and war.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout development to adulthood, lowest expression is during second and third larval instars.
In 9-12 hour embryos, expression is specifically seen in the anterior commissure and its junctions with the longitudinal tracts.
May have a role in axon outgrowth and guidance.
This protein is translated by readthrough of a stop codon. Readthrough of the terminator codon TAG occurs between the codons for Arg-1631 and His-1633. There is currently no sequence that provides the identity of residue 1632.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Highest zygotic expression found in adult females and pupae.
This protein is a component of ribonucleosomes.
Acts as a receptor for the neuropeptides CAP-1 and CAP-2, but not CAP-3. Probably a component of signal transduction pathway that leads to Malpighian tubule fluid secretion in response to these ligands.
Expressed weakly in 16-24 hours embryos and second instar larvae and strongly in first and third instar larvae and adults.
In adults, expression in thorax and/or abdomen.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
Expressed in salivary glands (at protein level) (PubMed:11535823). Is present at low but detectable levels in the earliest embryos, increasing at 6-8 hours with a maximum at 10-12 hours (PubMed:7729408). Levels decrease thereafter and are not detected in 18-20 hours embryos and first instar larvae but is detected again at second instar to pupation (PubMed:7729408).
Monomer (PubMed:28490633). May interact with CG7484/Sep15 (Probable).
Recognizes glycoproteins with minor folding defects (PubMed:22960071). Reglucosylates single N-glycans near the misfolded part of the protein, thus providing quality control for protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:22960071). Reglucosylated proteins are recognized by calreticulin for recycling to the endoplasmic reticulum and refolding or degradation (PubMed:11535823).
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
Expressed in all presumptive mesoderm prior to the splitting process that generates the somatic and visceral/ heart mesoderm. After the subdivision, it is found in both the somatic and the visceral/heart mesoderm.
First detectable in the presumptive mesoderm at late cellular blastoderm stage.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in pupae results in smaller muscle founder templates that display a reduced number of nuclei. No effect on the initiation of myoblast fusion.
TWI activity is required for MEF2 expression. SNA activity is needed for maintaining MEF2 expression.
Transcription factor that could be a key player in early mesoderm differentiation and may be required for subsequent cell fate specifications within the somatic and visceral/heart mesodermal layers (PubMed:7839146, PubMed:8052612, PubMed:8202544). Essential for myoblast fusion and consequently muscle formation in adults (PubMed:25797154). During embryonic and pupal development, binds to the enhancer of the myoblast fusion gene sing and activates its transcription (PubMed:25797154).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
Detected from embryonic stage 12 onwards in midgut and Malpighian tubules (at protein level) (PubMed:22328496, PubMed:22854041, PubMed:26848177). Also detected in the outer epithelial layer of the proventriculus in first instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:22854041).
Forms a complex with Tsp2A and mesh (PubMed:26848177). Interacts with mesh; the interaction may be necessary for the localization of both proteins to the cell apicolateral region (PubMed:22854041).
Required for assembly of smooth septate junctions (sSJs), together with mesh and Tsp2A (PubMed:22854041, PubMed:26848177). May be important for barrier function of the midgut epithelium.
Adds a myristoyl group (tetradecanoyl group) to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins (Probable). Such protein modification are critical for the developmental processes that involve cell shape changes and movement (PubMed:11139338).
Mutant embryos show disrupted actin cytoskeleton and abnormal cell morphology (PubMed:11139338). The range of phenotypes includes head involution failure, dorsal closure, and germ-band retraction, as well as widespread ectopic apoptosis (PubMed:11139338).
Belongs to the bZIP family. Jun subfamily.
Death in mid to late embryogenesis with large anterior and dorsal holes.
During embryogenesis, expression is elevated in the amnioserosa, in the cells of the dorsolateral epidermis during and following germ-band retraction, in the cells at the leading dorsal edge of the epidermis and in the cells along the cephalic furrow (at protein level).
Heterodimer with kay/Fra (PubMed:1696724, PubMed:2116361). The kay-Jra complex is bound more stably to the AP-1 site than either of the two proteins alone (PubMed:2116361). Interacts with Atf3; the interaction enhances the DNA-binding activity of Atf3 (PubMed:20023169).
Transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the enhancer heptamer motif 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3' (PubMed:1696724, PubMed:2116361). Plays a role in dorsal closure (PubMed:9224723).
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family. Or67d subfamily.
Mutant males inappropriately court other males, whereas mutant females are less receptive to courting males.
Plays a role in detection and sensitivity to pheromones and signal transduction of the fatty-acid-derived male pheromone 11-cis vaccenyl acetate (cVA). Acts in concert with Snmp and lush to capture cVA molecules on the surface of Or67d expressing olfactory dendrites and facilitate their transfer to the odorant-receptor Orco complex. Necessary to mediate behavioral responses to cVA by regulating both male and female mating behavior. Activation of Or67d neurons by cVA inhibits courtship of other males, whereas in females their activation promotes receptivity to other males. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Binds two Mg(2+) per subunit. The magnesium ions form salt bridges with both the protein and the DNA. Can also accept other divalent metal cations, such as Mn(2+) or Ca(2+).
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands (PubMed:6308011, PubMed:2547764, PubMed:1328202, PubMed:8383533, PubMed:10786800, PubMed:8978614). Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks (PubMed:6308011, PubMed:2547764, PubMed:1328202, PubMed:8383533, PubMed:10786800, PubMed:9545289). Essential during mitosis and meiosis for proper segregation of daughter chromosomes (PubMed:10751154, PubMed:14600258, PubMed:18752348, PubMed:25340780). During meiosis, it disrupts heterochromatic connections between achiasmate and chiasmate homologs after spindle assembly so that chromosomes can separate at prometaphase I (PubMed:25340780). During mitosis, it functions in the separation of sister chromatids by establishing amphitelic kinetochore attachments in mitotic spindles (PubMed:18752348). May have a role in chromatin condensation and chromosome structure (PubMed:14600258, PubMed:18752348, PubMed:25340780). May be involved in X-chromosome dosage compensation, perhaps by modifying the topological state of compensated genes (PubMed:23989663). Regulates activity of the gypsy chromatin insulator complex by binding to mod(mdg4) and preventing its degradation (PubMed:21304601).
Detected in germline and follicle cells (at protein level). Predominantly expressed in follicle cells where expression persists throughout oogenesis (at protein level). In germline cells, expression levels decrease as cells develop and move to the posterior region of the germarium.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with mod(mdg4) (PubMed:21304601). Interacts with barr (PubMed:8978614, PubMed:11172718). Interacts with ph-p (PubMed:11172718). Interacts with mle; the interaction mediates association with the MSL dosage compensation complex (PubMed:23989663).
Homozygous lethal (PubMed:21304601). Embryogenesis appears normal, probably due to maternal contribution of the protein (PubMed:21304601). However after hatching flies show a 2-3 day delay in development and most die before the third instar stage (PubMed:21304601). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in the female germline does not affect fertilization but embryos fail to initiate proper mitotic divisions and do not hatch (PubMed:25340780). Embryos contain only two nuclei; a small nucleus with a centriolar spindle and a large round nucleus (PubMed:25340780). Knockdown in stage 3 oocytes often results in the heterochromatic regions of all four chromosomes failing to separate during prometaphase I and metaphase I of meiosis I (PubMed:25340780). In some instances, the anchored heterochromatic regions become stretched as the centromeres attempt to move towards the spindles poles creating long, abnormal heterochromatin structures that project from the main chromosome mass with centromeres at their tips (PubMed:25340780). Spindle assembly is not affected (PubMed:25340780). Spindles are bipolar although one or both sides of the spindle are elongated due to the abnormal heterochromatin projections (PubMed:25340780).
Phosphorylated (PubMed:1328202, PubMed:8383533, PubMed:10751154). Phosphorylation by casein kinase II enhances ATPase activity (PubMed:1328202).
Mitochondrial amino-acid transporter that mediates transport of serine into mitochondria.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. TrmE GTPase family.
Dual methyltransferase. It catalyzes N-terminal methylation of target proteins via its C-terminus. It catalyzes dimethylation on lysine residues of target proteins via its N-terminus.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 8 family.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM4 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates elongation factor 1-alpha.
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Belongs to the nucleoporin NSP1/NUP62 family.
Essential component of the nuclear pore complex (By similarity). The N-terminal is probably involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport (By similarity). The C-terminal is involved in protein-protein interaction probably via coiled-coil formation, promotes its association with centrosomes and may function in anchorage of Nup62 to the pore complex (By similarity). Binds to transcriptionally active genes (PubMed:20144760). Negatively regulates chromatin attachment to the nuclear envelope, probably by preventing chromatin tethering by Nup154 (PubMed:26341556).
Expressed in adult male accessory glands (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in oocytes results in increased nuclear size. RNAi-mediated knockdown in oocytes and nurse cells results in irregular distribution of chromatin to the nuclear periphery disrupting karyosome morphology. Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of nucleoporin Nup154 restores normal karyosome formation.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
'Shibire' means 'paralyzed' in Japanese.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Chimeric cDNA. There is a 6 amino acid insertion at position 634 due to a chimera of DNA from chromosome arms X and 3L.
Microtubule-associated force-producing protein which is involved in the production of microtubule bundles and which is able to bind and hydrolyze GTP. Implicated in endocytic protein sorting.
Shibire mutation is the cause of temperature-sensitive paralysis. This is believed to be due to a reversible block of endocytosis, which prevents membrane cycling and thus depletes synaptic vesicles.
Cell autonomous antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Cell autonomous antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. May activate a second Wnt signaling pathway that controls planar cell polarity. Required for neuroblast specification.
Expression in embryos and imaginal disks is induced by activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Highly expressed from 2-8 hours after egg laying (AEL). Expressed in broad anterior and posterior domains in stage 6 embryos (late cellular blastoderm). Almost ubiquitous in stage 8/9 embryos with higher levels anterior to the hh/en stripe. This anterior bias persists in stage 10 embryos. Absent from hh/en-producing cells. Expressed in the wing margins of third instar larvae.
Interacts with dsh. This interaction may be stabilized by zinc.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. TEC subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Predominantly in early to middle embryogenesis, in larvae and adult females.
Flies exhibit shortened copulatory duration (due to incomplete fusion of the left and right halves of the apodeme that holds the penis during copulation) and reduced adult-stage life span.
Required for proper ring canal development. Also required for the development of male genitalia and for adult survival.
Ring canals in the egg chambers and imaginal disks of third-instar larvae.
Interacts with PRL-1, possibly at the plasma membrane.
Probable metal transporter (By similarity). Acts downstream of PRL-1 and protects the nervous system against olfactory carbon dioxide stimulation (PubMed:31404830).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the nervous system results in a held-up wing phenotype after eclosion and upon carbon dioxide stimulation.
Component of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex, a translocon channel that specifically mediates the import of peroxisomal cargo proteins bound to PEX5 receptor. The PEX13-PEX14 docking complex forms a large import pore which can be opened to a diameter of about 9 nm. Mechanistically, PEX5 receptor along with cargo proteins associates with the PEX14 subunit of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex in the cytosol, leading to the insertion of the receptor into the organelle membrane with the concomitant translocation of the cargo into the peroxisome matrix.
JanA and janB regulate somatic sex differentiation.
Somatic and germline cells. Isoform B is expressed in both sexes and in somatic and germ line cells. Isoform A is expressed in males and is germ line specific.
The non-sex-specific transcript is present at all stages.
Transcription of janA gives rise to two sex-specific and one non-sex-specific transcripts.
Acyltransferase that mediates the acylation of lysophospholipids to produce phospholipids (glycerophospholipids). Highest activity with lysophosphatidylinositol (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) or LPI) producing phosphatidylinositol (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) or PI) (LPIAT activity), but also converts lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) to phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity), lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) to phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or PS) (LPSAT activity), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or LPE) producing phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or PE) (LPEAT activity). Has a preference for unsaturated fatty acid arachidonoyl-CoA ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA). Glycerophospholipids are important structural and functional components of cellular membrane, acyl-chain remodeling regulates the molecular species distribution of glycerophospholipids which can affect membrane fluidity and curvature.
Belongs to the WD repeat LIS1/nudF family.
Dimerization mediated by the LisH domain may be required to activate dynein.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout all developmental stages but is most abundant at precellular blastoderm stages; expression declines after gastrulation. Expressed at higher level in adult females. Following germ-band retraction it is enriched in the developing central nervous system. In third-instar larvae, low levels are detected in the brain hemispheres and imaginal disks.
Expressed primarily in germline cells during oogenesis. Low levels are detected in the germarium in regions 1 and 2 and in both nurse cells and the oocyte in stage 2-4 egg chambers. Enriched in the oocyte during stages 5-7 and in nurse cells in stage 8-10 egg chambers. Ubiquitously distributed in early embryos. Expressed throughout cell bodies, dendrites and axons of the mushroom-body neurons.
Interacts with dynein and dynactin. Does not interact with Paf-A-Halpha.
Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as nuclear migration during cell division, mitotic spindle formation and the removal of mitotic checkpoint proteins from kinetochores at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Required for several aspects of neurogenesis including neuroblast proliferation, neuronal cell differentiation, dendritic growth, branching and maturation and axonal transport. Required for synchronized cell divisions in the germline, fusome integrity and oocyte differentiation. Acts together with BicD, Egl, dynein and microtubules to determine oocyte identity during oogenesis. Also required for nurse cell to oocyte transport during oocyte growth and for the positioning of the nucleus in the oocyte.
Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ROR subfamily.
Expressed at high levels in embryos and larvae, low levels in adults and pupae show maximal expression.
Expressed in neural cell lineage from embryonic stage 11 onwards, resulting in expression in the brain and ventral nerve cord at the end of embryogenesis.
Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor that functions during early stages of neuronal development.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Methionine-sulfoxide reductase that specifically reduces methionine (R)-sulfoxide back to methionine. While in many cases methionine oxidation is the result of random oxidation following oxidative stress, methionine oxidation is also a post-translational modification that takes place on specific residues.
Methionine-sulfoxide reductase that specifically reduces methionine (R)-sulfoxide back to methionine. While in many cases methionine oxidation is the result of random oxidation following oxidative stress, methionine oxidation is also a post-translational modification that takes place on specific residues. Acts as a regulator of actin assembly by reducing methionine (R)-sulfoxide mediated by Mical on actin thereby promoting filament repolymerization.
Present in the embryonic nervous system (brain and cord) in neuronal cell bodies, along axons. Also present in embryonic muscles in motor axons. Localizes to growing bristle tips where it is distributed in small puntae. Present at and at sites of actin localization.
Expression starts at 8-12 hours embryonic development, continues to increase until third larval instar, disappears in pupae and is present at a low level in adults. Expression in embryogenesis is correlated with the formation of a brush border within the alimentary canal. In third instar larvae, detected in segment A8 of the male genital disk (PubMed:22491943). First detected at stage 12 in the embryonic anterior and posterior midgut, and in the stomatogastric nervous system. Detected in trachea at stage 14. Widely expressed in stage 16 in embryos (PubMed:25659376).
In the embryo, expressed in gastric caeca, midgut cells of the proventriculus, and in the mid and hindgut. In the larval and adult gut brush border, expressed in the microvilli. Also expressed at high levels in follicle cells during oogenesis.
Overexpression in larval epidermis causes sinistral twisting of the whole larval body. Ectopic expression in tracheal precursor cells causes sinistral spiraling of tracheal branches, giving rise to a spiraling ribbon shape instead of the normal smooth tube. Ectopic expression in epithelial cells causes increased elongation and a clear shift of the membrane orientation toward one side, so that the membrane is no longer perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis (PubMed:30467170). Overexpression causes reversal of the normal left-right laterality of the embryonic midgut and hindgut (PubMed:16598258, PubMed:18521948). Overexpression causes loss of the normal dextral rotation of the male genitalia, and leads to sinistral rotation in some cases (PubMed:22491943).
The myosin motor domain contains the derminants for the direction of left-right body asymmetry.
Unconventional myosin that functions as actin-based motor protein with ATPase activity (PubMed:30467170). Binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4-5-bisphosphate, and can glide along actin filaments when anchored to a lipid bilayer (PubMed:30467170). Functions as antagonist for Myo31DF, an unconventional myosin with an essential role in the establishment of body left-right asymmetry (PubMed:16598258, PubMed:18521948, PubMed:22491943, PubMed:25659376, PubMed:30467170).
Viable and fertile, but adults have a shortened lifespan. Flies deficient in both Myo31DF and Myo61F are viable and fertile, but adults have a shorter lifespan than single mutants. Flies deficient in Myo61F show normal left-right asymmetry of the embryonic gut and normal, dextral rotation of male genitalia, and the same is observed in mutants deficient in both Myo61F and Myo95E. Mutants deficient in Myo31DF and Myo61F display stronger sinistral rotation of the male genitalia than mutants deficient for Myo31DF (PubMed:25659376). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes defects in embryonic midgut laterality, but only with low-frequency (PubMed:16598258). RNAi-mediated knockdown has no effect on normal, dextral rotation of male genitalia (PubMed:22491943). Combined RNAi-mediated knockdown of Myo31DF and Myo61F gives rise to the same phenotype as knockdown of Myo31DF alone, i.e sinistral rotation of the male genitalia (PubMed:22491943).
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner. Regulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and transcription by stabilizing the mitochondrial TFAM:mtDNA ratio via selective degradation of TFAM.
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
Expressed throughout development. Highest expression is in the embryos.
Fully viable without obvious effects in the nervous system or reproductive organs (PubMed:18066048). Sperm transfer and storage in the females is not affected and egg fertilization and development is normal (PubMed:18066048). However, females lay fewer eggs, mate again at high frequency and do not reject a second male after mating (PubMed:18066048). Male and female flies display reduced overall sleep duration associated with shorter sleep-bout lengths, although the number of sleep-bouts is not affected (PubMed:25333796). Sleep recovery following sleep deprivation is also impaired (PubMed:25333796).
In the female, expressed in the reproductive organs; strongly expressed in the spermathecae and the lower oviduct (PubMed:18066048). No expression in the male reproductive organs (PubMed:18066048). In the central nervous system of both sexes, it is expressed in the brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC); strongly expressed in the ventral regions of the suboesophageal ganglion, the cervical connective and in many nerve roots of the brain and VNC (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:25333796). Expressed in the s-LNvs and l-LNvs pdf neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:25333796).
Receptor for two functionally unrelated ligands; SP (A70A) for controlling reproductive behaviors and MIP for controlling sleep behavior (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:20458515, PubMed:20308537, PubMed:24089336, PubMed:25333796). MIP-SPR pathway functions as a sleep homeostat which perceives the need for sleep and stabilizes it by providing a slow-acting inhibitory input to the fly arousal system that involve the pigment dispersing factor (pdf) neurons (PubMed:25333796). SP-SPR is one of the multiple SP pathways that induce female post-mating behavioral responses (PMR) such as the suppression of mating receptivity and initiation of egg laying (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:24089336). The PMR switch is achieved by mediating the synaptic output of neurons such as those expressing fruitless (fru), double sex (dsx) and pickpocket (ppk) (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:24089336).
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. Bubblegum subfamily.
In Norse mythology, Heimdall is the fictional character that for ages guarded the bridge to Asgard without sleeping and without the consequences of sleep deprivation.
Mediates activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). Probably by regulating lipid storage and catabolism, plays a role in neuronal function (PubMed:25409104).
Results in neurodegeneration in the central nervous system including degeneration of lamina and retina, defects in the fenestrated basement membrane, ommatidial disarray, locomotor defects and shortened lifespan (PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). The phenotype is exacerbated in constant light conditions and improves in total darkness (PubMed:29739804). Effects are probably due to elevated levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) (PubMed:29739804). Feeding the fly mutant with medium-chain fatty acids, blocks the accumulation of excess VLCFAs as well as development of the pathology (PubMed:29739804). Simultaneous knockout of bgm results in enhanced retinal degeneration and altered fatty acids metabolism (PubMed:26893370). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the adult results in reduction of triglycerides and altered neuronal function, including altered sleep rebound following sleep deprivation (PubMed:25409104).
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Female meiosis-specific activator of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) (PubMed:17251266, PubMed:18020708). Required for the completion of meiosis in oocytes (PubMed:11252055, PubMed:10683177, PubMed:10924478, PubMed:17251266, PubMed:18020708). Activates the ubiquitin ligase activity and substrate specificity of APC/C and triggers the sequential degradation of mitotic cyclins in meiosis (PubMed:17251266, PubMed:18020708). Promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of CycA early in meiosis I and the degradation of CycB and CycB3 after egg activation (PubMed:18020708). Promotes degradation of mtrm at the oocyte-to-embryo transition (PubMed:24019759).
Highly expressed in ovaries. Expressed in nurse cells from stage 6 to stage 12 egg chambers. As oocyte matures, it is transferred from the nurse cells to the oocyte.
Interacts with anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) subunits Cdc16 and Cdc27 (PubMed:18020708). Interacts with mtrm (PubMed:24019759).
Probably ubiquitinated: degraded following egg activation by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C).
Transcription is activated by grauzone (grau), which binds to its promoter region.
Undetectable in early stage 1-8 egg chambers and present at very low levels in stages 9-10B egg chambers. Strongly increases in stage 12-13 egg chambers and remains high in mature stage 14 oocytes (PubMed:18020708). Protein levels drop dramatically by the time meiosis is completed in unfertilized eggs (at protein level) (PubMed:18020708).
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F(1) domain and the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. The gamma subunit protrudes into the catalytic domain formed of alpha(3)beta(3). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Expressed in the central region of embryos. Also expressed in ovarian follicle cells, the wing imaginal disks and the wing pouch.
Expressed maternally in stage 1-3 blastoderm embryos.
Subject to local inactivation by the RAS-RAF-MAPK signal transduction pathway, which leads to relief of target gene repression. This pathway may be locally activated by a variety of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) according to the developmental stage and tissue. In terminal patterning, activation of tor by the locally processed ligand trk may promote cic inactivation specifically at the embryonic terminal poles. In the developing wing, activation of Egfr by vn may lead to cic inactivation specifically in prospective vein tissue.
Transcriptional repressor required for the specification of numerous cell types during embryonic development. Required for terminal patterning of early embryos. May associate with gro to repress tll and hkb, restricting their expression to embryonic terminal poles where they initiate correct development of head and tail structures. Required for dorsoventral patterning of oocytes and early embryos. Cooperates with dl to repress zen and other dorsal specific genes within the embryo and promotes expression of the ventralizing factor pip in ovarian follicle cells. Required during wing development for the specification of intervein areas, where it mediates localized repression of vein specific genes such as aos, dpp and vvl.
Involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell motility. Acts in association with DOCK1 and CRK. Was initially proposed to be required in complex with DOCK1 to activate Rac Rho small GTPases. May enhance the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of DOCK1.
Belongs to the polysaccharide monooxygenase AA13 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 20 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, which includes at least CDK8, MED4, MED6, MED11, MED14, MED17, MED18, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED27, MED28, MED30 and MED31.
Expressed is restricted to taste hairs in the labial palps. In larva, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ.
Catalytic subunit of a heterodimeric structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA.
Expressed in embryonic and larval tracheal systems in the dorsal trunk and transverse connective (TC), but not in the junction between the dorsal trunk and TC, and in several tracheal branches and terminal cells. In larvae, also expressed in ventral pits. Expressed in the taste-sensing terminal organ of the larval head. In adult, expressed in hairs on the tibia, femur, tarsi of the leg and wing margin.
Expression is first detected during late embryogenesis, at stage 15 in the dorsal trunk. At stage 16, expression is observed in the TC and extends into the primary branches. By stage 17, expression is more extensive in the primary branches and in some secondary branches.
Expressed in the developing embryo from the earliest stages of cellularization and is subsequently found in many cell types.
May participate in a function common to the expression of most genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
Ubiquitous. Enriched in the brain and central nervous system during embryogenesis. Enriched in the adult head. Embryos contain both isoforms A and B, whereas later in development (heads and torsos) only isoform B is detected.
Catalytic component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and is required for sex determination (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:27919081, PubMed:28675155). In the heterodimer formed with Mettl14, constitutes the catalytic core (By similarity). Required for sex determination and dosage compensation via Sxl alternative splicing: m6A methylation acts as a key regulator of Sxl pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:27919081, PubMed:28675155). M6A methylation is also required for neuronal functions (PubMed:27919077). During oogenesis, required for egg chamber development probably as part of the N/Notch signaling (PubMed:21873203).
Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:28675155, PubMed:29555755). The MAC subcomplex is composed of Ime4/Mettl3 and Mettl14 (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:28675155, PubMed:29555755). The MACOM subcomplex is composed of fl(2)d, Flacc/Xio, Hakai, vir, and, in some cases of nito (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755).
Expressed in testes (PubMed:21873203). In the ovaries, detected in germaria, prefollicle, follicle and polar cells (at protein levels) (PubMed:21873203). Detected in the ooplasm and in the cells of the 16-cell cyst of early stages (at protein levels) (PubMed:21873203).
Flies have a reduced lifespan and exhibit multiple behavioral defects: flight and locomotion are severely affected and they spend more time grooming (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:27919081, PubMed:28675155). They also display a mild held-out wing appearance resulting from failure to fold their wings together over the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:28675155). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in semi lethality and reduced fertility due to the presence of compound egg chambers with supernumerary nurse cells in the ovaries (PubMed:21873203).
Gate loop 1 and gate loop 2 regions are adjacent to the S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine-binding site and display large conformational changes upon ligand-binding. They may play an important role in adenosine recognition. The interface loop contributes to the heterodimer interaction.
GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Combines with the ligand-gated ion channel subunit GRD to form cation-selective GABA-gated ion channels when coexpressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
Generally pentameric. There are five types of GABA(A) receptor chains: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and rho. Interacts with Grd (alpha chain).
Low-capacity facilitative transporter for trehalose. Does not transport maltose, sucrose or lactose. Mediates the bidirectional transfer of trehalose. Responsible for the transport of trehalose synthesized in the fat body and the incorporation of trehalose into other tissues that require a carbon source, thereby regulating trehalose levels in the hemolymph.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31) family.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Expressed in the central midgut of late embryos. In brain, it is present at the interhemispheric junction and in groups of cells in the central brain.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid.
Required for proper 34S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
Expressed in 15% of the 120 sensory neurons within the maxillary palp.
The strain (Berkeley) sequenced by the collaborative genome project contains a 3' deletion and is considered a pseudogene.
Alternates between an inactive form bound to GDP and an active form bound to GTP. Activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and inactivated by a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family.
Flies exhibit disruption of the early stages of photoreceptor cell determination, adult eyes lack the R7 cell.
Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity. Plays a role in photoreceptor cell determination.
Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5B/HSM3 family.
Interacts with PI31; this interaction is increased by PI31 ADP-ribosylation. Interacts with Rpt2.
High expression in unfertilized eggs and from 0 to 4 hours in early embryos. Low expression in later developmental stages, with slight increase in 8-16 hour-old embryos and in adults.
Involved in a post-transcriptional quality control mechanism limiting inappropriate expression of genetic information (PubMed:18765642, PubMed:26786835). Polyadenylation is required for the degradative activity of the exosome on several of its nuclear RNA substrates (PubMed:26786835). Polyadenylates RNA processing and degradation intermediates of snRNAs and mRNAs (PubMed:18765642, PubMed:26786835).
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes lethality at the third-instar larval or early pupal stage.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Forms a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Also plays a role in the response to N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. SRC subfamily.
Following epithelial wounding, no migration of macrophages to wound sites (PubMed:26028435). RNAi-mediated knockdown in glial cells potently suppresses glial phagocytic activity with drpr not recruited to severed maxillary palp axons, blockage of glial hypertrophy, blockage of drpr up-regulation after antennal ablation and reduced clearance of severed axons in the central nervous system (PubMed:18432193).
In early embryos expression is very low, expression increases during embryogenesis. Also expressed in larvae and pupae.
Required directly or indirectly for the phosphorylation of drpr which is necessary for the interaction of drpr with shark and subsequent glial phagocytic activity (PubMed:18432193). Together with drpr and shark, promotes the migration of macrophages to sites of wounding as part of a signaling cascade where Scr42a detects production of hydrogen peroxide at wound sites which triggers phosphorylation of drpr and subsequent recruitment and activation of shark (PubMed:26028435). Essential for correct eye morphogenesis (ommatidial R7 neuron formation) which requires the Ras1/MAPK signal transduction pathway (PubMed:8682295). May be involved in the regulation of cytoskeleton organization and cell-cell contacts in developing ommatidia (PubMed:8682295). During embryogenesis, involved in regulation of dorsal closure where it may have a role in activating the JNK pathway in leading edge cells during this process (PubMed:16831834).
Ubiquitous in early embryos, in stages 13-16 expression is seen in visceral mesoderm, hindgut, brain, anal pads and ventral ganglions. In larvae, expression is in CNS, wing disk, leg disk and photoreceptor precursors in the eye-antenna disks posterior to the morphogenetic furrow.
Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family.
Carcinine transporter which is required for recycling of the neurotransmitter histamine in photoreceptor neurons of the compound eye. Following histamine release from photoreceptors and its uptake by glia where it is converted to carcinine, required for the uptake of carcinine from glia into photoreceptor cells where it can be hydrolyzed by tan to form histamine and beta-alanine.
Defective photoreceptor synaptic transmission, significantly reduced phototaxis and decreased levels of histamine in photoreceptor terminals.
ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. The ATPase activity of haywire/XPB/ERCC3, but not its helicase activity, is required for DNA opening. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. The ATP-dependent helicase activity of haywire/XPB/ERCC3 is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of haywire/XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with PUF60. Interacts with ATF7IP. Interacts with Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2.
Belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthase family.
Embryonic lethality with increased frequency of embryonic head defects and reduced embryonic cell death.
Expressed throughout the embryo at stage 11 with a higher level in the anterior region. At stage 12, a few cells show expression.
Plays a role in inducing apoptosis and is involved in the repair of head patterning defects in the embryo caused by extra maternal copies of the homeotic gene bicoid.
Acts as a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS). Modulates G protein alpha subunits nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis activities by functioning either as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP), thereby driving G protein alpha subunits into their inactive GDP-bound form, or as a GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI). Confers GDI and GAP activities on G(i) alpha subunit Galphai. Confers GAP activity on G(o)-alpha subunit Galphao and G(i) alpha subunit Galphai. Involved in the dorsal-ventral axis formation of the egg. Acts as a G-protein signaling for glial cell differentiation during embryogenesis; Galphai, Galphao and the G-protein coupled receptor, moody, are required in the surface glia to achieve effective insulation of the nerve cord. May be essential for nurse cell dumping during oogenesis. Required in neuroblast asymmetrical cell division. Plays a role in stress resistance and life span control.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Isoform 3 and isoform 4 are expressed in the germarium at stage 2. Isoform 4 is expressed in the nurse cells at stage 6 until the nurse cells degenerate. Isoform 3 is expressed in the follicle cells at stage 8, in the anterior-dorsal follicles cells from stage 10 until the follicles degenerate. Isoform 2 and isoform 3 are expressed in late stage 12 embryos, onwards. Isoform 2 is expressed in tracheal cells and in lateral glial cells within the CNS in late stage 16 embryos.
Expressed in surface and longitudinal glial cells, gut and heart (at protein level).
Homozygous mutant flies show dorsal-ventral defects in egg (shorter egg length and fused appendages) and embryo patterning. Fail to hatch and show severe glial cell differentiation defects: disruption of intimate glial-glial cell contact and absence of glial cell processes enwrapping neuronal cell bodies and axones, resulting in loss of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation. Heterozygous flies show an enhanced stress resistance, fat content and extended lifespan.
Interacts (via GoLoco and RGS domains) with Galphai (via GDP- or GTP-bound forms).
Element of the TORC1 signaling pathway that acts as a mediator of diverse signals and that represses RNA polymerase III transcription. Inhibits the de novo assembly of TFIIIB onto DNA.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Glycine N-methyltransferase family.
Mediates an immune response in larvae (PubMed:8242747). DIF binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'-GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of the immunity gene CECA1 (PubMed:8242747). Involved in the melanization immune response to bacterial challenge, possibly by acting in a Toll signaling pathway that down-regulates Spn27A in response to infection (PubMed:12456640). Part of a signaling pathway involving NF-kappa-B (rel) and Toll-related receptors, that functions in the apoptosis of unfit cells during cell competition (PubMed:25477468). May be part of a NF-kappa-B and Tollo signaling cascade that regulates development of the peripheral nervous system (PubMed:18000549).
Required, together with Trl, for maintaining the repressed state of target genes including homeotic genes Scr and Ubx. May also be involved in the activation of homeotic genes. Binds to a DNA Polycomb response element (PRE) at the bithorax complex. Also binds to polytene chromosomes at several hundred sites, many of which are shared with Trl and ph-p. Required during embryonic development.
The BTB domain interacts with the BTB domain of Trl in vitro. Found in a Pc-containing complex.
No expression is seen in early embryogenesis, whereas high expression occurs in late embryos. During larval development, expression decreases to undetectable levels in late larvae, resumes at the early pupal stage and gradually increases in late pupae and early adult flies. High levels of expression coincide with major stages of neurogenesis.
Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors that are named according to their selective agonists (By similarity). Forms ligand-gated ion channels which are activated by kainate.
A mutation exists in the sequenced strain which affects the 3' end of the sequence.
Belongs to the aromatic-ring hydroxylase family. KMO subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn). Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis, as well as in larvae and adults.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Widely expressed. Expressed in ovaries, head, thorax and abdomen of adult flies, and in the CNS of third instar larvae. Isoform 2 is predominantly expressed in larvae and in adult tissues that have been tested.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Plays an important role in the degradation of dermatan and keratan sulfates.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Bms1-like GTPase family. TSR1 subfamily.
Required during maturation of the 40S ribosomal subunit in the nucleolus.
Binds 1 magnesium or manganese ion per subunit.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GARS family.
In the central section; belongs to the AIR synthase family.
The C-terminal GART domain carries the phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase activity.
The N-terminal ATP-grasp domain carries the phosphoribosylamine--glycine ligase activity.
The central AIRS domain carries the phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase activity.
Trifunctional enzyme that catalyzes three distinct reactions as part of the 'de novo' inosine monophosphate biosynthetic pathway.
Detected in embryo, third instar larva and adult.
Homozygotes are semi-lethal with a few escapers displaying no visual phenotype but showing disruption of midgut homeostasis under normal conditions and enhanced tissue damage-induced midgut regeneration.
In adult intestine, expressed in both small progenitor cells and large nuclei enterocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:25923769). During embryogenesis, restricted to the developing trachea (PubMed:11804792).
Interacts with dome; the interaction promotes internalization of dome and its subsequent lysosomal degradation.
Plays a role in negative regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway by binding to the receptor dome and promoting its internalization for subsequent lysosomal degradation, thereby reducing JAK/STAT signaling.
Expressed in midgut, brain lobes and ventral nerve cord of larvae. Predominantly expressed in two pairs of protocerebral neurons in the larval CNS (at protein level). Intense expression is also seen in the fan-shaped body of the central complex and two lateral areas of the lower part of the central brain that appear to harbor the giant commissural interneurons of the giant fiber pathway (at protein level). Upon glucose feeding, two additional dNPFergic neurons are consistently detected on the ventromedial surface of the subesophageal ganglion (SEG) of third instars larvae. Expressed in a subset of sugar-responsive PAIN neurons in the thoracic body but is absent from other peripheral PAIN neurons.
Expression is high in larvae seeking food and is down-regulated in late embryos coinciding with the onset of the behavior of older larvae, including food aversion, hypermobility, and cooperative burrowing. In males, expression is increased by mating and reduced by sexual deprivation.
Increased NPF or NPFR activity dominantly suppresses PAIN-mediated food aversion in postfeeding larvae. Deficiency in NPF/NPFR signaling causes decreased alcohol sensitivity and overexpression causes a hypersensitive response to alcohol sedation. Controlled functional disruption of NPF or NPFR neurons rapidly triggers acute resistance to ethanol sedation.
Integral part of the sensory system that mediates food signaling, providing the neural basis for the regulation of food response; coordinates larval foraging and social behavior changes during development. Required in dopaminergic (DA) neurons that innervate the mushroom body for satiety to suppress appetitive memory performance; a key factor in the internal state of hunger in the brain. NPF neurons coordinately modulate diverse sensory and motor neurons important for feeding, flight, and locomotion. NPF/NPFR pathway exerts its suppressive effect on larval aversion to diverse stressful stimuli (chemical stress and noxious heat) through attenuation of TRP channel-induced neuronal excitation. NPF neural signaling system plays a physiological role in acute modulation of alcohol sensitivity in adults, rather than a general response to intoxication by sedative agents. Activation and inhibition of the NPF system reduces and enhances ethanol preference, respectively. Sexual experience, the NPF system activity and ethanol consumption are all linked; sexual deprivation is a major contributor to enhanced ethanol preference.
Key assembly factor of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that promotes the exchange of the substrate-recognition F-box subunit in SCF complexes, thereby playing a key role in the cellular repertoire of SCF complexes. Acts as a F-box protein exchange factor. Probably plays a similar role in other cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes (Probable).
Lethality in the pupal stage. Accumulation of neddylated Cul3 and stabilization of the Cul3 adapter protein HIB. Enhances protein degradation of Cubitus interruptus (Ci), suggesting that Cul3-RING ligase activity is enhanced in the absence of Cand1.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of riboflavin (vitamin B2) to form flavin-mononucleotide (FMN).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Unc-104 subfamily.
Flies prevent nerve endings from transforming to synaptic boutons: growth cones become constricted but remain within contact fields as thin processes that lack varicosities or boutons. Mutant embryos die at late stage, they are paralyzed and lacked the coordinated muscle peristalsis required for hatching.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with Arl8 (PubMed:30174114).
Required for presynaptic maturation, has a role in axonal transport of dense-core vesicles carrying synaptic vesicle precursors, components required for the morphological transformation of axonal growth cones to mature boutons.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts directly with CSN2. Also exists as monomeric form. Interacts via its MPN domain with Trc8.
Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. In the complex, it probably acts as the catalytic center that mediates the cleavage of Nedd8 from cullins. It however has no metalloprotease activity by itself and requires the other subunits of the CSN complex. The CSN complex plays an essential role in oogenesis and embryogenesis and is required for proper photoreceptor R cell differentiation and promote lamina glial cell migration or axon targeting. It also promotes Ubl-dependent degradation of cyclin E (CycE) during early oogenesis. Also involved in regulation of axis formation by checkpoint-dependent, translational control of Gurken.
The JAMM motif is essential for the protease activity of the CSN complex resulting in deneddylation of cullins. It constitutes the catalytic center of the complex (By similarity).
May be required for microtubule anchoring at the centrosome. Required for ciliogenesis (By similarity).
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel. Plays a role in the assembly and function of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Mutations in this protein affects the control of translational fidelity. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly (By similarity). Has a specific developmental role during oogenesis (PubMed:7982558).
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta, beta' and gamma.
EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP.
Phosphorylation affects the GDP/GTP exchange rate.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine). Catalysis occurs through a double-displacement mechanism. The nucleophile active site attacks the C1' of nucleotide 34 to detach the guanine base from the RNA, forming a covalent enzyme-RNA intermediate. The proton acceptor active site deprotonates the incoming queuine, allowing a nucleophilic attack on the C1' of the ribose to form the product.
Forms a complex with SIN3 and histone deacetylase (By similarity). Interacts with the N-terminal residues of TRL. Interacts with BCD; in vitro and yeast cells.
Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins.
Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins. Interacts with bicoid (bcd) to repress transcription of bicoid target genes in the anterior tip of the embryo; a process known as retraction. Interacts with Trl and binds to Polycomb response elements at the bithorax complex. May contribute to the regulation of other homeotic gene expressions.
In larvae, it is mainly expressed in fat body.
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase involved in innate immunity by degrading bacterial peptidoglycans (PGN), preferentially DAP-type PGNs. Probably plays a scavenger role by digesting biologically active PGN into biologically inactive fragments.
Strongly up-regulated by PGN from B.subtilis. Weakly or not expressed in normal conditions. Regulated by the imd/Relish pathway.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin E subfamily.
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) transition. Targeted by archipelago for degradation by the SFC ubiquitin ligase complex.
Interacts with a member of the CDK2/CDK protein kinases to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex (PubMed:11565033). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex (PubMed:11565033). Interacts (via C-terminus) with Z600 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:17431409).
Isoform II is expressed maternally and isoform I zygotically in larvae.
Isoform II is ubiquitous in early embryos and, prior to mitosis 14, is rapidly degraded in all cells except the pole (germ) cells. Expressed during G1 phase in proliferating peripheral nervous system cells. Constitutive expression in embryonic cycles lacking a G1 phase.
Embryonic, larval, and pupal stages. Only expressed in female adults.
In adult female, found in meiotically active ovaries.
Required for the distributive chromosome segregation of non-exchange chromosomes during meiosis. May be a microtubule motor required to hold distributively 'paired' chromosomes at the metaphase plate until anaphase.
The nod(DTW) mutation is a cold-sensitive recessive lethal mutation.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Golgi serine/threonine protein kinase required for intermediate growth in the proximal-distal axis. Phosphorylates specific residues within extracellular cadherin domains of Fat (ft) and Dachsous (ds) as they transit through the Golgi (PubMed:18635802). Acts in ommatidial polarity determination as a secondary signal downstream of Notch, JAK/STAT and wingless. Also necessary for the initiation, up-regulation or maintenance of Notch ligand, Serrate (Ser) expression in legs, thereby participating in a feedback loop with N signaling. Sufficient for joint formation and growth in the leg (PubMed:10607560, PubMed:11566858, PubMed:14757640, PubMed:7555705, PubMed:8606003).
In the eye disk, expressed in a gradient ahead of the morphogenetic furrow, high at the equator and low at the poles of the eye. In the leg disk, expressed in concentric rings, possibly corresponding to segmental boundaries. In the wing disk, expression is localized in the wing pouch; low in peripheral regions and high towards the center.
Mutants show reduced growth and altered differentiation only within restricted sectors of the proximal-distal (PD) axis in the leg and wing.
Proteolytically cleaved to yield a secreted protein.
May be a male specific regulatory factor.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
As part of the augmin complex, plays a role in centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:18443220). The complex is required for mitotic spindle assembly through its involvement in localizing gamma-tubulin to spindle microtubules (PubMed:17412918). dgt6 is required for kinetochore fiber formation, mediating nucleation and/or initial stabilization of chromosome-induced microtubules (PubMed:19836241).
Component of the augmin complex composed of dgt2, dgt3, dgt4, dgt5, dgt6, msd1, msd5 and wac (PubMed:18443220, PubMed:19369198). The complex interacts directly or indirectly with microtubules and is required for centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:18443220). dgt6 interacts with CENP-meta, gamma-tubulin, msps, Ndc80, Nuf2 and tacc (PubMed:19836241).
The name 'dim gamma-tubulin 6' derives from the decreased gamma-tubulin staining of the spindle pole seen following RNAi-mediated knockdown of dgt6 in S2 cells.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 2 family.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication (By similarity).
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-3 subfamily.
Binds to a DNA sequence element required for the expression of the dopa decarboxylase gene (Ddc) in specific dopaminergic neurons. Could also play an early role in specific ectodermal cells, and a subsequent role in the embryonic nervous system.
Coexpressed with acj6 in overlapping subsets of neurons in the embryonic epidermis and central nervous system. First detected in the precursor of the tracheal pits and the stomodeal invagination and later in the peripheral nervous system.
Expressed at maximal levels in early embryos (6-12 hours). Expressed at lower levels during development.
Was originally thought to interact with acj6.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. SMUG1 family.
Belongs to the peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase family.
Peptidyl-alpha-hydroxylglycine alpha-amidating lyase that catalyzes an essential reaction in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. Mediates the dismutation of the unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity.
Widely expressed. In mature larvae, it is ubiquitously expressed with a low expression in all cells and a stronger expression in a subset of neurons. Colocalizes with neuropeptide proctolin. In adults, weak expression is observed in most neuronal cell bodies and in scattered large cells throughout the protocerebrum and also in the subesophageal neuromeres (at protein level).
Stimulates membrane curvature formation and subsequent endoplasmic reticulum exit site (ERES) establishment by recruiting PI3K complex I, leading to COPII vesicle-mediated transport (By similarity). Promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit of cGAMP-activated STING1 oligomers (By similarity).
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Mainly present in clock neurons of the brain. Localizes in all 4 s-LNv neurons, 1 LNd neuron, 7 DN1 neurons, and 1 DN3 neuron. In addition to the clock neurons, it is also present in approximately 13 pairs of neurons along the ventral nerve cord in third instar larvae, which do not overlap with dopaminergic or serotonergic neurons. Not present in DN2 neurons (at protein level).
Not expressed in embryos. Does not exhibit diurnal or circadian variation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in small and large ventral lateral neurons increases total sleep in both the day-time and the nighttime and decreases sleep latency during daytime only.
Receptor for PDF, a neuropeptide controlling circadian behavioral rhythms. Probably regulates circadian behavioral rhythms through coordination of activities of clock neurons. PDF-binding results in the elevation of cAMP synthesis. Plays a role in sleep regulation and regulates the state transition from sleep to wake (PubMed:19038223, PubMed:19230663).
At least 6 electrophoretic isozymes are known: Amy1, Amy2, Amy3, Amy4, Amy5 and Amy6. Strains J87 and KO123 express Amy2; KO140 and 1420#1 express Amy4; L16 expresses Amy5.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat coronin family.
Expressed during all stages of development with highest expression in early embryo.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. May function in a signal transduction cascade during early development.
Ubiquitously expressed, highest levels in ovary.
Activator of apoptosis, as well as grim and hid, that acts on the effector Dredd.
Ectopic expression in the developing eye results in a small eye owing to excess cell death.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.
Required for the immune deficiency pathway, which mediates responses to Gram-negative bacterial infection. Favors Rel activation and nuclear translocation.
Down-regulated by gurken (grk) and EGF receptor signaling, preventing its expression in dorsal follicle cells.
Expressed from stage 12 embryos and continues throughout development. Isoform 4 is expressed from stage 14 in the somatic component of the embryonic ovary.
Interacts directly with windbeutel (wbl).
Isoform 4 is ovary-specific. Isoform 4 and isoform 5 are specifically expressed in the ventral follicle cells of the egg chamber.
Sulfotransferase involved in dorsoventral axis patterning in early embryos. Required for the specific ventral activation of a series of proteases acting in the perivitelline space between the embryonic membrane and the eggshell. Probably acts by mediating the sulfation of some glycoprotein or glycosaminoglycan stably deposited in the egg, whose ventrally localized modification leads to spatially restricted activation of the protease cascade.
Has two temporally distinct modes of expression during early embryogenesis; expressed in seven stripes at the blastoderm stage. Also expressed in a non-periodic domain at the anterior of the embryo. During gastrulation, the seven primary stripes are supplemented by seven secondary stripes that appear in alternate segments. This results in the labelling of each of the 14 segments in the extended germ band. Expression is relatively weak at the blastoderm stage, gaining in intensity at gastrulation. Expressed in the invaginating stomodeum and proctodeum of the embryonic gut. By stage 13, expressed in the region that will form the proventriculus and in a wide ring at the most posterior portion of the midgut. Expression continues in the gut through the remainder of embryogenesis. Expressed in the proximal Malpighian tubules, brain and pharyngeal muscles during late embryogenesis. Expressed weakly in a segmentally repeated pattern in the leg disk at the distal edge of each presumptive leg segment except in tarsal segments 1 to 4.
Pair-rule protein that determines both the size and polarity of even-numbered as well as odd-numbered parasegments during embryogenesis. DNA-binding transcription factor that acts primarily as a transcriptional repressor but can also function as a transcriptional activator, depending on the stage of development and spatial restrictions (By similarity). May function redundantly with odd and drm in leg joint formation during the larval stages, acting downstream of Notch activation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 11 family.
Distribution varies between nurse cells and the oocyte during oogenesis. Weakly expressed in follicle and border cells.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed from stage 1 of oogenesis. Expressed at a low level in the embryo from the tenth nuclear division to the end of cellularization in all cell nuclei except those of pole cells. Also weakly expressed in the embryo after germ-band retraction, and in larvae (at protein level).
May belong to a complex set of multifingered proteins which play an important role in gene activation or regulation at early embryonic stages through a maximal accumulation of their transcripts (or protein product) in the mature oocyte.
Belongs to the male-specific scotti family.
Expressed in primary spermatocytes and round spermatids. Low expression is seen in very short elongating cysts, but were detected at high levels in a few longer spermatid cysts.
Male sterile showing spermatid individualization defects. No gross defects seen in testis organization or spermatid elongation but the seminal vesicles are empty.
Post-meiotically transcribed gene that has a role in late spermiogenesis; required for actin cone progression during spermatid individualization.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
'Bric-a-brac' means 'jumble' in French (referring to the mutant ovary phenotype).
Leg imaginal disk at the central region of the tarsus and in eye antenna disk at the basal cylinder.
Probably acts as a transcriptional regulator. Required for the specification of the tarsal segment. Also involved in antenna development.
Component of the osk mRNP (PubMed:20570937). Interacts with stau and yps (PubMed:20570937). Interacts with csul (via the N-terminal region) (PubMed:17164419). Interacts with vls (PubMed:17164419). Interacts (methylated) with tud (PubMed:17164419). Interacts with Smn; this interaction may be favored by SmB methylation (PubMed:16753561). Interacts with the SMN complex (PubMed:18621711). Interacts with msk and Snup; these interactions are RNA-dependent (PubMed:23885126).
Expressed in the posterior part of the oocyte and embryo. Expressed in the pole plasm (at protein level), colocalizing with SmD3.
Maternally and zygotically expressed. In early stages of egg chamber development, predominantly accumulated in the nuclei of nurse cells and oocyte. Enriched at the posterior of stage 10 oocytes which persists after fertilization, at the posterior of pre-blastoderm stage embryos.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome (By similarity). Involved in germline establishment and development (PubMed:20570937, PubMed:20659974).
Symmetrically dimethylated on arginine residues present in the RG repeats by csul (or csul-vls complex) and Art7; methylation is not required for assembly and biogenesis of snRNPs, but required for pole plasm localization. There seems to be a specific role of two subsets of arginine residues in the C-terminal region: the subset containing Arg-112, Arg-130 and Arg-145 is required during embryogenesis for gonad formation, whereas the subset containing Arg-174, Arg-181, Arg-189 and Arg-196 is involved in pole cell formation by controlling polar granule maintenance at the posterior pole of the oocyte.
Belongs to the WD repeat KIAA0329 family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (ADGR) subfamily.
Expressed in ovarian nurse cells (at protein level).
RNA-binding protein that protects nascent transcripts containing intronic transposable sequences, known as INE-1, from being degraded by DIP1 (PubMed:31730657). Modulates DIP1 activity by repressing its sumoylation levels (PubMed:31730657). This ensures that intronic sequences will be degradated only after splicing (PubMed:31730657). In the ovaries, regulates germline stem cells (GSCs) self-renewal by repressing the expression of the GSC differentiation-promoting factor Rga (PubMed:29887366).
Results in a progressing reduction in egg laying accompanied by a decrease in number of germline stem cells (GSCs) (PubMed:29887366). In the ovaries, results in an increase of Rga pre-mRNA (PubMed:29887366). Results in a decrease in the levels and stability of mRNA and INE-1-containing pre-RNA (PubMed:31730657). Might reduce levels of DIP1 sumoylation (PubMed:31730657). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline results in loss of GSCs (PubMed:29887366).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. PrmA family.
Catalytic subunit of a heterodimer with Trmt112, which specifically methylates the 6th position of adenine in 18S rRNA.
Expressed at high level in early embryo. Expression gradually decreases and remains low in the larval stages. A mild increase is observed at metamorphosis, and this level remains constant in the adult phase.
Flies are viable and fertile and do not display obvious developmental defects (PubMed:32350990). They however show impaired orientation in walking behavioral assays (PubMed:32350990).
Heterodimer; heterodimerizes with Trmt112.
Has two temporally distinct modes of expression during early embryogenesis. Expressed in seven stripes at the blastoderm stage, then during gastrulation the seven primary stripes are supplemented by seven secondary stripes which appear in alternate segments. This results in the labelling of each of the 14 segments in the extended germ band. Also expressed in the anterior gut primordium starting at stage 5 and in the embryonic foregut (including the proventriculus) and hindgut. Strongly expressed in a segmentally repeated pattern in the leg disk at the distal edge of each presumptive leg segment except in tarsal segments 1 to 4. In early third instar leg disks, expression starts in a proximal ring corresponding to the presumptive coxa. The number of segmental rings progressively increases to 5 by the end of larval development.
Putative transcription factor. May function redundantly with odd and sob in leg joint formation during the larval stages, acting downstream of Notch activation. Acts in a hierarchy during foregut and hindgut patterning and morphogenesis, antagonizing lin to relieve the repressive effect on bowl. Involved in cell rearrangement during elongation of the embryonic hindgut. Regulates expression of hindgut patterning genes to establish the small intestine region of the embryonic hindgut. Required in the foregut for spatially localized gene expression and morphogenesis of the proventriculus.
The C2H2-type domain 1 is essential for binding to and repressing lin, while the C2H2-type domain 2 contributes to lin binding.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
As cell intercalation proceeds, a row of stigmatophore cells surrounding the spiracular chamber show expression of Cad86C. Expression is regulated by the Abd-B cascade, requiring sal. Expressed in a broad region of the morphogenetic furrow and in clusters of cells posterior to the morphogenetic furrow. Weakly expressed in the epithelium of wing imaginal disks. In eye imaginal disk cells within the morphogenetic furrow, expression is localized to the apical region.
By hedgehog (hh) and dpp signal transduction in the morphogenetic furrow.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, which includes at least MED4, MED6, MED14, MED17, MED18, MED20, MED21, MED23, MED24, MED27, MED30 and MED31. Interacts with MED10 and MED21.
May play a key role in signal transduction and growth control. May have a role in the establishment of the intersegmental and segmental nerves.
Selectively expressed in a subset of axons and pioneer neurons (including aCC and RP2) in the embryo.
Start of expression coincides with the onset of axonogenesis.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed of Blos1, Blos2, Blos3, Blos4, Dysb, Muted, Pldn and Snapin.
Negative regulator of sphingolipid synthesis.
Ubiquitously and homogeneously expressed in the syncytial blastoderm and during the cellularization stage. In stages 11-12, it is expressed in the germ-band layer In later stages (stage 14), it is mainly detected in the ectodermal tissues. In imaginal disks of third-instar larvae, it is uniformly and homogeneously expressed in eye-antenna, leg, wing and haltere imaginal disks, which is consistent with the former ectodermal expression detected in latestage embryos.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the Rab3 GTPase-activating (Rab3GAP) complex composed of Rab3-GAP and Rab3GAP1, which has both GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity towards Rab3, and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity towards Rab18 (Probable). As part of the Rab3GAP complex, required for the rapid induction and sustained expression of synaptic homeostasis at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (Probable). Also participates in the regulation of autophagy in tissues such as larval fat cells and adult muscles (Probable). The Rab3GAP complex, acts as a GAP for Rab3 by converting active Rab3-GTP to the inactive form Rab3-GDP (By similarity). At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), forms a presynaptic signaling mechanism with Rab3 that regulates progression of synaptic homeostasis at a late stage of vesicle release (Probable). Within this mechanism Rab3-GTP acts, directly or indirectly, to inhibit the progression of synaptic homeostasis, and Rab3-GAP functions to inactivate this action of Rab3-GTP (Probable). The Rab3GAP complex, acts as a GEF for Rab18 by promoting the conversion of inactive Rab18-GDP to the active form Rab18-GTP (By similarity). Regulates autophagy as part of a Rab3GAP-Rab18 module (PubMed:32248620). Once Rab18 is activated by the GEF Rab3GAP complex, the Rab3GAP-Rab18 module localizes to autophagosomes, and regulates autolysosome formation and maturation together with the Rab18 interacting effector, the PI3K/Vps34 Complex I (PubMed:32248620).
The Rab3 GTPase-activating complex is a heterodimer composed of Rab3GAP1 and Rab3-GAP.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein 1 acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. The intermediate chains mediate the help dynein bind to dynactin 150 kDa component (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Abundant in embryos and adults, low levels in larva and pupae. Isoform 1a, isoform 2a and isoform 2b are constitutively expressed at high levels and isoform 2c at low levels in embryos and adults.
High levels of isoform 1b, isoform 1c, isoform 3a and isoform 4 accumulate in early egg chambers and at stage 9 become concentrated at the posterior of the oocyte. Isoform 5a and isoform 5b are highly expressed in adult head and to a lesser extent in adult torso. Isoform 1a, isoform 2a and isoform 2b are found in all tissues examined, including ovaries, midgut, torso and head.
Homodimer. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs), light intermediate chains (LICs) and light chains (LCs).
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:23097424). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1 and U5 (PubMed:23097424). Plays a role as a regulator of spermatogenesis (PubMed:19357193). Crucial regulator of the mitotic cell cycle and development (PubMed:15737938, PubMed:19357193). Required for the correct dynein-dynactin perinuclear localization important for nucleus-centrosome coupling that occur upon meiotic progression of primary spermatocytes (PubMed:19357193, PubMed:23904267). Plays a role in sperm motility and fertility (PubMed:19357193). May have a role in the PNG/PLU/GNU pathway (PubMed:15737938).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in the nucleus during the G2 phase of primary spermatocytes at stages S3-S4. Distributed between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in G2 phase of primary spermatocytes at stage S5. Localized in the cytoplasm in G2 phase of primary spermatocytes at stage S6. Remains dispersed throughout the cell until the completion of meiosis when it becomes restricted from nuclei of onion-stage spermatides.
Expressed in nurse cells at stages 9-10 of oogenesis and exported to the oocyte. Also expressed in the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte.
Results in almost complete steril males. Mature sperm formed in small amounts in testes are immotile or weakly motile; seminal vesicles are largely empty. Primary spermatocytes appeared normal (Cysts of 16 cells); however, spermatids show irregularities in nuclear size and number. Spermatocytes I exhibit failure of nucleus-centrosome coupling that normally occur upon meiotic phase entry; those that progress through meiotic divisions exhibit defects in spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. When injected into Xenopus embryos, causes developmental arrest with gastrulation defects and defective cell cycles resulting in polyploid nuclei. RNAi injection into HeLa cells or Drosophila syncytial embryos causes mitotic cell cycle, giving rise to multinucleated polyploidy cells.
Putative receptor whose ligand is not yet known.
The expression of this protein is developmentally regulated showing peaks at midembryogenesis. HR3 transcription is ecdysone-induced.
Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM (PubMed:29535189). The MAC subcomplex is composed of Ime4/Mettl3 and Mettl14 (PubMed:29535189). The MACOM subcomplex is composed of fl(2)d, Flacc/Xio, Hakai, vir, and, in some cases of nito (PubMed:29535189). Interacts with shg/DE-cadherin (PubMed:19682089).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required during early development (PubMed:19682089). E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases mediate ubiquitination of target proteins (PubMed:19682089). Required for epithelial integrity and midgut morphogenesis (PubMed:19682089). Associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of RNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and RNA processing (PubMed:29535189). Its function in the WMM complex is unknown (PubMed:29535189).
High levels of maternal transcripts in blastoderm stage embryos are observed.
Lethality during larval stages. Maternal mutants show a variety of defects in epithelial integrity, including stochastic loss of shg/DE-cadherin expression, as well as defects in cell specification and cell migration.
The subcellular locations reported need confirmation (PubMed:19682089). Components of the WMM complex are known to localize in the nucleus, and it is also the case for the CBLL1/HAKAI protein in vertebrates. It is therefore likely that this protein mainly localizes in the nucleus.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs) (PubMed:8276241). Interacts with Taf2 and Taf4 (PubMed:8276241). Component of the RISC loading complex (siRLC), composed of at least Dcr-2, r2d2 and Taf11, which loads duplex siRNA onto AGO2 to initiate formation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC) (PubMed:26257286). Interacts with Dcr-2, r2d2 and AGO2 (PubMed:26257286). Taf11 appears to form a tetramer which facilitates or stabilizes formation of the Dcr-2-r2d2 heterotetramer (PubMed:26257286).
The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription (By similarity). TFIID recognizes and binds promoters with or without a TATA box via its subunit TBP, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) (By similarity). Component of the short interfering RNAs (siRNAs)-directed RISC loading complex (siRLC) which acts in the dsRNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) pathway by siRNAs into the RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC), the siRNA then serves as a guide to direct the siRISC to complementary endogenous or viral RNA transcripts for degradation or silencing (PubMed:26257286). Promotes formation of the siRLC by facilitating Dcr-2-R2D2 tetramerization to enhance siRNA binding and siRISC loading activities (PubMed:26257286).
A receptor for the FMRFamide peptides (PubMed:12218185, PubMed:12438685). Reacts with high affinity to FMRFamide and intrinsic FMRFamide-related peptides (PubMed:12218185, PubMed:12438685). By stimulating intracellular calcium signaling through the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, Itpr, in dopaminergic neurons, may be involved in the maintenance of neuronal excitability and in the regulation of flight bout duration (PubMed:30110323).
Deficits in simulated flight behavior with fewer or shorter duration of wing beats in tethered flies (PubMed:30110323). Dopaminergic neuron-specific knockout leads to shorter flight duration (PubMed:30110323). RNAi-mediated knockdown, either in adults or during pupal development, results in similar deficits in simulated flight behavior, whereas knockdown during larval development has no effect on flight behavior in the adult (PubMed:30110323). Pan-neuronal or dopaminergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to significantly shorter flight bouts (PubMed:30110323).
Expressed in ovaries, heads and bodies (PubMed:12438685). Expressed in dopaminergic neurons.
Expressed throughout development; strongest in larvae and adults (PubMed:12218185). In larvae, expressed in trachea, brain, gut, fat body and Malpighian tubules (PubMed:30110323).
Belongs to the hcp beta-lactamase family.
Knockdown in the nervous system results in reduced lifespan, mobility deficit and shortened synaptic branches of motor neurons.
Required for locomotion. Probably involved in the regulation of formation/maintenance of motor neurons at presynaptic terminals at the neuromuscular junction.
Binds nucleotide much more tightly and catalyzes nucleotide insertion much more efficiently in the presence of Mg(2+) than in the presence of Mn(2+).
Error-prone DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair (PubMed:11297519). Plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high-fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls (PubMed:11297519). Favors Hoogsteen base-pairing in the active site (By similarity). Inserts the correct base with higher fidelity opposite an adenosine template (PubMed:11297519). Exhibits low fidelity and efficiency opposite a thymidine template, where it will preferentially insert guanosine (PubMed:11297519). Forms a Schiff base with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate at abasic sites, but may not have lyase activity (By similarity).
Belongs to the concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) (TC 2.A.41) family.
'Tamozhennic' means 'customs officer' in Russian.
Contaminating sequence. Sequence of unknown origin in the N-terminal part.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, zygotic expression is seen throughout development.
Has an essential role during oogenesis and embryogenesis, perhaps in modulating the levels of nuclear import of additional proteins. Modulates the nuclear import of dorsal (dl), Dif and male specific lethal 1 (msl-1). Negatively regulates nuclear import of dl and controls the accumulation of dl in the nucleus after immune challenge.
Homomultimer. Binds to dl and msl-1 via their nuclear localization signal (NLS). Also binds to Ran, Ran-like and mbo.
Monomer. Homodimer (via N-terminus). Homotetramer (via N-terminus); dimer of dimers. Homohexamer (via N-terminus). Self-association negatively regulates DNA unwinding amplitude and rate. Oligomer forms dissociate into monomer in presence of ATP.
Participates in DNA replication and repair (By similarity). Exhibits a magnesium-dependent ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity that unwinds single- and double-stranded DNA in a 3'-5' direction (By similarity). Involved in DNA double strand break repair, including the synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway (PubMed:25205745). Involved in DNA interstrand cross-link repair (PubMed:25205745).
The N-terminal region mediates dimerization and homooligomerization. Both the helicase ATP-binding domain and the helicase C-terminal domain form intramolecular interactions with the HRDC domain in a ATP-dependent manner. The HRDC domain is required for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and DNA Holliday junction binding.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to octanol, anisole, and 2-heptanone.
Induces the early late puff 78C which triggers puparium formation and development.
Isoform A and isoform B require ecdysone for activity. Isoform B also requires ecdysone-induced proteins for maximal expression.
Isoform A is expressed only in mid-pupal stages, while isoform B is maximally expressed in newly formed prepupae and immediately following isoform A in mid-pupae.
Autoreceptor for octopamine, which is a neurotransmitter, neurohormone, and neuromodulator in invertebrates (By similarity). Probably also acts as a receptor for tyramine during ecdysone biosynthesis (PubMed:25605909). Required for the biosynthesis of the steroid hormone ecdysone which is necessary for metamorphosis (PubMed:25605909). Involved in activation of prothoracicotropic hormone and insulin-like peptide signaling which is required for the expression of ecdysone biosynthetic genes (PubMed:25605909).
In the adult, expressed in the inferior and superior protocerebrum, the posterior lateral protocerebrum, the deutocerebrum, the surface of the subesophageal ganglion, the lateral cell body region, the cortical layer of the ventral nerve cord and the optic lobe medulla of the central nervous system (CNS). Also expressed in the nurse cells and follicle cells of the egg chambers in the ovary at oogenic stages 1-10, and spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the testis. Expressed ubiquitously in the embryonic CNS. In larvae, expressed in the ventral cortical layer of the ventral nerve cord, the cortical layer of the brain lobes, salivary glands, midgut, imaginal disks and developing reproductive organs. Expressed in the larval prothoracic gland with weak expression in other regions of the ring gland.
Levels peak during the late embryonic stages. Slight increase in expression at the mid-larval stage that decreases over the pupal stage and then slightly increases in the adult.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the prothoracic gland results in developmental arrest at the larval stage. This larval-prepual arrest can be rescued by supplementing larvae diet with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E).
Frameshift and deletion of residues 1685-1699.
Phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA).
Deficient flies show developmental delay, lethality, and a dramatic decrease in the levels/activity of COX.
Encoded on a bicistronic transcript that code for two proteins mtTFB1 and CG42630.
Plays a critical role in the biogenesis and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) (complex IV).
Abundant in the embryonic and larval glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), pre and postsynaptically.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane. Involved in regulation of synaptic microtubule formation, and also regulation of synaptic growth and glutamate receptor trafficking. Does not appear to be required for basal neurotransmission.
Flies exhibit defects in development of glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs): increase in synaptic microtubule density.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 90 family.
Interacts with vls (PubMed:15800004). Interacts with me31B (when dimethylated on Arg residues) (PubMed:28945271).
Required during oogenesis for the formation of primordial germ cells and for normal abdominal segmentation.
The TUD mRNA accumulates within the posterior region of the developing oocyte during the early to middle stages of oogenesis.
Belongs to the JHDM1 histone demethylase family.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-36' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code.
The JmjC domain mediates the demethylation activity.
Forms a regulatory protein-RNA complex, consisting of RCC1L, NGRN, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, TRUB2, FASTKD2 and 16S mt-rRNA. Interacts with 16S mt-rRNA; this interaction is direct.
Plays an essential role in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis. As a component of a functional protein-RNA module, consisting of RCC1L, NGRN, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, TRUB2, FASTKD2 and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (16S mt-rRNA), controls 16S mt-rRNA abundance and is required for intra-mitochondrial translation of core subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system.
Expressed in embryos and third instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:3919018, PubMed:2517292, PubMed:7641726). Levels are highest during embryogenesis, decrease through larval stages, and finally increase during pupation and adult stages (PubMed:7641726).
Before the first zygotic nuclear division, seen in membrane structures confined in the embryonic cortex. This cortical distribution is maintained through stage 6. In cycles 10 and 11, the presence in the Golgi membranes between hexagonally arranged nuclei is readily observed in tangential optical sections through the embryonic surface. In stage 14, present in a thin vitelloplasmic layer below the plane that represents the basal borders of the cells separating the cellularized cortex from the rest of the embryo, and also within cells. Within the cells, appear to be more abundant in the cytoplasmic region between the nucleus and the embryonic surface. In early embryos, a large proportion appears randomly diffused, but in the later stages of embryogenesis, a larger proportion is associated with the membranes. In early embryos, expressed in the ovary. During embryogenesis, up-regulated in regions 2 and 3 of the germarium in meiotic cysts and in follicle cells. Expressed in testis tip starting in early meiotic spermatocytes. Also detected in paragonia. During embryogenesis, appears to be expressed ubiquitously at low levels and markedly up-regulated in the cells of the presumptive proventriculus and the salivary glands starting at stage 10.
Brefeldin A induces dissociation from the Golgi of betaCOP and presumably the other coatomer subunits.
During oogenesis and spermatogenesis, expressed in ovariole, germarium, testis tip and testis.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. Required for limiting lipid storage in lipid droplets.
Expression in embryos is first seen 12 hours after oviposition, peaks at 24 hours and decreases to a low level by 48 hours. Low levels are seen during larval and early pupal development. Levels increase during late pupae to maximal at the adult stage.
In embryos, it is expressed in the neurons of the CNS and PNS, in Garland cells and posterior spiracles. In adults, it shows a nervous system specific distribution: optic lobes, brain, thoracic ganglia and axonal pathways in the leg. Both isoforms concentrate in the adult head, isoform 2.2 being predominant. Both isoforms are weakly expressed in the thorax and very poorly expressed in the abdomen.
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane.
Expressed at high level in ovaries. Expressed at low level in testis. Expressed at higher level in adult females than males. During oogenesis, it is detected in germ cells and follicle epithelia of all developmental stages. Initially expressed during early stages of oogenesis in region I and reaches high levels in regions IIa and IIb of the germarium. Highly expressed in stage 2 egg chambers. Remains highly expressed during later stages of oogenesis. During embryonic stages 9-11, expressed in the primordium of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. Expressed in salivary glands from embryonic stage 12 onwards. During embryonic stages 12-13, expressed in the posterior midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 14-15, expression continues in the hindgut. During embryonic stages 16-17, expressed in the dorsal longitudinal trachea and posterior spiracles. In third instar larvae, ubiquitously expressed in wing, eye-antennal, leg and haltere imaginal disks.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout embryonic, larval, pupal and adult stages, with increasing levels during larval development.
Mutant larval shows down-regulation of synaptic O-linked glycosylation, integrin level and signaling via Ten-m and if. Synapses show smaller synaptic boutons, expanded activity-dependent postsynaptic pockets which affect synaptic plasticity and synaptic strength in both the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic assembly, no differences in neuromuscular junction morphology (PubMed:25253852). Simultaneous knockout of Pgant3, restores normal synaptic strength (PubMed:25253852). RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the mesoderm, respiratory system, digestive system or reproductive tract results in a reduction in viability (PubMed:22157008).
Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases catalyze the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor (PubMed:11925450, PubMed:12829714). Displays the same enzyme activity toward MUC1, MUC4, and EA2 (PubMed:11925450, PubMed:12829714). Not involved in glycosylation of erythropoietin (EPO) (PubMed:11925450). It can both act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto unmodified peptide substrates, and as a glycopeptide transferase that requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties (PubMed:11925450, PubMed:12829714). Protein modification by this enzyme might be important for cytokinesis and tube formation during embryogenesis (PubMed:16251381, PubMed:20807760). Together with Pgant3, regulates integrin levels and activity-dependent integrin signaling at the synapse in neurons and muscles (PubMed:25253852).
The human ortholog GALNT11 (AC Q8NCW6) is not able to rescue lethality caused by the SF32 mutation.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity). May have a role in the organization of the inner nuclear membrane proteins at the nuclear envelope together with Nup154 (PubMed:22718353).
Expressed throughout development and in adults, with highest levels of expression during embryogenesis.
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Interacts with components of the snRNP complex including SmB and Smn; these interactions are RNA-dependent. Interacts with importin-7 msk but not with importin subunit beta Fs(2)Ket; the interaction is RNA-dependent.
Expressed in the PNS and CNS. In early blastoderm stages, it is ubiquitously expressed, then, before stage 5, it disappears from the poles of the embryo and faint stripes are visible. At stage 5, it also accumulates in the dorsal region, cephalic furrow ectodermal patches between the tracheal pits, where neurons of the PNS appear. In older embryos (stage 15) a strong expression is mostly restricted to the central nervous system (CNS) and PNS. In PNS, the pattern suggests that expression occur in many of the neurons of the ventral, lateral and dorsal clusters of neurons. In third instar wing disks, it is expressed in rows of cells on either side of the prospective anterior wing margin and in groups of cells that coincide with proneural clusters of ac/sc expression. Also expressed independently of ac/sc in certain areas of the disk, such as the postnotum and posterior dorsal proximal wing. Expressed in the proneural clusters of the leg disks and in the eye/antenna disk.
Probable transcription factor involved in the development of the adult pattern of macrochaetae. Required for accumulation of achaete (ac) and scute (sc) in proneural clusters. Probably acts by binding to the proneural cluster-specific enhancers of the ac/sc complex and increasing enhancer efficiency, thereby acting as a stimulator of ac/sc expression in proneural clusters. Also required for correct development of the embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Up-regulated by ac/sc in proneural clusters of the wing disk.
F-actin cross-linking protein which is thought to anchor actin to a variety of intracellular structures. This is a bundling protein.
Homodimer; antiparallel. Interacts with Smn; the interaction occurs in adult thoracic tissues.
Larval muscle isoform is expressed in the larval body wall, adult muscles of the head and abdomen and supercontractile muscles of the larva and adult. Adult muscle isoform accumulates within adult fibrillar and tubular muscles.
Larval muscle isoform is found in the larvae and adults, the adult muscle isoform in adults only.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
In Drosophila, the 2 enzymes, PAH and TRH are found to be encoded by the same gene. Preference for the substrate is probably due to post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, or by changes in the N-terminal regulatory domain.
N-terminal region of PAH is thought to contain allosteric binding sites for phenylalanine and to constitute an 'inhibitory' domain that regulates the activity of a catalytic domain in the C-terminal portion of the molecule.
Phenylalanine hydrolase activity is found in yolk granules of embryos, and female abdomen and fat body tissues. Tryptophan hydroxylase is expressed in serotonergic neurons. Both enzymes are present in cuticular tissues.
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex). Interacts with mitochondrial targeting sequences (By similarity).
Ubiquitously expressed. In the male germ line expression is detected early in premeiotic spermatogonia and is persistent to the end of meiosis.
Expressed in acetic-acid-sensing neurons in the antennal coeloconic 2 (ac2) and antennal coeloconic 3 (ac3) sensilla class of sensory hairs (at protein level).
Odorant receptor for acetic and propionic acid. Functions as part of an olfactory receptor complex including the ionotropic receptor coreceptor Ir8a.
Severely reduced response to acetic and propionic acid.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. VRK subfamily.
Expressed in ovaries (at protein level) (PubMed:16230526, PubMed:16301329). Expressed in indirect flight muscle (IFM) (at protein level) (PubMed:26251439).
May interact with Unc-89 (via protein kinase domain 1) (PubMed:26251439). Interacts with L(2)gl (PubMed:31735666).
Phosphorylated during mitosis and female meiosis.
Present throughout development, with highest level in early embryo (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscles causes 91 percent lethality at the early pupal stage and the few surviving animals cannot fly. Severe defects in the indirect flight muscle structure characterized by narrower and wavy myofibrils and abnormal positioning of sarcomere Z line, M line and H line. Although the spacing between Z line and M lines stays regular, in less affected myobrils Z lines and M lines appear fragmented, Z lines are diffused at the edges and sarcomere length is shorter. In the more affected myofibrils, rudimentary Z lines are shifted into the region of thick and thin filament overlap and are by-passed by abnormally long filaments and H zones fail to localize to the middle of the sarcomere. Localization of unc-89/obscurin to M lines and localization of kettin (sls isoform A) to Z line is not affected.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in somatic mitosis and female meiosis (PubMed:16230526). Required for spindle organization in mitosis, and for the establishment or maintenance of meiosis-specific chromosomal configurations, including the prophase I karyosome and the metaphase I spindle (PubMed:15078818, PubMed:16301329). Specifically phosphorylates nucleosomal H2A on 'Thr-119' (PubMed:15078818). Required for the development and organization of indirect flight muscle sarcomeres by regulating the formation of M line and H zone and the correct assembly of thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere (PubMed:26251439).
Expression appears at the late embryo stage and continues to increase in abundance throughout the larval stage. No expression in pupae but is expressed in the adult.
Major function may be to aid in digestion.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
Expressed at high levels in early embryos (particularly at the 0-4 hour stage), then low throughout the larval and pupal stages and in adult males (PubMed:10366721). Shows elevated levels in adult females (PubMed:10366721).
Mutants exhibit eye defects and a delay in the S- phase of the cell cycle.
Regulatory subunit of the DNA primase complex and component of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which play an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis (PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6409898, PubMed:6403945). During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA polymerase alpha complex (composed of a catalytic subunit PolA1, an accessory subunit PolA2 and two primase subunits, the catalytic subunit Prim1 and the regulatory subunit Prim2) is recruited to DNA at the replicative forks (By similarity). The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands (PubMed:6812052). These primers are initially extended by the polymerase alpha catalytic subunit and subsequently transferred to polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon for processive synthesis on the lagging and leading strand, respectively (By similarity). In the primase complex, both subunits are necessary for the initial di-nucleotide formation, but the extension of the primer depends only on the catalytic subunit (PubMed:6812052). Stabilizes and modulates the activity of the catalytic subunit (By similarity).
Regulatory subunit of the DNA primase complex and component of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which play an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis. The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands.
Daughterless/Achaete-scute complex heterodimers act as transcriptional activators of neural cell fates and are involved in sex determination.
Homodimer. Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Interacts with Amos. Interacts (via bHLH motif) with sisA and sc. Interacts with dpn (via bHLH motif).
Absence of cardiac and midgut visceral muscle, and defects in a subset of dorsal body wall muscles.
Is initially expressed throughout the presumptive mesoderm and becomes restricted to cardiac and visceral muscle.
Required for the development of heart and visceral muscle; for the formation of somatic muscles. Has a crucial function in the early mesodermal subdivisions.
Acetyltransferase which mediates the conversion of 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (PC) (By similarity). Has a calcium-independent activity (By similarity). Displays a clear preference for saturated fatty acyl-CoAs, and 1-myristoyl or 1-palmitoyl LPC as acyl donors and acceptors, respectively (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of lipid droplet number and size (PubMed:25491198).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae increases lipid droplet size and reduces lipid droplet number in fat bodies.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphocholine.
Homodimer. Interacts with microtubules via its N-terminus.
Involved in endocytic trafficking by stabilizing organelles of the endocytic pathway. Probably acts as a cytoskeletal linker protein required to tether endosome vesicles to the cytoskeleton. Involved in modulation of endocytosis at stages required for down-regulation of membrane proteins that control synapse size. Not involved in synaptic vesicle recycling. Required in R7 cells for boss endocytosis into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Has a role in regulating adult longevity.
The coiled coil domain mediates homodimerization.
Involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Also participates in checkpoint controls that ensure DNA replication is completed before mitosis is initiated.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of 2'-O-methyluridine at position 1579 (Um1579) in the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mtLSU rRNA), a universally conserved modification in the peptidyl transferase domain of the mtLSU rRNA.
Expressed in sensory organ precursors in the wing, leg and eye imaginal disk.
Homodimer (PubMed:22357926). Heterodimer with dpn (PubMed:22357926). Might form higher-order oligomers (PubMed:22357926). Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein (Groucho) (By similarity).
In embryo, detected in the neuroectoderm at stage 8, and later in neuroblasts at stage 9 (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). By stage 16, detected only in the neuroblasts (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). In larvae, detected in a subset of neuroblasts, some of which will give rise to the optic lobe (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). In embryo, detected during the initial stages of germ band exclusively within the neuroectoderm, both in the territory of the trunk and in cephalic regions (PubMed:1427040). During stage 9, detected within the procephalic lobe and the ventral ectoderm (PubMed:1427040).
Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription (PubMed:24618901). May serve as a transcriptional regulator of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C) genes (PubMed:1528887). Contributes to the neural-epidermal lineage decision during early neurogenesis (PubMed:1427040). Part of the Notch signaling pathway, plays a role in neuroblasts proliferation in embryos and larvae (PubMed:10790334, PubMed:22357926). In the larval brain, together with other self-renewal transcriptional repressors such as klu and dpn, required for type II neuroblast self-renewal and for maintaining erm in an inactive state in intermediate neural progenitors (INP) derived from type II neuroblasts (PubMed:24618901).
Expressed in PCC neurons and neuroblasts in the procephalic neurogenic region in the central nervous system. Expressed in nerves running along the surface of the ventral ganglion and that extend to the peripheral tissues. Also expressed in motor nerves and boutons of certain muscles, in particular of muscle 8 in the A2 and posterior abdominal segments of young adult flies. In the brain, expressed in both the neuropiles and cortical regions except the retinular cells and laminar neuropile.
Flies are unable to jump or fly and walk slowly with an unstable gait. Occasionally they exhibit body and wing tremors while standing or walking.
Most abundant during and/or after neuronal differentiation and during cell specification or axogenesis. Required during pupation for normal motor function development.
Plays a role in the formation of functional neural circuits from the early stages of synapse formation. Has a role in the development of CNS functions involved in locomotor activity.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Required for activated transcription of the MtnA, MtnB and MtnD genes. Negatively regulates sex comb development.
Component of the Mediator complex, which includes at least CDK8, MED4, MED6, MED11, MED14, MED17, MED18, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED27, MED28, MED30 and MED31. Interacts with Hsf.
Expressed in the posterior termini of the embryo, restricted mainly to the embryonic central nervous system, and in the eye imaginal disk.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the prothoracic gland (PG) delays the onset of pupariation by prolonging the L3 larval stage.
Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity (By similarity). Plays a role in eye development by regulating cell growth, survival of postmitotic ommatidial cells and differentiation of photoreceptor cells (PubMed:11290305). During larval development, mediates Ptth/tor signaling leading to the production of ecdysone, a hormone required for the initiation of metamorphosis (PubMed:19965758).
Component of PRC1 complex, which contains many PcG proteins like Pc, ph, Scm, Psc, Sce and also chromatin-remodeling proteins such as histone deacetylases. This complex is distinct from the Esc/E(z) complex, at least composed of esc, E(z), Su(z)12, HDAC1/Rpd3 and Caf1-55. The 2 complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. Component of the PcG multiprotein PRC1 complex, a complex that acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-118', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Needed to maintain expression patterns of the homeotic selector genes of the Antennapedia (Antp-C) and Bithorax (BX-C) complexes, and hence for the maintenance of segmental determination.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to butanal, heptanal, and 2-heptanone.
May be involved in the generation of 28S rRNA.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Highly sensitive to the sex pheromone of the silkworm moth, bombykol. Intriguingly, the fruit fly detectors are more sensitive than the receptors of the silkworm moth, although its ecological significance is unknown. Responds also to pyrazines.
Participates in the regulation of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, at least partly, by modulating the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) store (By similarity). In neurons and glial cells, has a role in maintaining neuronal function and integrity during aging (PubMed:29357349).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons results in age-dependent behavioral deficits and neurodegeneration, which is further enhanced when the knockdown is in both neurons and glial cells; the defects include age-dependent locomotor deficits, increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, increased age-dependent appearance of vacuoles in the central neuropil and optic lobes of the fly brain, and shortened lifespan.
Cell cycle regulator that is involved in modulating and adjusting cell proliferation according to the requirements of the developmental program (PubMed:10850494, PubMed:12919679, PubMed:17431409). Interacts with mitotic Cdk1-cyclin complexes to inhibit mitotic entry at the G2/M transition (PubMed:17431409). Likely to function by binding to the hydrophobic patch of cyclins to interfere with the interaction between the complex and certain Cdk1 substrates (PubMed:17431409). At the mid-blastula transition, involved in the cell cycle arrest in G2 of cycle 14 by delaying mitosis and thus reducing cell proliferation allowing cell fate specification and morphogenesis to take place (PubMed:12919679). Acts downstream or in parallel to the checkpoint regulator grp which is also required for the cell cycle pause at cycle 14 (PubMed:12919679). During gastrulation, delays mitosis in the ventral region of the embryonic mesoderm thus allowing invagination to be completed before cell division takes place (PubMed:10850494, PubMed:12919679, PubMed:17431409).
Component of the Frs-CycA-Cdk1 complex composed of Z600, CycA and Cdk1. Interacts preferentially with CycA (via C-terminus) but is also able to interact (via C-terminus) with CycE (via C-terminus).
Most embryos display premature mitosis resulting in defective invagination of the mesoderm during gastrulation. A small percentage of embryos also display an extra nuclear division prior to cellularization.
Not detected until cycle 14 of embryogenesis when the cleavage cycles are completed (at protein level) (PubMed:12919679). Expression levels peak 15-30 min after cellularization and decrease during late cellularization and gastrulation (at protein level) (PubMed:12919679). Expressed until stage 9 in an area of dorsal cells that are probably the amnioserosa anlage (at protein level) (PubMed:12919679). At cycle 13, uniform expression throughout the cortex with expression levels increasing during stage 14 (PubMed:2478402). During cellularization expression localizes dorsally and posteriorly (PubMed:2478402). During gastrulation expression persists in dorsal regions of the embryo and by germ band extension expression is concentrated anterior to the amnioproctodeal invagination and posterior to the forming cephalic furrow (PubMed:2478402).
Belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator family.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I39 (alpha-2-macroglobulin) family.
Binds promoter DNA and regulates initiation of transcription (PubMed:22784680, PubMed:24068965). Regulates mitochondrial replication and transcription (PubMed:22784680, PubMed:24068965). Required for normal topology and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels (PubMed:22784680, PubMed:24068965). Regulates mtDNA replication by re-activating replication after replication pausing (PubMed:24068965). Likely to regulate replication pausing by coordinating with the mitochondrial termination factor mTTF which promotes replication pausing (PubMed:24068965). Their function in replication pausing prevents unregulated replication that may occur for example by collisions between the machineries of DNA replication and transcription during mtDNA synthesis (PubMed:24068965). This ensures the incorporation of RNA transcripts into replication intermediates at the replication fork and allows for proper fork progression (PubMed:24068965). Possibly functions downstream of Dref which activates genes involved in mtDNA replication and maintenance (PubMed:24068965).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal. Most mutants fail to develop past the L3 larval stage, and the few pupal escapers do not develop past the late pupal stages.
Essential component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Essential for the SPC catalytic activity, possibly by stabilizing and positioning the active center of the complex close to the lumenal surface (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces infection by West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2).
During embryonic development, easter cleaves the signal peptide and also generates the C-terminal 12 kDa active fragment, C-106 (except for isoform 8.24 and isoform 11.27 as they do not contain the cleavage site) (PubMed:9533958). During the immune response, cleaved in the same manner by SPE (PubMed:16399077).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. All isoforms, except isoform 8.20, are rapidly degraded on cellularisation of the blastoderm embryo.
Extracellular forms of isoform 8.19 and isoform 11.7 are glycosylated.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:12872120, PubMed:9533958). In the presence of Tl, crystal structures show one Tl molecule bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24733933, PubMed:24282309). However, the active complex probably consists of two Tl molecules bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24282309, PubMed:24733933). This is supported by in vitro experiments which also show binding of the spaetzle C-106 dimer to 2 Tl receptors (PubMed:12872120). Ligand binding induces conformational changes in the extracellular domain of Tl (PubMed:24282309). This may enable a secondary homodimerization interface at the C-terminus of the Tl extracellular domain (PubMed:24282309).
The activated form, spaetzle C-106, acts as a ligand for the Toll receptor (PubMed:12872120). Binding to Toll activates the Toll signaling pathway and induces expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin (PubMed:8808632). Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity in the embryo (PubMed:8124709, PubMed:11212919).
Interacts with Nop17l (PubMed:17007873). Interacts with uri; uri inhibits flw phosphatase activity (PubMed:18412953).
Required for cell adhesion in non-muscle tissues and in maintenance of muscle attachment. Vital for larval development.
Expressed in 20 sensory neurons on the distal edge of the antenna.
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:27035939). RNAi-mediated knockdown in male germ cells, spermatogonia and surrounding somatic cells results in increased spermatogonia proliferation, failure to complete developmental programs of meiosis and differentiation and ultimately leads to complete male sterility (PubMed:27035939). RNAi-mediated knockdown in female germline results in defective oogenesis (PubMed:24244416).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (By similarity). Associated with sn-RNP U2, where it contributes to the binding of stem loop IV of U2 snRNA (By similarity). In the germ line, has a role in oogenesis, by regulating spermatogenesis and nurse cell nuclei chromatin decondensation and dispersal, probably by regulating the splicing of proteins necessary for germline differentiation such as the meiotic protein mei-P26 (PubMed:27035939, PubMed:24244416).
Deformed (Dfd) is required to activate 128up in maxillary segment cells.
Expressed in posterior-lateral epidermis of the maxillary lobe.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase VIIc family.
ADP:ATP antiporter that mediates import of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and export of ATP out to fuel the cell (By similarity). Cycles between the cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) and the matrix-open state (m-state): operates by the alternating access mechanism with a single substrate-binding site intermittently exposed to either the cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) side of the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity).
The matrix-open state (m-state) is inhibited by the membrane-permeable bongkrekic acid (BKA). The cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) is inhibited by the membrane-impermeable toxic inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR).
The transmembrane helices are not perpendicular to the plane of the membrane, but cross the membrane at an angle. Odd-numbered transmembrane helices exhibit a sharp kink, due to the presence of a conserved proline residue.
Belongs to the dynactin subunit 2 family.
Modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and plays a role in prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. May play a role in synapse formation during brain development (By similarity).
Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex associated with dynein.
Expressed on different subsets of axon bundles (fascicles) in insect embryos.
Mediates cell adhesion in a Ca(2+)-independent manner (PubMed:2509076). It plays a role in axon outgrowth, guidance and fasciculation of the developing nervous system (PubMed:2509076). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival, and is important for climbing behavior and activity (PubMed:37041188).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males, significantly reduces survival to 57 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 14 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown also decreases activity throughout the day (during both light and dark cycles) (PubMed:37041188).
Involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane.
Not nervous system-specific; abundant in cells of the gut and Malpighian tubules.
Part of the SNARE core complex containing Snap25 and syntaxin.
Ubiquitinated by gzl, regulating endocytic trafficking (PubMed:23353890). In wing imaginal disks, ubiquitination by gzl promotes transcytosis of wingless (wg) to the basolateral surface (PubMed:26974662).
Heterooligomer of subunits alpha, beta, and gamma in the apparent ratio of 2:1:1.
Probable catalytic subunit of the enzyme which catalyzes the decarboxylation of isocitrate (ICT) into alpha-ketoglutarate.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Heterotrimeric complex composed of SEC61-alpha, SEC61-beta and SEC61-gamma.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDS1 subfamily.
Does not affect male germline stem cells maintenance (PubMed:34644293). In the germline, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Rtel1 in lok mutant background results in partial rescue of single Rtel1 knockdown phenotype which includes loss of germline stem cell and reduced levels of Stat92E expression (PubMed:34644293).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in adult females. Levels of the long isoform remain fairly constant from ovaries to embryos, the levels of short isoform decrease dramatically.
In stage 3 embryos, both isoforms are expressed in both somatic and pole cell nuclei. Expression in pole cell nuclei is sustained until stage 9 and weakly expressed after pole cell invagination into the abdominal cavity.
May have a role in germline establishment.
Catalyzes the last step of tRNA splicing, the transfer of the splice junction 2'-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD to produce ADP-ribose 1''-2'' cyclic phosphate.
Binds to core histones and functions in the ATP-facilitated assembly of approximately regularly spaced nucleosomal arrays. May participate in parallel with other histone-binding proteins such as NAP-1.
Decamer formed by two pentameric rings associated in a head-to-head fashion.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, present throughout development. Highest levels are found during oogenesis and in early embryos.
Inactive for chromatin assembly. In vitro it appears to form a high molecular mass aggregate with the core histones.
Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor (PubMed:12829714). It can both act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto unmodified peptide substrates, and as a glycopeptide transferase that requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties. Prefers EA2 as substrate. Has weak activity toward Muc5AC-3, -13 and -3/13 substrates (PubMed:12829714). Plays a critical role in the regulation of integrin-mediated cell adhesion during wing development by influencing, via glycosylation, the secretion and localization of the integrin ligand Tig to the basal cell layer interface (PubMed:18835818, PubMed:20371600, PubMed:20807760, PubMed:22157008). Might have a role in protein O-glycosylation in the Golgi and thereby in establishing and/or maintaining a proper secretory apparatus structure (PubMed:20807760). Together with Pgant35A, regulates integrin levels and activity-dependent integrin signaling at the synapse in neurons and muscles (PubMed:25253852).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout embryonic, larval, pupal and adult stages.
Expressed in developing oocytes and egg chambers. During embryonic stages 9-11, expressed in the primordiums of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 12-13, expression is found uniquely in the posterior spiracle. During embryonic stages 14-17, expressed in the pharynx, esophagus and posterior spiracles. Expression observed in the epidermis during embryonic stages 16-17. In third instar larvae, expressed ubiquitously in wing, with increased expression in pleura and notum, eye-antennal, leg and haltere imaginal disks.
Mutant larval wing disks show a decrease in thickness and in the content of O-glycoproteins specifically along the basal surface of the columnar epithelial cells (PubMed:18835818, PubMed:20371600). Adult mutants display blistered wings (PubMed:18835818, PubMed:20371600). Mutant larval shows down-regulation of synaptic O-linked glycosylation, integrin level and signaling via Ten-m and if. Synapses show smaller synaptic boutons, expanded activity-dependent postsynaptic pockets which affect synaptic plasticity and synaptic strength in both the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic assembly, no differences in neuromuscular junction morphology (PubMed:25253852). Simultaneous knockout of Pgant35A, restores normal synaptic strength (PubMed:25253852). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the developing wing results in a blistered phenotype (PubMed:22157008).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-6 (PP-V) subfamily.
Expressed at highest levels in 2-4 hours embryos.
May be involved in controlling cellularization or in regulating transcription of the genes involved in this process.
Protein component of the posterior mating plug.
Specifically expressed in the ejaculatory bulb and seminal fluid.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Specifically dimethylates two adjacent adenosines in the loop of a conserved hairpin near the 3'-end of 18S rRNA in the 40S particle. Involved in the pre-rRNA processing steps leading to small-subunit rRNA production independently of its RNA-modifying catalytic activity. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Belongs to the RIF1 family. Highly divergent.
Embryos have a reduced hatch rate and develop into adults with reduced survival (PubMed:29746464). During mid-blastula transition in embryos, S phase 14 is significantly shorter (PubMed:29746464). In larval salivary glands, loss of DNA underreplication resulting in abnormally enlarged chromocenters (PubMed:30277458). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in lethality (PubMed:26022086). Escaper flies only live for a few days and are infertile (PubMed:26022086). Females show increased necrotic spots in the abdominal segments (PubMed:26022086). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the imaginal disks does not affect viability (PubMed:26022086).
Expressed in embryos at high levels between 0-2 hours; from 8 to 14 hours, the highest levels are in the brain then diminishes to negligible levels (at protein level) (PubMed:22712556, PubMed:26022086, PubMed:29746464). Expressed in larval imaginal disks and salivary glands (at protein level) (PubMed:26022086). Detected in larvae at lower levels in imaginal disks, the central nervous system and ovary and, at extremely low levels, in testis (PubMed:26022086).
Expressed in nurse cells and follicle cells in the adult female (at protein level) (PubMed:26022086, PubMed:30277458). Detected in adult at extremely low levels (PubMed:26022086).
Interacts with Pp1-87b (PubMed:26022086, PubMed:29746464). Interacts with SuUR (via SNF2-like region) (PubMed:30277458).
Phosphorylated, probably by Cdk1; phosphorylation regulates dissociation from heterochromatin.
Regulates the timing of initiation of DNA replication (PubMed:29746464, PubMed:30277458, PubMed:26022086). Functions in copy number control by promoting the underreplication of DNA, which is found in many late replicating euchromatic regions of salivary gland polytene chromosomes (PubMed:30277458). Promotes underreplication by localizing to active DNA replication forks in a partially SuUR-dependent manner, and inhibiting replication fork progression (PubMed:30277458). Might also work as an adapter to recruit Pp1-87B to multiple sites on the chromosome and may function with Pp1-87B to mediate underreplication (PubMed:26022086, PubMed:29746464, PubMed:30277458). Plays an essential role in embryonic development, in the transition from larvae to pupae and, probably, in proliferating tissues later on (PubMed:26022086, PubMed:29746464). In embryos, during mid-blastula transition, binds to and selectively delays the replication of large blocks of repetitive DNA satellite sequences during S phase in response to the activity of Cdk1; maternal Rif1 is specifically required for the normal extension of S phase 14 (PubMed:29746464). Unlike mammalian orthologs, does not appear to play a role in DNA damage repair (PubMed:22712556, PubMed:26022086).
The JAMM motif may mediate the protease activity.
Associated component of the MCM complex that acts as a regulator of DNA replication. Binds to the MCM complex during late S phase and may act by promoting the disassembly of the MCM complex from chromatin (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Transmembrane component of the tectonic-like complex, a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia and acting as a barrier that prevents diffusion of transmembrane proteins between the cilia and plasma membranes. Required for ciliogenesis and sonic hedgehog/SHH signaling.
During assembly of the complex, component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
RNA-binding protein required for the maturation of box H/ACA snoRNPs complex and ribosome biogenesis. During assembly of the H/ACA snoRNPs complex, it associates with the complex and disappears during maturation of the complex and is replaced by GAR1/CG4038 to yield mature H/ACA snoRNPs complex (By similarity).
Component of the Enok complex composed of at least Br140, enok, Eaf6 and Ing5.
Component of the Enok complex which has a histone H3 acetyltransferase activity.
Embryos develop normally, but their nerve terminals do not release transmitter in response to an action potential (PubMed:9482790). Spontaneous neurotransmitter release is reduced, but not abolished (PubMed:9482790, PubMed:10460261). Slow degeneration in adult photoreceptor neurons is also observed: defects are caused by an accumulation of endosomal vesicles, leading to transmembrane protein degradation defects and a secondary increase in autophagy (PubMed:22270918).
Involved in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles to their target membrane (PubMed:12364587, PubMed:22270918). Major SNARE protein of synaptic vesicles which mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters (PubMed:9482790, PubMed:12364587). Essential for fast vesicular exocytosis and activity-dependent neurotransmitter release as well as fast endocytosis that mediates rapid reuse of synaptic vesicles (PubMed:12364587). Also involved in a neuron-specific sort-and-degrade mechanism that promotes endolysosomal degradation and is required for neuronal maintenance (PubMed:22270918).
Specifically expressed in neurons and synapses.
Transcripts are first detectable at stage 13 or 14 (PubMed:8229205). The expression is restricted to the nervous system, becoming quite robust in both the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) by late embryogenesis (PubMed:8229205).
Homodimer (PubMed:22357926, PubMed:7651341). Heterodimer with E(spl)mgamma-HLH and E(spl) (PubMed:22357926). Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with the corepressor protein Groucho (PubMed:8001118). Interacts (via bHLH motif) with sisA (PubMed:7651341). Interacts with da (PubMed:7651341).
In larvae, expressed in primary neural precursors (at protein level) (PubMed:1427077). In leg imaginal disks, expressed in stripes at the distal edge of each leg segment primordium (at protein level) (PubMed:1427077). In stage 9 embryo, detected in the first neuroblasts delaminating from the ectoderm (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). In newly hatched larvae, detected in dividing neuroblasts (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). First detected in preblastoderm cycle 12 in all nuclei (PubMed:1427077). During middle to late cycle 13, expressed in eight stripes that overlap those of the hairy protein (PubMed:1427077).
Lethal at different developmental stages (PubMed:1427077). In late third instar larval brains, results in a complete absence of type II neuroblasts (NBs) and a reduction of type I NBs; after larval hatching, loss of neuroblasts in the ventral nerve cord and specific loss of type I neuroblasts within 48 hours; in the pupae, results in a premature loss of mushroom body NBs (PubMed:23056424, PubMed:21262215, PubMed:22357926). Escaper adult flies display weak motor activity, lethargic behavior, and shortened life span (PubMed:1427077). RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein in type II neuroblasts lineage results in an increase in the number of type II neuroblasts (PubMed:28899667). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of the ETS protein pnt or the transcriptional repressor Erm restores normal neuroblast numbers (PubMed:28899667).
Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription (PubMed:1427077, PubMed:28899667, PubMed:24618901). In the larval brain, required to maintain the self-renewal and identity of type II neuroblasts by regulating the expression of the transcriptional repressor erm together with other self-renewal transcriptional repressors such as klu and E(spl)mgamma-HLH (PubMed:28899667, PubMed:23056424, PubMed:21262215, PubMed:24618901, PubMed:22357926). As part of its role in neuroblasts development, has been shown to be a direct target of the Notch signaling pathway, however might work also independently of N/Notch (PubMed:21262215, PubMed:22357926, PubMed:23056424). In the developing larval and pupal brain, required for mushroom body differentiation (PubMed:22357926). Involved in sex determination and SXL transcription repression when in complex with the corepressor protein Groucho (PubMed:8001118, PubMed:7651341).
Belongs to the pyridoxine kinase family.
Contaminating sequence. Potential poly-A sequence starting in position 2061.
Plays a structural role in chromatin. Involved in sister chromatid cohesion, probably via an interaction with the cohesin complex. Participates in the transcriptional activation mediated by remote enhancers on genes such as cut and Ubx, possibly by alleviating the cohesin-mediated blocking of enhancer-promoter communication.
Ubiquitous. Expressed in all interphase nuclei in embryo, third instar imaginal disks, salivary glands and fat tissues.
Belongs to the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Heme-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the L-tryptophan (L-Trp) pyrrole ring and converts L-tryptophan to N-formyl-L-kynurenine. Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the indole moiety (PubMed:23333332). Required during larval growth to control the level of potentially harmful free tryptophan in the hemolymph. In the adult the same reaction is the first step in the ommochrome biosynthetic pathway (PubMed:2108317).
At the cellular blastoderm stage, expressed in 8 segmentally repeated stripes, and 14 stripes at germ band extension (at protein level) (PubMed:12617819). Expressed in the neurogenic region during the blastoderm and germ band extension stages (at protein level) (PubMed:12617819). Expressed zygotically (PubMed:12617819). Expressed throughout development, with two peaks of expression at mid-embryogenesis (6-12 hours old embryos) and in early larvae stages (PubMed:10973475). First detected in the cellular blastoderm as two distinct anterior and posterior bands (PubMed:12588858). By germband retraction (late stage 12), segmentally repeated stripes span the width of the germband (PubMed:25363762, PubMed:12588858). In embryos (stages 12-15), detected in ectodermal cells that surround differentiating neurons of the ventral nerve cord and peripheral nervous system (PubMed:12588858). In third instar larvae, expressed at high levels in the tracheal epithelium, and at relatively lower levels in the gut and fat body (PubMed:22022271). In the wing imaginal disks, expressed in the proximal region around the wing pouch and noctum, and in the hinge regions (PubMed:17078066, PubMed:21158756). Also expressed in the anterior compartment of the leg imaginal disks (PubMed:21158756). In larvae, detected in the blood cells, lymph glands and fat body (PubMed:12617819). In third instar larvae to the pre-pupae stage, high levels of expression across the lateral noctum except where dorsocentral and scutellar bristles form (PubMed:18000549). In late stage third instar larvae, expressed throughout the lateral noctum epithelium, except for the SOPs (anterior postalar, supraalar and sensilla trichoidea) in which expression decreases as SOPs develop (PubMed:18000549).
By Gram-negative bacteria, in the respiratory epithelium (PubMed:22022271). Up-regulated during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection (PubMed:22464169).
May interact (via the extracellular domain) with 18w (via the extracellular domain).
Toll-related receptor (PubMed:10973475). Probably specific to larval innate immunity (PubMed:22022271). Involved in the tracheal immune response of larvae to Gram-negative and perhaps Gram-positive bacteria; upon infection it negatively regulates the immune deficiency (Imd) signaling cascade specifically in the respiratory epithelium to prevent the overexpression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) (PubMed:22022271). Involved in the NF-kappa-B-dependent apoptosis of unfit cells during cell competition (PubMed:25477468). Involved in neuron-specific glycosylation (PubMed:12588858, PubMed:17264077). Positively controls the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth in presynaptic motorneurons, probably via the JNK pathway (PubMed:24662564). During development of the peripheral nervous system, may function in the NF-kappa-B (rel) regulatory cascade to repress expression of the neuron-specific genes sc and ase in non-neuronal cells (PubMed:18000549). Promotes heterophilic cell adhesion with 18w in vitro (PubMed:25363762). May have a minor role in leg development (PubMed:21158756). May be involved in determining the proximal cell fate in the wing, possibly by negatively regulating the Dpp signaling pathway.(PubMed:17078066). May also be involved in the Dpp signaling pathway in the eye (PubMed:17078066). Possibly functions with 18w and Toll-6 during convergent extension, to help direct proper planar cell polarity, cell intercalation and axis elongation (PubMed:25363762).
Viable (PubMed:18000549, PubMed:22022271). The legs of some adults have the correct number of segments but are bent between the tibia and tarsus, causing the leg to twist in the wrong direction (PubMed:21158756). Formation of ectopic bristles on the heminota (PubMed:18000549). Slight decrease in the branch length of NMJ3 and a reduced number of boutons at NMJ3 and NMJ4 (PubMed:24662564). In larvae, tracheal cell morphology is normal and basal expression levels of the AMP gene Drs are unaffected (PubMed:22022271). However after infection with Gram-negative bacteria, the respiratory epithelium displays an over-active immune response with a greater increase in expression of AMPs (Drs, Dro and AttC) compared to wild-type larvae (PubMed:22022271). In adults, no effect on the immune response to septic injury using a mixture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; adults are able induce expression of antibacterial peptide genes (Drs, AttA, DptA and Mtk) and mount a proper innate immune response (PubMed:21158756). No visible effect on the development of the embryo central nervous system (PubMed:21158756).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
First expressed at the beginning of nuclear cycle 14 in the posterior terminal region. As cellularization proceeds, expression becomes confined to a ring area encompassing the primordium of the hindgut and anal pads. Expression is maintained in this region until the end of embryogenesis.
Required for the specification of the hindgut and anal pads.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Inhibits the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylation of the E1 alpha subunit, thus contributing to the regulation of glucose metabolism.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is restricted to adult females.
Expressed in nurse cells and oocytes of developing egg chambers.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in oocytes results in spindle defects.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome, suggesting that it is involved in the minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly. Required for oocyte activation and consequently for organization of the female meiotic spindle (PubMed:9155007, PubMed:9698447). Essential for centrosome organization and assembly of biastral mitotic spindles in embryos. Plays a role in stabilizing the augmin complex on the meiotic spindle (PubMed:23785300).
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome.
Component of PRC1 complex, which contains many PcG proteins like Pc, ph, Scm, Psc, Sce and also chromatin-remodeling proteins such as histone deacetylases. This complex is distinct from the Esc/E(z) complex, at least composed of esc, E(z), Su(z)12, HDAC1/Rpd3 and Caf1-55. The 2 complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing. Interacts with the SAM domain of Scm via its SAM domain in vitro. Interacts with Trl in vivo and with corto in vitro.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. Component of the PcG multiprotein PRC1 complex, a complex that acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-118', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Plays a role in regulating the expression of other pair-rule genes such as eve, ftz, and H.
Lethal; shows planar cell polarity defects with abnormal ommatidial orientation. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in planar cell polarity defects with ommatidia showing defective rotation.
Self-associates. Interacts (via GBD/FH3 domain) with Cdc42; the interaction is stronger with the GTP bound form of Cdc42.
The DAD domain regulates activation via by an autoinhibitory interaction with the GBD/FH3 domain. This autoinhibition is released upon competitive binding of an activated GTPase. The release of DAD allows the FH2 domain to then nucleate and elongate nonbranched actin filaments.
Together with Cdc42, involved in establishment of planar cell polarity in the developing compound eye by contributing to ommatidial rotation. Together with DAAM and Cdc42, has a role in neuronal development of mushroom bodies.
Forms a complex with dgrn; likely required for localization to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:26502056). Interacts with the SMC5-SMC6 complex members SMC5 and SMC6/jnj following ionizing radiation (IR) to induce DNA damage (PubMed:26502056). Interaction between the SMC5-SMC6 complex and the dgrn-Rad60 complex, may stabilize the association of heterochromatic DSBs with the nuclear periphery (PubMed:26502056).
Larval neuroblasts exhibit significant genome instability, including increased aneuploidy, chromosome fusions and satellite repeats.
Required for repair of DNA double strand breaks which occur during replication or are induced by ionizing radiation (IR) (PubMed:26502056). Functions with dgrn and downstream of the SMC5-SMC6 complex to regulate strand break repair (PubMed:26502056). Likely functions by stabilizing the association of heterochromatic double strand breaks (DSBs) with the nuclear periphery as part of the homologous recombination (HR) repair process (PubMed:26502056).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL43 family.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP8 subfamily.
Component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex. Exists as monomers and dimers, but the dimer is most probably the biologically relevant form required for stable interactions with histones that exploits the twofold symmetry of the nucleosome core (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the functional organization of mitotic chromosomes. Exhibits low basal ATPase activity, and unable to polymerize (By similarity).
Proposed core component of the chromatin remodeling INO80 complex which is involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and probably DNA repair. Strongly prefer nucleosomes and H3-H4 tetramers over H2A-H2B dimers, suggesting it may act as a nucleosome recognition module within the complex (By similarity).
Contributes to the activation of female-specific DSX splicing in vivo by recognizing the RBP1 target sequences within the purine-rich polypyrimidine tract of the female-specific 3' splice site.
Reduced meiotic crossover formation and sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS).
Single-stranded DNA-binding protein required for meiosis. May be involved in the resolution of recombination intermediates into crossovers in the meiotic recombination pathway.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Component of SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes consisting of Skpa, Cul1, Roc1a and an F-box protein. In larvae neuroblast self renewal and asymmetric division, as well as ddaC dendrite and mushroom body axon pruning, the complex contains the F-box protein slmb (SCF-slmb) (PubMed:24068890, PubMed:24413555). Interacts directly with Cul1 and Slmb (PubMed:11500045). In caspase activation during sperm differentiation, the complex contains the F-box protein ntc (Probable).
Core component of multiple SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. Through the RING-type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate. Required for the specific SCF-dependent proteolysis of CI, but not that of ARM, suggesting that it also participates in the selection of substrates inside the SCF complex (PubMed:12062088). During early metamorphosis, part of the SCF-slmb complex that negatively regulates the InR/PI3K/TOR pathway to activate the pruning of unnecessary larval ddaC dendrites and mushroom body axons (PubMed:24068890). The SCF-slmb complex also regulates asymmetrical division of neuroblasts and inhibits ectopic neuroblast formation partly through SAK and Akt1 (PubMed:24413555). Also part of an SCF complex required for caspase activation during sperm differentiation (Probable).
Severe pruning defect in ddaC neurons (PubMed:24068890). Also shows defects in ddaD and ddaE neuron pruning and in ddaF apoptosis (PubMed:24068890). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in apical detachment of scolopidial cells in Johnston's organ (PubMed:27331610).
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity. It coordinates an additional third zinc ion (By similarity).
Widely expressed. Expressed in embryonic, larval and adult tissues.
Expressed in the embryo in limb primordia of the head and thoracic segments. Expressed in regions of the larval leg, wing, antennal and haltere disks that form the distal-most regions of the mature structures (in the leg this corresponds to the tarsus and the distal tibia). Found in the optic center of the developing larval brain.
Transcription factor that plays a role in larval and adult appendage development. Specifies the identity of ventral appendages (including legs and antennae) and suppresses dorsal appendage development. Involved in patterning the distal-proximal limb axis. May control the adhesive properties of cells during limb morphogenesis. Also has a secondary role in the normal patterning of the wing margin.
Calcium-binding protein involved in exocytosis of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. May specifically mediate the Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles (DCVs) and other dense-core vesicles. However, it probably also participates in small clear synaptic vesicles (SVs) exocytosis and it is unclear whether its function is related to Ca(2+) triggering.
Flies display locomotory deficits and complete embryonic lethality. The mutant NMJ reveals a 50% loss in evoked glutamatergic transmission, and an accumulation of synaptic vesicles at active zones. They also display a 3-fold accumulation of DCVs in synaptic terminals.
Not detected in early embryos through stage 8. Strongly expressed in neural-specific cells at the onset of early stages of neuronal differentiation beginning at stage 9-10. Accumulates from stage 12 through the rest of embryogenesis in all neuronal cells within the brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC). Remains restricted to the central nervous system and not detected in other tissues at any stage of development.
Restricted to the nervous system at all stages of development and highly localized at synapses (at protein level).
The PH domain is essential for regulated exocytosis and binds phospholipids.
Expressed in the visual system of the fly, as well as in the mushroom bodies of the central brain.
Phosphatase required to prevent light-induced retinal degeneration.
Potentially involved in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Essential for gut mitochondrial activity. Might be involved in tissue specific growth factor production.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development, lowest levels are in third larval instar and pupae.
Expressed in anterior and posterior midgut primordia in stage 11 embryos. In stage 13 embryos, expression is high in the developing midgut and hindgut. In stage 16 embryos, expression is elevated in the midgut, hindgut, and in a small region that will give rise to pharyngeal muscles and to the stomatogastric nervous system. In larvae, expression is predominant in the gut, and head, presumably in pharyngeal muscles.
Mutants exhibit a strong systemic growth defect and die before reaching wild-type size.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (Tafs). Interacts with Tbp and Taf4.
TFIID is a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators and repressors. May play a role in helping to anchor Taf4 within the TFIID complex. May be involved in transducing signals from various transcriptional regulators to the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
By ecdysone. In larval epidermis, expression is rapidly induced. In adult epidermis expression responds to a pulse of hormone and there is a time lag between initial exposure and appearance of DDC.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to serotonin (PubMed:20098687). Catalyzes the formation of serotonin more efficiently than dopamine (PubMed:20098687). Displays no activity to tyrosine (PubMed:20098687). Variation in the synthesis of bioamines may be a factor contributing to natural variation in life span (PubMed:12881721).
Hypoderm isoform has high expression levels in hypoderm during late embryogenesis, late larval development, pupariation and adult eclosion. CNS isoform has constant expression level in CNS throughout the life cycle.
Hypoderm isoform is expressed only in hypodermal epithelium and the CNS isoform only in central nervous system. Expressed in the adult head (at protein level) (PubMed:35167135).
Simultaneous knockdown of Ddc and myc restores increased dopamine levels and the induced male-male courtship observed in the single myc knockdown.
Three common molecular polymorphisms (2 in the promoter region and Phe-12) account for 15.5% of the genetic contribution to variance in life span, the polymorphisms are maintained by balancing selection.
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. In the homodimer, two zinc ions are bound between subunits.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Belongs to the diuretic hormone class 2 family.
Regulation of fluid secretion. Stimulates Malpighian tubules fluid secretion by activating the apical membrane V-ATPase via cyclic AMP of principal cells in the main secretory segment.
Expressed in the developing nervous system (PubMed:12137943). Ubiquitously expressed in the developing brain (PubMed:27908785). Within the mushroom body, a higher level is detected in the core of lobes and peduncle in the late third instar larva (PubMed:12137943). Detected in whole mushroom body neuron structures at 48 hours after puparium formation and during later stages (PubMed:27908785).
Highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) in both the brain lobes and the ventral cord throughout embryogenesis, from early stages of neurogenesis. Expressed in both neuroblasts and neurons. Expressed at lower level in the visceral mesoderm during stage 12. Expression of DIP2 overlaps with that of Disco in the visceral mesoderm and CNS.
Mushroom body lobe defects including ectopic axon bifurcations and/or axon guidance defects (PubMed:27908785). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in an increase in the number of mushroom body lobes as well as ectopic lobes and guidance defects (PubMed:28396149, PubMed:27908785).
Required for precise axonal bifurcation in mushroom body neurons by suppressing ectopic bifurcation and regulating the guidance of sister axons (PubMed:28396149, PubMed:27908785). Acts downstream of the serine/threonine-protein kinase Bsk to modulate the direction of axon projection (PubMed:28396149). May play a role in fatty acid metabolism (PubMed:27908785).
Splice factor that binds to the single-stranded 3'AG at the exon/intron border and promotes its utilization in the second catalytic step. Involved in the regulation of alternative splicing and the utilization of cryptic splice sites.
Belongs to the WD repeat neurobeachin family.
Binds to type II regulatory subunits of protein kinase A and anchors/targets them to the membrane. May anchor the kinase to cytoskeletal and/or organelle-associated proteins. Required for correct retinal pattern formation and may function in cell fate determination through its interactions with the EGFR and Notch signaling pathways. Required for associative odor learning and short-term memory. Involved in development of the neuromuscular junction and the mushroom body.
In early embryos, ubiquitous expression with elevated levels in ventral furrow and flanking mesectodermal cells, neuroblasts and mesoderm. Late embryos show reduced expression in epidermis and skeletal muscle and elevated in nervous system, gut endothelium, tracheal system and salivary gland. Larvae show expression in imaginal disks and many neural cells. Developing eye imaginal disk shows expression throughout the disk and in the region of the morphogenetic furrow. Ubiquitous expression in adults with higher levels in head region. Expressed in larval neurons but not in larval glia.
Interacts with RII subunit of PKA and components of the EGFR-mediated and Notch-mediated signaling pathways.
Intron retention. In addition to the intron retained at the N-terminus, there are other discrepancies towards the C-terminus.
Intron retention. In addition, there are retained or missing exons which cannot be reconciled with any described isoform.
Mutants are viable and fertile but display a rough eye surface phenotype, impaired short-term memory, aberrant associative odor learning, aberrant neuromuscular junction morphology with increased numbers of synaptic boutons, and defective axonal morphology of the Kenyon cells, the neurons of the mushroom body.
RII-alpha binding site, predicted to form an amphipathic helix, could participate in protein-protein interactions with a complementary surface on the R-subunit dimer.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Component of the CGX complex composed of crb, galla (galla-1 or galla-2) and Xpd (PubMed:25065591). Interacts with crb (via intracellular domain) (PubMed:25065591). Also able to interact with Xpd in the absence of crb (PubMed:25065591). Interacts with Mms19 (PubMed:29361561).
Component of the crb-galla-Xpd (CGX) complex which is essential for proper mitotic chromosome segregation in early embryos. The CGX complex is also required for cell proliferation in developing wing disks. In the CGX complex, acts with crb to recruit Xpd thus forming the functional complex.
Embryonic lethal. In 0-2 hr embryos, mutants display signs of incomplete chromosome segregation during mitotic divisions likely due to defective organization of spindle microtubules.
The name 'galla' means splitting in Korean and is derived from its role in chromosome segregation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 23 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with Hsf.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for transcriptional activation in response to heat shock.
Adults are severely uncoordinated and exhibit disorganized spermatid cysts with dispersed nuclei, likely as a consequence of the severe defects in axonemal elongation (PubMed:31821146). RNAi-mediated knockdown in developing sensory neurons results in defective microtubule (MT)-microtubule (MT) and microtubule-membrane connections (Y linkers) ultimately affecting cilia formation leading to olfactory and gravitaxis behavioral defects (PubMed:30013109). RNAi-mediated knockdown in spermatocytes results in defective transition zone assembly including increased distance between microtubules (MT) and MT-membrane causing defective cilia (PubMed:30013109).
Essential for ciliogenesis in sensory neurons and spermatocytes (PubMed:25447994, PubMed:30013109, PubMed:31821146, PubMed:33370260). During neuron and spermatocyte ciliogenesis, essential for initiating transition zone (TZ) assembly and is required for the formation of diverse connections between microtubules and between microtubules and the membrane (PubMed:25447994, PubMed:30013109, PubMed:31821146, PubMed:33370260). Regulates TZ assembly by recruiting DZIP1 to the plasma membrane where it promotes early ciliary membrane formation resulting in the initiation of TZ assembly (PubMed:31821146, PubMed:33370260).
Expressed in sensory neurons type I and in germ cells (at protein level).
The C-terminus orients towards the microtubules and the N-terminus orients towards the membrane in a 9-fold symmetric manner.
Homomultimer; the oligomerization is required for its function. Interacts with the ankyrin repeats of Notch.
Regulator of Notch signaling, a signaling pathway involved in cell-cell communications that regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate determinations. Mainly acts as a positive regulator of Notch, but it may also act as a negative regulator, depending on the developmental and cell context. Mediates the antineural activity of Notch. May function as a ubiquitin ligase protein in the Notch pathway.
The WWE domains are thought to mediate some protein-protein interaction, and are frequently found in ubiquitin ligases.
Ubiquitous. Expressed at low levels throughout embryogenesis and in larvae.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR0 subfamily.
May participate in the coupling of lysosomes to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motor.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Compartment-specific localization and function depends on long untranslated sequences (UTR) in the PRL-1 mRNA.
Expressed in the adult head (at protein level) (PubMed:31404830). Expressed in neurons in the antennal lobe and V-glomeruli (at protein level) (PubMed:31404830). Expressed in dorsocentral neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:31048465).
Expressed ubiquitously during embryogenesis and larval development (at protein level) (PubMed:23577193). Expressed in wing disks and developing eyes in both actively dividing cells (anterior to the morphogenetic furrow) and differentiated cells (posterior to the morphogenetic furrow) (at protein level) (PubMed:23577193).
Homotrimer (By similarity). Interacts with uex, possibly at the plasma membrane (PubMed:31404830).
Probable phosphatase (Probable). Inhibits growth possibly by negatively regulating Src64B-induced growth (PubMed:23577193). Regulates central nervous system circuit formation and stabilization of synapse-dense terminal arbors (PubMed:31048465). In dorsocentral neurons, regulates synaptogenesis in terminal arbors via modulation of the insulin receptor pathway, likely upstream of Akt1, and via reduction of PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) levels (PubMed:31048465). In the nervous system, plays a protective role together with uex in response to olfactory carbon dioxide stimulation (PubMed:31404830).
Viable (PubMed:31404830, PubMed:31048465). Results in delayed hatching, locomotor defects and inability to fly (PubMed:31048465). Results in defects in axonal target areas in several central nervous system circuits (PubMed:31048465). Results in axonal and synapses defects in two distinct brain neuropils in the antennal lobes and mushroom bodies, respectively related to olfaction and olfaction-associated learning (PubMed:31048465). Reduces size of the central nervous system neuropil (a region of densely packed axons, dendrites, and synapses) (PubMed:31048465). When exposed to high concentration of carbon dioxide treatment results in a vertical held-up wing phenotype with calcium hyperactivation of neurons in the antennal lobe (PubMed:31404830, PubMed:31048465). Results in loss of synaptic arborizations from the contralateral mechanosensory neuron axon collateral with no defect in morphology (PubMed:31048465). RNAi-mediated knockdown in mechanosensory neurons eliminates terminal arbors and reduces numbers of synapses in the contralateral projecting axon collateral (PubMed:31048465).
In adults, it is enriched in Malpighian tubules.
Plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP. Dual-specificity phosphodiesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of both cAMP and cGMP to 5'-AMP and 5'-GMP, respectively.
Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor (PubMed:30158631). It can both act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto unmodified peptide substrates, and as a glycopeptide transferase that requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties (PubMed:30158631).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:16251381). Expressed through embryonic and larval stages (PubMed:16251381). During embryonic stages 9-11, expressed in the developing anterior midgut and amnioserosa (PubMed:16251381). Expressed in the salivary glands from embryonic stage 12 onwards (PubMed:16251381). During embryonic stages 12-13, still expressed in the amnioserosa region (PubMed:16251381). In third instar larvae, expressed ubiquitously in wing, with increased expression in the notum and ventral wing pouch, leg and haltere imaginal disks (PubMed:16251381). In eye-antennal imaginal disk, expressed in the presumptive eye region only (PubMed:16251381). Isoform A: Expressed in trachea, midgut, salivary gland, hindgut, central nervous system and Malpighian tubules (PubMed:30158631). Isoform B: Specifically expressed in the salivary gland (PubMed:30158631).
Isoform A forms homotetramer. Isoform B forms homodimer.
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase which preferentially O-glycosylates negatively charge substrates. O-glycosylates mucin-like protein Sgs3 in the salivary gland but to a lesser extent than isoform B. By regulating the O-glycosylation of secretory cargo proteins plays a role in the morphology and maturation of salivary gland secretory granules.
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase which preferentially O-glycosylates positively charge substrates. O-glycosylates mucin-like protein Sgs3 in the salivary gland. By regulating the O-glycosylation of secretory cargo proteins, plays a role in the morphology and maturation of salivary gland secretory granules.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body, in the mesoderm, the respiratory system or the amnioserosa results in lethality (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the epidermis or the digestive system and reproductive tract results in a reduction in viability (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in salivary glands results in aberrant secretory granule morphology showing angular, shard-like morphology (PubMed:30158631).
The alpha subunit loop in the ricin B-type lectin domain regulates substrate specificity and modulates the substrate access to the active site. In isoform A, the alpha subunit loop is composed of positively charged residues and acts on negatively charged substrates. In isoform B, the alpha subunit loop is composed of negatively charged residues and acts on positively charged substrates.
There are two conserved domains in the glycosyltransferase region: the N-terminal domain (domain A, also called GT1 motif), which is involved in manganese coordination and substrate binding and the C-terminal domain (domain B, also called Gal/GalNAc-T motif), which is involved in catalytic reaction and UDP-Gal binding.
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Acts as component of the Mcm2-7 complex (Mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the Mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity Required for DNA replication and cell proliferation. Required for mitotic cycles, endocycles, and the special S phase associated with the amplification of chorion genes; has a role in origin unwinding or fork elongation at chorion loci.
Component of the Mcm2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order Mcm2-Mcm6-Mcm4-Mcm7-Mcm3-Mcm5 (Probable). The heterodimers of Mcm4/Mcm6 and Mcm3/Mcm5 interact with Mcm2 and Mcm7.
In stage 12 embryos, strongly expressed in the CNS and weakly in the gut.
Negative regulator of both mitosis and meiosis. Required for the establishment of the G1 phase in the developing eye.
Rough eye phenotype, and/or male sterility and in, some cases, pupal death.
The rux phenotype is suppressed by mutations of genes involved in cell cycle progression such as CycA and string, and enhanced by mutations of intercellular signaling genes, Ras1 and Star.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2/AMEX complex (anchoring and mRNA export complex), composed of e(y)2, xmas and PCID2 (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:27016737). Within the TREX-2/ AMEX complex, interactions with xmas is required for localization to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:18034162). Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complexes, at least composed of Ada2b, e(y)2, Pcaf/Gcn5, Taf10 and Nipped-A/Trrap (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:19947544). Within the SAGA complex, e(y)2, Sgf11, and not/nonstop form an additional subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module) (By similarity). Component of the THO complex, composed of at least e(y)2, HPR1, THO2, THOC5, THOC6 and THOC7 (PubMed:20714859, PubMed:20048002). Interacts with e(y)1 (PubMed:11438676). Interacts with su(Hw) (via zinc fingers) (PubMed:17643381). Interacts with the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:20048002). Interaction between the TREX-2/AMEX complex and the ORC complex is required for ORC localization to mRNPs, and consequently mRNA export (PubMed:27016737, Ref.11). Within the TREX-2/AMEX-ORC complex, interacts with Orc6 and (via N-terminus or C-terminus) with Orc3 (PubMed:27016737, Ref.11). Interacts with the zinc finger protein CG9890 (PubMed:30713769).
Detected in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:27016737, Ref.11). Expressed at all stages of development (PubMed:11438676).
Involved in mRNA export coupled transcription activation by association with both the TREX-2/AMEX and the SAGA complexes (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:19947544, PubMed:27016737). The SAGA complex is a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination (PubMed:11438676, PubMed:18206972). Within the SAGA complex, participates in a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histone H2B (PubMed:18206972). The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription (PubMed:18034162, PubMed:19947544). Required for nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation (PubMed:20714859, PubMed:20048002). Involved in transcription elongation by recruiting the THO complex onto nascent mRNA (PubMed:20048002). The TREX-2/AMEX complex functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket) (PubMed:27016737). TREX-2/AMEX participates in mRNA export and accurate chromatin positioning in the nucleus by tethering genes to the nuclear periphery (PubMed:17643381, PubMed:27016737). Recruited to the su(Hw) insulators via its interaction with su(Hw) and participates in the barrier activity of such insulators (PubMed:17643381). In contrast, it does not participate in the enhancer-blocking activity of the su(Hw) insulators (PubMed:17643381).
Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family.
Peroxisomal protease that mediates both the removal of the leader peptide from proteins containing a PTS2 target sequence and processes several PTS1-containing proteins. Catalyzes the processing of PTS1-proteins involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
The full-lengh TYSND1 is the active the proteolytic processing of PTS1- and PTS2-proteins and in self-cleavage, and intermolecular self-cleavage of TYSND1 down-regulates its protease activity.
Expression is low in unfertilized eggs and early embryos, increases in older embryos and young larvae, is low in mature larvae and increases strongly in pupae and adult flies. Expression during embryogenesis is restricted to the central nervous system (CNS) and the Garland cells, a small group of nephrocytes that takes up waste materials from the hemolymph by endocytosis. In post embryonic stages, expression is seen in the larval salivary glands and the CNS, and in the adult CNS and reproductive systems.
May be a component of one of the vesicle trafficking pathways. May interact functionally with Ras2 protein.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. IF-2 subfamily.
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Underwinds duplex DNA (By similarity).
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Underwinds duplex DNA.
Spindle genes are required for each of the symmetry-breaking steps that generate polarity during egg axis formation; oocyte positioning at the posterior of the cyst to generate the first AP polarity and inhibition of gurken (grk) signaling to the follicle cell layer to polarize first the AP axis and then DV axis. May have a role in female meiosis.
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Expressed in midgut, brain lobes and ventral nerve cord of larvae. In adults, expressed in a pair of dorsolateral neurons in the protocerebrum, and the central complex and a small number of neurons in the subesophageal ganglion (at protein level). Expressed in a subset of sugar-responsive PAIN neurons in the thoracic body but is absent from other peripheral PAIN neurons.
Receptor for NPF. Integral part of the sensory system that mediates food signaling, providing the neural basis for the regulation of food response; coordinates larval foraging and social behavior changes during development. Required in dopaminergic (DA) neurons that innervate the mushroom body for satiety to suppress appetitive memory performance; a key factor in the internal state of hunger in the brain. NPF neurons coordinately modulate diverse sensory and motor neurons important for feeding, flight, and locomotion. NPF/NPFR pathway exerts its suppressive effect on larval aversion to diverse stressful stimuli (chemical stress and noxious heat) through attenuation of TRP channel-induced neuronal excitation. NPF neural signaling system plays a physiological role in acute modulation of alcohol sensitivity in adults, rather than a general response to intoxication by sedative agents. Activation and inhibition of the NPF system reduces and enhances ethanol preference, respectively. Sexual experience, the NPF system activity and ethanol consumption are all linked; sexual deprivation is a major contributor to enhanced ethanol preference.
Secreted immune-induced peptide induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). Has a role in resistance to bacterial and fungal infections (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). Has no activity against the fungus C.glabrata in vitro (PubMed:29920489).
Exhibits ester hydrolase activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate.
Ovary specific. Expressed present in the nurse cells from stage 9 of ovary development and is transported into the oocyte. Expressed throughout oogenesis.
Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. As a reducing substrate of peroxiredoxin 1, thioredoxin 2 is preferred over thioredoxin 1. Required for female meiosis and early embryonic development.
The TrxT gene, which encodes an testis specific thioredoxin, is adjacent to the dhd gene and shares some regulatory region with it.
Isoform I is found in embryos, pupae and adult somatic tissue; isoform II occurs in embryos, pupae, ovaries, testis and to a lesser extent in adult somatic tissue.
Transcriptional regulator; binds to the promoter region of Cp15. Also binds to its own promoter, thus having a probable autoregulatory role.
Scaffolding subunit of the trimeric nuclear exosome targeting (NEXT) complex, a complex that directs a subset of non-coding short-lived RNAs for exosomal degradation. The RNA exosome is fundamental for the degradation of RNA in eukaryotic nuclei. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
Core component of several methyltransferase-containing complexes. Component of the SET1 complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1. Component of the MLL3/4 complex composed at least of the catalytic subunit trr, ash2, Rbbp5, Dpy-30L1, wds, hcf, ptip, Pa1, Utx, Lpt and Ncoa6. Interacts with hcf, sktl and trr.
Expressed in larval and pupal stages (at protein level). Expression also detected at early embryonic stages and in adult.
Generally pupal-lethal with mutants showing a wide array of homeotic transformations. Adult escapers are sterile and show pattern formation abnormalities in legs, including tissue overgrowth and small supernumerary legs. In wings, the pattern formation defects observed include duplicated bristles and sockets, transformation of campaniform sensilla (a class of sensory organ) to bristles, ectopic campaniform sensilla and reduction of intervein tissue with increase of longitudinal veins and cross-vein tissue. Mutant wing imaginal disk shows ectopic expression of neur, normally expressed in all sensory organ precursors in the posterior region of the wing disk. Increased histone H1 hyperphosphorylation in polytene chromosomes. Reduced trimethylation of histone H3 'Lys-4', reduced levels of trr protein and severe defects in pupariation and metamorphosis due to a lack of activation of ecdysone-responsive genes.
In larvae and pupae, expressed in imaginal disks, salivary gland and fat body cells. No expression detected in central nervous system (at protein level).
Transcriptional regulator. Regulates a number of genes involved in wing development including activation of net and bs and repression of rho and kni and controls vein-intervein patterning during wing development. Required for correct expression of a number of homeotic genes including Scr in the first leg imaginal disk and Ubx in the third leg imaginal disk and haltere disks. Required for stabilization of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase trr and for trimethylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3. Plays a role in maintenance of transcriptionally active chromatin through down-regulation of histone H1 hyperphosphorylation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Expressed ubiquitously in embryos, highest expression is in the midgut.
Component of some E3 complex at least composed of sina, ebi and phyl, required for the degradation of ttk. Probably forms a E3 complex with sno, required for the degradation of some component of the Su(H) repressor complex. Interacts with sno and Su(H) and Smr.
F-box-like component of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes; involved in R7 photoreceptor cell differentiation, cone cell development and neuronal cell cycle control. E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes mediate ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Required for specification of R7 photoreceptor cell fate in the eye by participating in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Tramtrack (ttk), a general inhibitor of photoreceptor differentiation. Required to block the S phase entry in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in a process that does not involve the degradation of ttk. Involved in cone cell development by preventing the transcriptional repression mediated by Su(H) on Dl, probably by participating in a E3 complex that contains sno and mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of some component of the Su(H) repressor complex.
The F-box-like domain is related to the F-box domain, and apparently displays the same function as component of ubiquitin E3 ligase complexes.
Widely expressed both in embryos and larvae.
Expressed in uninduced hemocytes and mbn-2 cells.
Peptidoglycan-recognition protein probably involved in innate immunity by binding to peptidoglycans (PGN) of bacteria and activating the immune response.
Embryonic ventral nervous system and 1 pair of neurons in each thoracic segment.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. JAK subfamily.
Forms a complex with Hsp83 and piwi; probably Hop mediates the interaction between piwi and Hsp83.
Possesses two phosphotransferase domains. The second one probably contains the catalytic domain (By similarity), while the presence of slight differences suggest a different role for domain 1 (By similarity).
Tyrosine kinase of the non-receptor type, phosphorylates the marelle protein. Required maternally for the establishment of the normal array of embryonic segments: involved in the control of pair-rule gene transcription in a stripe-specific manner. Together with Hsp83 and piwi, mediates canalization, also known as developmental robustness, likely via epigenetic silencing of existing genetic variants and suppression of transposon-induced new genetic variation.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Although related to the peptidase M24 family, this protein lacks conserved active site residues suggesting that it may lack peptidase activity.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. The FACT complex is required for expression of Hox genes.
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of dre4/spt16 and Ssrp. Interacts with TRL/GAGA.
Expressed in embryos in a segmental pattern in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and in the brain, beginning at stage 13 and continuing through to stage 17. Colocalized with Gyc-89Db in several peripheral neurons that innervate trachea, basiconical sensilla and the sensory cones in the posterior segments of the embryo. Expression in wandering 3rd instar larvae is most prominent in a small cluster of cells located in the anterior medial region of each brain lobe. In the VNC, expression is found in scattered cells both laterally and at the midline.
Heterodimer; with Gyc88E, in the presence of magnesium or manganese.
Heterodimers with Gyc88E are activated in response to changing oxygen concentrations, alerting flies to hypoxic environments. Under normal oxygen concentrations, oxygen binds to the heme group and results in low levels of guanylyl cyclase activity. When exposed to reduced oxygen concentrations, the oxygen dissociates from the heme group resulting in activation of the enzyme.
Probably not activated by nitric oxide (NO). Heterodimer exhibits some stimulation, compounds (SIN-1 and two of the NONOates) that were ineffective at stimulating Gyc-88E homodimer did stimulate the heterodimer.
Adults display disrupted sleep. Consolidation of daytime sleep is decreased, particularly in males, such that the number of bouts is increased and bout duration is decreased. Adults are more easily roused from sleep and have impaired sleep rebound, thereby recovering sleep more slowly after sleep deprivation. Mutants infected with S.marcescens or E.coli at zeitgeber time 18 (ZT18) show a significant reduction in infection-induced sleep during ZT0 to ZT2 the next morning.
Antimicrobial protein which is essential for the homeostatic regulation of sleep. Promotes sleep following sleep deprivation or bacterial infection and increases survival following bacterial infection. Likely to promote survival to bacterial infection in two ways; by contributing to the innate immune response and by promoting sleep during sickness to aid recovery.
Detected in the brain where it accumulates in the dorsal fan-shaped body following sleep deprivation (at protein level). Expressed in the adult body.
In the adult brain by sleep deprivation (at protein level). Up-regulated after bacterial infection in the whole adult body and in brains of some flies.
The name 'nemuri' means sleep in Japanese.
May be required for ribosome biogenesis.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 7 family.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Essential for development (PubMed:19326441, PubMed:21078872). Required for cell signaling and/or cell proliferation (PubMed:19326441).
Expressed at low levels. First detected after cellularization, in the early epidermal tissues of embryos undergoing gastrulation. At later stages of embryogenesis, strongest expression is in the gut, and there is also expression in the central nervous system and perhaps the peripheral nervous system.
The name 'deflated' originates from the 'deflated balloon' appearance of mutant abdomens.
Component of the SET1 complex that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (PubMed:21694722, PubMed:21875999). Together with su(sable), part of a transcription termination checkpoint that promotes transcription termination of aberrant RNAs and their subsequent degradation by the nuclear exosome (PubMed:26577379).
Component of the SET1 complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1 (PubMed:21694722, PubMed:21875999). Interacts with male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3 (PubMed:23295261). Interacts with su(sable) (PubMed:26577379).
May be involved in protein traffic between late Golgi and early endosomes.
Facilitates ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of polycomb protein Pc by interacting directly with the proteasome and recruiting Pc to it.
Homozygous and hemizygous lethal at the pupal stage. Hemizygous escapers display haltere-to-wing and metathoracic-to-mesothoracic leg transformations and die as pharate adults.
Interacts with PRC1 complex member polycomb protein Pc; the interaction targets Pc for ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation. Does not interact with PRC1 members Ph, Psc or Sce so does not appear to be a member of the PRC1 complex. Interacts with 26S proteasome regulatory subunit Rpn10.
The name 'stuxnet' derives from a computer (PC) virus of the same name, due to the role of the protein in promoting Pc protein degradation in the proteasome.
The ubiquitin-like domain is required for Pc degradation.
Lethal due to mitochondrial dysfunction. 3 days after egg laying (ael) larvae display a severe decrease in size and a significant increase in mitochondrial mRNA steady-state levels which results in larval lethality by 4 days ael. RNAi-mediated knockdown is pupal lethal. Larvae display significant increases in mitochondrial mRNA and anti-sense RNA steady-state levels but rRNA (12S and 16S) steady-state levels and de novo transcription are not affected. Larvae also display severe decreases in mitochondrial tRNA steady state levels and accumulation of unprocessed precursor transcripts. These defects result in a general decrease in mitochondrial translation and severe decreases in the activity of respiratory chain complexes I, I+III, II+III and IV, whereas the nuclear encoded complex II displays a relatively small decrease. Also displays a small decrease in the peptide steady-state levels of the mitochondrial encoded subunit cox3 and the nuclear encoded subunit ND-30.
Major helicase player in mitochondrial RNA metabolism and maintenance (PubMed:26152302). Likely component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). ATPase and ATP-dependent multisubstrate helicase, able to unwind double-stranded (ds) DNA and RNA, and RNA/DNA heteroduplexes in the 5'-to-3' direction (By similarity). Regulates mRNA stability and is required for the correct processing and maturation of mitochondrial transcripts (PubMed:26152302).
Homohexamer (PubMed:10564274). Interacts with tud, vas, papi and AGO3 (PubMed:18590813, PubMed:21447556). Interacts with Npl4 (PubMed:26471729).
Necessary for the fragmentation of Golgi stacks during mitosis and for their reassembly after mitosis. Involved in the formation of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER). The transfer of membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus occurs via 50-70 nm transition vesicles which derive from part-rough, part-smooth transitional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (tER). Vesicle budding from the tER is an ATP-dependent process. Involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Important for oskar mRNA localization and/or anchoring during oogenesis. Involved in germ cell formation.
Present in egg, pupa and imago but not larva (at protein level).
Present in the mushroom bodies of the protocerebrum and in the glomeruli of the antennal lobe. Present in nurse cells, oocytes and sperm bundles (at protein level).
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Catalyzes two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis: converts (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate (SAICAR) to fumarate plus 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide, and thereby also contributes to de novo IMP synthesis, and converts succinyladenosine monophosphate (SAMP) to AMP and fumarate.
Homotetramer. Residues from neighboring subunits contribute catalytic and substrate-binding residues to each active site.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
Essential for phagosome maturation and the innate immune response to bacteria. During phagosome maturation it is required for the fusion of late endosomes/lysosomes and phagosomes.
Viable and fertile, with no obvious morphological defects. Strongly susceptible to bacterial infection, displaying reduced survival after infection with E.coli and E.faecalis. The initial phagocytic uptake of bacteria by the hemocytes is not affected, however bacterial clearance by the phagosomes is severely reduced. Phagosomes fail to fuse with late endosomes/lysosomes, preventing the phagosomes from acquiring their characteristics and maturing into fully acidified phagolysosomes. No effect on endocytic trafficking and starvation-induced autophagy. The Notch and EGF receptor pathways are also unaffected.
Detected from the third larval instar onwards, with maximal expression levels in adult flies.
Retinoid-binding protein which shows highest affinity for all-trans retinol. Can also bind all-trans forms of retinoic acid and retinal, but has lower affinity for cis form retinoids. Required in retinal pigment cells for rhodopsin biosynthesis.
Strongly expressed in retina, where it may localize to pigment cells. Also detected in lamina, medulla, and optic lobes.
Visual response is impaired, characterized by abnormal electroretinogram (ERG) recordings which show loss of the prolonged depolarization afterpotential which normally occurs in response to blue light. Expression levels of the opsins Rh1 and Rh4 are severely decreased.
Belongs to the ROX family. NO66 subfamily.
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase. Specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-36' (H3K36me) of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code (By similarity).
Oxygenase that can act as both a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase. Specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-36' (H3K36me) of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code.
Expressed in the developing peripheral nervous system (PNS). Expressed in the ventral patch in the cephalic region of the embryo from stage 5, and continues in cephalic region through stage 15. Expressed in the developing PNS from stage 11 to 15, with a transient expression in each PNS cluster. In the ESOP lineage, it is first expressed in the IIIB cell, and in both ES and th cells, although it is only transiently expressed in th cells. In the ESOP lineage in the adult, it is also expressed in the IIIB cell and inherited by its daughter cells, as in the embryo.
Transcription factor that plays a crucial role in external sensory organ (ESO) that elaborates from a single precursor cell (ESOP cell). Mediates the differentiation of lineage branch that generates the internal 'ES' and 'th' cells (external sensory neuron and thecogen cells, respectively) from the IIIB cell. Its absence leads to re-specification of IIIB daughter cells into external tormagen cells (tr cells), or internal multidendritic neurons (MD cells). One of its role in the development of the ESO lineage is to modulate the activity of Notch and PAX2 signals.
Was named 'hamlet' because of its 'to be or not to be' role in ESOP cells differentiation.
Expressed throughout development, highest expression seen in second instar larvae, pupae and adults.
Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, composed of Esc, E(z), Su(z)12, HDAC1/Rpd3 and Caf1-55. This complex is distinct from the PRC1 complex, which contains many other PcG proteins like Pc, Ph, Psc, Su(z)2. The two complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing. Component of the chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex. Interacts with Sfmbt to form a pho-repressive complex (PhoRC).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein that binds to the 5'-CNGCCATNNNNG-3' sequence found in the regulatory regions of many genes. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility. Probably targets the Esc/E(z) complex to DNA. Necessary but not sufficient to recruit a functional PcG repressive complex that represses target genes, suggesting that the recruitment of the distinct PRC1 complex is also required to allow a subsequent repression.
A key regulator of plasticity in synaptic physiology and behavior, alterations in its activity produce pleiotrophic effects that involve synaptic transmission and development as well as various aspects of behavior. Directly modulates eag potassium channels.
Autophosphorylation at Thr-287 is independent of autophosphorylation at Thr-306 and Thr-307.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMK subfamily.
CASK plays a role in regulation of CaMKII autophosphorylation. When complexed with CASK and in the presence Ca[2+]/CaM, autophosphorylation of Thr-287 causes constitutive activation of the kinase. In the absence of Ca[2+]/CaM, autophosphorylation of Thr-306 causes inactivation of the kinase.
Expressed at a high level in the central nervous system during the late embryonic stage. In adults, expression is more abundant in the head than in the body.
Kinase involved in a signal transduction pathway.
The phosphorylation on Thr-177 activates the enzyme (By similarity). A conserved Tyr, which must also be phosphorylated to activate the enzyme in closely related sequences, is replaced by His-179 in this sequence.
During oogenesis, low levels in region 1 of the germarium, accumulates in the oocyte by stage 5, and between stage 8 and 10A localizes to the posterior of the oocyte (PubMed:11729157). By stage 10B posterior localization in the oocyte is lost but expression is significantly enhanced in nurse cells (PubMed:11729157). Abundant early during embryogenesis with levels gradually tapering off (PubMed:11729157). Displays an expression profile typical of maternal transcripts deposited into the embryo (PubMed:11729157).
Female specific, expressed in both somatic and germline cells but highly enriched in ovaries (PubMed:11729157). In the germarium of the developing oocyte expressed in germline stem cells, cystoblasts and developing germline cysts (PubMed:36193674). Expressed in nurse cells in the germarium and egg chamber (PubMed:36193674).
Females are sterile and produce eggs with various polarity defects.
Homodimer in solution (PubMed:25085419, PubMed:25613572). Dimerization is essential for chromatin binding (PubMed:25613572). Component of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex, composed of rhi/rhino, cuff/cutoff and del/deadlock (PubMed:24906153). Interacts (via C-terminus) with del (via N-terminus); this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:29858487). Two copies of del associate with each rhi dimer (PubMed:29858487). Interacts with cuff; this interaction is indirect and is mediated by del (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419). Interacts (via Chromo domain) with kipf/kipferl (via C2H2 type zinc finger 4) (PubMed:36193674). Interacts (via Chromo domain) with His3/histone H3 (via N-terminus di- or tri-methylated on 'Lys-10' (H3K9me2/3)); this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419, PubMed:25613572). Two His3 N-terminal tails oriented anti-parallel to each other are required for dimer binding to His3 (PubMed:25613572).
Involved in piRNA (piwi-interacting RNA)-mediated transposon repression (PubMed:19732946, PubMed:36193674). May be involved in formation of the perinuclear nuage, a subcellular structure implicated in RNA processing that may be involved in transposon RNA surveillance and silencing (PubMed:19732946, PubMed:36193674). Required for ping-pong amplification during piRNA biogenesis, probably by promoting transcription of piRNA precursors (PubMed:19732946, PubMed:36193674, PubMed:25085419). As part of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) Complex associates with, and drives non-canonical transcription of germline specific dual-strand piRNA clusters 80F, 38C and 42AB, but not single-stranded piRNA cluster 20A (PubMed:19732946, PubMed:36193674, PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419). Induction of piRNA expression is potentially achieved through a mechanism that prevents transcriptional termination and leads to readthrough from flanking transcription units (PubMed:24906153). Recruited to specific chromatin regions by a combination of H3K9me2/3 histone methylation and differentially expressed sequence-specific recruitment factors (PubMed:36193674, PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419, PubMed:25613572). This association may involve direct interaction with DNA (PubMed:25613572). In ovaries, recruitment to specific heterochromatin clusters is nucleated and stabilized by kipf/kipferl (PubMed:36193674). During oogenesis, involved in axis specification and may regulate chromosome condensation at the onset of a mitotic-like phase that occurs during nurse cell chromosome duplication (PubMed:11729157). Involved in the distribution of mRNAs for proteins that play a role in anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes specification during development of the oocyte, including grk/gurken, osk/oskar and vas/vasa (PubMed:11729157, PubMed:19732946). Mitigates meiotic double strand breaks and interacts with DNA damage signaling to mediate axis specification (PubMed:19732946).
The Chromo domain mediates binding to chromatin through interaction with the histone H3 N-terminal tail. Binding requires di- or tri- methylation of histone H3 'Lys-10' (H3K9me2/3).
Wild-type eggs possess two dorsal respiratory appendages. Mutations in rhi/Rhino results in partial or complete fusion of these appendages resulting in a single appendage from which Rhino gets its name.
Galactose-specific lectin that displays calcium-dependent activity (PubMed:16475980, PubMed:17287021). Binds to the surface of hemocytes and enhances hemocyte encapsulation and melanization (PubMed:17287021). This is likely by interacting with carbohydrates on the surface of the hemocytes (PubMed:17287021). Also displays agglutination activity against the Gram-negative bacterium E.coli (PubMed:17287021).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternal expression is uniform at the blastoderm stage. Zygotic expression becomes predominant at the extended band stage. After germ band retraction, expression is restricted to the ventral nerve chord and the brain.
Involved in the recruitment and site-specific anchoring of the Brahma complex at specific promoter sites (PubMed:16083904, PubMed:24618901). The Brahma complex is a multiprotein complex which is the equivalent of the yeast SWI/SNF complex and acts by remodeling the chromatin by catalyzing an ATP-dependent alteration in the structure of nucleosomal DNA (PubMed:16083904, PubMed:24618901). This complex can both serve as a transcriptional coactivator or corepressor, depending on the context (PubMed:16083904). Participates in X-chromosomal dosage compensation (PubMed:16083904). Participates in neurogenesis (PubMed:16083904, PubMed:24618901).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic expression of type II neuroblast lineages in larval brains.
There are 2 distinct Brahma complexes in the fruit fly, the Brahma-associated proteins (BAP) and Polybromo-containing BAP (PBAP) complexes, which are composed of common subunits Brm, Mor, Snr1/Bap45, Bap111/Dalo, Bap55, Bap60 and Act42A/Bap47, and additional signature subunits osa in the BAP complex and Polybromo and Bap170 in the PBAP complex (PubMed:15060132). Interacts with sisA and sc (PubMed:16083904). Interacts with mor (PubMed:10809665). Interacts with p53 (PubMed:20308539). Interacts with erm (via N-terminal) (PubMed:24618901). Interacts with akirin; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent; activates selected Rel target gene promoters (PubMed:25180232).
In larva, detected in the optic lobe and weakly in the neuroblasts (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). Expressed at the time when separation of neural and epidermal precursor cells occurs (PubMed:2540957). Mesectodermal expression appears shortly before the onset of gastrulation (PubMed:2540957). In imaginal disks, expression is seen primarily within presumptive proneural clusters of eye-antennal, wing and leg disks (PubMed:2540957).
Participates in the control of cell fate choice by uncommitted neuroectodermal cells in the embryo. Transcriptional repressor. Binds DNA on N-box motifs: 5'-CACNAG-3'.
The orange domain and the basic helix-loop-helix motif mediate repression of specific transcriptional activators, such as basic helix-loop-helix protein dimers.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein (Groucho). Forms homodimers.
Expressed in embryonic gut in a pattern that guides germ cells towards mesoderm (initially in hindgut and then on lower side of gut). During extended germ band stage, expressed in ectoderm as a medial band throughout the trunk.
Homodimer. This complex seems not to be involved in substrate recognition, it may confer only structural or functional stability.
Responsible for guiding the germ cells early in the process of migration from the lumen of the developing gut towards the overlying mesoderm, where the germ cells enter the gonads. May be involved in lipid metabolism.
Belongs to the sarcoglycan beta/delta/gamma/zeta family.
Cross-link to form 2 major subcomplexes: one consisting of SGCB, SGCD and SGCG and the other consisting of SGCB and SGCD. The association between SGCB and SGCG is particularly strong while SGCA is loosely associated with the other sarcoglycans.
Expressed with Orco in 17-20 sensory neurons on the medial-proximal edge of the antenna. Expressed in the ab3A neuron which responds to ethyl butyrate.
Interacts with Orco, via conserved C-terminal cytoplasmic loops. Complexes exist early in the endomembrane system in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), coupling these complexes to the conserved ciliary trafficking pathway. Interacts with snmp1.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Involved in the behavioral responses ethyl butyrate and to esters in more general. Complexes with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. They are necessary and sufficient to promote functional reconstitution of odor-evoked signaling in sensory neurons that normally respond only to carbon dioxide.
Expressed maternally in stage 1 embryos. Isoform 1 and isoform 4 are expressed zygotically in stage 4 in pole cells. By stage 8, expressed in 14 segmentally repeating stripes. During stage 9 and 10, expression appears in neuroblasts. After stage 14, expression is restricted to clypeolabrum, anal plate and salivary glands.
Expressed near the anterio-posterior compartment boundary of antenna, leg and wing disks.
Involved in segment polarity. In complex with gft/CUL3, promotes ubiquitination of ci and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome, which results in hh signaling attenuation. This regulation may be important during eye formation for proper packing of ommatidia into a hexagonal array.
The BTB (POZ) domain interacts with gft/CUL3.
Plays a critical role in several secretory processes, including cuticle secretion and neurotransmitter release, and probably assists in neuronal membrane maturation or the final stages of neuronal differentiation (PubMed:7834751). Essential for embryonic viability and development (PubMed:7834751). Required for coordinated peristaltic contractions (PubMed:7834751). Recruited by Unc-13-4B to secretory lysosome-related organelles (SLs) that are essential for tracheal lumen fusion between previously separate tracheal branches (anastomosis). Possibly promotes the intracellular fusion of the extending tracheal stalk cell lumens in tracheal fusion cells (Fcs) by interacting with complementary SNAREs (such as Syb) present in the apical membrane of the FC-FC interface and the membranes of the separate tracheal stalk cells (PubMed:27323327).
Prior to embryonic stage 12 expression is ubiquitous, then it becomes concentrated in the neuropil. In third instar larvae, expression is seen at the synaptic boutons of the ventral muscles. In adult brain, expression is seen in the optic lobe neuropils.
Participates in Wnt signaling (By similarity). Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta' subunits.
Forms a complex with the beta and gamma subunits of the GTP-binding proteins. Interacts with the CCT chaperonin complex (By similarity).
Functions as a co-chaperone for CCT in the assembly of heterotrimeric G protein complexes, facilitates the assembly of both Gbeta-Ggamma and RGS-Gbeta5 heterodimers.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Acts as a tissue-autonomous lipid modulator, preventing ectopic lipid accumulation in salivary gland (a non-adipose tissue) and in promoting lipid storage in fat tissue (PubMed:21533227). Required for the growth and maturation of small nascent lipid droplets (LDs) into larger mature LDs (PubMed:27564575).
At late embryonic stages, highly expressed in hindgut. At larval stages, expression detected in fat body, anterior midgut and salivary gland.
Flies are viable and fertile with no noticeable behavior defects, but display reduced average weight. The size of the lipid droplets in larval fat bodies and the fat cells of young adults is significantly reduced, but exhibit ectopic lipid droplets in salivary gland and gut. Flies also display greatly reduced total glyceride levels and hypersensitivity to starvation.
Widely expressed, with highest levels detected in fat body, moderate levels detected in salivary gland, midgut and muscle, and weak expression detected in brain.
Detected in the fan-shaped body which is a component of the locomotion center in the central nervous system (CNS) (at protein level).
In larvae, expressed in a punctate pattern along the CNS axons (at protein level) (PubMed:23892553). Expressed in larval body wall muscles and in the synaptic boutons (PubMed:24124519). In embryos, expressed in the CNS midline and muscles (PubMed:19018662).
Neurotrophin which may function as a ligand for the Toll-related receptors Toll-6 and Toll-7 (PubMed:23892553). Binds to Toll-7 and Toll-6, and probably acts as their ligands in the promotion of motor axon targeting and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:19018662, PubMed:23892553). Involved in synaptic targeting of ISNb/d motorneurons and also some SNa motorneurons (PubMed:19018662). May be involved in the normal development of specific neurons at the neuromuscular junction (PubMed:24124519).
GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases by converting them to an inactive GDP-bound state.
DNA binding protein which is involved in the positive regulation of both basal and inducible transcription (PubMed:33456983). Mainly localizes to active promoter sites and interacts with components of various transcription and replication regulatory complexes, such as the ORC, SAGA, THO, TFIID and SWI/SNF complexes (PubMed:30713769, PubMed:33456983). It may therefore regulate transcription by promoting the association of these complexes to their binding sites (PubMed:30713769, PubMed:33456983).
Interacts with components of the origin recognition complex (ORC) complex, Orc2 and Orc3, components of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex, Gcn5 and e(y)2, components of the mRNP biogenesis THO complex, thoc5 and e(y)2, and a component of the TFIID complex, TBP (PubMed:30713769). Also interacts with polybromo, a component of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex (PubMed:30713769).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-4 (PP-X) subfamily.
Protein phosphatase that regulates many processes such as microtubule organization at centrosomes. The probable PP4 complex Pp4-19C-PPP4R2r-flfl (PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3) is required to prevent caspase-induced cell death (in vitro).
Reversibly methyl esterified on Leu-307 by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PPME1). Carboxyl methylation influences the affinity of the catalytic subunit for the different regulatory subunits, thereby modulating the PP2A holoenzyme's substrate specificity, enzyme activity and cellular localization (By similarity).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) occurs in different assemblies of the catalytic and one or more regulatory subunits (By similarity). Probably part of a PP4 PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3 complex containing Pp4-19C, PPP4R2r and flfl.
Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex seems to bind preferentially to single-stranded DNA.
A broad-specificity exonuclease, capable of degrading both structure-specific DNA and RNA targets without sequence specificity in vitro (PubMed:17135487). Requires two to five unpaired nucleotides in the 3' region for efficient binding and nuclease activity (PubMed:17135487). Binds with higher affinity to RNA and DNA stem-loop substrates compared to single-stranded substrate (PubMed:17135487). Binds to the 3'-end of histone mRNAs and degrades them, suggesting that it might play a role in histone mRNA decay after replication (PubMed:17135487). Can readily cleave the histone stem-loop RNA beyond the -12 (UUU) position in the loop to produce -14 and then -16 oligonucleotide fragments for both the stem-loop and the reverse stem-loop (PubMed:17135487). Cleaves both the single-stranded 3' flank as well as the double-stranded stem portion of histone stem-loop RNA (PubMed:17135487). Might affect histone mRNA 3' processing thereby regulating histone protein expression (PubMed:28626879). Has an important role in development and tissue formation (PubMed:28626879). Might have a role in 5.8S rRNA precursor processing (PubMed:28626879).
Abundant in early embryos as maternally provided but levels decline in later stages (PubMed:28626879). Ubiquitously present in developing embryos (PubMed:28626879). Higher levels of expression in female ovaries (PubMed:28626879).
Results in normal embryogenesis but animals remain in the L1 larval stage until death 4 days later (PubMed:28626879). Results in altered histone mRNA 3' processing and ultimately levels of histone protein expression (PubMed:28626879). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in lack of adult flies since all die as pharate adults; the animals seems completely normal except for their abdomen, which is undifferentiated lacking the characteristic pigmentation and bristles (PubMed:28626879). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in a variety of phenotypes with different intensity like perturbation of normal ommatidia arrangement, small lesions in the middle of the eye, duplicated or extra bristles, and adventitious antennae like structures (PubMed:28626879). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the midthorax leads to malformed thoraces with reduced scutellum, a prominent groove at the midline indicative of defective hemithorax fusion and abnormal micro and macrochaetae (PubMed:28626879). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wings results in the production of ectopic vein material close to the wing margin (PubMed:28626879).
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Expressed both zygotically and maternally. Expression is highest in early embryos and adult females.
In late embryos, expression is restricted to proliferating (CNS and PNS) and endoreplicating (midgut) cell populations.
Involved in histone pre-mRNA 3' processing and couples histone mRNA production with the cell cycle. Both maternal and zygotic proteins play an essential and vital function for development.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2A subfamily.
Reversibly methyl esterified on Leu-309 by leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (LCMT1) and protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (PPME1). Carboxyl methylation influences the affinity of the catalytic subunit for the different regulatory subunits, thereby modulating the PP2A holoenzyme's substrate specificity, enzyme activity and cellular localization (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 41 family. O-GlcNAc transferase subfamily.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
Broadly expressed at a low level throughout the embryo, except the yolk. Expressed at a moderate level in the embryonic midgut. Larval expression is restricted to ten cells of the ventral nerve cord - in four pairs of centrally located cells in the most posterior abdominal segments and in one pair of dorsally located cells in the A1 or A2 segments.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Acts as an enhancer of the rudimentary gene. Has a role in pyrimidine biosynthesis and the cell cycle.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is also seen in adult males.
Phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase II (CK2).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Subunit of the 40S ribosomal complex (PubMed:23636399). Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3 (By similarity).
Subunit of the 40S ribosomal complex (PubMed:23636399). Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (By similarity). In wing imaginal disks, might have a role in translation rate, growth and cell competition, probably through regulation of Xrp1 expression (PubMed:31841522). Might have a role in development and longevity (PubMed:31841522).
Component of the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC), which binds to the mRNA cap-proximal region, scans mRNA 5'-untranslated region, and locates the initiation codon. This protein enhances formation of the cap-proximal complex. Together with EIF1, facilitates scanning, start codon recognition, promotion of the assembly of 48S complex at the initiation codon (43S PIC becomes 48S PIC after the start codon is reached), and dissociation of aberrant complexes. After start codon location, together with EIF5B orients the initiator methionine-tRNA in a conformation that allows 60S ribosomal subunit joining to form the 80S initiation complex. Is released after 80S initiation complex formation, just after GTP hydrolysis by EIF5B, and before release of EIF5B. Its globular part is located in the A site of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Its interaction with EIF5 during scanning contribute to the maintenance of EIF1 within the open 43S PIC. In contrast to yeast orthologs, does not bind EIF1.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the threonine aldolase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
'Buletin' is named after Philippe Bulet, whose dedicated efforts in the 1980s-1990s characterized many of the Drosophila antimicrobial peptides, including Drosocin.
Antibacterial peptide with strong anti-Gram-negative bacteria activity (PubMed:8325867). Significantly contributes to antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae but not Providencia burhodogranariea (PubMed:35730150). Inhibitor of bacterial translation machinery that targets translation termination in a prfA- or prfB-dependent manner (PubMed:36997646). Binds within the nascent peptide exit tunnel of the bacterial large ribosomal subunit, potentially interfering with nascent chain translocation that occurs post-peptide bond formation (PubMed:36997646, PubMed:36997647). Binds prfA/RF1 (and potentially prfB/RF2), trapping it on the ribosome after release of the nascent polypeptide chain and preventing further translation (PubMed:36997646). The resulting depletion of peptide chain release factors further disrupts bacterial translation by preventing ribosomal peptide chain release and inducing stop codon readthrough (PubMed:36997647). Entry into target Escherichia coli cells requires the bacterial peptide antibiotic transporter sbmA (PubMed:36997646).
Associates with the bacterial 50S ribosomal complex, occupying the nascent peptide exit tunnel (PubMed:36997646). Interacts with bacterial 23S rRNA; this interaction is direct (PubMed:36997646, PubMed:36997647). Interacts with bacterial rplV/50S ribosomal protein L22; this interaction is direct (PubMed:36997646, PubMed:36997647). Interacts with bacterial prfA/peptide chain release factor RF1; while associated with the bacterial 50S ribosomal complex, this interaction is direct and traps RF1 on the ribosome, inhibiting further translation (PubMed:36997646, PubMed:36997647).
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:8325867, PubMed:9736738, PubMed:35730150). Detectable in hemolymph from 6 hours after immune challenge, levels of expression increase for first 24 hours and persist for the following two weeks (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738).
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:35730150). Detectable in hemolymph from 6 hours after immune challenge, levels of expression increase for first 24 hours and decrease to undetectable levels in the following 2 to 3 weeks (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738).
By bacterial infection and LPS (PubMed:8944755). In 3rd instar larvae and both male and female adults expression is detectable between 1 and 16 hours after immune challenge, peaking at 6 hours (PubMed:8944755).
Constitutively expressed in the calyx and oviduct of the genital tract of fertilised egg-laying females, but not virgin females (PubMed:8944755). Not expressed in male genital tract (PubMed:8944755). Inducibly expressed in the fat body (PubMed:8944755).
O-glycosylated (PubMed:8325867, PubMed:9888811, PubMed:9736738). O-glycosylation may be required for efficient uptake by target bacterial cells (PubMed:36997646). Monosaccharide modification of Thr-32 provides better antibacterial activity than disaccharide modification or no modification (PubMed:36997646). O-glycosylation of Thr-32 is not essential for antimicrobial activity but enhances this activity by mediating interactions with the 23S rRNA and increasing the efficiency of translation inhibition (PubMed:8325867, PubMed:36997646, PubMed:36997647).
Peptide with significant antibacterial activity against Providencia burhodogranariea but not Enterobacter cloacae.
Proteolytically cleaved at a pair of basic residues corresponding to the RXK/RR optimal cleavage site for furin proteases to produce two distinct antibacterial peptides.
Unlike many antimicrobial peptides that kill bacteria using a lytic mechanism, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides can enter the bacterial cell to target intracellular processes.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins (By similarity).
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Embryonic lethality (PubMed:31145769). Conditional knockdown in ovary leads to female sterility, possibly caused by dysregulation of miRNAs and mRNAsso (PubMed:31145769).
Expressed maternally and zygotically throughout development to adults (male and female).
Required for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle (By similarity). Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly. Promotes remodeling of sperm chromatin following fertilization via the incorporation of histone H3.3 and histone H4.
Was originally thought to be involved in protamine removal but this was shown to be incorrect in the subsequent published erratum.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity).
Component of PRC1 complex, which contains many PcG proteins like Pc, ph, Scm, Psc, Sce and also chromatin-remodeling proteins such as histone deacetylases. This complex is distinct from the Esc/E(z) complex, at least composed of esc, E(z), Su(z)12, HDAC1/Rpd3 and Caf1-55. The 2 complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing (PubMed:11493925, PubMed:11583617). Interacts with stx; the interaction targets Pc for ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation (PubMed:27326929). Interacts with Nup93-1 (PubMed:31784359).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein (PubMed:1898775). PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development (PubMed:1898775, PubMed:11493925, PubMed:11583617). PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development (PubMed:1898775). Component of the PcG multiprotein PRC1 complex, a complex that acts via chromatin remodeling and modification of histones; it mediates monoubiquitination of histone H2A 'Lys-118', rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (PubMed:11493925, PubMed:11583617). Promotes locus-specific chromatin compaction (PubMed:11493925, PubMed:11583617). Binds to (N(6)-methyladenosine) DNA and thereby might implement repression of specific loci (PubMed:30078725).
Required during the entire larval period for normal adult development. It is found in almost all cells and tissues throughout gastrulation and organogenesis though at a much lower level than in early syncytial stages.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type III PI4K subfamily.
Expressed during embryogenesis through to adult stages with highest expression at later half of embryogenesis and during larval stages.
Expressed in a subgroup of neurosecretory cells in the subesophageal ganglion from embryonic stage 9 to larval stages.
Testis, prominent after meiosis II. After meiosis, predominantly localized to the haploid spermatid nuclei of the 64-cell cysts, remaining during the elongation and condensation of the spermatid nuclei. In mature, motile sperm, expression is seen exclusively in the sperm head.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. This subunit is involved in the RNA recognition step of the polyadenylation reaction (By similarity).
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex, composed of at least Clp, Cpsf73, Cpsf100 and Cpsf160.
Expressed during larval stages and at a lower level in pupae.
Death at larval stage. Larvae display a motility defect whereby the body wall musculature overcontract radially during the peristaltic wave typical of insect larval motility, apparent as a 'squeezing' of intestine.
Interacts with nab; which acts as a coactivator. Interacts with ap.
Largely restricted to subsets of cells in the CNS throughout embryonic and first instar larval (L1) development. Expressed in a population of lateral interneurons, primarily projecting axons in the anterior and posterior commissures. Overlaps with ap within the thoracic ap cluster. By stage 17, it is restricted to 2 neurons within the ap-cluster, with one neuron typically continuing to display higher levels of expression. Selectively expressed at higher levels within the FMRFa Tv neurons. Expressed in all leucokinergic cells.
Transcription factor involved in neuronal fate specification. First required in embryonic CNS development to define the number of cells that express apterous (ap) in the ap thoracic cluster of interneurons. Later on, it plays a central role in the combinatorial code of transcription factors that specifies the fate of the Tv neuron in the ap cluster by participating in the transcription regulation of FMRFa in Tv cells. Also required for projection neuron dendritic targeting.
Adds the eighth mannose residue in an alpha-1,6 linkage onto the dolichol-PP-oligosaccharide precursor (dolichol-PP-Man(7)GlcNAc(2)) required for protein glycosylation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with MED4 and MED21.
Essential for embryogenesis. Required for normal deposition of neutral lipids in the oocyte.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout development with highest zygotic expression in third instar larva and pupae.
Ubiquitous expression in early embryos. At stage 5 expression is restricted to the pole cells. At stage 11 expression is seen in the amnioserosa, refined to the fat body and midgut by stage 14. Also seen in the hindgut by the end of embryogenesis. Expression is seen in larval fat body (at protein level).
Probably participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Its tissue specificity suggests a regulatory role in the germline.
Testis specific. Not expressed in the embryo. Becomes progressively more strongly expressed during larval and pupal development. In testis, it is strongly expressed in young spermatocytes, and postmeiotic spermatid stages, then expression decreases at the nuclear elongation stage. Strongly expressed in the waste bag, in which material no longer needed for the mature sperm is eliminated. Not expressed in the stem cells and spermatogonial cells.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex composed of at least Pop2/Caf1-55, Ccr4, Not1, Rga/Not2, and Not3.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation (PubMed:20504953, PubMed:23303381). Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression (PubMed:23303381). Essential for viability (PubMed:9475742). Acts as a suppressor of position effect variegation (PEV) at the white locus and regulates the expression of several unrelated genes (PubMed:9475742). Plays a role in germline stem cell differentiation in the ovaries (PubMed:29887366).
Expressed in embryos and adult (at protein level).
Expressed in heterogeneous levels between adjacent germline stem cells (at protein level).
Essential for development and viability. Required for ovary development and oogenesis, and is essential for the development of the indirect flight muscles. May act as a negative regulator of the Notch signaling pathway in certain tissues, such as the muscle precursors and ovaries. May function as a linker protein between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.
Expressed in the ovary and the ring canals of the germline cells. In larvae, expressed in the notal region of the wing disk.
Named 'Picked eggs' based upon the mutant ovary phenotype.
Belongs to the engrailed homeobox family.
Expression initiates prior to the ninth embryonic nuclear division cycle within 1.5 hours after fertilization. By the cellular blastoderm stage (the 14th nuclear division cycle) is localized into 14 stripes, 1-2 cells wide, spaced along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation may directly or allosterically modify its function.
This protein specifies the body segmentation pattern. It is required for the development of the central nervous system. Transcriptional regulator that represses activated promoters. Wg signaling operates by inactivating the SGG repression of EN autoactivation.
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738). Detected within 24 hours of bacterial infection (PubMed:11118328).
Has antimicrobial activity in synergy with other peptides. Strongest activity observed against E.cloacae.
Not induced by bacterial challenge in imd mutant flies. Level of induction reduced by over 90% in 18w mutant flies. Toll loss-of-function mutation has no effect on induction by a mixture of E.coli and M.luteus; but strongly reduces induction by E.cloacae.
The Berkeley strain used in the genome project has an 8 bp deletion relative to the Canton-S strain, which disrupts the open reading frame. The Berkeley strain may carry a null allele of the AttC gene.
Possible hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins in vitro and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in regulated gene transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. May phosphorylate the CTD (C-terminal domain) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAp II), which may inhibit the formation of a transcription initiation complex. Required for leg and eye development and macrochaete specification or differentiation.
Belongs to the SLC41A transporter family.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Component of complex II composed of four subunits: a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP), and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.
Disruption of mitochondrial function has no effect on the initial stages of photoreceptor development (R cells develop normally, adopt the correct cell fates, innervate the appropriate synaptic partners, and assemble synapses normally). However, beginning around the time of eclosion, R cells degenerate, progressively losing expression of synaptic markers and undergoing extensive morphological changes. Synapse loss is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, not energy depletion, as photoreceptor ATP levels are normal.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). Maintaining electron transport chain function is required to prevent neurodegenerative changes seen in both early- and late-onset disorders.
It is unclear whether the protein is involved in the piRNA metabolic process. The absence of phenotypes in flies suggests that this function is not conserved.
No visible phenotype. Flies display normal fertility and do not show any transposon activation in the germline.
RNA-binding protein. Inactive exonuclease.
The 3'-5' exonuclease domain lacks the conserved Asp-Glu-Asp-Asp (DEDD) residues that coordinates divalent ions essential for exonuclease activity.
Key component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), essential for N-DRC integrity. Involved in the regulation of flagellar motility (By similarity). Involved in sperm motility. Required for the sperm to enter in the coiled storage seminal receptacle (SR) tubule (PubMed:21289096).
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with phosphorylated yki (PubMed:18256197, PubMed:19900439). Interacts with pav (when serine phosphorylated); the interaction is necessary for association of the complex pav-14-3-3epsilon complex to the microtubules, thereby inhibiting microtubule sliding (PubMed:32022690).
Positively regulates Ras-mediated pathways. Acts downstream or parallel to Raf, but upstream of nuclear factors in Ras signaling. Three mutants have been isolated, that suppress the rough eye phenotype caused by mutated Ras1 (sev-Ras1 v12). Inhibits yki activity by restricting its nuclear localization. Together with pav, has a role in the inhibition of microtubule sliding during neurite outgrowth (PubMed:32022690).
Acts as cargo receptor necessary for the transportation of gurken (grk) to a transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER) site and promotes its incorporation into coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles. Associated with gurken, produces a signal received by torpedo resulting in a signaling pathway that first establishes posterior follicle cell fates and normal localization of the anterior and posterior determinants, later they act in a signaling event inducing dorsal follicle cell fates and regulating the dorsal-ventral pattern of egg and embryo.
Detectable in the germline from germarium stages onwards and becomes enriched within the oocyte during early and middle stages of oogenesis. In early stages, it is present in the nurse cell oocyte cluster. It is highly expressed in stage 1-6 egg chambers, expression ceases during stage 7 and cannot be detected in stages 8 and 9. During stage 10, it is reexpressed in the nurse cells.
Expressed in male and female somatic tissues.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic13 family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B.
Alternates between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form (By similarity). Activated by a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and inactivated by GTPase-activating protein (GAP) (By similarity).
Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in aberrant compound eye morphogenesis (PubMed:21976699). Maternal RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormal aggregation of Golgi apparatus and disrupted cleavage furrow ingression in early embryos (PubMed:27535433).
Small GTPase involved in protein trafficking between different compartments. Modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi complex. In its GTP-bound form, triggers the recruitment of coatomer proteins to the Golgi membrane. The hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP, which is mediated by ARFGAPs proteins, is required for dissociation of coat proteins from Golgi membranes and vesicles (By similarity). Has a role in eye development (PubMed:21976699). Required for cleavage furrow ingression in embryonic cells (PubMed:27535433).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which is a component of the N-end rule pathway. Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
The RING-H2 zinc finger is an atypical RING finger with a His ligand in place of the fourth Cys of the classical motif.
Ubiquitin ligase protein which is a component of the N-end rule pathway. Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues that are destabilizing according to the N-end rule, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. ATM subfamily.
Called dATM in some references while it is the ortholog of ATR.
In embryos, during S phase of mid-blastula transition, fails to delay the activation of Cdk1, leads to loss of Rif1 foci, and results in cells entering prematurely into mitosis 13 before the completion of replication resulting in chromosome bridging.
Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), or DNA replication stalling, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates various proteins, which collectively inhibits DNA replication and mitosis and promotes DNA repair and recombination. Phosphorylates grp/CHK1. Phosphorylates 'Ser-137' of histone variant H2AX/H2AV at sites of DNA damage, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Essential for the DNA damage checkpoint in larval imaginal disks and neuroblasts and for the DNA replication checkpoint in the embryo. Has also an essential role during early nuclear divisions in embryos, where it is required to delay mitosis in response to incomplete DNA replication. Also plays an important role during meiosis, where it may monitor double-strand-break repair during meiotic crossing over, to regulate the progression of prophase I, and to enforce metaphase I delay observed at the end of oogenesis.
There are two copies of the gene coding for this protein at chromosome locus 87A7.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA60 subfamily.
Displays alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity towards a range of N-terminal sequences including those starting with Met-Lys, Met-Val, Met-Ala and Met-Met. Required for normal chromosomal segregation during anaphase.
Does not show histone acetyltransferase activity toward free histones.
Shows histone acetyltransferase activity toward free histones.
Transcriptional repressor. Binds to multiple sites in the eve stripe 3 enhancer element. Plays an essential role in the segmentation process both by refining the expression patterns of gap genes and by establishing pair-rules stripes of gene expression.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically in pHCl-2 expressing enterocytes delays pupariation and reduces food intake. However, knockdown in other enterocytes has no effect on developmental timing.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (By similarity). In enterocytes, acts as part of a pHCl-2 sensory pathway which mediates Tor-dependent larval growth and metabolism in response to zinc availability (PubMed:32269334). Likely acts in maintaining enterocyte lysosomal acidification which consequently promotes Tor activation at the lysosome membrane (PubMed:32269334).
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family.
Embryonic lethal due to defects in the dorsal closure and germ-band retraction; these defects include undifferentiated or defective larval cuticles presenting dorsal holes and wrinkles, defective attachment of the amnioserosa to the tail end of the germ band, defective elongation of the lateral ectoderm with compromised interface between the LE cells and the amnioserosa (PubMed:20379222, PubMed:20530545, PubMed:15342518). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in pupal lethality and scarring (PubMed:25737837). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the epidermis results in loss of wing veins and thorax mechanosensory bristles as well as male terminalia malformations including genitalia rotation defects and partial dissociation of the genital plate from the abdomen (PubMed:20530545). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsal compartment of the wing disk results in loss of bristles from the medio-lateral region of the thorax and in the appearance of a mild thoracic cleft (PubMed:25737837). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the notum area of the wing disk, destined to form the dorsal medio-lateral region of the adult thorax as well as thoracic bristles, results in a thoracic cleft and loss of bristles from the medio-lateral region of the thorax (PubMed:25737837).
In embryos, expressed in leading edge (LE) cells (at protein level) (PubMed:20530545). In larvae, expressed in the wing imaginal disk cells in the future hinge region, specifically in the peripodial stalk and in the peripodial membrane cells (at protein level) (PubMed:15342518, PubMed:25737837). In larvae, expressed in the A8 abdomen-derived cells in the male genital disk (at protein level) (PubMed:20530545). In third instar larvae, expressed in the anterior and posterios termini (at protein level) (PubMed:15342518). In adult fly, expressed in the wing hinge, in the socket cells of the micro- and macrochaete and proboscis (at protein level) (PubMed:15342518). In embryos, expressed in leading edge (LE) cells during germ-band retraction and dorsal closure from stage 13; expressed in some cells of the amnioserosa in particular in the posterior canthus as well as in the ventral ectoderm; expressed both in head and tail region (PubMed:20379222, PubMed:20530545, PubMed:28628612).
Inactive serine protease that plays a role in germ-band retraction and dorsal closure morphogenesis in embryogenesis; contributes to amnioserosa attachment and epithelial apico-basal polarity by regulating the localization of laminin LanA on the apical side of the amnioserosa epithelium (PubMed:28628612, PubMed:20379222). Contributes to epithelial morphogenesis probably by regulating the bsk/JNK pathway, as part of a negative-feedback loop, and by modulating the cross-talk between the Egfr, bsk/JNK and dpp signal transduction pathways (PubMed:28628612, PubMed:20379222). In larval development, antagonizes the morphogenetic movements controlled by the bsk/JNK signaling including male genitalia formation and thorax development (PubMed:20379222, PubMed:20530545, PubMed:25737837).
Lacks the conserved residues within the catalytic triad, probably resulting in a loss of proteolytic activity.
The CLIP domain consists of 37-55 residues which are 'knitted' together usually by 3 conserved disulfide bonds forming a clip-like compact structure.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with oho23B/rpS21.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Required during oogenesis and imaginal development.
Was originally thought to be a laminin receptor.
Expressed at higher levels in females compared to males.
Protects the extracellular space from the toxic effects of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced lifespan and increased sensitivity to paraquat-induced oxidative stress.
Flies have a reduced lifespan and exhibit multiple behavioral defects: flight and locomotion are severely affected and they spend more time grooming (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:28675155). They also display a mild held-out wing appearance resulting from failure to fold their wings together over the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:28675155).
Non-catalytic component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and is required for sex determination (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:28675155). In the heterodimer formed with Ime4/Mettl3, Mettl14 constitutes the RNA-binding scaffold that recognizes the substrate rather than the catalytic core (By similarity). Required for sex determination and dosage compensation via Sxl alternative splicing: m6A methylation acts as a key regulator of Sxl pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:28675155). M6A methylation is also required for neuronal functions (PubMed:27919077).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Eca and bai are essential, though not redundant, for dorsoventral patterning of the embryo. Specifically required during early embryogenesis for the activity of maternal tkv, while the zygotic tkv is not affected. Involved in Golgi organization.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Required to maintain the structure of the centrosomal microtubule organizing center (MTOC) during mitosis. May have a preferential role in regulating neurogenesis. Required for germ cell mitosis and oocyte differentiation.
Interacts with Pka-C3; interaction inhibits the catalytic function of Pka-C3 and the esterase activity of sws.
Isoform A and isoform B are expressed in the entire brain cortex; cortical cell bodies of adult brain. Sws and Pka-C3 are colocalized in all neurons.
Isoform A is expressed in all developmental stages with highest levels in young embryos and adults. Isoform B is detected only in adult head.
Phospholipase B that deacylates intracellular phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), generating glycerophosphocholine (GroPtdCho). This deacylation occurs at both sn-2 and sn-1 positions of PtdCho. Its specific chemical modification by certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds leads to distal axonopathy. Plays a role in the signaling mechanism between neurons and glia that regulates glia wrapping during development of the adult brain. Essential for membrane lipid homeostasis and cell survival in both neurons and glia of the adult brain.
Progressive degeneration of the adult nervous system, associated with apoptotic cell death, glial hyperwrapping, and neuronal apoptosis. Also, vacuolization in the neuropil.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic60 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane (By similarity).
Component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex (By similarity). Interacts with the mitochondria-shaping protein Opa1 (PubMed:24998521).
Belongs to the glycerate kinase type-2 family.
A substantial pool of maternal protein in the egg undergoes dynamic changes in distribution early in embryogenesis. In gastrulated embryo, the highest level of protein is found in the respiratory tract cells and the lowest in parts of the forming gut.
Its transcript shares the first untranslated exon with the dlt transcript, suggesting a common regulation.
Native spectrin molecule is a tetramer composed of two antiparallel heterodimers joined head to head so that each end of the native molecule includes the C-terminus of the alpha subunit and the N-terminus of the beta subunit. Interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner, interacts with F-actin and also interacts with Lva. Interacts with Ten-m.
Spectrin is the major constituent of the cytoskeletal network underlying the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It associates with band 4.1 and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Essential for larval survival and development. Stabilizes cell to cell interactions that are critical for the maintenance of cell shape and subcellular organization within embryonic tissues. Lva and spectrin may form a Golgi-based scaffold that mediates interaction of Golgi bodies with microtubules and facilitates Golgi-derived membrane secretion required for the formation of furrows during cellularization.
Component of the cuticle of the adult fruit fly. Could be involved in thickening of the hard adult cuticle.
Detected in the epidermis underlying the head and thorax (including legs and wings), but not in the abdominal epidermis of newly eclosed flies.
Expression starts around 72 hours after pupariation, peaks 12 hours after eclosion and decreases thereafter to undetectable levels by 3 days after eclosion.
Belongs to the transthyretin family. 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase subfamily.
'Tsunagi' means 'connection' or 'link' in Japanese.
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs (PubMed:14973490, PubMed:24967911). Involved in exon definition of genes containing long introns, including the rolled/MAPK gene (PubMed:20946982, PubMed:20946983). The mago-tsu heterodimer interacts with the EJC key regulator Pym leading to EJC disassembly in the cytoplasm (PubMed:24967911). Has a role in oskar mRNA localization to the posterior pole of the developing oocyte (PubMed:11691839).
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs.
Developing photoreceptor cell clusters express reduced levels of rolled/MAPK and fail to differentiate normally.
Expressed throughout development. Localizes to the posterior pole of the oocyte during stages 1-9 of oogenesis.
Heterodimer (via RRM domain) with mago (PubMed:11691839, PubMed:12730685, PubMed:12704080). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains btz/CASC3, eIF4AIII, mago and tsu/RBM8A (PubMed:14973490). Interacts with Pym (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct (PubMed:24967911, PubMed:14968132). Interacts with eIF4AIII (PubMed:14973490).
Heterodimer with MAGOH. Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGOH and RBM8A.
The RNA recognition motif (RRM) is involved in the interaction with mago. The RNA-binding activity of such domains is therefore uncertain.
Regulates the DNA-binding properties of Runt.
A phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/ceramide ethanolamine phosphotransferase that catalyzes the synthesis of ceramide phosphoethanolamines (CPE), a class of lipids that is a sphingomyelin analog and a major membrane constituent in Drosophila. Transfers the head group from PE (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) on to different ceramides such as N-acylsphinganine (dihydroceramide) and N-acyl-(4R)-hydroxysphinganine (phytoceramide) to form N-acyl-sphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine and N-acyl-(4R)-hydroxysphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine, respectively. Operates as a ceramide sensor to control ceramide homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is critical for the integrity of the early secretory pathway.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
The SAM domain is required to retain SMSR in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Belongs to the bZIP family. CREBRF subfamily.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with REPTOR-BP (via C-terminus). Interacts with the TORC1 complex component raptor. Interacts (when phosphorylated) with 14-3-3zeta, this interaction may assist its cytoplasmic retention.
Phosphorylation by the TORC1 kinase complex at Ser-527 and Ser-530 abolishes nuclear localization. Upon TORC1 inhibition, dephosphorylated in a mts/PP2a-dependent manner leading to nuclear localization.
Sensitive to nutrient stress. Larvae display no obvious phenotype under normal feeding conditions; larval growth and development is normal, and there is no effect on triglyceride and glycogen levels. However when mutants pupate and become adults they display reduced triglyceride and glycogen stores leading to adults dying within 18 hours of starvation whereas controls survive 2.5 days without food. Larvae are also sensitive to nutrient stress displaying 50% lethality when fed a low nutrient diet. Double knockouts of REPTOR with a hypomorphic Tor, rescue the Tor-mediated increase in triglyceride levels and partially rescue the larval growth defect.
Transcriptional regulator that acts in the TORC1 signaling pathway to regulate energy homeostasis and promote survival during nutrient deprivation. Interacts with REPTOR to form a transcriptional activator complex that functions downstream of TORC1 to up-regulate the expression of most target genes induced by TORC1 inhibition. In the complex, acts as the transcriptional activator. Under normal conditions TORC1 is active, inhibiting the formation of the REPTOR/REPTOR-BP complex by phosphorylating REPTOR and mediates its cytoplasmic retention by forming a docking site for 14-3-3 proteins. Upon TORC1 inhibition resulting from nutrient stress, REPTOR is recruited into the nucleus where it interacts with REPTOR-BP and together they maintain organismal metabolism by activating the expression of target stress response genes including those involved in glycogenesis and triglyceride biosynthesis. The complex also appears to negatively regulate some aspects of TORC1-dependent larval growth.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Expressed in the ecdysone-producing larval ring gland, nervous system, imaginal disks and gonads.
Required in both the follicle cells and the germline for oocyte development.
Acts as a serine/threonine-protein kinase (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:16818890, PubMed:16938835, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:22645651, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:32484300). Exhibits a substrate preference for proline at position P+1 and a general preference at several residues for basic residues such as arginine (By similarity). Also exhibits moderate preferences for a phosphotyrosine at position P-3 and a tryptophan at P-5 (By similarity). Critical to mitochondrial homeostasis it mediates several pathways that maintain mitochondrial health and function (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:16818890, PubMed:16938835, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:22645651, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:32484300, PubMed:29563254, PubMed:30772175). Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins such as park and likely Drp1, to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:16818890, PubMed:16938835, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:22645651, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:32484300). Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:16818890, PubMed:16938835, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007). Appears to be particularly important in maintaining the physiology and function of cells with high energy demands that are undergoing stress or altered metabolic environment, including spermatids, muscle cells and neurons such as the dopaminergic (DA) neurons (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:16818890, PubMed:16938835, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:22396657, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:28435104, PubMed:32138754, PubMed:29563254). Mediates the translocation and activation of park at the outer membrane (OMM) of dysfunctional/depolarized mitochondria (PubMed:24901221, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179). At the OMM of damaged mitochondria, phosphorylates pre-existing polyubiquitin chains, the Pink1-phosphorylated polyubiquitin then recruits park from the cytosol to the OMM where park is fully activated by phosphorylation at 'Ser-94' by Pink1 (PubMed:24901221, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179). When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, functions with park to promote the clearance of dysfunctional and/or depolarized mitochondria by selective autophagy (mitophagy) (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:25474007). The Pink1-park pathway also promotes fission and/or inhibits fusion of damaged mitochondria, by phosphorylating and thus promoting the park-dependent degradation of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion/fission such as Marf, Opa1 and fzo (PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:29563254). This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the mitochondrial network or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes (PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:24901221). Also likely to promote mitochondrial fission independently of park and Atg7-mediated mitophagy, via the phosphorylation and activation of Drp1 (PubMed:18443288, PubMed:32484300). Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria by phosphorylating Miro which likely promotes its park-dependent degradation by the proteasome; in motor neurons, this inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria being eliminated in the soma (PubMed:22396657). The Pink1-park pathway is also involved in mitochondrial regeneration processes such as promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, activating localized mitochondrial repair, promoting selective turnover of mitochondrial proteins and initiating the mitochondrial import of endogenous proteins (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:30772175). Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis by promoting the park-dependent ubiquitination of transcriptional repressor Paris which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor srl (PubMed:32138754). Functions with park to promote localized mitochondrial repair by activating the translation of specific nuclear-encoded mitochondrial RNAs (nc-mtRNAs) on the mitochondrial surface, including several key electron transport chain component nc-mtRNAs (PubMed:23509287). During oogenesis, phosphorylates and inactivates larp on the membrane of defective mitochondria, thus impairing local translation and mtDNA replication and consequently, reducing transmission of deleterious mtDNA mutations to the mature oocyte (PubMed:30772175). Phosphorylates the mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Mcad, and appears to be important for maintaining fatty acid and amino acid metabolism via a mechanism that is independent of it's role in maintaining production of ATP (PubMed:29563254).
Adults display various phenotypes that appear to be the result of mitochondrial abnormalities and/or mitochondrial dysfunction (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:27906179, PubMed:30772175). In various tissues including the indirect flight muscles (IFM), thoracic muscles, sperm, cardiomyocytes and neurons including the dopaminergic (DA) neurons, mitochondria display abnormalities such as swelling, loss of cristae, fragmentation, aggregation and/or mitochondrial disorganization, and they are dysfunctional resulting in defects such as mitochondrial depolarization, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced ATP, decreased mitochondrial DNA and reduced mitochondrial protein levels (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:27906179, PubMed:23509287). As a result adults are reduced in size, display reduced survival and decreased fertility (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:18799731). They also exhibit age-dependent and progressive degradation of the IFM and DA neurons, especially in the protocerebral posterior lateral 1 (PPL1) cluster, which likely contribute to the observed locomotive defects, down-turned rigid wings and crushed thorax phenotypes (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:27906179). Also affects non-motor behaviors such as reduced learning, intermediate-term memory and irregular circadian rhythms under constant darkness, likely as a result of the neurodegradation (PubMed:28435104). On the surface of mitochondria enriched with a deleterious mutation, negative regulation of larp-mediated protein synthesis is reduced, and as a consequence the transmission of the deleterious mtDNA mutation to the mature oocyte is more random compared to control oocytes which display decreased inheritance of the mutation (PubMed:30772175). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases the net velocity of anterograde mitochondrial transport in motor neurons, whereas retrograde transport is largely unaffected (PubMed:22396657). Double knockout of Pink1 and park display no increase in the severity of their phenotypes compared to single mutants (PubMed:16672980). However, expression of park in Pink1 mutants markedly rescues most of the Pink1 mutant phenotypes, whereas expression of Pink1 in park mutants fails to rescue the defective thorax and abnormal wing position (PubMed:16672980). Double knockout of Pink1 and Drp1 severely disrupts mitochondrial fusion resulting in mitochondrial aggregates and long threads of mitochondrial tubules (PubMed:18443288). Double knockdown with Paris, improves climbing performance defects and rescues decreased mRNA levels of srl, ewg and TFAM, observed in Pink1 mutants (PubMed:32138754).
Autophosphorylated on Ser-346, which activates kinase activity (PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179). Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential results in the precursor accumulating on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) where it is activated by autophosphorylation at Ser-346 (PubMed:27906179). Autophosphorylation is sufficient and essential for selective recruitment of park to depolarized mitochondria, likely via Pink1-dependent phosphorylation of polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179).
Expressed throughout development, with high levels of expression in adults and low levels of expression in larvae and pupae (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981). Adult males display higher levels of expression than females (PubMed:16672980).
High expression in the brain and retinas (PubMed:16938835). High expression in the head and testes (PubMed:16672981). High expression in the thorax compared to the head and abdomen (PubMed:16672980).
Interacts with park (PubMed:19048081). Interacts with rho-7 and HtrA2 (PubMed:19048081).
Proteolytically cleaved (PubMed:19048081). In healthy cells, the precursor is continuously imported into mitochondria where it is proteolytically cleaved into its short form by the mitochondrial rhomboid protease rho-7 (PubMed:19048081). The short form is then released into the cytosol where it rapidly undergoes proteasome-dependent degradation (Probable). In unhealthy cells, when cellular stress conditions lead to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial import is impaired leading to the precursor accumulating on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) (PubMed:27906179).
May be involved in 20S pre-rRNA processing.
Cyclins are positive regulatory subunits of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and thereby play an essential role in the control of the cell cycle, notably via their destruction during cell division. Probably functions redundantly with other cyclins in regulation of cell cycle. Its presence may be required to delay a deadline for completing cytokinesis that is ordinary imposed by nuclear envelope reformation. Degradation of CycB and CycB3 promote cytokinesis furrow initiation and ingression. Required with CycB for female fertility.
In embryo, it is expressed in all mitotically proliferating cells, with a high level in neuroblasts. Not expressed in old embryos and thereafter. Not expressed in endoreplicating tissues.
The N-terminal destruction box (D-box) probably acts as a recognition signal for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Ubiquitination leads to its degradation in early anaphase.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs).
Component of the little elongation complex, at least composed of Ell, Eaf, Ice1 and Ice2.
Loss of adult progeny and reduced male-female sex ratio.
Promotes transcriptional elongation by Su(Tpl)/ELL. Essential for development.
Plays a role in U6 snRNP assembly and function. Binds to the 3' end of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
Viable and fertile. Females display reduced fecundity under restricted dietary conditions of 10% yeast. Fecundity can be rescued by supplementing their diet with methionine.
Like Cdk1, could play a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 5 subfamily.
Belongs to the insect beta-1,3-glucan binding protein family.
Expressed at very low levels during embryonic development. Expression increases during the larva stages and peaks at a moderate level during the late larval, prepupal and pupal stages, before decreasing in the adult.
Involved in the recognition of invading microorganisms. Binds specifically to beta-1,3-glucan and activates the phenoloxidase cascade (By similarity).
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
By a variety of stressful conditions including bacterial infection, heat shock and paraquat feeding.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2/AMEX complex (anchoring and mRNA export complex), composed of e(y)2, xmas and PCID2 (PubMed:27016737). Interaction between the TREX-2/AMEX complex and the ORC complex is required for ORC localization to mRNPs, and consequently mRNA export (PubMed:27016737). Within the TREX-2/AMEX-ORC complex, interacts with Orc3 and Orc4 (PubMed:27016737). Interacts with sbr/NXF1 (PubMed:18086857). Interacts with Moe (PubMed:28554770). Interacts with nudC; required to maintain stability in the cytoplasm (PubMed:33602059).
PCI domain is required for interaction with polysomes but not the interaction with sbr.
Required for the export of nuclear mRNAs and involved in mRNA trafficking in the cytoplasm (PubMed:27016737, PubMed:28554770, PubMed:33602059). Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2/AMEX complex (anchoring and mRNA export complex) which functions in docking export-competent ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) to the nuclear entrance of the nuclear pore complex (nuclear basket), thereby enabling the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores (PubMed:27016737, PubMed:28554770, PubMed:33602059). Within the complex, specifically promotes the association of factors involved in regulating nuclear mRNA export, such as Moe, sbr/NXF1 and the ORC complex, to the mRNPs particles (PubMed:27016737, PubMed:28554770, PubMed:33602059). In the cytoplasm, functions independently of its role in the TREX-2/AMEX complex, to promote cytoplasmic mRNA trafficking together with nudC (PubMed:33602059). Associates with translationally active polysomes (PubMed:18086857).
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal. Most mutants fail to develop past the L3 larval stage, and the few pupal escapers do not develop to the late pupal stages. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number fails to increase during larval development and instead steadily decreases. Increase in broken mTDNA replication intermediates.
Transcription termination factor (PubMed:12626700, PubMed:15845400, PubMed:16648357). Binds promoter DNA and regulates mitochondrial replication and transcription (PubMed:12626700, PubMed:15845400, PubMed:16648357, PubMed:24068965). Transcription termination activity may be polarized with highest termination activity occurring when its DNA-binding site is positioned in the reverse orientation with respect to the incoming RNA polymerase (PubMed:15845400). Required for normal topology and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels (PubMed:24068965). Regulates mtDNA replication by promoting replication pausing, possibly by acting as a natural barrier to replication fork progression (PubMed:24068965). Its function in replication pausing prevents unregulated replication that may occur for example by collisions between the machineries of DNA replication and transcription during mtDNA synthesis (PubMed:24068965). This ensures the incorporation of RNA transcripts into replication intermediates at the replication fork and allow for proper fork progression (PubMed:24068965). Shares mtDNA binding sites with the mitochondrial termination factor mTerf5 and thereby may antagonize mTerf5 function during replication to regulate pausing (PubMed:22784680, PubMed:24068965). Likely to function downstream of Dref which activates genes involved in mtDNA replication and maintenance (PubMed:19032147, PubMed:24068965).
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity (By similarity).
Expressed primarily in axons and synapses.
Flies show aberrant synaptic transmission in photoreceptors despite normal phototransduction. Synaptic terminals and axons lack mitochondria, although mitochondria are numerous in neuronal cell bodies. Synaptic vesicles continue to be transported to and concentrated at synapses. In mutant oocytes mitochondria are transported prematurely and excessively.
Interacts with Miro (PubMed:16717129). Interacts with OGT (PubMed:24995978). Note=Mitochondrial transport by milt and Khc is independent of Klc.
Required for kinesin-mediated axonal transport of mitochondria to nerve terminals (PubMed:12495622, PubMed:16887820, PubMed:16717129). The oocyte acquires the majority of its mitochondria by competitive bidirectional transport along microtubules mediated by the Milton adapter. Mitochondria enter the young oocyte en mass from interconnected germ cells to generate the large aggregate known as the Balbiani body (PubMed:16887820). Milt and Miro form an essential protein complex that links Khc to mitochondria for light chain-independent, anterograde transport of mitochondria (PubMed:16717129).
Was named 'Milton' after the blind British poet.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Argininosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Likely to act as a downstream effector of Cdc42 during dorsal closure, acting in a kinase independent manner with the other ACK family member Ack to positively regulate expression of the myosin zip by promoting the endocytosis of Egfr in the amnioserosa (AS).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a low frequency of dorsal defects in the developing embryo (PubMed:18816840). RNAi-mediated knockdown does not rescue the small eye phenotypes induced by hid and rpr overexpression (PubMed:22615583). Simultaneous knockdown of Ack and Ack-like results in many embryos failing to properly secrete the cuticle likely due to the loss of zip expression (PubMed:18816840). Mutants also display defects in the dorsal surface including holes in the cuticle and germband retraction failure (PubMed:18816840).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear envelope. Required for proper protein transport into the nucleus.
Lethal at the pupal stage with stronger phenotype with temperature increase (PubMed:32275884). Impairs sensory dendrite tiling on the larval body (PubMed:32275884). In escapers flies, leads to decreased negative geotaxis and seizures (PubMed:32275884).
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway (PubMed:29861391). In the Pelota-HBS1L complex, pelo recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel. Following ribosome-binding, the Pelota-HBS1L complex promotes recruitment of pix, which drives the disassembly of stalled ribosomes, followed by degradation of damaged mRNAs as part of the NGD pathway (By similarity). Required prior to the first meiotic division for spindle formation and nuclear envelope breakdown during spermatogenesis (PubMed:7588080). Together with HBS1, promotes spermatid individualization during spermatogenesis (PubMed:30824860). Required for ovarian germ line stem cell self-renewal and oocyte development during oogenesis (PubMed:16280348). Together with HSB1, required for transposon silencing in the ovary and testis (PubMed:26124316). As part of the Pink1-regulated signaling, is recruited to damaged mitochondrial and is required for recruitment of autophagy receptors and induction of mitophagy (PubMed:29861391). Required for normal eye patterning and for mitotic divisions in the ovary (PubMed:7588080).
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, also named Dom34-Hbs1 complex, composed of pelo and HBS1 (PubMed:26124316, PubMed:30824860). Interacts with Pink1 and Cnot4; the interaction with Cnot4 appears to be Pink1-dependent (PubMed:29861391).
During spermatogenesis results in blockage of cell division preventing spermatocytes to enter meiosis and lack of spermatic individualization resulting in sterility (PubMed:30824860). In germlines, increases transposable elements transcription at both mRNA and protein levels (PubMed:26124316).
Expressed in ovaries and muscles (at protein level) (PubMed:26124316, PubMed:29861391). Expressed throughout all development stages (PubMed:7588080).
Highest levels in early embryo (0-2h) and adult stages.
The PGF motif may be involved in the interaction with HBS1 and is required for silencing of germline transposons.
Catalyzes the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) (PubMed:11571273, PubMed:28245922, PubMed:12408863). Histone deacetylation may constitute a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events (PubMed:11571273, PubMed:8955276, PubMed:15545624, PubMed:15306652). For instance, deacetylation of histone H3 may be a prerequisite for the subsequent recruitment of the histone methyltransferase Su(var)3-9 to histones (PubMed:11571273). Involved in position-effect variegation (PEV) (PubMed:11571273). In the larval brain, part of a regulatory network including the transcriptional repressors klu, dpn and E(spl)mgamma-HLH which is required for type II neuroblast self-renewal and for maintaining erm in an inactive state in intermediate neural progenitors (INP) (PubMed:28245922).
Component of a form of the Esc/E(z) complex present specifically during early embryogenesis which is composed of Caf1-55, esc, E(z), Su(z)12, Pcl and HDAC1 (PubMed:12533794, PubMed:12408863, PubMed:12697833). The Esc/E(z) complex may also associate with Pcl and HDAC1 during early embryogenesis (PubMed:12697833). This complex is distinct from the PRC1 complex, which contains many other PcG proteins like Pc, Ph, Psc, Su(z)2 (PubMed:12533794). The 2 complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing (PubMed:12533794). Interacts with the histone methyltransferase Su(var)3-9 (PubMed:11571273). Component of a complex that contains at least HDAC1, CoRest and Su(var)3-3/Hdm (PubMed:15306652). Component of the DREAM complex at least composed of Myb, Caf1-55, mip40, mip120, mip130, E2f2, Dp, Rbf, Rbf2, lin-52, HDAC1 and l(3)mbt (PubMed:15545624). Interacts with the chromatin-remodeler Mi-2 (PubMed:18250149).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in loss of type II neuroblasts.
Neurogenic protein essential for the development and maintenance of epithelial structure. Required in the germline for establishing the follicular epithelium and for determining the dorsal-ventral polarity. Collaborates with Notch on the apical surface of follicle cells to mediate germline-follicle cell adhesion. Brn has a role in chorion formation.
Expressed during spermatogenesis and at later stages of oogenesis. During embryonic and larval development, expressed ubiquitously. Starting at stage 10 embryos and lasting until the end of embryonic development, strongly expressed in the salivary glands and in cells of the presumptive proventriculus. Maternal expression abundant in early embryos. Zygotic expression commences in the epidermis and salivary glands from stage 11, initiates in the trachea at stage 13, and at early stage 15 is also detected in the foregut and hindgut tubes.
Expressed in ovary, testis, testis tip, young spermatocytes, germ cells and follicle cells. Up-regulated expression within centrally to posteriorly located germarial cysts and in migrating follicle cells. Widespread expression in imaginal disks including eye-antennal disk, wing disk, third leg and haltere disk.
Narrow tracheal tubes and thin salivary glands with reduced tube diameter and impaired tube elongation (PubMed:18398480). Fails to complete dorsal closure (PubMed:18398480). Fails to efficiently secrete luminal components and assemble the luminal chitinous matrix during tracheal tube expansion (PubMed:18398480). In salivary glands, fails in the luminal deposition and assembly of a distinct, transient intraluminal matrix (PubMed:18398480). Disrupted endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in embryos (PubMed:18398480). Null mutants die late in embryogenesis with a poorly differentiated cuticle and denticle (PubMed:18802472). Defects in cell rearrangements, in branch elongation, in tube dilation and tube fusion (PubMed:18802472). In midgut enterocytes, RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases the number of PXo bodies which are distinct organelles that function as intracellular stores of inorganic phosphate (PubMed:37138087).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. Required for limiting lipid storage in lipid droplets. Involved in the expansion of luminal extracellular matrices and apical membrane during tubulogenesis. Required in the tracheal epithelium for luminal protein secretion and diametric tube growth. In salivary glands, required for deposition of O-glycans and luminal extracellular matrix assembly. Required for epidermal morphogenesis and cuticle development.
Functions in the determination of disk-specific identity, downstream of Hox genes. Overexpression induces ectopic wings with antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axes in the eye field. Overexpression is sufficient for ectopic expression of vg in eye disks.
The BAH domain is required for localization to specific sites on polytene chromosomes.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout the larval and pupal developmental stages in larval tissues and imaginal disks.
Expressed throughout the blastodermal layer in early embryos. At later stages, strong expression is observed in the brain, ventral cord and hindgut.
Belongs to the small G protein signaling modulator family.
May be a transcription factor for genes having (A+T) stretches in their promoter and/or enhancer regions. Binds to AT rich DNA.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
Expressed in brain and ventral nerve cord from stage 12-16 of embryogenesis.
Heterooligomeric complex of flotillins 1 and 2 and caveolins 1 and 2.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes, functionally participating in formation of caveolae or caveolae-like vesicles.
Embryos display segmentally repeated ganglionic branches that stall and fail to penetrate the CNS and the segment-specific cerebral branch and associated cerebral anastomosis fail to form.
Expressed in the neuroectodermal and mesectodermal cells at the ventral midline of stage 8 embryos, Subsequently, expression domains in the CNS widen and have their most anterior border in the posterior deutocerebrum. Oc/otd and unpg are mutual repressors at the interface of their brain-specific expression domains. Expression fades during germ band retraction and is then restricted to subset of cells by stage 14. Expressed in the founder cells of the cerebral branch within the first tracheal metamere. Outside the CNS, expression is seen in two clusters of ectodermal cells located laterally within the labial and first thoracic segments of stage 9 embryos. By stage 13, the expression is detected in a few cells close to the dorsal midline of the embryos.
First detected in 4 hours embryos, expression persists throughout embryogenesis, levels drop during larval stages and then increase again during pupal and adult stages.
Plays a regulatory role in neural branching of the tracheae: segment-specific aspects of these neural branching patterns appear to be generated by homeotic regulation of expression. May have a role with oc/otd in the postembryonic development of the brain.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fibroblast growth factor receptor subfamily.
During embryogenesis, expression is seen in mesoderm, endodermal precursor cells, CNS midline cells and trachea and salivary duct ectodermal cells.
May be required for patterning of muscle precursor cells: generation of mesodermal and endodermal layers, invaginations of various types of cells, and CNS formation. Essential for the ability of the migrating tracheal and midline cells to recognize external guiding cues.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing by facilitating excision of a subset of introns (By similarity). Plays a role during early embryonic development (PubMed:10842059). Involved in the dorsal-ventral embryonic patterning (PubMed:10842059). Probably acts as a negative regulator of the NF-kappa-B (Rel) signaling pathway (PubMed:10842059).
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (PubMed:22082028, PubMed:20417639). Has DDT dehydrochlorinase activity (PubMed:20417639). May be involved in detoxification (PubMed:22082028).
Has a specific activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene comparable to that for the mammalian glutathione S-transferases but did not have as broad a substrate specificity pattern. Has no GSH peroxidase activity.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. Torsin subfamily.
May serve as a molecular chaperone assisting in the proper folding of secreted and/or membrane proteins.
Activated by the Ras1/MAPK pathway in R1, R6 and R7 cells in the eye. Down-regulated by the Notch pathway.
Component of some E3 complex at least composed of sina, ebi and phyl, required for the degradation of ttk.
Essential adapter component of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes; involved in R7 photoreceptor cell differentiation, embryonic nervous system, external sensory organ development and specification of particular muscles. E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes mediate ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Required for specification of R7 photoreceptor cell fate in the eye by participating in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Tramtrack (ttk), a general inhibitor of photoreceptor differentiation. Acts downstream of Notch signaling to specify the fate of the SOP (sensory organ precursor) cells and their progeny, probably via the sina-mediated proteasomal degradation of ttk. Its restricted pattern of expression, upon Notch and Ras signaling pathways, suggests that it acts as a key determinant in E3 complexes to trigger protein proteolysis in appropriate cells.
In embryos, it is ubiquitously present before cellularization. During stages 9-11, it is expressed in neuroblasts and the SOP cells. From stage 12 onward, it decreases, but remains in a subset of PNS cells at stages 12-14. Weakly expressed in wing imaginal disks, in the SOP cells of wing margin bristles, notal macrochaetes, and other sensory organs. In leg disks, it is expressed in the precursors of the femoral chordotonal organs, as well as in external sensory SOP cells. Strongly expressed in the eye-antenna disk, it is specifically expressed in R1, R6 and R7 cells, and not in R3, R3, R4, R5 and R8 cells.
Embryonic and larval tracheal system; dorsal trunk (but not at fusion with transverse connective), several branches and terminal cells. Also expressed in adult tracheal system; dorsal trunk, but not at the spiracles.
Part of a complex that plays a role in tracheal liquid clearance. Probable role in sodium transport.
In larvae, detected in neuroblasts (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). In imaginal disks, expressed as follows: in the eye disk, within and posterior to the morphogenetic furrow; in the wing pouch, in the presumptive intervein regions and wing margin; in the leg disk, general expression (PubMed:1427040).
Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription (By similarity). May serve as a transcriptional regulator of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C) genes (PubMed:1528887). Contributes to the neural-epidermal lineage decision during early neurogenesis (PubMed:1427040). Part of the Notch signaling pathway (PubMed:1427040).
Actin maturation protease that specifically mediates the cleavage of immature acetylated N-terminal actin, thereby contributing to actin maturation.
Component of a complex that contains at least HDAC1/Rpd3, CoRest and Su(var)3-3/Hdm. Interacts with neuronal repressor ttk/Ttk88.
Essential component of a corepressor complex that represses transcription of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells. The BHC complex is recruited by Ttk88 and probably acts by deacetylating and demethylating specific sites on histones, thereby acting as a chromatin modifier. May serve as a molecular beacon for the recruitment of molecular machinery that imposes silencing across a chromosomal interval.
Present in all of the tissues examined including both glia and neurons of the CNS (at protein level). Expressed ubiquitously in the embryo. In contrast, expression of isoform 3 is highly enriched in the nervous system.
Acts early in embryonic development to establish position along the dorsoventral axis and then again later to specify the fate of neuronal precursor cells. Involved in EGF receptor signaling; cleaves Spitz to release the active growth factor.
Early blastoderm stages and later during nervous development.
Acts as component of the retriever complex. The retriever complex is a heterotrimeric complex related to retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) and essential for retromer-independent retrieval and recycling of numerous cargos.
Component of the heterotrimeric retriever complex.
Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of complex N-glycans. It controls conversion of high mannose to complex N-glycans; the final hydrolytic step in the N-glycan maturation pathway (By similarity).
Inhibited by swainsonine and by copper sulfate.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
SclA and SclB double mutants show arrhythmic cardiac contractions and correspondingly, cardiac cells show irregular action potentials (APs), involving double and occasionally failed APs. Calcium transients in these mutants show higher amplitudes and steeper decay than those in wild type flies.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the SclB protein from a non-overlapping reading frame.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Expressed in early embryos, late embryos, late third instar larvae and adults.
Required for larval metabolism or for the progression of the larva into a pupa.
Steroid phosphatase that dephosphorylates ecdysteroids such as ecdysone 22-phosphate (E22P), 3-epi-ecdysone 22-phosphate (E22P) and 3-epi-ecdysone 2-phosphate (E2P) (PubMed:17348005). Likely catalyzes the conversion of inactive phosphorylated ecdysteroids into their active forms (By similarity). Shows high activity towards ecdysone 22-phosphate (E22P), but is also significantly active against 3-epi-ecdysone 22-phosphate (E22P) and 3-epi-ecdysone 2-phosphate (E2P) (PubMed:17348005). Also displays acid phosphatase activity towards 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNNP) in vitro (PubMed:17348005). Has no activity towards 3-epi-ecdysone 3-phosphate (E3P) (PubMed:17348005).
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin G subfamily.
Cyclin with roles in multiple processes including transcription, meiotic recombination repair, cell cycle regulation, and promotion of normal growth and metabolism (PubMed:18667003, PubMed:18286205, PubMed:21311225, PubMed:22976300, PubMed:25995770, PubMed:26274446). Binds to the promoter region of the homeobox gene Abd-B and is involved in maintaining Abd-B expression in the pupal epithelium (PubMed:18667003, PubMed:18286205). Involved in the transcriptional repression of the homeotic genes Scr and Ubx (PubMed:25995770). Plays a role in meiotic recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks which ensures efficient translation of grk and promotes grk activity in the oocyte, leading to oocyte dorso-ventral axis formation following secretion of grk from the oocyte and its binding to Egfr in the directly overlying follicle cells (PubMed:23121330, PubMed:22976300). Negatively regulates the binding of serine/threonine-protein kinase Akt1 to the protein phosphatase 2A subunit wdb, promoting normal growth and metabolism (PubMed:26274446). Required for the formation of bilateral symmetry (PubMed:21998598). Negatively regulates cell cycle progression by preventing G1 to S transition and retarding S-phase progression (PubMed:21311225).
Expressed throughout all stages of the cell cycle (at protein level) (PubMed:21311225). Expressed throughout development with notably less expression in third instar larva than in embryo or adult (PubMed:18286205).
Interacts with corto (PubMed:18286205). Interacts with the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk2 and Cdk4 (PubMed:21311225). Interacts with Brca2 and Rad9 (PubMed:22976300). Interacts with polycomb protein Asx (PubMed:25995770). Interacts with protein phosphatase 2A subunit wdb (PubMed:26274446).
Viable but females are sterile and produce eggs with a ventralized phenotype where the dorsal respiratory appendages are fused (PubMed:23121330, PubMed:22976300). Reduced levels of grk protein in the oocyte cytoplasm and very low levels in follicle cells and in the extracellular space separating the oocyte from the follicular epithelium but no effect on grk transcription (PubMed:23121330). Increased incidence of DNA double-strand breaks in mutant germaria (PubMed:22976300). Reduced body size and weight and reduced cell size and number with mutants showing signs of starvation under normal feeding conditions and disturbed fat metabolism marked by elevated levels of stored fat (PubMed:26274446). Reduced phosphorylation levels of Akt1, Thor/4E-BP and S6k (PubMed:26274446). Accumulation of insulin-like peptide Ilp5 in larval brains is reduced to levels comparable to starved control animals (PubMed:26274446).
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the 1,3-allylic rearrangement of the homoallylic substrate isopentenyl (IPP) to its highly electrophilic allylic isomer, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).
91-R, Hikone-R, WC2 and Wisconsin are insecticide resistant strains, 91-C, Canton-S and Oregon-RC are insecticide susceptible. Cyp6g1 is more highly expressed in the resistant strains.
Expressed throughout development, low levels in embryos and first and second instar larvae, levels increase from third instar through to adult.
Necessary and sufficient for resistance to insecticides DDT and imidacloprid. May be involved in the metabolism of insect hormones.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL45 family.
Expressed in labellar chemosensory neurons.
Flies exhibit trehalose-specific physiological and behavioral defects (reduced response by chemosensory neurons of the labellar taste hairs).
Gustatory receptor required for response to the sugar trehalose in taste neurons. Gr5a neurons selectively respond to sugars, in contrast to Gr66a cells which respond to bitter compounds. Flies are attracted to sugars and avoid bitter substances, suggesting that Gr5a neuron activity is sufficient to mediate acceptance behavior. Sugar signal transduction occurs through coupling with G-proteins such as Galpha49B and G-salpha60A.
Variant Thr-218 was found to be the ancestral form in D.melanogaster, suggesting that low trehalose sensitivity was an ancestral form with respect to the receptor function.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class IV subfamily.
Causes lethality during development (PubMed:17159295). Induced silencing shortens life span (PubMed:17159295).
NAD-dependent histone deacylase that acts as a regulator of life span.
Overexpression in flies produces robust lifespan extension in both sexes.
Highly expressed in larval brain (PubMed:24098432, PubMed:26020940). Also highly expressed in adult brain with very low levels in larval and adult gut (PubMed:24098432).
Receptor for the neuropeptide CCHamide-2.
Reduced levels of insulin-like peptide Ilp5 mRNA, reduced secretion of Ilp2 and Ilp5 proteins in mid-L3 larvae, growth defects and developmental delay during larval stages.
Very low expression in eggs. Expression increases during the first and second instar larval stages, decreases in the third instar larval stage, increases again in pupae and decreases slightly in adults.
Binds 1 myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) per subunit.
Specifically deaminates adenosine-37 to inosine in tRNA-Ala.
Widely expressed in early embryos, and later concentrates in the central nervous system.
Associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs, a modification that plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and is required for sex determination (PubMed:27919077). Required for sex determination and dosage compensation via Sxl alternative splicing: m6A methylation acts as a key regulator of Sxl pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy (PubMed:11156988, PubMed:27919077). M6A methylation is also required for neuronal functions (PubMed:27919077). Required for proper inclusion of regulated exons in Ubx transcripts, leading to isoforms Ia/b and IIa/b (PubMed:10101174).
Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). The MAC subcomplex is composed of Ime4/Mettl3 and Mettl14 (PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). The MACOM subcomplex is composed of fl(2)d, Flacc/Xio, Hakai, vir, and, in some cases of nito (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). Part of a complex containing fl(2)d, Sxl and vir (PubMed:12444081).
Ubiquitously expressed in males and females throughout embryogenesis (PubMed:11156988, PubMed:27919077). Expression levels decrease from gastrulation toward late embryogenesis (PubMed:11156988). Enriched in the neuroectoderm at later stages (PubMed:27919077).
The sequence shown is that from strain Oregon-R. The number of the 7 residues repeat vary between strains: strain Oregon-R(2/10) has 11 more copies, strain Karsnas has 8 more copies of the repeat, strain Samarkand-pk1 has 1 less copy and strain Samarkand-pSW9 and strain Berkeley have 2 less copies.
Isoform Tmaj and isoform Tmin are expressed in males and females. Isoform msTmaj and isoform msTmin are present only in male germ cells.
Required for female sex determination in somatic cells and for spermatogenesis in male germ cells. Positive regulator of female-specific splicing and/or polyadenylation of doublesex (dsx) pre-mRNA. Splicing requires an enhancer complex, dsxRE (dsx repeat element: which contains six copies of a 13-nucleotide repeat and a purine-rich enhancer (PRE)). DsxRE is formed through cooperative interactions between tra, tra2 and the sr proteins, and these interactions require both the repeat sequences and PRE. PRE is required for specific binding of tra2 to the dsxRE. Protein-RNA and protein-protein interactions are involved in tra-2 dependent activation and repression of alternative splicing. Together with tra-2, plays a role in switching fru splicing from the male-specific pattern to the female-specific pattern through activation of the female-specific fru 5'-splice site.
The RS2 (Arg/Ser-rich domain 2) and RNP-CS (ribonucleoprotein consensus sequence) domains are required for both male sterility and female-specific dsx splicing but the RS1 domain is dispensable.
Essential in the female germline for proper survival, sex determination and differentiation. Participates in the transcriptional activation of Otu. Does not regulate the expression of Ovo.
Germ cells specific. Expressed in all germ cells. During the first instar larvae, it is expressed in all germ cells of both sexes. In third instar larvae, it decreases in male germ cells while it remains in female germ cells. In adult ovary, it is expressed in cells of the germarium, including the stem cells. In the early previtellogenic stages, it is highly expressed in the nurse cells. During vitellogenesis, it is not translocated into the maturing egg. In testes, it is only expressed during some steps of male germline differentiation. At the apex testis, it is expressed at low level in stem cells and dividing spermatogonia, while in newly formed 16-cell cysts of primary spermatocytes, it is transiently but strongly expressed before vanishing during spermatocyte growth phase.
In embryos, it is expressed from stage 11 in the germ cell soon after their migration through the midgut epithelium.
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. SETD3 actin-histidine methyltransferase family.
No visible phenotype (PubMed:30067821). Cells show complete loss of actin histidine methylation (PubMed:30526847).
Protein-histidine N-methyltransferase that specifically mediates 3-methylhistidine (tele-methylhistidine) methylation of actin at 'His-74'.
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.
May act as a component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. High level of zygotic expression is seen in embryos from stage 12 onwards and in adults.
Expressed in cells of the somatic mesoderm, most notably the muscle founder cells, between embryonic stages 12 and 14, in growing muscle fibers in dorsal, lateral and ventral positions. At stage 16 strongest expression is in some ventral muscles and muscle 8. At stages 16/17 expression is restricted to some cells of the CNS, the brain and the gonads.
Flies exhibit diminished fusion of embryonic myoblasts to syncytial myotubes.
May have a central role in the fusion process during myogenesis, within the somatic mesoderm.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Plays an essential role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination and in the repair of interstrand DNA cross-links (ICLs) by promoting Fancd2 monoubiquitination by Fancl and participating in recruitment to DNA repair sites.
Component of the SAC complex, a complex composed of crb, Patj and sdt. Interacts directly with nrx via its third and fourth PDZ domains. Interacts directly with par-6, possibly mediating a link between the SAC complex and the par-6 complex, which is composed of par-6, baz and aPKC.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Appears in mitotic cycle 11 when the furrows made by the imprint of the embryonic nuclei become apparent.
Expressed in primary and some secondary epithelial cells such as ectodermal cells, salivary glands, foregut, hindgut and invaginating tracheal cells. Also expressed in specific cells of the peripheral nervous system. Expressed in the germline.
Involved in cell polarity establishment. Probably participates in the assembly, positioning and maintenance of adherens junctions via its interaction with the SAC complex.
Was originally thought to be the Disks lost (Dlt) protein. However, PubMed:14667407 showed that it is not the case and renamed it Patj. This drastically changes the first conclusions drawn about its essential function, since the mutant used contained defects for another protein, which is now called Dlt. If its association with proteins involved in cell polarization complexes is clear, Patj is not essential since its absence apparently does not lead to important defects.
Expressed during spermatogenesis, in primary spermatocytes and imaginal disk morphogenesis.
In pupae, expressed in imaginal disks and only in the male gonad. In adults; isoform 1 is the predominant form in the testes and is expressed at a low level in the ovary and somatic tissues, and isoform 2 is very weakly expressed and is detectable solely in the testes.
Involved in the morphogenesis of the adult appendages. GTPase-activating protein for p21-Rac. Promotes the exchange of Rac-bound GDP by GTP.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-23 is the initiator.
Interacts with sra in a complex that contains Pp2B-14D.
Expressed throughout all stages of embryonic and larval development.
Homodimer; homodimerization is not essential for modulating the activity of Slo (PubMed:12529354). Interacts with phosphorylated Slob; the interaction with Slob mediates an indirect interaction with Slo (PubMed:10230800). Interacts with phosphorylated yki (PubMed:18256197, PubMed:19900439). Interacts with hemo; this represses 14-3-3zeta activity which prevents the 14-3-3zeta-mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase Pi3K68D. This, in turn, inhibits the Pi3K68D-mediated conversion of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and prevents progression of early endosomes through the maturation process which regulates subsequent steps of phagocytic processing (PubMed:27015288). Interacts with REPTOR (when phosphorylated), this interaction may assist the cytoplasmic retention of REPTOR (PubMed:25920570).
Predominantly expressed in the ventral nerve cord of the embryo, and in the neural tissues of the head. Also found in the region posterior to the morphogenetic furrow of the eye imaginal disk where cells differentiate as photoreceptors.
Required in Raf-dependent cell proliferation and photoreceptor differentiation during eye development (PubMed:9159395). Acts upstream of Raf and downstream of Ras, and is essential for viability (PubMed:9159395). Acts as a negative regulator of the slo calcium channel via its interaction with slo-binding protein slob (PubMed:10230800). Inhibits yki activity by restricting its nuclear localization (PubMed:19900439). Binds to and promotes the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase Pi3K68D which converts phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and promotes maturation of early endosomes (PubMed:27015288).
Expression at low levels during embryonic expression and peaks during mid larval stages.
SIII, also known as elongin, is a general transcription elongation factor that increases the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. Subunit A is transcriptionally active and its transcription activity is strongly enhanced by binding to the dimeric complex of the SIII regulatory subunits B and C (elongin BC complex). May play an important role in metamorphosis.
The elongin BC complex binding domain is also known as BC-box with the consensus [APST]-L-x(3)-C-x(3)-[AILV].
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS6 family.
D1 may be the most abundant member of a small family of D1-like proteins.
This satellite DNA-associated protein is a double-stranded DNA binding protein specific for tracts of pure at DNA. It may play a role in organizing the higher-order structure of euchromatin as well as heterochromatin.
ATPase activity is stimulated by binding to DNA or nucleosomes, but is strongly activated by nucleosomes.
Helicase which acts in nucleosome-remodeling by catalyzing ATP-dependent nucleosome mobilization (PubMed:18250149). Likely to be involved in the regulation of transcription (PubMed:18250149).
Strongly expressed in early embryos 0 to 3 hours after egg deposition (at protein level) (PubMed:18250149). Expression then decreases and is undetectable in larvae and pupae (at protein level) (PubMed:18250149). Strongly expressed in adult females but expression is absent in adult males (at protein level) (PubMed:18250149).
Involved in the synthesis of the GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate-mannose required for a number of critical mannosyl transfer reactions (PubMed:26940433). Required for maintaining N-linked glycoprotein glycosylation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synaptomatrix, and thus acts in multiple pathways that prevent NMJ structural overgrowth, restrict synaptic bouton differentiation, and limit NMJ neurotransmission strength, in order to maintain viability, coordinate movement, and in adults ensure correct wing positioning (PubMed:26940433). Acts in the NMJ trans-synaptic Wg pathway via glycosylation of synaptic Mmp2 which enables dlp/wg signaling during development (PubMed:26940433).
RNAi-mediated whole-body knockdown is lethal at larval stage with severe developmental delays (PubMed:26940433). RNAi-mediated whole-body knockdown or combined neural and muscle knockdown, reduces N-linked protein glycosylation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) leading to NMJ synaptic overelaboration and decreased amplitude of evoked excitatory junction currents (EJCs) (PubMed:26940433). These structural and functional defects at the NMJ impair coordinated movement needed for viability (PubMed:26940433). Loss of N-linked protein glycosylation at the NMJ, reduces levels of synaptic Mmp2 and thereby the synaptic levels of wg and its coreceptor dlp leading to a down-regulation of the trans-synaptic pathway (PubMed:26940433). RNAi-mediated knockdown either in the neurons or in the muscles, also reduces glycosylation at the NMJ and synaptic overelaboration, however there is no decrease in the amplitude of evoked excitatory junction currents (EJCs) and flies die at the adult stage (PubMed:26940433). Adults display held-out wings and exhibit incoordination which impairs walking or flying (PubMed:26940433). RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscles impairs coordinated movement required for pharate adults to properly eclose, resulting in death (PubMed:26940433). In midgut enterocytes, RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases the number of PXo bodies which are organelles that function as intracellular stores of inorganic phosphate (PubMed:37138087).
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation. Required for stable expression of GPI-anchored proteins at the cell surface (By similarity).
Belongs to the reduced folate carrier (RFC) transporter (TC 2.A.48) family.
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738). Up-regulated in hemolymph 6 hours after immune challenge, levels of expression increase for first 24 hours and persist for the following two weeks (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738).
Expressed rapidly and strongly at all stages.
Hemolymph (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738). Highest expression in fat body (PubMed:7588819).
Potent antifungal and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
There are 2 allelic forms (A1 and A2) varying in two positions. The isoform shown here is A1.
Highly expressed in the first instar larvae and then gradually decreases during larval development. Expression increases again in the wandering third larval stage. The lowest amount of expression is observed in the early and mid-pupal stages. After this, expression increases in the late pupal stage in both male and female adults.
O-methyltransferase that transfers a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the carboxyl group of juvenile hormone acids to produce active juvenile hormones in the corpora allata, the last step during juvenile hormone biosynthesis (PubMed:18549957). Also able to methylate farnesoate to methyl farnesoate (PubMed:18549957).
Predominantly expressed in corpora allata. Also expressed at low level in testis.
Lacks the typical Glu active site in position 156 that is replaced by a Gln residue, preventing the hydrolase activity. Its precise function remains unclear.
Primarily expressed in yolk cells and fat body. In larvae, it is expressed in the imaginal ring, the salivary duct, large salivary gland cells and weakly expressed in imaginal disks. More strongly expressed than Idgf1 and Idgf3.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
In third instar larvae, expressed at high levels in midgut and attached gastric caeca, fat body, Malpighian tubules and oenocytes, and at lower levels in proventriculus, salivary glands, epidermis, brain and ring gland. Not detected in imaginal disks and the median neurosecretory cells that produce insulin-like peptides (at protein level). In developing embryos, expressed in mid-gut, fat bodies and the distal region of Malpighian tubules.
Transcriptionally controlled transcription factor. Important for the differentiation of various specialized cell types that arise from both endoderm and mesoderm. May have a role in early gut formation. Plays an essential role in lipid catabolism, regulating lipid mobilization and beta-oxidation in response to nutrient deprivation.
Under normal culture conditions, the flies progress through development until they die during or shortly after adult eclosion. Under low density culture conditions, many flies survive and develop into morphologically normal adults. The mutant flies are, however, very sensitive to starvation, displaying inability to efficiently mobilize stored lipid in the midgut and fat body, increased levels of long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides, and premature death.
'Daisho' is the Japanese term for a matched pair of samurai swords, one short and one long, and refers to the role of the two Daisho peptides (Dso1 and Dso2) in defense against fungal infection.
Adult males infected with spores from F.oxysporum or F.verticillioides display reduced survival.
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:32038657). Induced by Gram-positive bacteria M.luteus (at protein level) (PubMed:32038657). However, another study found the peptide was present in both immune challenged and unchallenged controls (at protein level) (PubMed:16510152).
Peptide which plays a role in the humoral immune response to a subset of filamentous fungi, including F.oxysporum and F.verticillioides.
May form with the serine/threonine protein phosphatase l(1)G0269 an active complex dephosphorylating and activating lipin-like phosphatases. Lipins are phosphatidate phosphatases that catalyze the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and control the metabolism of fatty acids at different levels (By similarity).
Expressed throughout development, highest expression in first and second instar larvae and adults.
In strains Harvich and Apxo, there are 2 identical genes which code for l(2)tid protein.
May act as a tumor suppressor in larval imaginal disks.
Ubiquitously expressed throughout embryonic development. In larvae, expression is seen in sensory organs, gopplet cells, gonads, imaginal disks, proventriculus, fat body, hematopoietic organ, midgut, Malpighian tubules and ring gland.
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region (By similarity). Regulates alternative splicing of a distinct group of target genes.
U1 snRNP is composed of the 7 core Sm proteins B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins U1-70K, U1-A and U1-C. U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of protein biosynthesis. May increase the efficiency of translation by recycling ribosomes from one round of translation to another.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB1 subunit family.
Flies contain undetectable phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate levels, show profound increases in cell and organ size, and die at the pupal stage. Mutant larvae contain highly enlarged multivesicular bodies and late endosomes that are inefficiently acidified. Even though endocytic receptor trafficking is impaired in fab1 mutants, Notch, Wingless, and Dpp signaling is unaffected.
Regulates both the synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol-3,5-bisphosphate) or PtdIns(3,5)P2) (PubMed:16837550). Catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate)) on the fifth hydroxyl of the myo-inositol ring, to form PtdIns(3,5)P2 (PubMed:16837550). Required for endocytic-vacuolar pathway and nuclear migration. Has a role at a late stage in endosome-related membrane trafficking, at a point when signal termination has occurred. Is not required for receptor silencing.
Participates in the folding of proteins containing disulfide bonds.
Ubiquitously expressed during development.
Probable component of the PAM complex at least composed of a mitochondrial HSP70 protein, Roe1, TIM44, blp/TIM16 and TIM14.
Probable component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. May act as a co-chaperone that stimulate the ATP-dependent activity (By similarity).
Can bind about 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. SLC8 subfamily.
Isoform B is expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development with highest level during mid-embryogenesis and adulthood. At these zygotic stages isoform D is also expressed.
Isoform B is present at a higher level in the head and gonads than in the thoraxes. Isoform 145 kDa is found only in the head. CLIP-190 and jar are coexpressed at several times in development and in a number of tissues, including embryonic axonal neuron processes and posterior pole.
Myosin is a protein that binds to actin and has ATPase activity that is activated by actin. Together CLIP-190 and jar may coordinate the interaction between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. May link endocytic vesicles to microtubules and may be involved in transport in the early embryo and in the dynamic process of dorsal closure. It is believed that its function changes during the life cycle.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. Additional complex functions may be a consequence of its influence on mRNA expression. Is not required for association of CNOT7 to the CCR4-NOT complex (By similarity).
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex. CNOT10 and CNOT11 form a subcomplex docked to the CNOT1 scaffold.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. NP60 subfamily.
Binds to mononucleosomes (PubMed:29759984). Interacts with male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex at least composed of mof, msl-1, msl-2 and msl-3 (PubMed:23295261).
In the dehydrogenase domain, the conserved NAD(P)H-binding sites and sequence similarity to plant dehydrogenases suggest that this protein may have oxidoreductase activity. However, since the active site is not conserved, the dehydrogenase domain seems to serve as a catalytically inert oligomerization module.
Nucleosome-destabilizing factor that is recruited to genes during transcriptional activation and colocalizes with a subset of trimethylated 'Lys-36' histone H3 (H3K36me3)-enriched regions (PubMed:23295261, PubMed:29759984). Binds DNA (in vitro) (PubMed:29759984). Facilitates Pol II transcription through nucleosomes (PubMed:29759984). Facilitates male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex targeting to active genes on the X chromosome (PubMed:23295261). Stimulates the acetylation of 'Lys-56' of nucleosomal histone H3 (H3K56ac) by nej (PubMed:29759984). May have oxidoreductase activity (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in ectopic MSL-binding sites on autosomes of male larvae.
The PWWP domain is a H3 reader and strongly binds DNA.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family.
Forms part of complex II containing four subunits: a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP) and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Expressed in female gonads (at protein level) (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). Expressed ubiquitously (PubMed:11780633).
Expressed throughout embryonic development.
In the ovaries, part of a complex composed of at least Panx, nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 (PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). The complex is knowns as Panx-induced cotranscriptional silencing (PICTS) complex, Panx-nxf2-dependent TAP/p15 silencing (Pandas complex), SFiNX (silencing factor interacting nuclear export variant) or piwi-Panx-nxf2-p15 (PPNP) complex (PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). Interacts (via TAP-C domain) with Panx (via NIR region); the interaction is direct (PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590). Interacts (via NTF2 domain) with Nxt1; the interaction is direct and prevents Nxt1 binding to nucleoporins (PubMed:31368590). Interacts with sbr/Nxf1 (PubMed:31570835).
May be involved in the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:11780633). In the ovaries, forms a complex with nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 which acts as effectors of cotranscriptional transposon silencing (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31384064). On recruitment to a target transcript, interacts with single stranded RNA, thereby anchoring the complex via the nascent target transcript to chromatin and allowing Panx to recruit silencing effectors to establishing repressive heterochromatin at transposon loci (PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31384064). Does not affect piRNA biogenesis (PubMed:31384064). The interaction with Panx stabilizes the nuclear protein complex (PubMed:31384064). Does not bind nucleoporins, but regulates sbr/Nxf1 binding to nucleoporins and, indirectly, transposon exports (PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31384064).
Results in sterility where fewer eggs are laid and none reach larval stage (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31384064). Increases transposon expression (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31384064). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline does not affect ovary morphology but results in severe fertility defects where eggs are laied but do not hatch (PubMed:31368590). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline increases transposon expression and impairs Panx localization in nurse cells by reducing its stability (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064).
The TAP-C domain (also known as UBA domain) mediates the interaction with Panx.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
Component of the NELF complex, which is at least composed of TH1/NELF-D and NELF-E.
Essential component of the NELF complex, a complex that negatively regulates the elongation of transcription by RNA polymerase II by RNA polymerase II. The NELF complex, which acts via an association with the DSIF complex, causes transcriptional pausing.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
One of the few identified sugar gustatory receptors identified so far and which promotes the starvation-induced increase of feeding motivation. Required in combination with Gr64a to detect sucrose, maltose, and glucose.
Expressed at the posterior end of developing oocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:20869429). Preferential expression in the pole cells, at different developmental stages (PubMed:9065696).
High levels of expression in early embryos, with levels decreasing slightly over the first 5 hours of embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:28875934). Throughout development (PubMed:7742371, PubMed:9065696).
Phosphorylation increases the ability of the protein to bind to mRNA caps and to form the eIF4F complex.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine (m7G)-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (PubMed:8663200). In 0-1 hour embryos, forms a complex with me31B, cup, tral and pAbp which binds to various mRNAs including maternal mRNAs, and down-regulates their expression during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (PubMed:28875934).
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least eIF4A, eIF4E1 and eIF4G1 (PubMed:25702871). Recruited by cup in oocytes and in early embryos, preventing the interaction with eIF4G (PubMed:14691132, PubMed:14723848, PubMed:14685270, PubMed:26294658, PubMed:22832024). The interaction with cup therefore prevents the translation of key transcripts such as oskar (osk) and nanos (nos) in some regions in the early embryo (PubMed:14691132, PubMed:14723848, PubMed:14685270, PubMed:26294658, PubMed:22832024). Interacts with mxt (PubMed:23716590, PubMed:26294658). Interacts with 4E-T and Thor (PubMed:11389445, PubMed:14645523, PubMed:26294658, PubMed:25702871). Forms a RNP containing at least me31B, eIF4E1, cup, tral and pAbp; this interaction is required for the translational silencing of maternal mRNAs during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (PubMed:28875934).
In the ventrolateral region of the antenna, expressed in two distinct types of olfactory hairs: in most sensilla trichodea and in a subset of the small sensilla basiconica (at protein level).
Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 99 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family. UBA4 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln) (By similarity). Also essential during biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor (By similarity). Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of sulfur carriers URM1 and MOCS2A (PubMed:26715182). Its N-terminus first activates URM1 and MOCS2A as acyl-adenylates (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to URM1 and MOCS2A to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of their C-terminus (By similarity). The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards URM1 and MOCS2A (By similarity). Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed (PubMed:26715182). Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; NFS1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions (By similarity).
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of the sulfur carrier URM1. Its N-terminus first activates URM1 as acyl-adenylate (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to URM1 to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of its C-terminus. The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards URM1. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed. Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; NFS1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced levels of urmylation and increased resistance to oxidative stress.
Belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Interacts with lola. Interacts with proteins of the male specific lethal (MSL) dosage compensation complex; this interaction is mediated by the kinase domains.
Phosphorylates 'Ser-10' of histone H3. May regulate gene expression by establishing or maintaining the structure of more open chromatin regions. Also required for normal polytene chromosome structure, for oogenesis and for viability throughout development. Regulates the structure of polytene chromosomes in salivary glands. May phosphorylate 'Ser-1' of histone H2A.
Contributes to the formation of Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6, IP6 or phytate) (PubMed:15322119). Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form InsP6 (Probable). Together with Ipk2, they are the main contributors to higher InsP synthesis (PubMed:15322119).
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Stimulates the RNA helicase activity of EIF4A in the translation initiation complex. Binds weakly mRNA.
MAPKK is itself dependent on Ser/Thr phosphorylation for activity catalyzed by MAP kinase kinase kinases.
Required for the epithelial cell sheet movement called dorsal closure (DC), which allows establishment of the dorsal epidermis. Controls the expression in the dorsal epithelium edges of another dorsal closure gene, puckered (puc). Phosphorylates and activates the MAP kinase bsk; bsk signal transduction pathway mediates an immune response and morphogenesis.
Belongs to the suppressor of sable family.
RNA-binding protein that suppresses transcription of some RNAs (PubMed:1703632, PubMed:9121479, PubMed:11027289, PubMed:15082769, PubMed:19687295, PubMed:26577379). Together with Wdr82, part of a transcription termination checkpoint that promotes transcription termination of RNAs and their subsequent degradation by the nuclear exosome (PubMed:26577379). Promotes transcription termination of aberrant RNAs, transcripts from genes containing a transposon inserted at their very 5' end or RNAs from heat-shock-inducible repetitive element (PubMed:1703632, PubMed:19687295, PubMed:26577379). Binds RNA preferentially at a sequence that resembles a cryptic 5'-splice site (PubMed:9121479).
At least 6 electrophoretic isozymes are known: Amy1, Amy2, Amy3, Amy4, Amy5 and Amy6. Strains KO123 expresses Amy1; J87 expresses Amy3; 1420#1, L16 and TN256 express Amy6.
Defective axonal patterning of terminal processes in class IV nociceptive sensory neurons (C4da), including defective contralateral projections in ddaC and vdaB neurons, during larval development (PubMed:22084112, PubMed:21338947, PubMed:24746793). Defective larval locomotion behavior (PubMed:22084112). Defective targeting of R8 photoreceptor growth cones to the medulla layer during eye development (PubMed:27743477).
Detected at embryonic stages 13-14 (PubMed:22084112). During embryonic and larval development, expressed in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) in a subset of peripheral nervous system neurons including C4da (at protein level) (PubMed:22084112, PubMed:21338947, PubMed:24746793).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity (By similarity). During embryonic and larval development, regulates the pattern of axonal projections of class IV nociceptive sensory neurons (C4da) downstream of netrin receptor fra (PubMed:22084112, PubMed:21338947). Regulates fine-scale topography of C4da axon terminals upon neuronal activity (PubMed:24746793). During eye development, consolidates the attachment of R8 photoreceptor growth cones to the target medulla layer, probably downstream of fra (PubMed:27743477).
Induced by neuronal activity in C4da neurons.
Interacts (via fibronectin type-III domain) with pico. Interacts (via SPRY domain) with netrin receptor fra.
The fibronectin type-III, SPRY and coil-coil domains are necessary for C4da axon patterning.
Hormone dependent protease required for epithelial morphogenesis, including the formation of bristles, legs, and wings. Has a dual function, detaches imaginal disk cells from extracellular matrices through its extracellular proteolytic domain and transmits an outside-to-inside signal to its intracellular domain to modify the cytoskeleton during morphogenesis.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-24 is the initiator.
May activate itself by proteolytic cleavage.
By 20-hydroxyecdysone during the three larval stages, at pupariation and in pupae.
Expressed in body wall (epidermal and muscle cells) and mid- and hind-gut.
Low levels throughout postembryonic development.
Chromosome mapping suggests that WDY is fully contained in the kl-1 region, and WDY may correspond to this fertility factor.
Strongly expressed in testis and weakly in the soma.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Coexpressed with danr in the presumptive distal antenna, but not in the leg imaginal disk. Both proteins are also expressed in the brain and the eye region of the eye-antenna disk. First detected in early L3 eye disks in cells surrounding the newly initiated MF. Levels are uniform and high anterior to the furrow, lower levels within and posterior to the furrow. Limited expression is seen in small groups of cells in leg and wing. These appear in the location of prominent sense organ progenitors at relatively late stages of disk development.
Flies exhibit partial transformation of antenna toward leg identity and small rough eyes. Ectopic expression causes partial transformation of distal leg structures toward antennal identity and antennal precursors into eye tissue.
Homomers. Interacts with itself, danr, ey and dac to form a complex (or complexes) containing the RD factors.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
Acts both as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and participates in endocytosis.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. BUD32 family.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of Tim13 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).
The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits (By similarity).
Consists of a leucine-rich N-terminal half, which is likely to be involved in protein-protein interaction, and a C-terminal half which has high sequence similarity to gelsolin and is therefore likely to be involved in actin-binding.
Found in ovaries, larval fat bodies, brain and adult thorax.
May play a key role in embryonic cellularization by interacting with both the cytoskeleton and other cellular components. Alternatively, it may play a structural role in indirect flight muscle. Vital for embryonic development.
Expressed uniformly throughout all tissues during embryogenesis.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in glia results in significantly reduced inhibitory activity of drpr isoform A on glial cell engulfment of axonal debris.
Required in all receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. Functions downstream of the receptor tyrosine kinase torso, acting in concert with D-Raf via tailless. Also functions downstream of Egfr (epidermal growth factor receptor) and btl (fibroblast growth factor receptor). The SH2 domain suggests that csw effects its role by mediating heteromeric protein interactions. Maternally required for normal determination of cell fates at the termini of the embryo. Required for cell fate specification of the ventral ectoderm, in the developing embryonic CNS and for embryonic tracheal cell migration. Functions during imaginal development for proper formation of adult structures such as eyes, aristae, L5 wing vein and the tarsal claw. Dephosphorylates drpr isoform A which is required for the inhibition by drpr isoform A of glial cell engulfment of axonal debris produced following axonal injury (PubMed:22426252).
The PTPase domain is interrupted by a PTPase insert which shares no homologies with other PTPase proteins. This PTPase insert is reminiscent of the kinase insert within the kinase catalytic domains of several receptor tyrosine kinases.
Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor (PubMed:12829714, PubMed:18669915). It can both act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto unmodified peptide substrates, and as a glycopeptide transferase that requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties. Prefers the monoglycosylated Muc5AC-3 as substrate (PubMed:12829714). O-glycosylation modification of proteins by this enzyme might be important for cytokinesis (PubMed:20807760).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed during embryonic, larval, pupal and adult stages. Weakly expressed in the male and female body and correspondingly low levels during early embryonic stages. Significantly expressed from embryonic stage 8-12 hours and reaches maximal levels in the pupae and male head.
Expressed in developing oocytes and egg chambers. No expression observed during embryonic stages 9-11. During embryonic stages 12-13, specific expression is observed in the developing tracheal branches and brain. During embryonic stages 14-17, expression is restricted to the dorsal longitudinal trachea. In third instar larvae imaginal wing disk, expressed in clusters of cells in the presumptive pleura and notum. In eye-antennal imaginal disk, shows a very distinct band of expression at the morphogenetic furrow and weaker expression in the presumptive eye posterior to the furrow, no expression is detected in the presumptive antennal or head region anterior to the furrow. No expression observed in leg or haltere imaginal disks.
Belongs to the dynactin subunits 5/6 family. Dynactin subunit 6 subfamily.
Part of the dynactin complex that activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules.
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, no expression is seen in larvae and weak expression in pupae.
General coactivator that functions cooperatively with TAFs and mediates functional interactions between upstream activators and the general transcriptional machinery. Binds single-stranded DNA (By similarity). Binds specifically to the NssBF element, a short nucleotide sequence of the 1731 retrotransposon, to repress promoter activity.
Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
Expressed in blastoderm embryos in two ventrolateral stripes that are brought to the midline as gastrulation proceeds. In the germ-band retraction stage, expression is seen in the CNS and epidermis. At late blastoderm, expression is localized in the anlagen of the amnioserosa. Expression in the head, cypeolabrum, maxillary and labial lobes, and around the stomodeum throughout embryo development. In late embryos, expression decays in all ectodermal cells and appears in the segmental muscles and the gut wall. In the larva, expression occurs in the dorsal metathoracic disc, the eye-antennal disc and the ventral thoracic disc. Found in the intervein in the pupa.
Ligand for the EGF receptor. Seems to play a role in the global proliferation of wing disc cells and the larval patterning. Shows a strong synergistic genetic interaction with spi, suggesting a molecular interdependence. Required for the development of interveins cells.
'Fushi tarazu' means 'segment deficient' in Japanese. Flies lacking ftz exhibit embryos with half the usual number of body segments.
Expressed early in development in a striped pattern at the blastoderm stage. Later expressed in a specific subset of neuronal precursor cells, neurons and glia in the developing CNS. Between 5 and 6 hours of development, found in the midline precursor-2 cells in a segmentally repeating pattern. Expression in many other neuronal precursors follows and reaches a second peak of abundance at 9 hours of development. Expressed in the hindgut between 11-15 hours of development.
May play a role in determining neuronal identity, may be directly involved in specifying identity of individual neurons. Required during embryogenesis for the process of body segmentation. Homeotic protein, required in alternating segment primordia, it specifies the correct number of segments.
Scaffolding protein that specifically recognizes and binds dimethylarginine-containing proteins. Plays a role in the regulation of translation of target mRNAs by binding Arg/Gly-rich motifs (GAR) in dimethylarginine-containing proteins. In nucleus, acts as a coactivator: recognizes and binds asymmetric dimethylation on the core histone tails associated with transcriptional activation (H3R17me2a and H4R3me2a) and recruits proteins at these arginine-methylated loci. In cytoplasm, acts as an antiviral factor that participates in the assembly of stress granules together with G3BP1.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Component of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex, composed of rhi, cuff and del (PubMed:24906153). Interacts with rhi; this interaction is indirect and is mediated by del (PubMed:21952049, PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419). Interacts with del (via C-terminal); this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153).
Females exhibit severely reduced fecundity. Defects in germline cyst development and result in ventralized eggs as a result of reduced Grk expression. Increase in the transcript levels of two retrotransposable elements, Het-A and Tart.
In contrast to other members of the family that display ribonuclease activity, lacks the conserved catalytic sites that bind the divalent metal cations. Ribonuclease activity is therefore unsure.
Involved in the piRNA pathway in germline tissues (PubMed:17363252, PubMed:21952049). Part of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex that stimulates piRNA biogenesis from chromatin regions corresponding to dual-strand, but not single-stranded, piRNA clusters. As part of the RDC complex, is recruited to chromatin enriched in histone modification H3K9me3 and might contribute to the complex interaction by binding nascent transcript nucleic acid chains (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:25085419). May also be involved in siRNA biogenesis from dual-strand piRNA clusters (PubMed:25085419).
Cyclin-dependent kinase which displays CTD kinase activity: hyperphosphorylates the C-terminal heptapeptide repeat domain (CTD) of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit, thereby acting as a key regulator of transcription elongation.
Adults display increased motor activity during locomotion, fragmented sleep and a decreased lifespan. Walking speed is not effected however flies spend more time moving with slightly fewer pauses resulting in longer uninterrupted bouts of walking. The total duration of sleep is not effected but average sleep bout length is decreased, the number of sleep bouts is increased and the amount of wake after sleep onset (WASO) is also increased. Dopamine levels are decreased by 50%. No effect on flight or climbing (negative geotaxis). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a large subset of dopaminergic neurons also results in fragmented sleep.
Detected in the brain (at protein level).
Essential for the homeostatic regulation of sleep and motor activity, by depressing hyperactivity and wakefulness. May function, at least in part, by ensuring dopamine biosynthesis.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13 and 17 subunits, respectively.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common core component of RNA polymerases I and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively (By similarity).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common core component of RNA polymerases I and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Able to interact with dicer enzyme Dcr-1 (PubMed:17666393). However, the relevance of such an interaction is unclear in vivo and another report found that it did not interact with Dcr-1 (PubMed:19635780).
Component of the miRNA-directed RNA-induced loading complex (miRLC), composed of at least Dcr-1, AGO1 and loqs isoform PB (loqs-PB), which processes pre-miRNAs and loads the resulting miRNAs into the Argonaute 1 (AGO1)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) to target the selective destruction of homologous RNAs (PubMed:19451544, PubMed:15918769, PubMed:15985611). Interacts (via DRBM 3 domain) with dicer enzyme Dcr-1 (via helicase domain) (PubMed:19644447, PubMed:19635780, PubMed:15918770, PubMed:17666393, PubMed:36182693, PubMed:15918769, PubMed:19451544, PubMed:15985611, PubMed:26769856). Different regions of the Dcr-1-loqs-PB heterodimer collaborate to recognize, bind and position the pre-miRNA for Dcr-1 mediated cleavage (PubMed:36182693). In the absence of miRNA substrates, the heterodimer favors a closed, catalytically incompetent, conformation, whereas binding of authentic pre-miRNA substrates stabilizes the relatively rare open, catalytically competent, conformation of the heterodimer (PubMed:36182693). During substrate recognition, the Dcr-1 PAZ domain and pre-miRNA interact with the DRBM 1 domain of loqs-PB, which likely contributes to substrate recognition and stabilization (PubMed:36182693). At the miRNA binding stage, the Dcr-1 DRBM domain and the loqs-PB DRBM domains then bind the pre-miRNA in tandem to form a tight 'belt' around the pre-miRNA stem, the pre-miRNA loop is docked in the loop-binding region formed by DUF283, DRBM and part of the helicase domain of Dcr-1, and the loqs-PB DRBM 1 and the wing domain of Dcr-1 act together to bind the 5' and 3' pre-miRNA termini within the PAZ and platform domains of Dcr-1 (PubMed:36182693). These interactions between the proteins and their pre-miRNA substrate stabilize a distorted form of the pre-miRNA and position the scissile phosphodiester bonds of the pre-miRNA at the RNase III catalytic cleavage sites of Dcr-1 (PubMed:36182693). Following Dcr-1 mediated cleavage, the miRNA duplex remains bound to loqs-PB DRBM 1, which dissociates from the Dcr-1 RNase III 1 domain but remains in contact with the PAZ and wing domains suggesting that the heterodimer presents the mature miRNA to AGO2 for loading into the RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) (PubMed:36182693).
Double-stranded RNA-binding protein which can function in gene silencing by acting with Dcr-1 to enhance its ATP-independent processing of a specific subset of precursor micro-RNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs (PubMed:19635780, PubMed:27184838, PubMed:26769856). Some reports found it was able to enhance the efficiency of pre-miRNA processing by Dcr-1, and can shift the cleavage site of Dcr-1 altering the length of the mature miRNAs produced by Dcr-1 alone (PubMed:17320391, PubMed:23063653, PubMed:29373753). However, in contrast to isoform PB, it is not necessary or sufficient for enhancing miRNA biogenesis, and is not required for development or female germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance (PubMed:17320391, PubMed:23063653). Another report also found that it decreases binding of Dcr-1 to the miRNA substrate let-7 (PubMed:17928574).
Double-stranded RNA-binding protein which functions in gene silencing by acting with Dcr-1 to enhance its ATP-independent processing of a specific subset of precursor micro-RNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs (PubMed:19635780, PubMed:27184838, PubMed:26769856, PubMed:17928574, PubMed:36182693, PubMed:15918769, PubMed:15985611, PubMed:17666393). Function is essential for development and female germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance (PubMed:17320391, PubMed:23063653, PubMed:15985611). Functions in miRNA-mediated gene silencing by enhancing the binding affinity and specific pre-miRNA processing activity of Dcr-1, and as part of the loqs-PB-Dcr-1 complex, is involved in substrate discrimination, correctly positioning the pre-miRNA in the Dcr-1 catalytic center for cleavage, and miRNA loading into the Argonaute 1 (Ago1)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) (PubMed:23063653, PubMed:27184838, PubMed:17928574, PubMed:36182693, PubMed:15918769, PubMed:17666393). Increases the binding affinity of Dcr-1 to pre-miRNAs, thereby increasing dicing efficiency and broadening the range of substrates that can be processed by the dicer (PubMed:23063653, PubMed:27184838, PubMed:17928574, PubMed:36182693). It may also confer the substrate specificity of Dcr-1 towards pre-miRNAs, as in its absence Dcr-1 displays siRNA-generating activity towards long dsRNA substrates (PubMed:15918769). It can also shift the cleavage site of Dcr-1 for a small number of pre-miRNAs, changing the length of the mature miRNAs produced by Dcr-1 alone (PubMed:23063653, PubMed:29373753). Increases the range of pre-miRNAs that can be processed by Dcr-1, by enhancing the dicing of suboptimal hairpin substrates including ones with mismatches at the dicing site (PubMed:27184838, PubMed:29373753). This function may also promote the generation of novel miRNA genes as it appears to have an important role in processing evolutionarily young miRNA genes, suggesting that it may also enhance dicing of substrates that have not acquired hairpin features required for efficient miRNA processing (PubMed:27184838). As newly emerged miRNAs can have deleterious or beneficial effects on fitness, this function is likely part of a regulatory system that prevents excessive emergence of active miRNA genes and thus keeps them within an optimal range (PubMed:27184838). Also forms a RISC loading complex (miRLC) with Dcr-1 to mediate Ago1-loading of mature miRNAs into the RNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) (PubMed:36182693, PubMed:15918769). In female ovaries, required for Dcr-1 to generate the twenty-three nucleotide isomiR variant of miR-307a which is able to repress its targets Gk2 and tara (PubMed:23063653).
Double-stranded RNA-binding protein which has an essential role in gene silencing (RNAi) by acting with Dcr-2 to enhance its ATP-dependent processing of a subset of endogenous (endo) and exogenous (exo) dsRNAs into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (PubMed:19644447, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:25891075, PubMed:27184838, PubMed:19635780, PubMed:23063653). Functions in RNAi by increasing the initial binding affinity of Dcr-2 to certain dsRNA substrates, and in the absence of r2d2, may also function in siRNA loading into the Argonaute 2 (AGO2)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC) and guide strand selection for target silencing by the siRISC (PubMed:19644447, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:19635780). Promotes Dcr-2 cleavage of a subset of dsRNAs, including endo-dsRNAs derived from convergent transcription, inverted repeats and transposons (PubMed:19644447, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:29550490, PubMed:19635780, PubMed:23063653). Also enables Dcr-2 to produce hairpin-derived endo-siRNAs in the presence of cellular inhibitory inorganic phosphate, likely by increasing the binding affinity of the enzyme to the hairpin dsRNAs allowing the dsRNA to displace phosphate bound to Dcr-2 (PubMed:29550490). According to many reports, the cleavage reaction mode of Dcr-2 changes according to the termini of the dsRNA substrate, with the enzyme displaying a preference for processing blunt termini (BLT), likely non-self dsRNAs, over dsRNAs with 2 nucleotides 3' overhanging (3'ovr) termini, which are typically the structure of endo-dsRNAs (PubMed:29550490, PubMed:34590626, PubMed:25891075). According to many reports, interaction with Loqs-PD modifies the molecular recognition mechanisms of Dcr-2 towards sub-optimal 3'ovr dsRNA substrates and thus enables the dicer to cleave endo-dsRNA templates with diverse termini (PubMed:29550490, PubMed:25891075). However, according to another report, the mode of cleavage reaction is not affected by the presence or absence of loqs-PD (PubMed:34590626). In the absence of r2d2, may also form an alternative RISC loading complex (siRLC) with Dcr-2 to mediate AGO2-loading of endo- and exo-siRNAs into the RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC) (PubMed:21245036, PubMed:29040648). Many reports suggest that loqs-PD and r2d2 function independently with dcr-2 in distinct siRNA pathways, and may even compete for binding to the enzyme (PubMed:21245036, PubMed:29040648). Loaded siRNAs serve as a guide to direct the siRISC to complementary RNAs to degrade them or prevent their translation (PubMed:29040648). The siRLC plays an important role in the ATP-dependent asymmetry sensing of the duplex, and is therefore also responsible for the selection of the strand that ultimately acts as the guide siRNA for the siRISC (PubMed:29040648). Thermodynamically asymmetric endo-siRNAs can be pre-oriented in the siRLC by the Loqs-PD and DCr-2 complex, which preferentially binds to the most thermodynamically stable strand prior to loading into the siRISC (PubMed:29040648). Appears to be involved in promoting double-strand breaks (DSBs) following exposure to a low-dose/dose-rate (LDR) of ionizing radiation (PubMed:36057690).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (at protein level). Detected in embryos, larvae and adults (at protein level).
Female fertility is severely reduced whereas male fertility is relatively unaffected (PubMed:23063653). Females lay very few eggs, and most of the eggs that are laid have abnormal appendages and do not hatch (PubMed:23063653).
Larval lethal and displays miRNA processing defects (PubMed:17320391). Embryos do not develop past the first instar larvae stage (PubMed:17320391). Most females contain ovaries with empty germaria accompanied by one or two terminal stage egg chambers (PubMed:17320391). Accumulates pre-miRNAs and displays a reduction in mature miRNAs (PubMed:17320391).
Monomer (PubMed:28874570). Interacts (via C-terminus) with dicer enzyme Dcr-2 (via N-terminus); interaction is required for RNAi activity in producing siRNAs from a subset of endo- and exo-dsRNAs, and in the alternative siRLC, the interaction enhances the binding preference of the protein for the thermodynamically more stable ends of endogenous siRNAs (PubMed:19644447, PubMed:19635780, PubMed:21245036, PubMed:28874570, PubMed:35768513, PubMed:29040648). Interaction with Dcr-2 is RNA independent, however the isoform must bind both dsRNA and Dcr-2 to enhance Dcr-2 cleavage activity (PubMed:28874570). Does not interact with Dcr-1 (PubMed:19644447).
No significant effect on female or male fertility.
RNA-binding DRBM domains 1 and 2 bind dsRNA while DRBM 3 binds Dcr-1 (PubMed:34590626, PubMed:29040648, PubMed:36182693). The RNA-binding DRBM 1 and 2 domains are able to bind dsRNA independently (PubMed:34590626). The DRBM domains appears to bind to the RNA duplex and then slide along the siRNA helix to the ends of the siRNA (PubMed:29040648). The DRBMs display a preference for binding to the more thermodynamically stable ends of the siRNA which is enhanced by interaction with Dcr-2 (PubMed:29040648). This suggests that the domains may also function to pre-orientate the guide strand prior to loading into the (AGO2)-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC) (PubMed:29040648). Both of the DRBM 1 and 2 domains are required for optimal Dcr-2 mediated cleavage of 3' overhanging termini (3'ovr) dsRNAs, whereas only the DRBM 3 domain appears to be necessary for Dcr-2 mediated cleavage of blunt termini (BLT) dsRNAs (PubMed:28874570).
Slightly down-regulated in response to a low-dose/dose-rate (LDR) of ionizing radiation.
Strong expression in females and relatively weak expression in males (PubMed:15918770). Strong expression in ovaries (PubMed:15918770).
Strong expression in males and females (PubMed:15918770). Expression in ovaries is relatively weak (PubMed:15918770).
The name 'Loquacious' refers to the mutants being 'very talkative' as they display a loss of several types of gene silencing.
Although it contains a PPIase FKBP-type domain, does not show peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity.
Co-chaperone required during oogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Acts as a co-chaperone via its interaction with Hsp83/HSP90 and is required for the biogenesis of all three piRNA major populations.
Recessive female sterility with no effects on zygotic viability. Some strong alleles (WQ41 and WM40) also lead to male sterility.
Strongly expressed in the germline stem cells and in 16-cell cysts. Present in the germ cells throughout embryogenesis. Defects are due to derepression of transposable elements and impaired piRNA biogenesis.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Thioredoxin system is a major player in glutathione metabolism, due to the demonstrated absence of a glutathione reductase. Functionally interacts with the Sod/Cat reactive oxidation species (ROS) defense system and thereby has a role in preadult development and life span. Lack of a glutathione reductase suggests antioxidant defense in Drosophila, and probably in related insects, differs fundamentally from that in other organisms.
Cleaves angiotensin-1 and tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (PubMed:19880729). Functions in maintaining muscle integrity, possibly independently of its endopeptidase activity (PubMed:22583317).
Expressed in the gonads and testes of adults, and the adult and larval brain (at protein level) (PubMed:19880729). In embryos, expressed in the pericardial, muscle founder and glia cells (at protein level) (PubMed:19880729). In stage 12 embryos, expressed in specific dorsal muscle founder cells such as DA1 and DO2, and also in the certain pericardial progenitor cells where expression persists throughout embryogenesis (PubMed:19880729, PubMed:24395329). Expressed in the glia cells of the embryonic, larval and adult central nervous system (PubMed:19880729, PubMed:24395329). Expressed in the somatic muscles of larvae, pupae and adults (PubMed:22583317). Isoform A: Detected in the male abdomen (at protein level) (PubMed:19880729). Isoform B: Not detected in the male or female abdomen (at protein level) (PubMed:19880729).
Expressed throughout development and in adults (at protein level). Isoform A: Highly expressed in adults and low levels of expression in larvae and pupae (at protein level). Isoform B: High levels of expression in larvae (at protein level), and low levels of expression in embryos (4-24 hr after oviposition), pupae and adults (at protein level).
Interacts (via intracellular domain) with the putative carbohydrate kinase CG3534.
Metalloendoprotease which cleaves peptides at the amino side of hydrophobic residues - such as the hormones Akh and Dh31, and the neuropeptides Allatostatins (AST1, AST2, AST3 and AST4), Crz, Drosulfakinins (DSK-I and DSK-II), Lk, sNPF and the tachykinin peptides TK-1, TK-2, TK-4 and TK-5 (PubMed:27919317). Functions in female fertility, memory formation and may also act in regulating insulin signaling and food intake (PubMed:24395329, PubMed:27629706). Likely to be involved in controlling feeding behavior and the expression of insulin-like peptides by cleaving various regulatory peptides that include certain Drosulfakinins, Allatostatins and tachykinin peptides (PubMed:27919317). Required in females for normal patterns of egg laying and hatching (PubMed:24395329). Required in the dorsal paired medial neurons for the proper formation of long-term (LTM) and middle-term memories (MTM) (PubMed:27629706). Also required in the mushroom body neurons where it functions redundantly with neprilysins Nep2 and Nep3, in normal LTM formation (PubMed:27629706).
RNAi-mediated knockdown females lay fewer eggs and display a reduced hatch rate when mated to wild-type males (PubMed:24395329). Wild-type females mated to males that undergo RNAi-mediated knockdown, lay the same number of eggs and have a similar hatch rate to those mated to wild-type males (PubMed:24395329). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsal paired medial neurons impairs middle-term (MTM) and long-term memory (LTM), but has no effect on normal aversion learning and anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) (PubMed:27629706). RNAi-mediated knockdown in all mushroom body neurons has no effect on learning, ARM and LTM (PubMed:27629706). However, simultaneous knockdown with Nep3 does impair LTM, and simultaneous knockdown with both Nep2 and Nep3 results in a further reduction in LTM formation (PubMed:27629706). However, simultaneous knockdown with only Nep2 has no effect on LTM formation (PubMed:27629706). RNAi-mediated knockdown in somatic muscles is pupal lethal (PubMed:22583317, PubMed:27919317). Muscles of second instar larvae display signs of necrotic degeneration, and undergo fewer and weaker contractions leading to a reduction in their crawling speed (PubMed:22583317). Also displays reduced food intake after 10 minutes (47% of control intake) and 20 minutes of feeding (72% of control intake), but not after 40 minutes (PubMed:27919317). Displays an 82% reduction in expression of insulin-like peptide 4 (PubMed:27919317).
Required for the cellularization of the syncytial blastoderm embryo. Involved in the localization of the actin filaments just prior to and during plasma membrane invagination. Sry-alpha together with nullo and bnk may provide auxiliary functions, by acting both to stabilize a large and dynamic microfilament structure and regulate its functions.
Transcript levels rise steadily during syncytial stages to reach a peak in early cycle 14 and then decline rapidly during cellularization.
Transient expression in blastoderm from nuclear cycle 11 to the onset of gastrulation.
Component of the spliceosome C complex (By similarity). Interacts with eIF4AIII (PubMed:22961380).
Required for pre-mRNA splicing and for exon-junction complex (EJC) assembly. Hinders eIF4AIII from non-specifically binding RNA and escorts it to the splicing machinery to promote EJC assembly on mature mRNAs.
Lethal from early third instar larval stage (PubMed:33822845). In the cortex of larval ventral nerve cords, disruption of axonal trafficking in motor neurons of presynaptic cargo, but not mitochondrial cargo (PubMed:33822845). Aggregation of presynaptic active zone proteins (e.g. brp/Bruchpilot and Rbp/RIM-binding protein), synaptic vesicle proteins (e.g. unc-13, Syt1/Synaptotagmin 1 and Dap160/intersectin) and lysozomal cargos (e.g. Lamp1) in the soma of motor neurons (PubMed:33822845). Synaptic vesicle proteins and presynaptic active zone proteins accumulate in closely apposed but seperate compartments (PubMed:33822845). These aggregates correspond to vesicles accumulating at the trans-Golgi (PubMed:33822845). Reduced levels of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins in synaptic termini of motor neurons (PubMed:33822845). Thin motor neuron synaptic terminal morphology with atypically small bouton structures (PubMed:33822845). Reduced number of active zones resulting in restricted neurotransmitter release (PubMed:33822845). No reduction in active zone size or function, suggesting presynapse assembly is not affected (PubMed:33822845). Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus (PubMed:33822845). Sorting and membrane targeting of non-synaptic proteins from the Golgi is not affected (PubMed:33822845). Increased incidence of autophagic organelles (PubMed:33822845).
May be involved in bidirectional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi trafficking (PubMed:33822845). In larval motor neurons, mediates the biogenesis of presynaptic cargo vesicles and their long-range axonal trafficking to synaptic termini (PubMed:33822845). Not involved in axonal trafficking of mitochondria (PubMed:33822845). During vesicle biogenesis, active zone proteins (including brp/Bruchpilot) and synaptic vesicle proteins (including VGlut) are sorted from the trans-Golgi in a Rab2-dependent manner via, at least, two independent routes (PubMed:33822845). Acts upstream of Arl8 during presynaptic precursor vesicle biogenesis (PubMed:33822845). Associated with lysosomal marker positive presynaptic cargo vesicles during anterograde and retrograde axonal trafficking, probably while in its GTP-bound active state (PubMed:33822845). Involved in the delivery of presynaptic cargos, but not presynapse assembly or active zone function at synaptic termini (PubMed:33822845). May be involved in the autophagic degradative pathway (PubMed:33822845).
Motor neurons of larval ventral nerve cords.
Probable transcriptional regulator involved in the regulation of the proneural AS-C genes and the neurogenic genes of the enhancer of split complex. Could specifically activate proneural genes in the ventral-most neuroectoderm.
Endosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates the recycling endosome pathway by mediating ubiquitination of Synaptobrevin (Syb) (PubMed:23353890). Also acts as a regulator of transcytosis in wing imaginal disks by catalyzing ubiquitination of Syb: ubiquitination of Syb promotes transcytosis of wingless (wg) to the basolateral surface (PubMed:26974662).
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC1 subfamily.
Defects in long term memory after olfactory learning.
Mediates the side-chain deamidation of N-terminal glutamine residues to glutamate, an important step in N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. Conversion of the resulting N-terminal glutamine to glutamate renders the protein susceptible to arginylation, polyubiquitination and degradation as specified by the N-end rule. Does not act on substrates with internal or C-terminal glutamine and does not act on non-glutamine residues in any position.
May be involved in initiation of DNA replication; activation of the chorion gene origins. May have a role in eye and thoracic bristle development.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB11 subunit family.
Belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family.
Binds 2 heme A groups non-covalently per subunit.
There is no mitochondrial-type translation initiation codon present in frame in the sequence. In PubMed:19533212, the authors suggest the presence of a novel start codon coding for either Pro or Ser in Drosophila CoI transcripts. In PubMed:19540318, further evidence for the presence of the same start codon coding for Ser in D.melanogaster CoI transcript is presented.
Chromatin-associated factor that regulates transcription (PubMed:21752937). Regulates Pol I-mediated rRNA biogenesis and, probably, Pol III-mediated transcription (PubMed:29065309). Regulates the localization to the nucleolus of Cdk7, a regulator of the Pol I-elongation factor TFIIH (PubMed:29065309). Acts as regulator of cell proliferation and tissue growth as part of the TORC1 and Myc signaling pathway in response to nutrients (PubMed:29065309). Required in males for both germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance and early stages of germ cell differentiation of germ cell cysts (PubMed:21752937). Not required for female germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance, but necessary to regulate germ cell differentiation and egg chamber development (PubMed:21752937). In female somatic cells, required for follicle stem cell survival and maintenance (PubMed:21752937).
Detected in embryonic cell types, including germ cells (at protein level) (PubMed:21752937). In early third instar larvae, detected in the fat body (at protein level) (PubMed:29065309). Detected in the larval salivary glands and fat body (at protein level) (PubMed:21752937). Expressed in stage 17 embryos in male but not female gonads (PubMed:21752937).
Detected in the germline of adult testis and ovary (at protein level) (PubMed:21752937). Detected in ovary somatic cells, in zfh1-positive cyst cells in the testis and absent in differentiated cyst cells (at protein level) (PubMed:21752937).
Increased expression upon activation of the Insulin/TOR/Myc pathway in response to protein diet.
Larval mutants exhibit altered cell transcription with reduced levels of Pol I-dependent rRNA biogenesis and, to a certain extent, of III-dependent transcription leading to reduced growth (PubMed:21752937, PubMed:29065309). Displays delayed pupation kinetics and reduced pupal volume (PubMed:29065309). Exhibits reduced number of germline cells leading to fertility defects; female flies have limited fertility, whereas male flies are sterile (PubMed:21752937). In male larvae, germ cells can enter differentiation but spermatogenic cysts cannot develop normally (PubMed:21752937). Adult testes shows fewer hub-proximal germ cells, lack of Stat92e activation and general failure of germline stem cells (GSC) maintenance (PubMed:21752937). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the posterior compartment of the developing wing leads to reduced compartment size (PubMed:29065309). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body results in delayed larval development and reduced pupal volume (PubMed:29065309).
Phosphorylated in response to nutrient-activated TORC1 signaling.
Expressed in early embryonic development (4-8 h) and in all later developmental stages.
Expressed in the head (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in 5-HT1B+ neurons leads to dis-inhibition of male aggressive behavior.
Component of the gypsy chromatin insulator complex which is required for the function of the gypsy chromatin insulator and other endogenous chromatin insulators. Chromatin insulators are regulatory elements which establish independent domains of transcriptional activity within eukaryotic genomes. Insulators have two defining properties; they can block the communication between an enhancer and a promoter when placed between them and can also buffer transgenes from position effect variegation (PEV). Insulators are proposed to structure the chromatin fiber into independent domains of differing transcriptional potential by promoting the formation of distinct chromatin loops. This chromatin looping may involve the formation of insulator bodies, where homotypic interactions between individual subunits of the insulator complex could promote the clustering of widely spaced insulators at the nuclear periphery. Within the gypsy insulator complex, this protein binds specifically to a region of the gypsy element located 3' of the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR), and may also mediate interaction with other endogenous insulators at sites distinct from those recognized by Cp190.
Component of the gypsy chromatin insulator complex, composed of Cp190, mod(mdg4) and su(Hw) (PubMed:7664338, PubMed:11350941, PubMed:11416154, PubMed:15574329). The gypsy chromatin insulator complex interacts with Topors via mod(mdg4) and su(Hw) (PubMed:16209949). Upon ecdysone stimulation, interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:28366641).
Adults display a slight decrease in olfactory avoidance behavior towards the repellent odorant benzaldehyde (PubMed:17435226). Also, the ellipsoid body in the brains of many mutants are decreased in size (PubMed:17435226). No visible effects on development and mutants are viable (PubMed:11458392). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males significantly reduces survival to 37 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 9 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188).
At stage 11 embryos, expressed in mesodermal precursor cells from the dorsal tracheal pits to the ventral midline of each hemisegment (at protein level) (PubMed:11458392). At stage 12, expressed in fat body cell clusters (protein level) (PubMed:11458392). In stage 16 embryos, expressed at the attachment sites of segment border muscles (SBMs) and ventrolateral muscles (VLs) (at protein level) (PubMed:11458392). Expressed throughout development (PubMed:10704872). At the embryonic blastoderm stage, expressed in six stripes, of which the anterior three stripes show higher levels of expression than the posterior three stripes (PubMed:10704872). In addition, dorsal lateral extensions of the stripes occur (PubMed:10704872). At embryonic stages 7-9, expressed at relatively high levels in the ventral and dorsal regions and detected in the gut primordia (PubMed:11458392). During germband extension, detected at a lower level of expression as 12 stripes and is also expressed in the region of the amnioserosa (PubMed:10704872). At stages 9-11, the highest levels of expression occurs in 11 segmentally mesodermal patches and the gut primordia (PubMed:10704872, PubMed:11458392). In stage 11 embryos, expressed in fat body clusters and the gut primordia (PubMed:11458392). At late stages of embryogenesis, displays strong expression at muscle attachment sites, the visceral mesoderm of the anterior most part of the midgut, and in the dorsal vessel (PubMed:10704872, PubMed:11458392). In the brain of third instar larvae, expressed in the optic lobes, in the thoracic ganglion, in the midline glia, and in dispersed cells of the brain (PubMed:17435226).
In egg chambers, high levels of expression in the follicle cells, with little to no expression in the germ cells (at protein level) (PubMed:30827914). In stage 3 to 7 egg chambers, planar polarized at the basal epithelial surface (at protein level) (PubMed:30827914).
Regulates the motility of migrating epithelial cells by providing guidance cues within the migratory environment and may also play a role in development of the olfactory system (PubMed:17435226, PubMed:30827914). May act as a positive axonal guidance cue (By similarity). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival and is important for climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Promotes collective migration of follicular epithelial cells in egg chambers, likely by acting at the leading edge of the basal epithelium cells to provide guidance cues across the cell boundary to the trailing edge of the cell ahead (PubMed:30827914). The transmembrane receptor PlexA on the trailing edge of the cell ahead, appears to transduce this signal to suppress the formation of protrusions (PubMed:30827914). Involved in olfactory avoidance behavior (PubMed:17435226).
Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis. Expressed in larvae.
Its transcript shares the first untranslated exon with the alpha-Spec transcript, suggesting a common regulation. It was initially identified as a candidate for quantitative trait locus (QTL) that affects olfaction. However, given that the mutant used to identify this gene also affects the alpha-Spec gene, this result is unclear.
Regulator of cell proliferation and cell survival of differentiated cells independent of cell division. Essential for imaginal disks formation. Not involved in cell polarity.
Ubiquitously expressed. In larvae, it is expressed in all imaginal disks, salivary glands and weakly expressed in the gut.
Essential protein which may play a role in mitochondrial morphogenesis and function. Has transfer RNA (tRNA)-binding activity and can bind tRNA(Ser) but does not have serine--tRNA ligase activity and does not bind ATP.
Expressed from late embryogenesis with expression continuing in larva, pupa and adult (at protein level).
Component of the Brahma complex, which is composed of brm, osa, mor, Snr1/Bap45, dalao/Bap111, Bap55, Bap60 and Act42A/Bap47 (PubMed:10601025, PubMed:10809665). Interacts with asf1 (PubMed:12381660). Associates with the brm-HDAC3-erm repressor complex, composed of brm, HDAC3 and erm (PubMed:24618901). Interacts with erm and HDAC3 (PubMed:24618901).
Highest expression in unfertilized eggs and early embryos.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larval brains results in the formation of ectopic neuroblasts in type II neuroblast lineage. Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of HDAC3 or erm in type II neuroblasts results in a more severe phenotype of ectopic neuroblasts.
Transcriptional regulator (PubMed:1346755). Acts as a coactivator, assisting one or more dedicated transcriptional activators of ANTC and BXC homeotic gene clusters (PubMed:1346755). Can counteract the repressive effect of Polycomb protein (PubMed:1346755). ATPase subunit of the Brahma complex, a multiprotein complex which is the equivalent of the yeast SWI/SNF complex and acts by remodeling the chromatin by catalyzing an ATP-dependent alteration in the structure of nucleosomal DNA (PubMed:1346755). This complex can both serve as a transcriptional coactivator or corepressor, depending on the context (PubMed:10809665). In type II neuroblast lineage, as part of the Brm remodeling complex, suppresses the formation of ectopic neuroblasts probably through interaction with erm and HDAC3 (PubMed:24618901).
Accumulates in the ring canals that interconnect cells of the germline cysts in males and the ovarian follicles in females. These structures develop from arrested contractile rings after a specialized cytokinesis in which the closing of the invaginating plasma membrane is incomplete. Also concentrates in the arrested cleavage furrows that initially link the oocyte to its 15 nurse cells in the early egg chamber and is subsequently lost from these furrows as germline cell division is completed.
Expressed throughout development and at reduced levels late in embryogenesis. Localizes to the embryonic cortex and to the metaphase furrows which separate mitotic nuclei in the syncytial embryo prior to cellularization. Concentrates in the leading edges of the furrow canals at the onset of cellularization.
Required for cytokinesis. Essential for the structural integrity of the cleavage furrow and for completion of cleavage furrow ingression and proper formation of the midbody. Required during cellularization of syncytial embryos for the proper formation and function of the furrow canals, the stable inward folds of the plasma membrane which separate the peripheral nuclei. Also required for the formation of the pole cells, the progenitors of the adult germline which are formed by cytokinesis of the cytoplasmic buds at the posterior pole of the syncytial embryo. Essential for embryonic viability.
Continuously expressed in all stages of development.
Involved in DNA excision repair. Initiates repair by binding to damaged sites with various affinities, depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region (By similarity).
Strongly expressed in the central nervous system and muscles.
Belongs to the chorion protein S36 family.
Chorion membrane (egg shell) protein; plays a role in protecting the egg from the environment.
Expressed in larva and adult male. Expression in the sperm nucleus begins between the early and late canoe stages before the protamines appear. Highly expressed from early spermatocyte to late spermatid and persists in mature sperm.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in late spermatogonia to early spermatocytes affects spermiogenesis and results in reduced male fertility. Sperm nuclei are long and needle-shaped due to the elongation of their chromatin region. No effect on the replacement of histones by protamines in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis.
Regulates chromatin compaction in spermatid nuclei and is essential for male fertility. Functions in parallel with other chromatin-condensing proteins such as ProtA, ProtB and Mst77F.
The C-terminal part (169-201) is essential for male fertility and correct chromatin compaction in mature sperm.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction.
The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease, known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory complex (RC). The RC is composed of at least 18 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively (By similarity). Interacts with Ubc4.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Probable histone methyltransferase. Histone methylation gives specific tags for epigenetic transcriptional activation or repression (By similarity).
Acts as a ligand for Notch (N) receptor. Essential for proper ectodermal development. Serrate represents an element in a network of interacting molecules operating at the cell surface during the differentiation of certain tissues.
Notch and Serrate may interact at the protein level, it is conceivable that the Serrate and Delta proteins may compete for binding with the Notch protein.
Restricted exclusively to cells of ectodermal origin.
Separation of neuroblasts from the ectoderm into the inner part of embryo is one of the first steps of CNS development in insects, this process is under control of the neurogenic genes.
Ubiquitinated by mind-bomb, leading to its endocytosis and subsequent degradation.
Required for the proper development and maintenance of neurons presumably by affecting RNA metabolism.
Expressed in lamellocytes (at protein level). At the anterior end of the oocyte, expressed in the follicle cells that will form the operculum and the micropyle.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Alpha-PS4 associates with beta-PS (By similarity).
Possible role in cell adhesion. Minor involvement in the establishment of the oocyte anterior-posterior length.
Expressed in the medial aspect of the third antennal segment, and in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ of larvae.
Expressed in larval prothoracic gland cells (at protein level). Detected in larval ring gland, imaginal disk and salivary gland and in adult head, ovary and testis. Expressed in nurse cells of stage 10 egg chambers in 2-day-old adult ovary. No expression detected in adult brain.
Expressed in the embryo from stage 16. In the larva, abundant at the end of both the second and third instar but is almost undetectable in freshly hatched third instar larvae and declines in white prepupae. Also expressed in the adult.
May bind to and transport cholesterol and may play a role in ecdysteroid biosynthesis.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in olfactory communication for modulating aggression through the sensing of the male-specific pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA). Although acute exposure to cVA elicites aggression through Or67d olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), chronic cVA exposure reduces aggression through Or65a ORNs. Moreover, cVA leads to generalized learning with mated females. It is a major component of the male cuticular hydrocarbon profile, but it is not found on virgin females. During copulation, cVA is transferred to the female in ejaculate along with sperm and peptides that decrease her sexual receptivity.
Abnormal patterning of the somatic body wall muscles with numerous ventral and lateral muscles that fail to extend or are missing and reduced levels of integrin beta-ps at dorsal muscle myotendinous junctions (PubMed:23213443). Defects in salivary gland invagination, migration and lumen shape and mislocalization of the integrin-binding protein rhea/Talin (PubMed:23862019). Defects in motor axon guidance with failure of motor axons to defasciculate from one another and innervate their proper muscle targets (PubMed:15282266). Wings display disrupted posterior crossveins (PubMed:26440503). RNAi-mediated knockdown in malpighian tubule principal cells inhibits NPLP1-4-mediated increases in fluid transport rates and cGMP levels, inhibits NPLP1-4-mediated nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B protein Rel and abolishes expression of the antimicrobial peptide diptericin (PubMed:21893139).
Expressed in embryo, larva, pupa and adult (PubMed:7706258, PubMed:7759483). Expressed at very high levels in early cleavage stage embryos at 0-2 hours followed by lower expression at 2-6 and 6-10 hours of embryogenesis (PubMed:7706258). During later stages of embryogenesis at 10-14 and 14-18 hours, expressed again at high levels, particularly in muscle fibers (PubMed:7706258). Very low levels in larval and pupal stages (PubMed:7706258).
Guanylate cyclase involved in the production of the second messenger cGMP (PubMed:24284209). Acts as a receptor for the NPLP1-4 peptide and modulates the innate immune IMD pathway in response to salt stress by inducing nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B protein Rel which leads to increased expression of the antimicrobial peptide diptericin (PubMed:21893139). Plays a role in Sema-1a-mediated axon repulsion which is required for the correct establishment of neuromuscular connectivity (PubMed:15282266, PubMed:24284209). Required in developing embryonic somatic muscle for correct patterning of ventral and lateral muscles and for localization of integrin beta-ps at developing dorsal muscle myotendinous junctions (PubMed:23213443). Required for invagination, migration and lumen shape of the embryonic salivary gland by regulating the localization of the integrin-binding protein rhea/Talin to the visceral mesoderm surrounding the gland and maintaining the laminin matrix (PubMed:23862019). Required in the developing wing to regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) organization by activating the cGMP-dependent protein kinase For which represses the activity of matrix metalloproteases such as Mmp2 and decreases ECM matrix reorganization (PubMed:26440503).
In the adult, widely distributed in the head and thorax with highest levels in the optic lobe and central brain and expression also detected in the retina (PubMed:7759483). Expressed at similar levels in adult head and body (PubMed:7759483). In females, highly expressed in oocytes with lower levels in the digestive tract (PubMed:7759483). In mid-embryogenesis, enriched in the circular visceral mesoderm that overlies the migrating salivary gland and in the fat body that underlies the gland but at background levels in the gland itself (PubMed:23213443). In late embryogenesis, detected in the mature salivary gland, in the somatic body wall muscles and the tendon cells to which the muscles attach, and in the constricting midgut (PubMed:23213443). Also expressed in migrating tracheal cells at mid-embryogenesis and in the developed trachea at the end of embryogenesis with enrichment in the apical domains (PubMed:23213443).
Interacts with the semaphorin 1A receptor PlexA; PlexA enhances Gyc76C catalytic activity. Interacts with the PDZ domain-containing protein kermit; kermit increases cell surface expression of Gyc76C.
The guanylate cyclase domain is required for Sema-1a-mediated axon repulsion.
NAD(+) hydrolase, which plays a key role in axonal degeneration following injury by regulating NAD(+) metabolism (PubMed:22678360, PubMed:28334607). Acts as a negative regulator of MYD88- and TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway by promoting Wallerian degeneration, an injury-induced form of programmed subcellular death which involves degeneration of an axon distal to the injury site (PubMed:22678360). Wallerian degeneration is triggered by NAD(+) depletion: in response to injury, it is activated and catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR), cyclic ADPR (cADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+) cleavage promoting axon destruction (PubMed:22678360, PubMed:28334607, PubMed:31439792). Involved in the down-regulation of the tracheal immune response to Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:22022271). This is likely by mediating Tollo signaling in the tracheal epithelium (PubMed:22022271).
Severed axons in wild-type flies disappear completely within a week of injury, whereas axons of neurons homozygous for any one of the three loss-of-function alleles: l(3)896, l(3)4621, and l(3)4705 persist for several weeks after severing (PubMed:22678360). After infection with Gram-negative bacteria, the respiratory epithelium displays an over-active immune response with a greater increase in expression of Drs compared to wild-type larvae (PubMed:22022271).
The TIR domain mediates NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase) activity. Self-association of TIR domains is required for NADase activity.
Widely expressed in larval brains and adult brains.
Component of the TIM23 complex at least composed of Tim23, Tim17 (Tim17a1, Tim17a2 or Tim17b1) and a Tim50. The complex interacts with the Tim44 component of the PAM complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs (By similarity).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: Srp72, Srp68, Srp54, Srp19, Srp14 and Srp9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). Binds directly to 7SL RNA (By similarity). Mediates binding of Srp54 to the SRP complex (By similarity).
Expressed in embryos and adults at low level. Expressed at higher level in third instar larvae.
Functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for RhoA/Rho1 during gastrulation by converting it to an inactive GDP-bound state.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons. Carbon dioxide-responsive neurons coexpress Gr21a and Gr63a in a pair of chemosensory receptors at both larval and adult life stages. A single bilateral neuron, expressing the Gr21a receptor, is responsible for CO(2) detection in larvae.
The Myb-MuvB complex mediates neuron-specific expression of the carbon dioxide receptor genes Gr63a and Gr21a.
Belongs to the phosphatidyl serine synthase family.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Lethal at the first instar larval stage (PubMed:31869331). RNAi-mediated knockdown in salivary glands reduces phosphatidylserine (PS) levels and depletes Akt1 from the plasma membrane contributing to cell growth defects probably by affecting the insulin pathway; causes a shift from phospholipid synthesis to neutral lipid synthesis, which results in ectopic lipid accumulation in third instar larval salivary glands; reduces mitochondrial PS levels thereby impairing mitochondrial protein import and mitochondrial integrity (PubMed:31869331).
Isoform A is expressed only in early embryos. Isoform B is expressed from mid-late embryos to adults. Predominant expression is in the adult.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the perineurial glia results in decreased ethanol tolerance following repeated ethanol exposure (PubMed:29444420). RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscle reduces mitochondrial calcium uptake (PubMed:28726639).
Receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that mediates the release of intracellular calcium (PubMed:1322910). Together with MCU, has a role in oxidative stress-induced ER-mitochondria calcium transfer (PubMed:28726639). May be involved in visual and olfactory transduction, and myoblast proliferation (PubMed:1322910). May be involved in ethanol tolerance (PubMed:29444420).
Receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that mediates the release of intracellular calcium.
Segmental expression of isoform B is first detected in stage 13 embryos in lateral and posterior epidermis. Expression extends to head region during stages 13-17: gnathal buds, clypeolabrum, procephalic lobe, labial organ and anterior sense organs. Adults exhibit high expression in antenna and lower expression in retina, head, legs and thorax.
The receptor contains a calcium channel in its C-terminal extremity. Its large N-terminal cytoplasmic region has the ligand-binding site in the N-terminus and modulatory sites in the middle portion immediately upstream of the channel region.
Gamma-tubulin small complex (Gamma TuSC) is a heterotetrameric complex which contains two molecules of gamma-tubulin, and one molecule each of Dgrip84 and Dgrip91. The gamma-tubulin in this complex binds preferentially to GDP over GTP.
Heterotetramer that consists of two anti-parallel arranged heterodimers, each one formed by a 22 kDa (p22) and a 13 kDa (p13) subunit.
Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution (By similarity). Proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Loss of zygotic DCP-1 function causes larval lethality and melanotic tumors.
Present uniformly throughout embryos of stages 4 and 10. In stage 16 embryos, the expression becomes restricted to the central nervous system, the developing gonads, and a portion of the gut. In stage 17 embryos, expression is mainly localized in cells along the midline of the central nervous system.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation (PubMed:7958898). TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity (PubMed:7958898). Part of a rhi-dependent transcription machinery that enables the generation of piRNA precursors from heterochromatin while maintaining the suppression of transposon-encoded promoters and enhancers (PubMed:28847004). Forms a complex with Moonshiner/CG12721 and Trf2 which recruit transcriptional machinery to heterochromatin to initiate the bidirectional transcription of piRNA clusters, by interacting with the RDC (rhi, del and cuff) complex that binds to repressive H3K9me3 marks in the chromatin (PubMed:28847004). This mechanism allows transcription to occur in piRNA clusters despite the lack of proper promoter elements and in the presence of the repressive H3K9me3 mark (PubMed:28847004).
TFIIA is a heterodimer of the large unprocessed subunit 1 and a small subunit gamma (PubMed:7958898). It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha (p30), a beta (p20) and a gamma (p14) subunit (PubMed:7958898). Forms a complex with Moonshiner/CG12721 and Trf2 (PubMed:28847004).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators in vesicle trafficking.
During embryogenesis, larval and pupal life, found almost exclusively in the central nervous system. In the adult head found in the lamina, the neuropil of the medulla, lobula, lobula plate and in the central brain.
Expressed in glutamatergic type I boutons of the larval body wall muscles (at protein level) (PubMed:19379781). In the larval brain, expressed in neuropil of brain and ventral nerve cord (at protein level) (PubMed:19379781).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CaMK subfamily.
Increases synapse-specific, activity-dependent autophosphorylation of CaMKII Thr-287.
Interacts with eag. Interacts with CaMKII. Interacts (via PDZ domain) with Nrx-1 (via C-terminal PDZ binding motif) (PubMed:19379781).
May regulate transmembrane proteins that bind calcium, calmodulin, or nucleotides. Functionally modulates eag potassium channels; increases eag current and whole-cell conductance. Also regulates autophosphorylation of CaMKII. In neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), plays a role in synaptic vesicle recycling and thereby in neurotransmission (PubMed:19379781). Together with Nrx-1, required for locomotion (PubMed:19379781).
In the embryonic abdominal hemisegment, expression is restricted to cell body, axon and growth cone of a cluster of 20 ventral nerve cord interneurons. During muscle growth and attachment events in the embryonic abdominal hemisegment, expression is in somatic muscle fibers 21-23 at 10-13 hours and 2 patches of approximately 15 neighboring epidermal cells (dorsal and ventral attachment sites) at 6-13 hours.
Probable coreceptor of Wnt proteins. Involved in neuronal pathway recognition and ventral muscle attachment site selection. Non-vital for development. May be part of a signal transduction cascade involved in learning and possibly memory.
The extracellular WIF domain is responsible for Wnt binding.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Specific receptor for geosmin, a microbial odorant that constitutes an ecologically relevant stimulus that alerts flies to the presence of harmful microbes and induces avoidance behavior.
Associated with nucleolar and cytoplasmic pre-60S particles. At the end of biogenesis it dissociates from cytoplasmic pre-60S particles and is likely to be exchanged for its ribosomal homologue, RPL24 (By similarity).
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Ensures the docking of NOG1 to pre-60S particles (By similarity).
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference and is required for primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing. Also involved in innate immunity via the short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processing machinery by restricting the viral RNA production. In the CBC complex, Cbp20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires Cbp80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure.
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference via its interaction with Ars2 and is required for primary microRNAs (miRNAs) processing. Also involved in innate immunity via the short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processing machinery by restricting the viral RNA production. In the CBC complex, Cbp20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires Cbp80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure.
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of Cbp80 and Cbp20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA (By similarity). Interacts with Ars2.
Disrupts fly aversion to caffeine, N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), and L-canavanine.
Gustatory receptor required for response to the bitter in taste neurons. Gr66a cells respond to bitter compounds such as caffeine, theophylline, threonine or valine. Flies avoid bitter substances, suggesting that Gr66a neuron activity is sufficient to mediate avoidance behavior. Required for sensing and avoiding N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the most widely used insect repellent worldwide, as well as to L-canavanine, a plant-derived insecticide. Gr66a neurons are also involved in the sex-specific perception of molecules inducing male avoidance behavior, probably through sensing 7-tricosene (7-T), a male cuticular pheromone and leading to inhibition of male-male courtship. Finally, also plays a role in oviposition behavior, in which females evaluate their environment and choose to lay eggs on substrates they may find aversive in other contexts.
Taste hairs in labial palps, labral and cibarial sense organs and forelegs. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ, as well as in the dorsal, ventral, and posterior pharyngeal sense organs.
Has a role in the perception of gravity.
Named after Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. who was the second person and the first American in space and the fifth person to walk on the moon.
Exclusively expressed in photoreceptor cells.
Tetrapeptide ligand at C-terminus is tethered to inaD by interaction with the second PDZ domain.
This is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme. This isozyme is a negative regulator of the visual transduction cascade and has been shown to be required for photoreceptor cell inactivation and light adaptation. Negative regulation is dependent on interaction with scaffolding protein inaD. Acts in a hh-signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut immune response to bacterial uracil; required for the activation of Cad99C and consequently Cad99C-dependent endosome formation, which is essential for the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794).
Belongs to the calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta family.
Conjugated to Atg12, which is essential for autophagy.
Involved in autophagic vesicle formation. Conjugation with Atg12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving Atg7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and Atg10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The Atg12-Atg5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of Atg8 and its association to the vesicle membranes (By similarity).
Component of the na (narrow abdomen) sodium channel complex. In the circadian clock neurons it functions with na and unc79 to promote circadian rhythmicity.
Interacts with unc79 and na. Can interact with unc79 independently of na.
Severe disruptions in circadian rhythmicity. Decreases anticipatory behaviors and free-running rhythmicity. RNAi-mediated knockdown in pacemaker neurons decreases anticipatory behaviors under constant dark (DD) conditions but has no effect on light-dark (LD) rhythmic behavior.
Belongs to the centaurin gamma-like family.
GTPase-activating protein for the ADP ribosylation factor family.
a duplication of 79 residues inserted in position 130.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Associates with POLR2G.
During development expression peaks in embryos, decreases sharply in L1 larvae and then remains low throughout larval development.
RNA polymerase II consists of 12 different subunits.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the Ada2a protein by alternative splicing (PubMed:19921261). Three distinct zinc-containing RNA polymerases are found in eukaryotic nuclei: polymerase I for the ribosomal RNA precursor, polymerase II for the mRNA precursor, and polymerase III for 5S and tRNA genes (Probable).
Under heat shock conditions, up-regulated in early larvae and then expression levels appear to return to normal during the L2/L3 and pupal stages. In second instar larvae, down-regulated 1 hr after starvation and then remains low until at least 4 hr after nutritional starvation.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 68 family.
Catalyzes the reaction that attaches fucose through an O-glycosidic linkage to a conserved serine or threonine residue in the consensus sequence C1-X-X-S/T-C2 of thrombospondin type I repeats (TSRs) where C1 and C2 are the first and second cysteines of the repeat, respectively. O-fucosylates members of several protein families including the ADAMTS, the thrombospondin (TSP) and spondin families.
Does not require divalent metal ions for optimal activity.
Expressed throughout the egg-chamber development (at protein level). Expressed in the embryo.
Germline-specific in females (at protein level). Expressed in ovary.
Involved in the germline ring canal formation. May tether actin microfilament within the ovarian ring canal to the cell membrane. Contributes to actin microfilaments organization.
Shows defect in ring canal assembly and female sterility.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Down-regulates Notch/N signaling pathway, probably by promoting Notch ubiquitination, endocytosis and degradation. Involved in wing growth and leg joint formation.
Expressed in pupal wings, at the boundary between vein and intervein territories.
Adds the third glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol (By similarity).
Belongs to the ALG10 glucosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL54 family.
Autophosphorylates on Tyr-356 and Tyr-358.
Deletion within an exon that does not correspond to an intron.
Highly expressed and active during embryogenesis and pupation and at lower levels in larva and adult.
In vitro; can phosphorylate exogenous substrates on Ser and Thr residues. May have a physiological role in development being involved in cellular growth and differentiation.
Phosphorylated on serine/threonine residues.
Chaperone protein with functions in nuclear localization (PubMed:26490864). Required for centrosome duplication and formation and function of the mitotic spindle (By similarity). In postmitotic neurons, acts with nudC downstream of dar1 to ensure correct positioning of the nuclei in primary dendrites and as a consequence, is required for determining multipolar neuron morphology (PubMed:26490864).
Egg chambers for females lacking spn-E display startmispositioned oocytes. At a low frequency, females generate early egg chambers in which the oocyte is positioned incorrectly within the cyst. At a high frequency, late-stage egg chambers exhibit a ventralized chorion. Flies show transposable elements derepression, an aberrant piRNA profile and a reduction of H3 'Lys-9' methylation and delocalization of HP1 and HP2.
Probable ATP-binding RNA helicase which plays a central role during spermatogenesis and oogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in the repression of LTR retrotransposon copia. Also involved in telomere regulation by repressing specialized telomeric retroelements HeT-A, TAHRE, and TART; Drosophila telomeres being maintained by transposition of specialized telomeric retroelements. Involved in telomeric trans-silencing, a repression mechanism by which a transposon or a transgene inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin has the capacity to repress in trans in the female germline, a homologous transposon, or transgene located in euchromatin. Involved in the repression of testis-expressed Stellate genes by the homologous Su(Ste) repeats. Required for anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis formation during oogenesis.
Accumulation in the Golgi, thereby preventing secretion.
Binds as a ligand to a family of frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors and acts through a cascade of genes on the nucleus. Segment polarity protein. May be a growth factor. Acts on neighboring cells to regulate at least one gene, the homeobox segmentation gene engrailed. Wg signal represses arm phosphorylation. Wg signaling operates by inactivating the sgg repression of engrailed autoactivation. Wg and Wnt2 have a role in the developing trachea and together are responsible for all dorsal trunk formation. Wg also acts in the developing epidermis. Acts as a morphogen, and diffuses long distances despite its lipidation. Lipophorin is required for diffusion, probably by acting as vehicle for its movement, explaining how it can spread over long distances despite its lipidation. In non-neuronal cells, wls directs wg secretion via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and the retromer complex (a conserved protein complex consisting of Vps26 and Vps35) to sustain a wls traffic loop encompassing the Golgi, the cell surface, an endocytic compartment and a retrograde route leading back to the Golgi. In neuronal cells (the larval motorneuron NMJ), wg signal moves across the synapse through the release of wls-containing exosome-like vesicles.
Expressed throughout development, but barely detectable in adults.
Major form is glycosylated at 2 sites, glycosylation is stimulated by porcupine at the ER.
Monomer; folds by intramolecular disulfide bonds (PubMed:11821428). Interacts with porcupine (por) (PubMed:11821428). Interacts with wls; in the Golgi (PubMed:18193037). Interacts with en (PubMed:1335365). Interacts with the proteoglycan Cow (heparan sulfate-bound form); this stabilizes wg and promotes its extracellular distribution (PubMed:25360738).
Palmitoleoylated by porcupine. The lipid group functions as a sorting signal, targeting the ligand to polarized vesicles that transport wg to unique sites at the cell surface. Depalmitoleoylated by notum, leading to inhibit Wnt signaling pathway.
Segmented expression in embryos. In embryonic tracheal cells, expression is in stripes flanking the tracheal placode.
Was initially thought to be palmitoylated at Ser-239. It was later shown that it is palmitoleoylated.
Binds to one calcium ion with high affinity.
Mitochondrial and calcium-binding carrier that catalyzes the calcium-dependent exchange of cytoplasmic glutamate with mitochondrial aspartate across the mitochondrial inner membrane (By similarity). Necessary for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake in brain mitochondria in response to increased mitochondrial membrane polarization (PubMed:32200800).
Upon calcium binding, the EF-hand-containing regulatory N-terminal domain binds to the C-terminal domain, opening a vestibule which allows the substrates to be translocated through the carrier domain. In the absence of calcium, the linker loop domain may close the vestibule, which may prevent substrates from entering the carrier domain.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RBP10 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
Detected during embryogenesis, larval development, and pupal development (at protein level) (PubMed:19559693, PubMed:10749852). Also expressed in the adult (PubMed:10749852). In the embryo, first observed at 12-16 hours and peaks at the end of embryogenesis (PubMed:10436051). Levels drop in the first larval stage and reach a very low level by the second larval stage which continues throughout the remainder of larval and most of pupal life (PubMed:10436051). Expression increases in late pupae and peaks once again in adults (PubMed:10436051).
Expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and midgut endocrine cells of third instar larva (at protein level) (PubMed:19559693). In the CNS, expressed in the CA-LP1 and CA-LP2 neurons which innervate the corpus allatum, and in the CC-MS2 neurons which innervate the corpora cardiaca of the ring gland (PubMed:19559693, PubMed:21138435). Also expressed in the CC-MS1, SP3, Tv and Va neurons (PubMed:21138435). Expressed in Akh-producing cells of the corpora cardiaca (PubMed:20523747). In the embryo, restricted to the final stages of embryogenesis where expression is found in anterior sensory structures and in only 168 cells in the brain and ventral nerve cord (PubMed:10436051). After larvae hatch, the sensory structures and most cells in the CNS turn off or substantially reduce expression (PubMed:10436051). In third instar larva, expressed at higher levels in the anterior section than in the posterior section (PubMed:10749852). Little expression is detected in the adult head (PubMed:10749852). In the developing eye, expressed at higher levels in pale-type R7 photoreceptor cells than in yellow-type R7 cells although expression is not seen in all pale-type R7 cells (PubMed:28853393). Also expressed in outer photoreceptor cells (PubMed:28853393).
Has been shown in one study to be required for processing of sli into slit N-product and slit C-product (PubMed:27628033). However, has been shown in another study not to be required for sli cleavage with the protease required for sli cleavage being identified as tok (PubMed:27628033).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in Akh-producing cells of the corpora cardiaca results in a significant decrease in combined glucose and trehalose levels (PubMed:20523747). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective muscle patterning (PubMed:27628033). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduction in the pale ommatidia subtype (PubMed:28853393).
Serine endopeptidase which is involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues (PubMed:10749852, PubMed:20523747, PubMed:21138435). Required during embryonic and larval development, probably by proteolytically processing peptide hormones involved in hatching, larval growth and larval molting (PubMed:12586710). Required for the processing and activation of Akh which maintains normal hemolymph sugar levels (PubMed:20523747). Has been shown in one study to be required for processing of sli into slit N-product and slit C-product in the embryo which is necessary for lateral transverse muscle elongation but has been shown in another study not to be required for sli cleavage (PubMed:27628033, PubMed:32994163). Required for larval hatching (PubMed:10436051). Also required for normal larval wandering behavior which occurs prior to pupariation (PubMed:21138435). Required during pupal development for head eversion, leg and wing disk extension, and abdominal differentiation (PubMed:19559693). Required during eye development for R8 photoreceptor cell specification by regulating processing of ligands required for the BMP and activin signaling pathways (PubMed:28853393).
During development, plays a role in the regulation of the neddylation pathway. Appl and APP-BP1 interact antagonistically during development.
Expressed in postmitotic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Within the nervous system, transcripts are not observed in neuroblasts, newly generated neurons and at least one class of presumed glial cells.
Interacts (via the intracellular domain, ICD) with APP-BP1.
Overexpression inhibits the Nedd8 conjugation pathway, disrupts the normal bristle pattern in the fly thorax, and induces apoptosis in wing imaginal disks.
The NPTY motif mediates the interaction with clathrin (By similarity). The clathrin-binding site is essential for its association with X11-alpha, -beta, and -gamma. The sequence specific recognition extends to peptide residues that are C-terminal to the NPXY motif. This interaction appears to be independent of phosphorylation (By similarity).
Was originally (PubMed:2494667) thought to be vnd but further analysis (PubMed:2127912) has clearly shown that it corresponds to Appl.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(i/o/t/z) subfamily.
Expressed in the surface glial cells of the nerve cords at the larval stage (at protein level). Expressed throughout development.
Expressed primarily in neuronal cell bodies in the brain, optic lobe, and thoracic and abdominal ganglia. Also expressed in antenna, oocytes and ovarian nurse cells.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Plays a role in glial cell differentiation during embryogenesis; loco, Galphai and the G-protein coupled receptor, moody, are required in the surface glia to achieve effective insulation of the nerve cord.
Expressed in the CNS of the late embryo.
Expressed in the neurons of the larval CNS from the beginning of the first until the third instar. Expression in the third-instar larval CNS is restricted to a discrete number of somas and projections in the brain lobes and in the ventral ganglion. In the ventral nerve cord, expression is detected both in somas and projections. Expressed in the antennal lobes, the optic lobes, the central complex and the median bundle in the adult CNS.
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors.
Expressed in endocrine cells of the larval midgut (at protein level) (PubMed:24098432, PubMed:24850274). In the brain, expressed in the optic lobes, lateral protocerebrum, subesophageal ganglion, and intermediate and superior medial protocerebrum (at protein level) (PubMed:30246807). Expressed in DN1a neurons but not in other clock neurons and expression follows a rhythmic pattern controlled by the circadian clock (at protein level) (PubMed:30246807). In the posterior midgut, expressed in enteroendocrine cells (at protein level) (PubMed:36958331). Low levels in larval brain with higher levels in larval and adult gut and adult brain (PubMed:24098432).
In the brain, rhythmic expression is regulated by the circadian clock (PubMed:30246807). In midgut enteroendocrine cells, induced by a high protein diet (PubMed:36958331).
Neuropeptide ligand for the CCHamide-1 receptor CCHa1-R (PubMed:21110953, PubMed:23293632). Neuromessenger mediating signaling between neuronal cells of the circadian clock network involved in regulation of sleep latency (the time required to fall asleep), amount of sleep and depth of sleep (arousability) (PubMed:30246807, PubMed:36958331). Together with PDF, involved in regulating intensity and periodicity of daytime activity (PubMed:36786215). In subsets of clock neurons modulates the rhythmic expression of PDP1 and PDF, and together with PDF modulates the rhythmic expression of circadian protein PER/period, but not TIM/timeless (PubMed:30246807, PubMed:36786215). Mediates signaling from DN1a (anterior dorsal neurons 1) clock neurons to s-LNv (small ventral lateral neurons) clock neurons through CCHa1-R, contributing to regulation of activity rhythms by the circadian clock, particularly in the morning (PubMed:30246807). May be involved in signaling between clock neurons and non-clock neurons, such as the fan-shaped body, involved in sleep homeostasis (PubMed:36786215). In response to a high protein diet mediates hormonal signaling between the gut and a CCHa1-R expressing subset of dopaminergic cells in the protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) cluster of the brain (PubMed:36958331). This suppresses arousability by mechano-sensory stimulation (but not thermal stimulation) but is not involved in regulation of sleep patterns (PubMed:36958331).
No effect on developmental timing or on levels of the insulin-like peptides Ilp2 and Ilp3 (PubMed:26168160). Reduced and delayed behavioral activity, particularly in the morning, with significantly longer siesta (PubMed:30246807, PubMed:36786215). This phenotype is not further exacerbated in a PDF(01) background (PubMed:36786215). No significant effect on free-running period or activity rhythm and power in the absence of a light-dark photostimulation cycle, but enhances the reduction in free-running activity power and rhythmicity of PDF(01) mutants (PubMed:30246807, PubMed:36786215). No effect on photic entrainment of circadian rhythms (PubMed:36786215). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces baseline levels of PDP1 in most clock-neurons, increasing the amplitude of circadian rhythm induced PDP1 level oscillations (PubMed:30246807). The circadian reduction of PDP1 levels in the morning is phase-advanced, possibly contributing to earlier decrease of morning activity (PubMed:30246807). In the absence of a day-night light cycle PDP-1 level oscillations are phase-delayed in s-LNv, 5th s-LNv and LNd cells; oscillations in other clock-neurons require photo-stimulation (PubMed:30246807). RNAi-mediated knockdown enhances sensory responsiveness and arousability during sleep, resulting in fragmented sleep patterns characterized by slight decrease in duration and increase in frequency of sleep bouts, and while awake, resulting in increased locomotion in response to vibration (PubMed:36958331).
Very low expression in eggs. Expression increases during larval stages, decreases in pupae and increases again in adults.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
Binds to a number of sites in the transcriptional regulatory region of ftz (PubMed:2104801). Isoform beta is required to repress inappropriate segmentation gene transcription and repress genes incompatible with development of photoreceptor cell fates (PubMed:12384587, PubMed:18160715). Probable repressor of the transcription of the segmentation genes ftz, eve, h, odd, run, and en (PubMed:8223261). Inhibits Trl-dependent activation of eve (PubMed:12384587). May bind to the region AGGGC/TGG (PubMed:8247159). Degradation of ttk is directed by binding of sinah or sina, via the adapter molecule phyl which binds to the BTB domain of ttk (PubMed:18160715, PubMed:17962185). A second method of degradation exists that is phyl-independent, this is mediated by recognition of motifs in the C-terminus of ttk (PubMed:17962185).
Binds to a number of sites in the transcriptional regulatory region of ftz. Isoform alpha is required to repress genes that promote the R7 cell fate. Probable repressor of the transcription of the segmentation genes ftz, eve, h, odd, run, and en. May bind to the region 5'-AGGG[CT]GG-3'. Degradation of ttk is directed by binding of sinah or sina, via the adapter molecule phyl which binds to the BTB domain of ttk.
Can form homodimers (PubMed:12384587). Interacts with Trl in vivo via the BTB domain (PubMed:12384587). Interacts with phyl (PubMed:17962185). Interacts with Usp47 (PubMed:18160715).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in preblastoderm embryos, followed by complete decay upon formation of the cellular blastoderm when ftz striped expression is at its peak.
Interacts with CoRest/CG33525, suggesting that it acts by recruiting a CoRest-containing corepressor complex. Interacts with phyl.
Polyubiquitinated by sina. Polyubiquitin linkage is mainly through 'Lys-48', but linkage through 'Lys-63' also occurs. Deubiquitination by Usp47 leads to its stabilization.
Belongs to the MMS22 family. MMS22L subfamily.
Involved in recombination-dependent repair of stalled or collapsed replication forks.
Expressed in all cell types of the germarium and testis (PubMed:18410727, PubMed:27174470). Expressed in nurse cells, follicle cells and oocytes (PubMed:9199347).
Inner nuclear membrane protein (PubMed:2186029, PubMed:9199347, PubMed:18410727, PubMed:22751930). Involved in the attachment of membrane vesicles to chromatin during nuclear assembly, and is probably required for centrosome maturation and cell cycle progression during mitosis (PubMed:9199347, PubMed:22751930). Essential for differentiation of certain tissues and the maintenance of progenitor cell populations (PubMed:18410727, PubMed:24700158, PubMed:23806619, PubMed:27174470). Required for the differentiation and maintenance of male and female germline stem cells (GSCs), as well as the maintenance of somatic cells in the GSC niche (PubMed:18410727, PubMed:23806619, PubMed:27174470). This role is likely to be independent of the BMP (Dpp) pathway that negatively regulates bam transcription during GSC differentiation (PubMed:18410727, PubMed:23806619). During development, plays essential and redundant functions with the other LEM domain proteins; bocks and MAN1 (PubMed:24700158). Also has a redundant but important role with bocks during larval development (PubMed:24700158).
Interacts with Med (PubMed:18410727). Interacts with Lam (PubMed:9632815, PubMed:22751930). Interacts with aurA, alphaTub84B, gammaTub23C and gammaTub37C (PubMed:22751930). Interacts with Nemp (PubMed:32923640).
No obvious phenotype (PubMed:18410727, PubMed:23806619, PubMed:24700158). However females are sterile and aging males become prematurely sterile (PubMed:18410727, PubMed:23806619). Males and females exhibit a range of defects in their germarium that may be age dependent phenotypes (PubMed:18410727, PubMed:23806619, PubMed:27174470). Most phenotypes result from defects in germline stem cell (GSC) differentiation that often lead to GSC loss (PubMed:23806619, PubMed:27174470). Also affects somatic cells of the ovarian stem cell niche, with delayed terminal filament formation and cap cell loss (PubMed:27174470). In 10 day old males, stem cell niches display a decrease in hub cell number but somatic cyst stem cells are unaffected (PubMed:27174470). No significant decrease in adult survival, however double mutants with either bocks or Man1 do not survive to the adult stage (PubMed:24700158). Double bocks and Ote mutant larvae have small brains, their imaginal disks are reduced in size or absent, and only 10% of second-instar larvae reach the pupal stage (PubMed:24700158). In Ote and MAN1 double mutants, pupal survival and larval development is unaffected (PubMed:24700158).
Phosphorylation at Thr-63 by aurA may be required for exit from mitosis (PubMed:22751930). May be phosphorylated by Cdk1 and Pka-C1 (PubMed:9199347).
Relatively high levels of expression in eggs and 1st instar larvae compared to pupal and adult stages, with weak expression in 2nd instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:16439308). Expressed throughout development in all somatic cells (PubMed:9199347). Highest levels of expression in embryos and weak expression in larvae and adults (PubMed:2186029, PubMed:9199347). Expressed throughout development (at protein level) (PubMed:2517292).
Abuts the dorsal dpp-expressing cells in a lateral stripe 14-16 cells wide. Later in embryogenesis it is expressed in neuroectoderm and in the endoderm spaced along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing gut.
Cleaved by metalloproteases tok and tld (PubMed:15872004). Cleavage by tok during pupal development contributes to specification of the posterior crossvein in the wing (PubMed:15872004).
Component of a complex composed of dpp, sog and tsg (PubMed:11260716). Interacts with palmitoyltransferase Hip14 (PubMed:20599894).
Putative negative growth factor (PubMed:7958919). Antagonist of dpp, a protein involved in patterning the dorsal region and in the development of the neuroectoderm; dpp inhibition is enhanced by tsg (PubMed:7958919). Required for establishment of a narrow stripe of peak levels of BMP signaling in the dorsal midline of early embryos, that will give rise to the amnioserosa (PubMed:11260716). During pupal development, plays a role in specification of the posterior crossvein in the wing (PubMed:15872004). Exhibits both agonist and antagonist activities towards BMP signaling during pupal wing patterning (PubMed:15872004).
Putative negative growth factor. Antagonist of dpp, a protein involved in patterning the dorsal region and in the development of the neuroectoderm; dpp inhibition is enhanced by tsg. Required for establishment of a narrow stripe of peak levels of BMP signaling in the dorsal midline of early embryos, that will give rise to the amnioserosa.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Heterodimer of Uba3 and APP-BP1. The complex binds Nedd8 and UbcE2M. Interacts with Appl (via the intracellular domain, ICD).
Hinders tissue development, causes apoptosis in imaginal disk cells, and blocks the Nedd8 conjugation pathway.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric Uba3-APP-BP1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates Nedd8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a Nedd8-Uba3 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers Nedd8 to the catalytic cysteine of UbcE2M. Required for Cul1 and Cul3 neddylation. Appl and APP-BP1 interact antagonistically during development.
Belongs to the CND3 (condensin subunit 3) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Initiates at the cellular blastoderm stage in distinct bilateral domains within the procephalic neuroectoderm. Present in narrow stripes that cover dorsolateral positions at about 75% egg length. During gastrulation, a second bilateral pair appears posteriorly to the initial domains, from which they are separated by a 3 to 4 cell wide gap. During germ band elongation, both the primary and secondary domains of expression become wedge-shaped. During stage 9, a third pair of bilateral domains appears anteriorly to the primary domains. The 3 domains of expression may reflect the proposed subdivision of the protocerebral primordium into an anterior, central, and posterior/optic lobe domain, respectively. The existence of gaps between the domains of expression suggests that it marks only a subset of cells within each of the 3 protocerebral primordia. Following stage 9, neuroblasts segregate from the domains and the central and posterior domains split into smaller subdomains. During later events of brain morphogenesis, the presence of 3 domains of expression can still be discerned, and prominent expression in late stage embryos include the optic lobe region. At late stage 11, it is also expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm, where it appears in a small cluster of neuronal precursors within each hemisegment.
Transcription factor involved in specification of neuronal cell types.
When expressed in mice, Hmx is able to functionally replace both Hmx2 and Hmx3 mouse proteins.
Component of the TIM22 complex, a complex that mediates the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The TIM22 complex forms a twin-pore translocase that uses the membrane potential as the external driving force. In the TIM22 complex, it may act as a docking point for the soluble 70 kDa complex that guides the target proteins in transit through the aqueous mitochondrial intermembrane space (By similarity).
Component of the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of Tim22, associated with peripheral protein Tim9b/Tim10b and the 70 kDa heterohexamer. In most cases, the 70 kDa complex is composed of TIMM9 and TIMM10 (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of Tim9b/Tim10b from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across the mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Homohexamer (via C-terminus) which assembled in a ring-like structure. Homoheptamer which assembled in a ring-like structure. Oligomerization is Mg(2+), nucleotide and DNA-independent, however, Mg(2+) and nucleotide stabilize the homohexameric form.
Mitochondrial helicase involved in mtDNA replication (PubMed:17272269, PubMed:19063859, PubMed:22952820, PubMed:25023283). Might have a role in mtDNA repair (By similarity). Has DNA strand separation activity needed to form a processive replication fork for leading strand synthesis which is catalyzed by the formation of a replisome complex with POLG and mtSDB (By similarity). Preferentially unwinds DNA substrates with pre-existing 5'-and 3'- single-stranded tails but is also active on a 5'- flap substrate (By similarity). Can dissociate the invading strand of immobile or mobile D-loop DNA structures irrespective of the single strand polarity of the third strand (By similarity). In addition to its DNA strand separation activity, also has DNA strand annealing, DNA strand-exchange and DNA branch migration activities (By similarity).
N-terminus enhances protein stability and hexamer formation, which is important for DNA binding, and is required for DNA helicase activity and, ultimately, for mtDNA replisome processivity.
The N-terminus contains a putative primase-like domain; however the absence of the zinc binding domain and other motifs important for catalysis suggests that mtDNA-helicase lacks primase activity.
Produced in the male genital tract (at protein level) (PubMed:10612039). Present in seminal fluid (PubMed:9474779). Transferred to the female genital tract within the first 3 minutes after the start of mating (ASM) and crosses the posterior vaginal wall into the female hemolymph 5 minutes ASM (at protein level) (PubMed:10612039).
Responsible for physiological and behavioral changes in mated female flies. May contribute to the toxicity of seminal fluid and the decreased life-span of mated females. May also affect neuromuscular events after mating concerning sperm storage and egg release.
Belongs to the AEBP2/jing C2H2-type zinc-finger family.
Expressed from precellular blastoderm stages. Expressed in the CNS midline, neuroectoderm, supraoesophogal ganglion and trachea from embryonic stage 9. Expressed in the tracheal placodes from stage 10. Expressed in a subset of posterior glia in the brain and a subset of anterior neurons at stage 11. Expressed in CNS midline cells and segmental ectodermal stripes during stages 12 and 13 and in dorsally positioned midline glia and ventrally positioned midline neurons from stage 14. Expressed in posterior and anterior glia and neurons at stage 15.
Expressed in the imaginal disks of the leg and wing.
Induced in ventrally positioned cells in pair-rule ectodermal stripes by expression of sim.
May functionally interact with Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) proteins to repress transcription (Probable). Required for Egfr pathway function and MAPK activity in CNS midline and tracheal placodes and for CNS axon development and tracheal tubule development. Required to establish the primary axon scaffold in the brain and for lateral positioning of longitudinal glia, longitudinal axons and neurons. Required for glial survival. Required to establish the proximo-distal axis of the developing leg and for wing vein and alula development. Required for regenerative growth in leg imaginal disks. Required for the initiation of anterior migration of border cells of the ovary.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites (By similarity).
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Seems to be involved in the sensing of bitter taste since it is expressed in neurons that mediate sensitivity to bitter compounds which are also avoidance-type taste neurons.
Taste bristles on the labial palp, labral and cibarial sense organs, chemosensory bristles on the leg and anterior wing margin. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ and in the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ. Neurons expressing Gr22e also express Gr66a and correspond to taste neurons that mediate sensitivity to bitter compounds.
During embryonic development, expression is seen in a small cluster of ectodermal cells during stage 10 which becomes restricted to 1 cell by stage 11. Expression is lost from this cell in the thorax and then the abdomen. Later expression is restricted to sensory organ precursors. Very transient expression was detected in distal leg disks at approximately 0-4 hours after puparium formation (APF), correlating with the anlage of the innervated tarsal claw.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Interacts with Daughterless (da).
Transcription factor involved in early neurogenesis; sensillum basiconica formation and maybe sensillum trichodea development. Promotes multiple dendritic (MD) neuron formation. Required for olfactory sensilla; regulated by lozenge (lz).
Lethal (PubMed:27693235). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing results in a moderate decrease in wing size, decreased N-glycosylation, increased cell-death mediated by the JNK pathway and increased ER stress mediated by the unfolded protein response pathway (PubMed:27693235).
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity (By similarity). Probably as part of the N-glycosylation pathway, plays a role in the regulation of tissue growth and apoptosis (PubMed:27693235).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 25 family.
Induces post-mating responses; increased oviposition and reduced receptivity.
Catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin (CL) (diphosphatidylglycerol) by specifically transferring a phosphatidyl group from CDP-diacylglycerol to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). CL is a key phospholipid in mitochondrial membranes and plays important roles in maintaining the functional integrity and dynamics of mitochondria under both optimal and stress conditions.
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as electron acceptor.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Probable cloning artifact giving rise to incorrect N-terminus.
Expression is detected in nurse cells during oogenesis throughout stage 10A and persists through stage 14 with some expression in the anterior part of the oocyte. Expression is ubiquitously detected at all stages of embryogenesis. Observed in salivary gland cells from heat shocked transgenic third instar larvae.
Homozygous mutant larvae show arrested development at the first instar stage as they fail to increase in size or develop into the second instar larval stage and die 2-3 days after hatching, without morphological defect. Mutant larvae show an overall reduction of most intermediate and mature rRNA as a consequence of abnormal pre-rRNA processing. Mutants show defects in rRNA processing and aberrant pre-rRNA species. An abnormal cleavage in the 3'-end of the pre-rRNA occurs within the presumptive 28S rRNA but it does not lead to accumulation of a truncated 28S rRNA.
Monomer. Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly. Binds to RNA. Required for female germline development, cell viability during eye development and for survival of dividing cells and epithelial cells during early wing disk development.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family. KsgA subfamily.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase which specifically dimethylates mitochondrial 12S rRNA at the conserved stem loop. In contrast to mtTFB2, it does not have a critical role in either transcription or regulation of the copy number of mitochondrial DNA.
Expressed throughout life. Expressed in embryos, first- and third-instar larvae, late pupae and adults.
Flies display a structurally abnormal 'filzkoerper' part of the posterior spiracles. They die during larval stage, possibly due to spiracular defects.
In embryos, it is expressed in posterior spiracles and peripheral nervous system.
Probable transcription factor that can both act as an activator or a repressor depending on the context (By similarity). Involved in posterior spiracle development. Acts downstream of ems and cut in posterior spiracle development.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
Expressed at higher level in wing imaginal disk.
Female sterility and defects in karyosome formation and oocyte polarity due to transposable element derepression. Ovary shows mislocalization of 2 proteins involved in the microRNA and/or RNAi pathways, Dicer and AGO2. In testis, transit-amplifying cysts fail to differentiate into primary spermatocytes, instead breaking down into ectopic germline stem cells (GSC) and smaller cysts, due to a depletion of Bag-of-marbles (Bam) protein.
In germaria and egg chambers, it is detected in the germline. In the germarium, it is in all regions, including region I where the germ cells are dividing. In early egg chambers, it is uniformly distributed throughout the nurse cells and oocyte but, by stage 5, it is most concentrated around the outer margins of the cells, closest to the periphery of the egg chamber. Level decreases in stages 5 and 6, but most noticeably in the oocyte, where protein level remains. No detectable protein from stage 8 onward (at protein level).
Involved both in the piRNA and miRNA metabolic processes. As a component of the meiotic nuage, plays a central role during oogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Repression of transposable elements is mediated via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the repression of transposons. As a nuclear component, it is required for proper differentiation in the germline stem cell (GSC) lineage by repressing microRNA-7 (miR-7), thereby acting as an indirect regulator of bag-of-marbles (Bam). Acts by binding to the promoter of miR-7 gene and repressing its expression; miR-7 repression alleviates the Bam repression by miR-7, thereby allowing differentiation in the germline stem cell (GSC) lineage. Indirectly required to position the microtubule organizing center in stage 2-6 oocytes.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 30 family.
Postsynaptic adhesion molecule that binds to presynaptic neurexins to mediate both excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation (By similarity). Promotes synapse development by acting as a cell adhesion molecule at the postsynaptic membrane, which associates with neurexin-alpha at the presynaptic membrane (By similarity).
The cytoplasmic domain binds synaptic Ca(2+).
One of the few identified sugar gustatory receptors identified so far and which promotes the starvation-induced increase of feeding motivation. confers responsiveness to glycerol and is required for feeding preference for beer and other sources that have fermenting yeast.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Expressed at constant levels throughout embryo and larval development (at protein level).
Forms a complex with the DRTF1/E2F transcription factor through binding to a C-terminal region of E2F. This binding inhibits the E2F-mediated transactivation activity. Component of the DREAM complex at least composed of Myb, Caf1-55, mip40, mip120, mip130, E2f2, Dp, Rbf, Rbf2, lin-52, HDAC1/Rpd3 and l(3)mbt.
Functions in cell cycle regulation. Component of the DREAM complex, a multiprotein complex that can both act as a transcription activator or repressor depending on the context. In follicle cells, the complex plays a central role in the site-specific DNA replication at the chorion loci. During development, the complex represses transcription of developmentally controlled E2F target genes.
Phosphorylation by cyclin E-dependent kinases appears to negatively regulate RBF activity.
Expressed ubiquitously throughout embryonic development (at protein level).
Monomer (PubMed:31491385). Forms higher-order protein aggregates with amyloid-like features during gastrulation (PubMed:31491385). Interacts with babo, dah, Irk1, pch2, Ras64B, sax and Src64B (PubMed:31491385).
Phosphatase activity requires amyloid-like aggregation on the membrane.
Prion-like membrane-associated phosphatase (PubMed:31491385). Phosphatase activity depends on amyloid-like assembly at the membrane (PubMed:31491385). Might have a role in establishment of segment polarity in embryos (PubMed:31491385).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCD family. Peroxisomal fatty acyl CoA transporter (TC 3.A.1.203) subfamily.
Plays a role in the transport of free very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) as well as their CoA-esters across the peroxisomal membrane by acting as an ATP-specific binding subunit releasing ADP after ATP hydrolysis. Thus, plays a role in regulation of VLCFAs and energy metabolism namely, in the degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids by beta-oxidation, mitochondrial function and microsomal fatty acid elongation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown survives to adulthood, but suffer from neurodegeneration including age-dependent retinal disorganization with retinal holes and pigment cell loss (PubMed:29739804). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons results in a similar phenotype (PubMed:29739804). Effects are probably due to elevated levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) (PubMed:29739804). In contrast, glial-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown results in no defect (PubMed:29739804).
Essential for cuticular modification during development.
Displays kinase activity. Inhibits neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth by interacting with and promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of the receptor tkv which inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.
Mutants are viable and fertile but display NMJ overgrowth with excess satellite boutons, fewer and larger synaptic vesicles, defective synaptic endocytosis and increased levels of tkv.
Bifunctional phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase catalyzing two reactions of the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the SAICAR synthetase family.
Catalyzes RNA cleavage releasing a product with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate at the 3'-end.
During embryogenesis expression is primarily in endo- and mesodermal cell layers. Ovary, embryos, larval and pupal imaginal disks.
Expression peaks during embryogenesis and lowest during larval stages.
Is a potent antagonist of neurogenic gene activity during sensory organ development. The expression of distinct cell fates by the trichogen (shaft) / tormogen (socket) sister cell pair depends on the level of H activity. A certain threshold level of H activity is required, below which both sister cells adopt the tormogen fate.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family which transports various molecules including bioamines, neurotransmitters and metabolic intermediates (PubMed:117796, PubMed:8144619, PubMed:10407069, PubMed:18931318, PubMed:33820991). In the eye and probably in association with w/white, required for the transport of the eye red pigment precursor, guanine, into pigment cell granules (PubMed:8144619, PubMed:117796). In Malpighian tubules, involved in guanine uptake (PubMed:117796). Probably in association with w/white, involved in aging-induced intestinal stem cell proliferation in the midgut by regulating tetrahydrofolate transport (PubMed:33820991).
Eyes are brown due to a defect in red pigment production (PubMed:10407069). In Malpighian tubules, guanine uptake is impaired (PubMed:117796). Reduces the levels of several metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, guanosine, xanthine, urate, riboflavin, and tetrahydrofolate, and increases the levels of guanine (PubMed:33820991). In the head, levels of neurotransmitters histamine, dopamine and serotonin are reduced; specifically, histamine is reduced in the retina (PubMed:18931318). Severe loss of white protein in the retina lamina and photoreceptors (PubMed:18931318). In addition, in lamina photoreceptor terminals R1-R6, number of synaptic vesicles is reduced (PubMed:18931318). Inhibits aging-induced intestinal stem cell proliferation (PubMed:33820991).
Activates the JUN N-terminal pathway during dorsal closure.
Autophosphorylation on serine and threonine residues within the activation loop plays a role in enzyme activation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed uniformly in large quantities in the early embryo (stages 1-4). In the late embryo, expression is ubiquitous, but expression levels are dramatically reduced. Expressed in the adult head and thorax, and in S2 cells.
Homodimerization via the leucine zipper domains is required for autophosphorylation and subsequent activation (By similarity). Activated by C6-ceramide.
Mutants display defects in dorsal closure, resulting in a cuticle that resembles an open shoe. Therefore the protein was given the name Slipper.
Belongs to the phospholipase B-like family.
Expressed in neural and glial progenitors prior to, but not after, differentiation. Not expressed in late third instar disks, but is expressed uniformly by early third instar disks, in the imaginal ring of the proventriculus and in the salivary gland.
Putative phospholipase (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of cellular plasticity in imaginal disks.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase subfamily.
Cleaves phosphorylated sphingoid bases (PSBs), such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, into fatty aldehydes and phosphoethanolamine. Sphingolipid catabolism is required for normal development including viability, reproduction and muscle development.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression is high in early and late embryos, and then again early in metamorphosis, followed by reduction to basal levels after eclosion of adult flies in both males and females.
Flies lacking Sply display decreased viability associated with altered nephrocytes morphology. Altered lipid metabolism with accumulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate upstream intermediates is observed.
Localized to the developing gut primordium during embryogenesis.
Belongs to the UPL family. TOM1/PTR1 subfamily.
All stages (PubMed:10839355). Detected in the cell body, and the proximal and medial axons of class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:31919191).
During embryogenesis, necessary for dendritic and axonal organization and growth at the neuromuscular junction through the regulation of the synaptic microtubule cytoskeleton (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Microtubule hairpin loops are found within a small subset of synaptic boutons at the neuromuscular synapse, these loops are stabilized by futsch (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Loop morphology and dynamics suggest that rearrangement of these microtubule-based loops is a critical component of the process of bouton division and for subsequent nerve-terminal growth and branching (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Translation is repressed by Fmr1 (PubMed:10839355, PubMed:10839356, PubMed:11733059). Together with ringer, required for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) bouton growth by regulating synaptic microtubules (PubMed:31156389). Function with ringer in maintaining microtubule stability and dynamics, is essential for promoting axon regeneration in response to peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) injury (PubMed:31919191). In response to axotomy, acts downstream of a stress response cascade involving Xbp1 splicing, to control axon regeneration (PubMed:31919191).
Flies lacking both Ringer and Futsch display a significant reduction in microtubule loops at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) and reduced acetylated-tubulin levels.
Heterodimer of a heavy and a light chain (PubMed:18419581). Interacts with Fmr1 (PubMed:11733059). Found in a complex with tubulin and Futsch (PubMed:31156389).
Phosphorylated by SGG/GSK3. Phosphorylated by LRRK2 at the presynapse of neuromuscular junctions, which negatively regulates the activity controlling synaptic differentiation.
Several minor light chains can be created with markedly different pIs.
Essential for proper maintenance of sister-chromatid cohesion in both male and female meiosis. Mutations in ord cause premature separation of the sister chromatids in meiosis I and random segregation in both meiotic divisions. Required for chiasma maintenance in female meiosis. Mutations in ord reduce recombination in female meiosis.
Expressed during embryogenesis (at protein level). Expressed in larvae and pupae.
Heterooligomer of Inx2 (via cytoplasmic C-terminal region) and Inx3 (via cytoplasmic C-terminal region).
In ovary, expressed in nurse cells and follicle cells. Expressed in embryonic epithelial cells. Ubiquitously expressed in stage 5 embryos. Expressed in foregut and hindgut from stage 11-17 and in proventriculus, epidermis and CNS in stage 16 embryos (at protein level). Expressed in anterior and ventral regions in stage 8 embryos. Repeating epidermal pattern emerges at stage 11, refines to one or two cells at each side of the segment borders by stage 13. Expressed in the imaginal wing disk. In pupae, expressed in the CNS and in secondary and tertiary pigment cells of the retina.
Structural components of the gap junctions. Essential for proper epithelial development of the epidermis.
High levels of expression in ovaries and relatively weak expression in the testes. Highest levels of expression in embryos.
Low levels of expression in ovaries and moderate levels of expression in the testes. Highest levels of expression in embryos.
Methylation at Lys-5 or Lys-80 is generally associated with active chromatin. Methylation at Lys-80 by gpp occurs at low levels in specific developmental stages and tissues undergoing active cell division, and at highest levels in epidermal cells undergoing differentiation.
Phosphorylation at Ser-11 by aurB/ial during mitosis and meiosis is crucial for chromosome condensation and cell-cycle progression. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 by JIL-1 during interphase is linked to gene activation and restricts the formation of heterochromatin at inappropriate sites. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 is enriched on male X chromosome compared to the autosome.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with Daxx (via C-terminus) (PubMed:28320872).
This histone is the predominant form in non-dividing cells.
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes and is specifically enriched in modifications associated with active chromatin. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Belongs to the FOG (Friend of GATA) family.
First expressed in stage 5 at high levels in the primordium of the amnioserosa. Also expressed in germ band extending embryos in cells of the developing anterior and posterior midgut and in hemocyte precursors present in the cephalic mesoderm. In embryonic stage 8, it is expressed in blood cell precursors. By stage 10, it is expressed in hemocyte precursors that have spread throughout the lateral and ventral head mesoderm. By stage 11, it is expressed in the dorsal ectoderm and in precursor cells of the hemocytes and fat body. As embryogenesis proceeds, it is also expressed in stage 13 plasmatocytes migrating throughout the head mesoderm and down the ventral midline. By late embryogenesis, expression strongly decreases but remains in the dorsal ectoderm during dorsal closure, in cells within, or associated with, the central nervous system, and in plasmatocytes circulating throughout the embryonic hemolymph. During larval development, it is expressed in primary and secondary lobes of lymph glands. Expressed in the dorsal part of the thoracic imaginal disk.
Interacts with pnr, although weak this interaction is essential. Interacts with the isoform SrpNC of srp. Interacts with CtBP corepressor.
The CCHC FOG-type zinc fingers 1, 4 and 5 directly bind to GATA-type zinc fingers. The Tyr residue adjacent to the last Cys of the CCHC FOG-type zinc finger is essential for the interaction with GATA-type zinc fingers.
Transcription regulator that modulates expression mediated by transcription factors of the GATA family such as pnr and srp. Represses transcription of proneural achaete-scute complex (AS-C), which is usually activated by pnr. Involved in cardiogenesis, blood, and eye development. During hematopoiesis, it is required to restrict the number of crystal cells, probably via its interaction with the isoform SrpNC of srp. Negatively regulates expression of sr. Probably acts by interacting with the GATA-type zinc finger of proteins such as pnr and srp, possibly antagonizing the interaction between the GATA-type zinc finger and some cofactor.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. First seen at the embryonic syncytial blastoderm stage.
Expressed in nurse cells and oocyte during oogenesis. Uniform expression in imaginal wing disk and low expression in developing imaginal CNS. Expressed in embryonic pole cells and primordial germ cells.
Structural component of the gap junctions in germline cells. Required for differentiation and survival of germline cysts in females and of spermatogonia in males; gap junctional communication between spermatogonia and somatic cyst cells may be required for normal differentiation and survival of spermatogonia.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Has a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Phosphorylates SF2/ASF.
Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family.
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesized after DNA damage is only present transiently and is rapidly degraded by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism is required for maintenance of the normal function of neuronal cells.
Progressive neurodegeneration (PubMed:14676324). Knockdown of Parg leads to decreased survival when animals are exposed to stress with either hydrogen peroxide or environmental hypoxia (PubMed:30100084).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS31 family.
Catalyzes the conversion of GlcNAc-6-P into GlcNAc-1-P during the synthesis of uridine diphosphate/UDP-GlcNAc, a sugar nucleotide critical to multiple glycosylation pathways including protein N- and O-glycosylation.
Expressed in male germline stem cells and spermatogonia (at protein level).
Marked perturbation of mitotic spindle architecture (PubMed:14681690). RNAi-knockdown in the male germline abolishes the asymmetric enrichment of Alms1a to the mother centrosome (PubMed:32965218).
Required during anaphase to drive sister chromatid separation to promote flux by actively depolymerizing kinetochore microtubules at their pole-associated minus ends, thereby moving chromatids through a 'poleward flux' (PubMed:14681690, PubMed:20946984, PubMed:24100293). Involved in asymmetric cell division of sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells by playing a role in the asymmetric localization of Sara-expressing endosomes to the pIIa daughter cell but not to the pIIb cell. Klp98A targets Sara-expressing endosomes to the central spindle which is symmetrically arranged in early cell division. During late cytokinesis, central spindle asymmetry is generated by enrichment of Patronin on the pIIb side which protects microtubules from depolymerization by Klp10A while unprotected microtubules on the pIIa side are disassembled by Klp10A, leading to the asymmetric delivery of Sara-expressing endosomes to the pIIa daughter cell (PubMed:26659188).
Expressed at very low levels during embryonic development and at moderate levels in the larva, prepupal, pupal and adult stages.
Activated by lipids, particularly cardiolipin and to a lesser extent by other acidic phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids. Two specific sites, Thr-1022 (activation loop of the kinase domain) and Thr-1164 (turn motif), may be needed to be phosphorylated for its full activation (By similarity). Kinase activity is activated upon binding to GTP-bound Rho/Rac GTPases.
Embryonic lethal due to defects in dorsal closure.
Expressed at the leading edge (LE) cells and in two pairs of discontinuous stripes on the epidermis of each segment at stage 13. Expressed in the anterior and posterior spiracles, the pharynx and the mouth tip at stage 16.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with Rho1 (via REM repeats), Rac1 (via REM 1 repeat) and Rac2.
Phosphorylated (By similarity). Autophosphorylated; autophosphorylation is stimulated by GTP-bound Rho/Rac GTPases.
Pkc-related serine/threonine-protein kinase and Rho/Rac effector protein that participates in specific signal transduction responses in the cell. May play a role in the regulation of cell cycle progression, actin cytoskeleton assembly, cell migration, cell adhesion and transcription activation signaling processes (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating Rho-mediated dorsal closure during embryogenesis.
Expressed in the testis. In spermatid cysts, localizes near the tips of spermatid flagellar axonemes (at protein level). Detectable in freshly laid eggs before onset of zygotic transcription so is deposited in the egg during oogenesis. At the cellular blastoderm stage, present in all cells except the pole cells. During gastrulation, strongly expressed in tissues undergoing morphogenetic movements such as invaginating mesoderm, proctodeum and cephalic furrow. Strongly expressed in neuroblasts.
Interacts with baz; the interaction is required for apical localization of aPKC in neuroblasts and epithelial cells. Interacts with Dap160; the interaction promotes aPKC apical localization and kinase activity. Interacts with and phosphorylates l(2)gl and yrt. Interacts with crb and ref(2)P. Forms a complex with baz, fz and Patj.
Serine/threonine protein kinase which is required for apico-basal cell polarity in the germ line as well as in epithelial and neural precursor cells, for epithelial planar cell polarity and for cell proliferation. During oocyte development, required for the posterior translocation of oocyte specification factors and for the posterior establishment of the microtubule organizing center within the presumptive oocyte. Phosphorylates l(2)gl which restricts l(2)gl activity to the oocyte posterior and regulates posterior enrichment of par-1, leading to establishment of correct oocyte polarity. Essential for apical localization of l(2)gl and par-6 in neuroblasts and for exclusion of mira from the apical cortex. Phosphorylates baz which is required for targeting of baz to the postsynaptic region where it is involved in actin organization, and for apical exclusion of baz which is necessary for establishment of the apical/lateral border in epithelial cells. Phosphorylates yrt which prevents its premature apical localization and is necessary for correct epithelial cell polarization. Required for the establishment of mitotic spindle orientation during symmetric division of epithelial cells and for apical exclusion of raps/Pins. Involved in symmetric adherens junction positioning during embryogenesis. Required for polarization of the spermatid cyst which is necessary for sperm differentiation. Required for stimulation of the Toll signaling pathway which activates Dif and dl and plays a role in innate immunity. Plays a role in memory enhancement.
Zygotes survive to mid-larval stages where they exhibit defects in neuroblast and epithelial cell polarity. Mutant neuroblasts lack apical localization of l(2)gl and par-6, and fail to exclude mira from the apical cortex. Oocytes do not differentiate and display failure of BicD and ORB to translocate from the anterior to the posterior crescent, accumulation of Dhc64C in the two posterior-most presumptive pre-oocytes instead of in a single cell as normal, and defective posterior assembly of the microtubule organizing center. Adherens junctions form atypical planar-polarized puncta at gastrulation. Reduced yrt phosphorylation.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing. Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1 and U5.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Expressed in immature intermediate neural progenitors (INP) and type II neuroblasts in larval brains (at protein level) (PubMed:24550111, PubMed:27151950, PubMed:27510969, PubMed:28245922). Expressed in lamina L3 neurons from early pupal to adult stages, but is absent in late third instar larvae when lamina neurons begin to differentiate (at protein level) (PubMed:29513217). Expressed in the developing embryonic brain from stage 4 (PubMed:18621688).
Found in a probable chromatin remodeling Brahma-associated proteins (BAP) complex composed of at least brm, Bap60, Snr1 and erm. Within the complex, interacts (via N-terminus) with Bap60 and HDAC3.
Results in abnormal expansion of type II neuroblasts and in ectopic expression of pnt and grh (PubMed:28245922, PubMed:20152183). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of N partially restores normal neuroblast numbers and prevents loss of pnt expression (PubMed:27151950). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of erm with either HDAC3 or members of the Brm-associated protein (BAP) chromatin-remodeling complex brm and Snr1 further increases the number of type II neuroblasts compared with the single knockdown (PubMed:24618901). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of both erm and the ETS protein pnt restores normal neuroblast numbers (PubMed:28899667). RNAi-mediated knockdown in lamina neurons and their precursor cells, results in defective targeting of R8 neurons, with 45% of them terminating in medulla layers other than the correct M3 layer (PubMed:29513217). RNAi-mediated knockdown in L3 neurons, reduces expression of NetB in L3 neurons, L3 somas and the developing M3 layer (PubMed:29513217).
The second, third and fourth zinc finger domains are necessary for repressing gene transcription.
Zinc-finger transcriptional repressor (PubMed:24550111, PubMed:24618901, PubMed:28245922). In larval brain, involved in the maintenance of cell fate of intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) that derive from type II neuroblasts (PubMed:20152183, PubMed:24618901, PubMed:27151950, PubMed:27510969, PubMed:28245922, PubMed:28899667). Restricts INP developmental potential and dedifferentiation by interacting with HDAC3 and the chromatin remodeling Brahma-associated protein (BAP) complex (PubMed:24618901, PubMed:24550111, PubMed:27151950, PubMed:28899667, PubMed:28245922). Restricts INP proliferation by regulating neuroblast specific factors such as prospero, pnt and grh, and by antagonizing the function of self-renewal factors, such as klu, dpn and E(spl)mgamma-HLH (PubMed:20152183, PubMed:24550111, PubMed:28899667). In the optic lobe, essential for coordinating the innervation/ targeting of the L3 and R8 axons to the M3 layer of the medulla (PubMed:29513217). Early in medulla development, functions in parallel to CadN and Sema1a pathways to promote targeting of the L3 growth cones to the proximal domain of the outer medulla possibly by controlling the expression of various cell surface genes such as dpr1 and dpr17 which function in L3 growth cone targeting (PubMed:29513217). Then once L3 growth cones segregate into the developing M3 layer, it activates the expression of netrins NetA and NetB which act locally to promote the attachment of R8 growth cones within the M3 layer (PubMed:29513217).
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus.
S-II binds to RNA-polymerase II in the absence of transcription.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, expression is at low levels in all stages of development.
Heterodimer of a 70 kDa and a 80 kDa subunit.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA double strand break repair (By similarity). Sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that has a high affinity for a 31 bp sequence in the Yp1 gene. Site-specific DNA binding to 31 bp P element inverted repeats.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. D (Shal) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Shal sub-subfamily.
Co-expressed with SIDL in the nervous system.
Heterotetramer of potassium channel proteins (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminal dendritic targeting motif) with SIDL.
Mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a potassium-selective channel through which potassium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. May play a role in the nervous system and in the regulation of beating frequency in pacemaker cells.
The N-terminus may be important in determining the rate of inactivation of the channel while the tail may play a role in modulation of channel activity and/or targeting of the channel to specific subcellular compartments.
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position.
Interacts with Mer and Moe at the adherens junction (PubMed:8666669). Interacts with Inx2 (PubMed:15047872). Interacts with alpha-Cat (PubMed:25653389). Interacts with Myo31DF (PubMed:16598259, PubMed:22491943).
Isoform cytoplasmic accumulates at low levels in axons, at high levels in specific cells along the CNS midline and in leg and eye imaginal disks. Isoform neural accumulates in the axon tracts of the CNS. Both isoforms accumulate in the peripheral nervous system.
Isoform neural may associate with CadN and participate in the transmission of developmental information. Can associate with alpha-catenin. Isoform cytoplasmic accumulates through wg signaling; arm function in wg signal transduction is required early in development for determination of neuroblast fate. Arm and Abl proteins function cooperatively at adherens junctions in both the CNS and epidermis.
Phosphorylated on Ser, Thr and Tyr residues (PubMed:7529201). Level of phosphorylation varies both during embryonic development and from embryonic tissue to tissue (PubMed:7529201). Sgg is required for phosphorylation and wg signal negatively regulates arm phosphorylation (PubMed:7529201). Hypophosphorylated form of arm increases in steady-state levels (PubMed:7529201). Phosphorylated directly or indirectly by CkIalpha which stimulates its degradation (PubMed:11927557).
Present at all stages, but reaches the highest levels during early to mid-embryogenesis. Isoform cytoplasmic is the predominant one from the cellular blastoderm stage until germ-band retraction. Isoform neural is first seen after germ band retraction.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX8/PRP22 sub-subfamily.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:18981222, PubMed:24244416). Facilitates nuclear export of spliced mRNA by releasing the RNA from the spliceosome (By similarity). Before and after egg-chamber formation, required for nurse-cell chromatin dispersal (NCCD) probably by playing a role in spliceosome localization to chromatin/interchromatin spaces (PubMed:24244416).
Lethal. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germ line results in defective nurse cell morphology.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group non-covalently per subunit.
Expressed in the ensheathing glia with relatively weak expression in the CNS cortex (at protein level).
It is not obvious if the molybdenum-pterin domain is functional; the conserved cysteine (position 339) is replaced by an isoleucine.
Named 'shopper' because of the mutant locomotion phenotype in which larvae stop and bend their heads more frequently.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae results in reduced levels of sulfite oxidase activity. RNAi-mediated knockdown in ensheathing glial cells results in larval locamotion defects, including reduced run phases with more stops and an increase in head bending frequency. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the cortex glia, astrocytes or neurons has no effect on locomotion or head bending frequency.
Required in ensheathing glial cells for normal larval locomotion. Oxidizes sulfite which is required to maintain glutamate homeostasis and as a consequence, neuronal network function.
Component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. DSIF enhances transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex. DSIF may also promote transcriptional elongation within coding regions. DSIF is required for the transcriptional induction of heat shock response genes and regulation of genes which control anterior-posterior patterning during embryonic development (By similarity).
Interacts with Spt5 to form DSIF. DSIF interacts with TRX, RNA polymerase II and with the FACT complex, which is composed of DRE4/SPT16 and SSRP/SSRP1. DSIF can also interact with the exosome, a complex with 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity which is composed of at least Csl4, Dis3, Mtr3, Rrp4, Rrp6, Rrp40, Rrp42, Rrp46 and Ski6. DSIF may also interact with the positive transcription elongation factor b complex (P-TEFb complex), which is composed of Cdk9 and cyclin-T (CycT).
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase TrmH family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of 2'-O-methylguanosine at position 1580 (Gm1580) in the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mtLSU rRNA), a conserved modification in the peptidyl transferase domain of the mtLSU rRNA.
Atypical E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which specifically mediates ubiquitination of threonine and serine residues on target proteins, instead of ubiquitinating lysine residues (By similarity). Shows esterification activity towards both threonine and serine, with a preference for threonine, and acts via two essential catalytic cysteine residues that relay ubiquitin to its substrate via thioester intermediates (By similarity). Required in the presynaptic motoneuron to down-regulate the levels of wnd and restrain synaptic terminal growth at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) together with Rae1 and Fsn (PubMed:10839352, PubMed:21874015, PubMed:17697379).
Belongs to the RING-Cys relay (RCR) family.
Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of hiw, Rae1 and Fsn (PubMed:17697379, PubMed:21874015). Interacts with Rae1; the interaction with Rae1 may protect hiw from autophagy-mediated degradation (PubMed:21874015).
Express throughout the nervous system (PubMed:10839352, PubMed:21874015). Stage 13 embryos show expression in the central nervous system (CNS) at the longitudinal axon tracts around which the synaptic neuropil forms (PubMed:10839352). Expression outside the CNS starts at stage 16 in presynaptic terminals at the periactive zone which surround the active zone (PubMed:10839352). Expression at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) and in the CNS is also seen in third instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:10839352).
Flies display NMJ synapses that grow exuberantly and are expanded in both the number of boutons and in the extent and length of branches.
The PHR domains are compact beta-sandwich folds composed of 11 antiparallel strands and decorated with conserved apical loops. They are likely to play a structural role and mediate interactions with substrates or partners (By similarity).
The tandem cysteine domain region confers threonine specificity and contains the two essential catalytic cysteine residues that relay ubiquitin. It binds four zinc ions in a C5HC7HC2 configuration.
Predominantly expressed in the central nervous system.
Essential for female fertility; germ cell division and differentiation.
Expressed in both oocyte and nurse cells of the germarium.
Expression is cooperatively activated by Ovo and Stil.
In embryos, it is expressed in the neurons of the CNS and PNS, in Garland cells and posterior spiracles. In adults, it is concentrated in the thorax and abdomen (muscle tissue, digestive system and Malpighian tubules) and weakly expressed in the head. Expression is diffuse in the nervous system.
The sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase is composed of a catalytic alpha subunit, an auxiliary non-catalytic beta subunit and an additional regulatory subunit. Interacts with nkain.
Expression detected in the ovary. In the oocyte expressed in the germarium, nurse cell and follicle cell.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with mago and tsu/RBM8A; the interaction is direct.
Regulator of the exon junction complex (EJC), a multiprotein complex that associates immediately upstream of the exon-exon junction on mRNAs and serves as a positional landmark for the intron exon structure of genes and directs post-transcriptional processes in the cytoplasm such as mRNA export, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or translation. Acts as an EJC disassembly factor by disrupting mature EJC from spliced mRNAs. Required for normal localization of osk mRNA to the posterior pole of the developing oocyte. Does not interact with the small ribosomal unit or components of the translation initiation complex. May not function in cap-dependent translation regulation.
Viable and fertile. No visible phenotype.
Specifically expressed in the ejaculatory bulbs of male.
Transferred from the ejaculatory bulbs of males to the female genitals upon copulation, plays an important role in the reproductive biology.
Belongs to the WWC family. KIBRA subfamily.
Expressed in ovarian posterior follicle cells and wing disks (at protein level).
Forms a complex with Mer and Ex. Interacts (via domain WW 1) with Ex (via RXPPXY motif). Interacts with Mer, Sav, Hpo and Wts.
Homozygous embryonic lethality, oogenesis defects, tissue overgrowth characterized by excessive cell proliferation and diminished apoptosis.
Regulator of the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein. Kibra acts synergistically along with Ex and Mer to regulate the Hippo signaling pathway.
By ecdysone; exposure of salivary glands and midgut isolated from second instar larvae results in a massive increase in levels.
Interacts with Diap1; residues 114-125 interact with the second BIR domain of Diap1. Can form a stable complex with Drice. Rpr can out-compete Dronc for binding Diap1, therefore removing Diap1-mediated ubiquitination.
Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. Effector of steroid-mediated apoptosis during insect metamorphosis. Overexpression promotes programmed cell death. Interaction with Diap1 is required to suppress Dronc-mediated cell death; via Diap1-mediated ubiquitination of Dronc. Rate-limiting caspase in rpr and hid death pathway.
The promiscuous caspase inhibitor p35 is neither cleaved by Dronc in vitro nor blocks Dronc activity in vivo.
Ubiquitinated by Diap1, leading to its subsequent degradation.
Ubiquitously expressed in embryos during early stages of development. In late third instar larvae, dramatic up-regulation in salivary glands and midgut before histolysis of these tissues.
Despite some similarity with the 'phage' integrase family, PubMed:7958912 showed that it has no recombinase activity.
Expressed in early syncytial embryo (PubMed:1617730, PubMed:1617729). During cellularization, transient accumulation in a striped pattern (PubMed:1617730, PubMed:1617729). From late stage 11 onward, expressed gradually in a small number of segmentally reiterated cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) (PubMed:1617730, PubMed:1617729). This expression is specific to the external sensory organs (PubMed:1617730). In the thoracic and abdominal segments, expressed in the trichogen and tormogen cells, two outer accessory cells present in all larval external sensory organs (PubMed:1617730). During the late third larval instar, expressed in many larval and imaginal tissues (PubMed:1617730). Broadly distributed in the disks, but most abundant in the posterior region of the wing pouch (PubMed:1617730). In the leg disk, predominant in a zone largely overlapping the posterior region (PubMed:1617730). In the eye-antenna disk, low level in both the retinal field posterior to the morphogenetic furrow and the central antenna region, while higher levels appears on the margins of the disk and in the vicinity of the morphogenetic furrow (PubMed:1617730). In pupae, expressed in many tissues at this stage, including developing muscle and epidermis (PubMed:1617730). In both microchaetes and macrochaetes of 24 hr pupae, expressed on the notum and the head (PubMed:1617730). Expressed in the tormogen cell and in specific bristle cells (PubMed:1617730).
Interacts with activated cleaved Notch. Interacts with Hairless, this interaction preventing its DNA-binding activity. Interacts with insv (via BEN domain).
Lethal during the first day of pupal development (PubMed:1617730). At the larval stage, results in a 'neurogenic' phenotype in imaginal disks, in which too many cells adopt the sensory organ precursor cell fate (PubMed:1617730). RNAi-mediated knockdown in type II neuroblasts, results in smaller cells (PubMed:1617730).
Transcriptional regulator that plays a central role in Notch signaling, a signaling pathway involved in cell-cell communication that regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate determinations (PubMed:21262215, PubMed:1617729, PubMed:8674407, PubMed:10673509). Binds directly the 5'-GTGRGAR-3' DNA consensus sequence, which is present in the regulatory region of several genes (PubMed:10673509). Acts as a transcriptional repressor when it is not associated with Notch proteins (PubMed:10673509). When associated with some Notch protein, it acts as a transcriptional activator that activates transcription of Notch target genes (PubMed:10673509). Required for transcription of Sim (PubMed:10673509). Specifically binds to the immunoglobulin kappa-type J segment recombination signal sequence (PubMed:1744127, PubMed:1617730, PubMed:1617729). Required for neurogenesis in imaginal disks (PubMed:1617730, PubMed:7813798). In the larval brain, might play a role as a transducer of Notch signaling during type II neuroblast development (PubMed:21262215). Also functions independently of the Notch pathway, in the development of the bristle sensory organ precursor cell (PubMed:12642500).
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity and may function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters (By similarity). May be involved in energy metabolism in a manner that depends on the substrate used for energy production. Dbi and its metabolites are involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes.
Expressed from the larval stage onwards throughout the adult stage.
Expressed in larval and pupal brains. In adults, expressed in cardia, part of the Malpighian tubules, fat body, and gametes of both sexes.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 22 family.
Auto-ubiquitinates in an E2-dependent manner leading to its own degradation.
Belongs to the RBR family. Parkin subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates, such as Paris, Marf, Opa1, Miro, pnut, Septin1, Tom20 and porin (PubMed:16002472, PubMed:17456438, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:27906179, PubMed:31714929, PubMed:32138754, PubMed:32047033, PubMed:23770917). Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates, depending on the context (PubMed:18957282, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:23650379, PubMed:27906179, PubMed:31714929, PubMed:32047033). Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, by acting downstream of Pink1, to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components (PubMed:12642658, PubMed:15073152, PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:17123504, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:20496123, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179, PubMed:29497364, PubMed:32047033). Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy (PubMed:12642658, PubMed:15073152, PubMed:16002472, PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:17123504, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:18443288, PubMed:20496123, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179, PubMed:29497364, PubMed:32047033). Appears to be particularly important in maintaining the physiology and function of cells with high energy demands that are undergoing stress or altered metabolic environment, including spermatids, muscle cells and neurons such as the dopaminergic (DA) neurons (PubMed:12642658, PubMed:15073152, PubMed:16002472, PubMed:16672980, PubMed:17123504, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:20483372, PubMed:22396657, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:28435104, PubMed:29497364, PubMed:31714929). Activation and recruitment onto the outer membrane of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria (OMM) requires Pink1-mediated phosphorylation of both park and ubiquitin (PubMed:18957282, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:22396657, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179). In depolarized mitochondria, mediates the decision between mitophagy or preventing apoptosis by inducing either the poly- or monoubiquitination of porin/VDAC; polyubiquitination of porin promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination of porin decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis (PubMed:32047033). When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:16672981, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:29497364). Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains following mitochondrial damage, leading to mitophagy (PubMed:32047033, PubMed:23650379). In developing tissues, inhibits JNK-mediated apoptosis by negatively regulating bsk transcription (PubMed:16002472, PubMed:20496123). The Pink1-park pathway also promotes fission and/or inhibits fusion of damaged mitochondria by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion/fission such as Marf, Opa1 and fzo (PubMed:18443288, PubMed:17123504, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:23650379, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:29497364). This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the healthy mitochondrial network and/or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes (PubMed:18443288, PubMed:17123504, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:18230723, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:23650379, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:29497364). Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria by phosphorylating Miro which likely promotes its park-dependent degradation by the proteasome; in motor neurons, this inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria being eliminated in the soma (PubMed:22396657). The Pink1-park pathway is also involved in mitochondrial regeneration processes such as promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, activating localized mitochondrial repair, promoting selective turnover of mitochondrial proteins and initiating the mitochondrial import of endogenous proteins (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:20496123, PubMed:20869429, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:23650379, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:25565208, PubMed:29497364). Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the ubiquitination of transcriptional repressor Paris which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor srl (PubMed:23509287, PubMed:29497364, PubMed:32138754). Promotes localized mitochondrial repair by activating the translation of specific nuclear-encoded mitochondrial RNAs (nc-mtRNAs) on the mitochondrial surface, including several key electron transport chain component nc-mtRNAs (PubMed:23509287, PubMed:25565208).
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:14646593, PubMed:12642658, PubMed:16002472, PubMed:15073152). Highest levels of expression in adults and early embryos (PubMed:15073152, PubMed:14646593). First detected in 0-2 hour embryos, likely due to a maternal contribution as it is not detected during the rest of embryogenesis (PubMed:15073152). Expressed in third instar larvae, throughout pupal development and in adults (PubMed:15073152).
Forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (PubMed:17456438). Interacts with Pink1 (PubMed:19048081). Interacts with Marf (PubMed:24898855, PubMed:20194754). Interacts with Paris (PubMed:32138754). Interacts with septins Septin1 and pnut (PubMed:17456438).
In oocytes, accumulates in early egg chambers where it is enriched until stages 9-10, localizing mainly to the posterior pole and anterior margin (at protein level) (PubMed:20869429). After stage 10 it is no longer detected in the oocyte (at protein level) (PubMed:20869429). In embryos, ubiquitously expressed in the early stages (stages 2 to 5) (at protein level) (PubMed:14646593). Expression levels decrease at later stages and becomes restricted to the brain and nerve cord from stage 9 (at protein level) (PubMed:14646593). Relatively higher levels of expression in the head compared to the body (PubMed:16002472). Enriched in the dorsomedial (DM) dopaminergic neurons (PubMed:16002472).
In the autoinhibited state the side chain of Phe-481 inserts into a hydrophobic groove in RING-0, occluding the ubiquitin acceptor site Cys-449, whereas the REP repressor element binds RING-1 and blocks its E2-binding site (By similarity). Activation of park requires 2 steps: (1) phosphorylation at Ser-94 by Pink1 and (2) binding to phosphorylated ubiquitin, leading to unlock repression of the catalytic Cys-449 by the RING-0 region via an allosteric mechanism and converting park to its fully-active form (PubMed:25474007, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:20194754, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:27906179). According to another report, phosphorylation at Ser-94 by Pink1 is not essential for activation and only binding to phosphorylated ubiquitin is essential to unlock repression (By similarity).
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases (PubMed:17456438, PubMed:23770917). They interact with E2 conjugating enzymes and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING domain, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved cysteine residue in the second RING domain (PubMed:17456438, PubMed:23770917).
Phosphorylated (PubMed:18957282, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179). Activation requires phosphorylation at Ser-94 by Pink1 and binding to Pink1-phosphorylated polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:18957282, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:25474007, PubMed:27906179). Phosphorylation at Thr-187 by Pink1 is also important for mitochondrial localization (PubMed:18957282).
Pupal lethal; large percentage fail to enclose (PubMed:15073152). Escapers that develop into adults display various phenotypes that appear to be the result of mitochondrial abnormalities and/or mitochondrial dysfunction (PubMed:16672980, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:23509287, PubMed:29497364). In various tissues including the indirect flight muscles (IFM), thoracic muscles, sperm, cardiomyocytes and neurons such as the dopaminergic (DA) neurons, mitochondria display abnormalities such as swelling, loss of cristae, fragmentation, aggregation and/or mitochondrial disorganization, and they are dysfunctional resulting in defects such as mitochondrial depolarization, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced ATP, decreased mitochondrial DNA and reduced mitochondrial protein levels (PubMed:15073152, PubMed:17123504, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:20483372, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:29497364). As a result adults are reduced in size, display reduced survival and decreased fertility (PubMed:15073152, PubMed:16672980, PubMed:17123504, PubMed:24192653, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:29497364). They also exhibit age-dependent and progressive degradation of the IFM and the DA neurons, especially in the protocerebral posterior lateral 1 (PPL1) cluster, which likely contribute to the observed locomotive defects, down-turned rigid wings and crushed thorax phenotypes (PubMed:15073152, PubMed:16002472, PubMed:18957282, PubMed:18799731, PubMed:24901221, PubMed:29497364). However, another report did not observe any age-dependent dopaminergic neuron loss within 21 days post-eclosion (PubMed:15073152). Also affects non-motor behaviors such as reduced three-hour memory performance and irregular circadian rhythms under constant darkness, likely as a result of the neurodegradation (PubMed:28435104). Double knockout of Pink1 and park display no increase in the severity of their phenotypes compared to single mutants (PubMed:16672980). However, expression of park in Pink1 mutants markedly rescues most of the Pink1 mutant phenotypes, whereas expression of Pink1 in park mutants fails to rescue the defective thorax and abnormal wing position (PubMed:16672980). Double knockdown with Paris, improves climbing performance defects and rescues decreased mRNA levels of srl, ewg and TFAM, observed in park mutants (PubMed:32138754).
The RING-type 1 zinc finger domain is required for ubiquitination activity.
Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I).
Component of the ESCRT-I complex, a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Death at the transition from the first to second instar. Morphological changes in MVBs and developmental defects in the compound eye. However, for the ligands and receptors tested, changes in their cell surface levels or their delivery to lysosomes have not been detected. In early embryos and during sperm individualization defects in actin cytoskeleton organization ocurr.
Isoform COL1 is expressed from 3 hours of embryogenesis, with a peak of accumulation between 8 and 16 hours post-fertilization. Expression persists at very low level in first instar larvae and accumulates again in third instar larvae and pupae. Isoform COL2 is expressed after 8 hours of embryogenesis, peaks in first instar larvae and is present at low levels in third instar larvae and pupae.
Its expression at the blastoderm stage is restricted to a single stripe of cells corresponding to part of the intercalary and mandibular segment primordia, possibly parasegment O.
May act as a 'second-level regulator' of head patterning. Required for establishment of the PS(-1)/PS0 parasegmental border and formation of the intercalary segment. Required for expression of the segment polarity genes hedgehog, engrailed and wingless, and the segment-identity genes CAP and collar in the intercalary segment. Required at the onset of the gastrulation for the correct formation of the mandibular segment.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the sulfate adenylyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the APS kinase family.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP1 subfamily.
High expression in males whereas expression in females is very low (PubMed:34282725). In adult males, highest levels of expression are in the testis (PubMed:34282725). In adult females, expressed only in the ovaries at very low levels (PubMed:34282725). In larvae, highly expressed in the imaginal disk whereas in prepupae and pupae modest levels of expression occur in the fat body (PubMed:34282725).
Increases male fertility but overall population fitness is decreased (PubMed:34282725). Males develop significantly more spermatocyte cysts with actin cones per testis, suggesting that sperm production is accelerated (PubMed:34282725). No effect on female fertility at 25 degrees Celsius (PubMed:34282725). However at 29 degrees Celsius (heat stress conditions), embryos lacking either maternal and/or zygotic Arp53D activity display gross nuclear abnormalities and nuclei appear disorganized and uncompacted (PubMed:34282725). As a result females produce fewer progeny that reach the adult stage (PubMed:34282725). No effect on number of eggs laid or the percent of fertilized eggs (PubMed:34282725).
Required for optimal embryo development, particularly under heat stress conditions (PubMed:34282725). Also appears to have a role in negatively regulating spermatocyte cyst development (PubMed:34282725). Under heat stress conditions, required for the correct organization and migration of nuclei during early embryogenesis, and therefore possibly functions by regulating embryonic actin networks during the heat stress response (PubMed:34282725).
'Araucan' is named after the Araucanian American-Indian tribe, also called Mohawks, who shaved all but a medial stripe of hairs on the head.
Following axon injury, required for recruitment of drpr and glial cells to severed axons and for glial clearance of severed axons from the central nervous system (PubMed:18432193). Together with Src42a and drpr, promotes the migration of macrophages to sites of wounding as part of a signaling cascade where Scr42a detects production of hydrogen peroxide at wound sites which triggers phosphorylation of drpr and subsequent recruitment and activation of shark (PubMed:26028435). May be involved in signal transduction on the apical surface of ectodermal epithelial cells, regulating their polarity during invagination (PubMed:7892198). Crumbs (crb) may be the intracellular signal (PubMed:7892198).
Gastrulation embryos show expression in ectodermal cells along the cephalic furrow and ventral midline. Proctodeum, stomodeum and their derived structures (foregut, atrium, pharynx, esophagus and hindgut) continue to show expression from stage 8-9 to late embryos. Other ectodermally derived structures (frontal sac, salivary gland and labium) and developing tracheal system also show expression.
Interacts with drpr; this is required for the recruitment of drpr and glial cells to severed axons and for the phagocytosis of axonal debris by glial cells following axon injury.
Strong reduction in the number of macrophages recruited to wound sites (PubMed:26028435). RNAi-mediated knockdown in glial cells abolishes a number of events which normally occur following axon injury including drpr localization at severed axons, glial recruitment to severed axons, up-regulation of drpr in glial cells and clearance of axonal debris from the central nervous system (PubMed:18432193).
Induces retarded body growth and impaired starvation resistance. Mutants have highly down-regulated DNA and protein synthesis-related genes and up-regulated stress-responsible genes.
ppGpp hydrolyzing enzyme involved in starvation response.
Binds unprenylated Rab proteins, presents it to the catalytic component B, and remains bound to it after the geranylgeranyl transfer reaction. The component A is thought to be regenerated by transferring its prenylated Rab to a protein acceptor (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of Tim10 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Binds to BCL9 via the PHD-type zinc finger motif, and thereby becomes part of the nuclear ARM/PAN complex.
Ubiquitous throughout embryogenesis and larval development.
StnA, which is involved in the same pathway, is derived from the same bicistronic transcript that encodes these two different proteins.
The Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) motifs, which are found in proteins involved in the endocytic pathway, are known to interact with the EH domain.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Supplies the nucleotide substrate for thymidylate synthetase.
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling (PubMed:21669930). The retrotranslocation channel is composed of PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12; each subunit contributing transmembrane segments that coassemble into an open channel that specifically allows the passage of PEX5 through the peroxisomal membrane (By similarity). PEX12 also regulates PEX5 recycling by activating the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of PEX10 (By similarity). When PEX5 recycling is compromised, PEX12 stimulates PEX10-mediated polyubiquitination of PEX5, leading to its subsequent degradation (By similarity).
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling.
Component of the PEX2-PEX10-PEX12 retrotranslocation channel.
The RING-type zinc-finger is degenerated and only coordinates one zinc ions, preventing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
The three subunits of the retrotranslocation channel (PEX2, PEX10 and PEX12) coassemble in the membrane into a channel with an open 10 Angstrom pore. The RING-type zinc-fingers that catalyze PEX5 receptor ubiquitination are positioned above the pore on the cytosolic side of the complex.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Interacts with Tbp, Taf1, Taf11 and Taf12.
TFIID is a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators and repressors. An essential subunit binds to core promoter DNA.
Adds the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Transfers glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) onto the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol. Involved in cuticle differentiation.
Larval lethality. Larvae lacking maternal gny present patterning and morphological defects, including the failure to form a normal head skeleton, a discontinuous cuticle and irregular body contours. Larvae lacking maternal and zygotic gny show severe reduction in cuticle deposition and a complete failure of denticle formation and melanization.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon. Involved in germ cell formation.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least eIF4A, eIF4E1 and eIF4G1. Interacts with tud and vas.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. EZ subfamily.
Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, composed of Caf1-55, esc, E(z), Su(z)12, and possibly pho. The Esc/E(z) complex may also associate with Pcl and HDAC1/Rpd3 during early embryogenesis. This complex is distinct from the PRC1 complex, which contains many other PcG proteins like Pc, Ph, Psc, Su(z)2. The two complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing. Interacts with corto in vitro. Interacts with Nup93-1 (PubMed:31784359).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of the Esc/E(z) complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. While PcG proteins are generally required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development, this protein is specifically required during the first 6 hours of embryogenesis to establish the repressed state. The Esc/E(z) complex is necessary but not sufficient for the repression of homeotic target genes, suggesting that the recruitment of the distinct PRC1 complex is also required.
Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes the dorsal-ventral pathway of the embryo (PubMed:9618496, PubMed:9477324, PubMed:12493753). Three proteases; ndl, gd and snk process easter to create active easter (PubMed:9477324). Active easter defines cell identities along the dorsal-ventral continuum by activating the spz ligand for the Tl receptor in the ventral region of the embryo (PubMed:9477324).
Expression begins in previtellogenic stages and is seen in germline-derived nurse cells of the germarium. Expression continues throughout oogenesis with transcripts from the nurse cells accumulating in the oocytes. Most abundant in the ovaries, the level of protein decreases from the moment of egg laying and is essentially gone by 4 hours.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family. TRM4 subfamily.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expressed during embryonic development.
RNA methyltransferase that methylates tRNAs. Methylates cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (m5C) at position 34 of intron-containing tRNA(Leu)(CAA) precursors. Required for short-term memory.
Ubiquitously expressed during embryonic development. Some enrichment is observed in the proventriculus area of the foregut and in the hindgut.
Essential for the formation of matrix-filled interrhabdomeral space: critical for the formation of epithelial lumina in the retina. Acts together with prominin (prom) and the cell adhesion molecule chaoptin (chp) to choreograph the partitioning of rhabdomeres into an open system.
Expressed during embryonic, larval, and adult stages.
Expressed from the beginning of rhabdomere biogenesis (48 hours after pupal formation), when it decorates the entire photoreceptor apical surface.
Flies exhibit a closed rhabdomere system, rhabdomeres within each ommatidium are fused to each other.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 39 family.
Essential lysosomal hydrolase responsible for the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate (Probable). Required for lysosome function and autophagy (PubMed:35011691). Consequently, has an essential role in the development, maintenance and function of various cells, tissues, and organs, including the muscles and the central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:35011691).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in dysregulated glycolysis and lipogenesis, and is pupal lethal (PubMed:35011691). RNAi-mediated knockdown causes the incorrect acidification of lysosomes leading to dysfunctional lysosome-autophagosome fusion and consequently, blocks autophagy flux (PubMed:35011691). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a significant increase in the number and size of lysosomes in the brain (PubMed:35011691). Expression levels of genes involved in glycolysis (Pfk, Tpi and Ldh) and lipogenesis (ACC) are increased (PubMed:35011691). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown causes developmental defects leading to premature death at different stages, depending on the tissue and on the extent of the expression reduction (PubMed:35011691). RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscles results in complete lethality at the pupal stage, knockdown in glial cells results in partial lethality at the pupal stage (about 73% of flies reach the adult stage), whereas knockdown in neurons is not lethal (PubMed:35011691). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in the muscles results in a significant increase in the number and size of lysosomes in the muscles (PubMed:35011691). RNAi-mediated knockdown in glial cells and also in neurons, causes an age-dependent climbing decline and increases adult lifespan (PubMed:35011691).
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE9 subfamily.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) ions per subunit. Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit: site 1 preferentially binds zinc, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium. Binds magnesium less tightly than zinc.
Binds 1 Zn(2+) ion per subunit. Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit: site 1 preferentially binds zinc, while site 2 has a preference for magnesium. Tightly binds zinc.
Expressed in Malpighian tubules and adult fly head.
No activity observed following immunoprecipitation from adult head (PubMed:15673286). However, it is likely that the protein has phosphodiesterase activity based on the conservation of the active site as well as nucleotide-binding and metal-binding sites.
Specifically hydrolyzes the second messenger cGMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. Highly specific: compared to other members of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family, has the highest affinity and selectivity for cGMP.
Expressed in developing oocytes and egg chambers. During embryonic stages 9-11, expressed in the primordium of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. Expressed in the salivary glands from embryonic stage 12 onwards. During embryonic stages 12-13, expressed in the posterior midgut and hindgut. During embryonic stages 14-15, expression continues in the hindgut. During embryonic stages 16-17, expressed in the antennomaxillary complex. In third instar larvae, ubiquitously expressed in wing, with increased expression in the notum and ventral wing pouch, eye-antennal, leg and haltere imaginal disks.
Glycopeptide transferase involved in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which catalyzes the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to an already glycosylated peptide (PubMed:11925450, PubMed:12829714). In contrast to other proteins of the family, it does not act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor, but instead requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties (PubMed:11925450). Some peptide transferase activity is however not excluded, considering that its appropriate peptide substrate may remain unidentified. Prefers the monoglycosylated Muc5AC-3 as substrate (PubMed:11925450). Might have a role in protein O-glycosylation in the Golgi and thereby in establishing and/or maintaining a proper secretory apparatus structure (PubMed:20807760).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body or respiratory system during development is lethal (PubMed:22157008). RNAi-mediated knockdown in hemocytes, amnioserosa, mesoderm or digestive system and reproductive tract causes no defect (PubMed:22157008).
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Calcium-binding protein that is essential for promoting night-time sleep and inhibiting nocturnal hyperactivity (PubMed:7989365, PubMed:30865587). During the night-time it promotes sleep by limiting synaptic output from arousal- and wake-promoting neurons within the C01- and A05- domains that include the mushroom body, and the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (PubMed:30865587). Regulated by the circadian clock network and light-sensing circuits that include the CRY photoreceptor; it is likely that both of these internal and external cues are required to define the temporal window (the night-time) during which this protein functions (PubMed:30865587). Inhibits the phosphorylation of rhodopsin in a calcium-dependent manner (PubMed:8626592).
Expressed in neuronal tissues. High level expression seen in the cortical regions of the central brain and lower levels in the lamina, the first optic lobe of the brain. It is also found in the thoracic ganglia.
Found in the embryos, larvae and pupae. Expression in the adult heads is higher than in the bodies.
Viable. Adults exhibit reduced night-time sleep but daytime sleep appears normal. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole organism or simultaneously knockdown in the C01 and A05 neurons, results in a similar phenotype to the genetic knockout. As demonstrated in adults undergoing RNAi-mediated knockdown in the C01 and A05 neurons, the reduction in night-time sleep and increase in night-time arousal is likely the result of enhanced neurotransmitter release in the mushroom body alpha-beta lobes, and the antennal mechanosensory and motor center, which occurs only during the dark period of different light-dark conditions. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a tim mutant background, also results in sleep loss during the dark period of different light-dark conditions but under constant light conditions sleep loss is completely suppressed. RNAi-mediated knockdown in a cry mutant background, results in a small but significant reduction in sleep under LL conditions.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIM1 subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Maternally supplied mRNA is degraded during progression from nuclear stage 12 to nuclear stage 13. Zygotic expression is seen at reduced levels later in embryogenesis and during larval development. Higher expression is seen in pupae, coincident with ovarian differentiation. May be activated during the syncytial blastoderm divisions which precede cellularization, the Drosophila equivalent of the mid-blastula transition (MBT). Developmentally regulated activation of the DNA replication checkpoint may occur as the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio increases and maternal replication factors are depleted. Elongation of the embryonic cell cycle may allow time for the transcription of genes that initiate the switch from maternal to zygotic control of embryogenesis.
In the germline, simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of grp and Rtel1 results in partial rescue of loss of germline stem cell observed in the single Rtel1 knockdown.
Phosphorylated in a MEI-41/ATR dependent manner in response to DNA damage or the presence of unreplicated DNA.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair in response to the presence of DNA damage or unreplicated DNA. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. May phosphorylate the CDC25 phosphatase stg, which promotes its degradation. This results in increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk1-cyclin complexes and consequent inhibition of cell cycle progression.
Putative sodium-dependent transporter which is required for viability, early imaginal disk development and adult motor coordination (PubMed:17890365). Also has a role in the fate commitment of the R3/R4 photoreceptor cells (PubMed:17890365). May function in ommatidial polarity by regulating the activity of the core polarity genes, acting upstream of (or in parallel to) Vang, dsh, pk, stan, and dgo, but downstream or independently of fz (PubMed:17890365).
The imaginal disks of third instar larvae are dramatically decreased in size (PubMed:17890365). Overall larval size is unaffected (PubMed:17890365).
The name 'bedraggled' derives from escaper mutant adults which upon eclosion, immediately fall into their food and die due to severe defects in motor coordination.
Adults develop normally, however females display ovarian defects and reduced fertility likely due to the significant decrease in TORC1 activity within the germline cells (PubMed:21521741, PubMed:25512509). Ovarian defects include adherent cyst divisions due to mitotic delay, accumulation of autolysosomes resulting in reduced number of egg chambers and reduced number of eggs laid per female per day (PubMed:21521741, PubMed:25512509). Spindle defects and mitotic delay results in egg chambers often containing 16 polyploid nurse cells and no oocyte because the oocyte enters the endocycle and develops as a polyploid nurse cell (PubMed:21521741). In early meiotic germline cells, the nucleoporin Mtor is displaced from the nuclear envelope to the nucleoplasm, most notably as cysts enter the meiotic cycle beginning in R2a of the germarium (PubMed:21521741). However, there is no effect on the recruitment of Mtor or other nucleoporins (Nup107, Nup153, Mtor and FG-containing nucleoporins) to the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:21521741). In contrast, somatic tissues do not display any obvious developmental defects; there is no decrease in TORC1 activity and no accumulation of autolysosomes in the larval fat body (PubMed:25512509, PubMed:21521741, PubMed:27166823). Increasing TORC1 activity in the mutant female germline via RNAi-mediated knockdown of the GATOR1 subcomplex members Nprl2, Nprl3, Iml1 or knockdown of Tsc1 rescues the ovarian defects (PubMed:25512509). However, knockdown of Nprl2 or Nprl3 does not rescue the accumulation of autolysosomes (PubMed:27166823).
An essential component of the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 which functions as an activator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238, PubMed:25512509). GATOR2 activates the TORC1 signaling pathway through the inhibition of the GATOR1 subcomplex, controlling the switch to cell proliferation growth under nutrient replete conditions and growth during female oocyte development (PubMed:21521741, PubMed:25512509, PubMed:23723238, PubMed:27166823). This component is required for activating TORC1 specifically in germline cells to promote cell growth and maintain the oocyte fate, probably influences the organization and/or function of microtubules within ovarian cysts, and promotes accumulation of another GATOR2 complex member mio in germline and somatic tissues (PubMed:27166823, PubMed:23723238, PubMed:25512509, PubMed:21521741). GATOR1 and GATOR2 act at different stages of oogenesis to regulate TORC1 in order to control meiotic entry and promote oocyte growth and development (PubMed:25512509). After exactly four mitotic cyst divisions, the GATOR1 complex members (Iml1, Nprl2 and Nprl3) down-regulate TORC1 to slow cellular metabolism and promote the mitotic/meiotic transition (PubMed:25512509). At later stages of oogenesis, the mio and Nup44A components of the GATOR2 complex inhibit GATOR1 and thus activate TORC1 to promote meiotic progression, and drive oocyte growth and development (PubMed:21521741, PubMed:25512509). In addition to its role in the regulation of the TORC1 complex, functions independently of TORC1 to prevent the inappropriate accumulation of autolysosomes in germline tissues (PubMed:27166823).
Probable component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity). Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR2 subcomplex which is likely composed of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with mio (PubMed:21521741). Interacts with Wdr24 (PubMed:27166823).
Probable component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity). Involved in maintaining the localization of another nucleoporin Mtor to the nuclear envelope of early meiotic female germline cells (PubMed:21521741). It is not involved in recruiting the nucleoporins Mtor, Nup107, Nup153 and FG-containing nucleoporins to the NPC (PubMed:21521741).
Component of splicing factor SF3B complex (PubMed:18981222). Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome (By similarity).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the splicing factor SF3B complex (Probable). SF3B complex is required for 'A' complex assembly formed by the stable binding of U2 snRNP to the branchpoint sequence (BPS) in pre-mRNA (By similarity). Directly contacts the pre-mRNA branch site adenosine for the first catalytic step of splicing (By similarity). Enters the spliceosome and associates with the pre-mRNA branch site as part of the 17S U2 or, in the case of the minor spliceosome, as part of the 18S U11/U12 snRNP complex, and thus may facilitate the interaction of these snRNP with the branch sites of U2 and U12 respectively (By similarity).
Component of the Brahma complex, which is composed of Brm, Osa, Mor, Snr1/Bap45, Bap111/Dalao, Bap55, Bap60 and Bap47. Interacts with Pnr and Chi via its EHD domain.
The ARID domains mediates the binding to DNA.
Trithorax group (trxG) protein required for embryonic segmentation, development of the notum and wing margin, and photoreceptor differentiation. Required for the activation of genes such as Antp, Ubx and Eve. Binds to DNA without specific affinity, suggesting that it is recruited to promoters by promoter-specific proteins. Essential component of the Brahma complex, a multiprotein complex which is the equivalent of the yeast SWI/SNF complex and acts by remodeling the chromatin by catalyzing an ATP-dependent alteration in the structure of nucleosomal DNA. This complex can both serve as a transcriptional coactivator or corepressor, depending on the context. Acts as an essential coactivator for Zeste, which recruits the whole complex to specific genes. In contrast, it acts as a corepressor for Wg target genes, possibly via an interaction with Pan and Gro. It also acts as a negative regulator for proneural achaete-scute, when it is directly recruited by Pan and Chi. Also represses E2f activation.
Ubiquitously expressed in early embryo. In third instar larvae, it is ubiquitously expressed in wing and eye-antenna imaginal disks, with a stronger expression in a band just anterior to the morphogenetic furrow.
Expressed in adult olfactory system. Expressed exclusively in a subset of chemosensory sensilla on the third antennal segment.
Death during embryonic or early larval stages. Inactivation in adult eyes results in enlarged eyes with irregular bulging on the surface.
In eye disks of the third instar larvae, expressed in all cells (at protein level).
Interacts with ex; the interaction results in recruitment of Schip1 to the apical cell membrane. Interacts with Tao; the interaction enhances Tao kinase activity. Interacts with Mer.
Regulator of the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (yki) oncoprotein. Schip1 promotes kinase activity of Tao and enhances phosphorylation of hpo by Tao.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme.
The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Multidrug resistance exporter (TC 3.A.1.201) subfamily.
Expressed in the developing antennal lobe. Expressed in subset of matching olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) and projection neurons (PN) in select glomeruli between 12 to 48 hours after puparium formation (apf) (at protein level).
Homodimer. Heterodimer with Ten-m; the interaction occurs at the neuromuscular junction.
Involved in neural development, regulating the establishment of proper connectivity within the nervous system. Acts as a homophilic and heterophilic synaptic cell adhesion molecule that drives synapse assembly. Promotes bi-directional trans-synaptic signaling with ten-m to organize neuromuscular synapses.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Expressed in both somatic and visceral musculature.
Strongly up-regulated in Mhc mutants suggesting a role in muscle function.
Expressed throughout development; pupae have very low levels of expression, in contrast to larvae.
Most abundant in the adult thorax and low in abdominal tissues.
Expressed in chordotonal neurons in the antennae and male germ cells (at protein level).
Probable component of the tectonic-like complex (also named MKS complex), a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia (PubMed:27646273). Has a role in ciliary structure and function (PubMed:27646273).
Probable component of the tectonic-like complex (also named MKS complex), composed of B9d1, B9d2, Cc2d2a, Mks1 and tctn.
Simultaneous knockout of B9d2 and tctn is viable and does not show sensory behavioral defects (PubMed:27646273). Males produce motile sperm and show only slightly reduced fertility (PubMed:27646273). Sperm flagella show weak ultrastructural defects including broken and disorganised structure (PubMed:27646273). Length of the transition zone is decreased and recruitment of the tectonic-like complex compromised (PubMed:27646273).
Belongs to the ELO family. ELOVL6 subfamily.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle (PubMed:26214738). This process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle (PubMed:26214738). Condensing enzyme that elongates fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons with higher activity toward C16:0 acyl-CoAs (By similarity). Catalyzes the synthesis of unsaturated C16 long chain fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, C18:0 and those with low desaturation degree (By similarity). May participate in the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators (By similarity).
Detected in the CNS (central nervous system) of third larval instar (at protein level) (PubMed:17666430). Expressed in cyst progenitor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:17666430). In the adult fly, expressed in several tissues including, sperm, follicular epithelium, nurse cells and cyst cells (PubMed:17666430).
During embryogenesis, expressed in early cellular blastoderm, involuting mesoderm, invaginating foregut, hindgut, in the CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system) during organogenesis, and imaginal disks (PubMed:17666430). In cyst cells, expression is restricted to post-meiotic stages during spermatid differentiation (PubMed:17666430).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in larvae confers resistance to tunicamycin (PubMed:30081392). RNAi-mediated knockdown reduces ER stress response caused by the accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER by reducing Ire1 and PEK/PERK signaling (PubMed:30081392). RNAi-mediated knockdown in imaginal disks results in lethality (PubMed:17666430). RNAi-mediated knockdown in cyst cells results in abnormal sperm cell development with abnormal organization of individualization cones (PubMed:17666430).
Expressed in both central and peripheral nervous systems.
Receptor for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. Also capable of generating a calcium signal. In terms of antagonist responses, would be classed with the D1-like dopamine receptor group. This receptor is an attractive candidate for initiating biochemical cascades underlying olfactory learning.
Component of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex involved in the connection between the nuclear lamina and the cytoskeleton (By similarity). Collaborates with Klar to promote even spacing of the myonuclei at the periphery of striated muscle fibers by mediating a tight association between a nuclear ring structure of Msp300 and the plus ends of a unique astral MT network (PubMed:22927463). In addition, is essential for anchoring nuclei, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structures to the Z-disks (PubMed:22927463).
Core component of LINC complexes which are composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane KASH domain-containing nesprins (By similarity). Interacts with klar; this interaction allows the anchoring of the Msp300 nuclear ring structure to the nuclear envelope (PubMed:22927463). Interacts with sls; this interaction mediates the recruitment of Msp300 to the Z-disks (PubMed:22927463).
Msp300 and Klar KASH domains cooperate to mediate the connection between a nuclear ring structure of Msp300 and the plus ends of a unique astral microtubule (MT) network.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Receptor class 2A subfamily.
In the eye, axonal targeting of the R7 photoreceptor is disrupted in approximately 80% of axons. Double knockouts of Lar and bdl partially rescue the R7 axonal targeting phenotype.
Possible cell adhesion receptor (Probable). It possesses an intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity (PTPase) (PubMed:2554325). It controls motor axon guidance (PubMed:8598047). In the developing eye, has a role in normal axonal targeting of the R7 photoreceptor, where it negatively regulates bdl (PubMed:24174674). Inhibits bdl cell adhesion activity in vitro; this effect is independent of its PTPase function (PubMed:24174674).
Selectively expressed in a subset of axons and pioneer neurons in the embryo.
The extracellular domain (1-1412) is sufficient to inhibit bdl function.
Necessary for the splicing of pre-mRNA. Has a role in the recognition of the branch site (5'-UACUAAC-3'), the pyrimidine tract and the 3'-splice site at the 3'-end of introns.
DNA ligase that seals nicks in double-stranded DNA during DNA replication, DNA recombination and DNA repair.
Expressed in oocytes throughout development.
Interacts with VHL. Interacts with the MPN domain of CSN5. Interacts with EIF3F and EIF3H.
Plays a role in growth inhibition that is dependent upon COP9 signalosome subunits CSN5 and CSN6. May modulate signalosome levels or compartmentalization. Probably functions in the same or a related pathway to VHL during early midline development.
The RING-type zinc finger domain may be essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
Expressed in all imaginal cells of the embryo and larvae. Expressed in a subset of tracheal fusion cells from stage 14 to the end of embryogenesis in metameres 2-9, lateral trunk and ventral anastomoses.
Readthrough of the terminator UAA occurs between codons for Ala-650 and His-652. Readthrough is not always suppressed as the shorter protein is more abundant.
Required for imaginal cell differentiation, may be involved in hormonal responsiveness during metamorphosis. Involved in an inhibitory signaling mechanism to determine the number of cells that will form unicellular sprouts in the trachea. Regulated by transcription factor esg. The longer hdc protein is completely functional and the shorter protein carries some function.
Belongs to the peptidase C69 family. Secernin subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Polycomb group (Pc-G) genes are needed to maintain expression patterns of the homeotic selector genes of the Antennapedia (Antp-C) and Bithorax (Bx-C) complexes, and hence for the maintenance of segmental determination. Can act as a modifier of position effect variegation (PEV).
Ubiquitously expressed throughout embryonic development. High expression is detected in CNS and gonads.
In early embryos, expression is specific to mesodermal primordium and invaginated mesodermal cells. At later stages, expression is seen in putative muscle precursor cells and in the CNS.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-16 is the initiator.
May be required for patterning of muscle precursor cells. May be essential for generation of mesodermal and endodermal layers, invaginations of various types of cells and CNS formation.
First detected in stage 11 embryos, in cells close to the gnathal region. At stage 13, expressed in numerous cells that are dispersed throughout the embryo. During organogenesis predominantly expressed under the cuticle in the proventricular zone close to the hindgut. In L3 larvae, expressed in the lymph glands, the hematopoietic organ that flanks the dorsal vessel and in mature hemolymph crystal cells that appear in clusters attached to diverse organs.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is semi-pupal lethal, with 50% of pupae dying at the late pupal stage or during eclosion (PubMed:16861233). Adults display impaired melanization at the site of septic infection (septic injury) using either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria (PubMed:16256951, PubMed:16861233, PubMed:19071960). Reduced survival, PPO1 activity and induction of the antimicrobial peptide Drs following septic injury using the fungus B.bassiana (PubMed:16256951, PubMed:16861233). Septic injury with various bacteria reduces survival (L.monocytogenes, S.typhimurium and S.aureus) and in some cases decreases (E.faecelis) or increases bacterial growth (L.monocytogenes, S.typhimurium and B.cepacia). Aseptic injury reduces survival (PubMed:19071960). Aseptic wounding has no effect on survival (PubMed:22227521). Significant increase in survival after immune challenge with S.pneumoniae although there is no increase in melanization (PubMed:19071960). No effect on the survival following infection with various bacteria (E.coli, B.cepacia and E.faecelis) (PubMed:19071960). No induction of the antimicrobial peptides Drs and Dpt following infection with E.carotovora (PubMed:16861233).
Serine protease which, by cleaving and activating prophenoloxidase (PPO1) after immune challenge, plays an essential role in the melanization immune response to septic wounding (PubMed:16256951, PubMed:16322759, PubMed:19071960, PubMed:24260243, PubMed:16861233). May function in diverse Hayan-dependent PPO1-activating cascades that are negatively controlled by different serpin proteins; Spn27A in the hemolymph and Spn77BA in the trachea (PubMed:18854145, PubMed:24260243, PubMed:16322759). Important for the innate immune response to fungi (PubMed:16861233). Regulation of melanization and PPO1 activation appears to be largely independent of the Toll signaling pathway (PubMed:16861233).
Up-regulated after wounding. Levels are higher with septic wounding, using either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria.
Appears only at the late pupal stage; expressed at high level. Also expressed in the early adult (0-2 days old) at lower level. Expressed exclusively in the adult head.
Mediates the conversion of 2-amino-4-oxo-6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine (6-PTP; also named 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin) to 2-amino-6-acetyl-3,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimido(4,5-b)[1,4]diazepin-4-one (pyrimidodiazepine or PDA), a key intermediate in red eye pigment drosopterin biosynthesis.
Sepia eye color, due to defects in 2-amino-6-acetyl-3,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimido(4,5-b)[1,4]diazepin-4-one (pyrimidodiazepine or PDA) synthesis, a key intermediate in red eye pigment drosopterin biosynthesis.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). E(y)1 and Taf6 exist as a heterotetramer. Interacts with e(y)2.
The C-terminus is important for mediating interaction with e(y)2.
Self associates. Interacts with RNA polymerase II. Interacts with the FACT complex, which is composed of dre4/Spt16 and Ssrp/Ssrp1. Interacts with the exosome, a complex with 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity which is composed of at least Csl4, Dis3, Mtr3, Rrp4, Rrp6, Rrp40, Rrp42, Rrp46 and Ski6. Interacts with the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (the DSIF complex), which is composed of Spt4 and Spt5.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Transcription elongation factor which binds histone H3 and enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Required for the transcriptional induction of heat shock response genes and for maximal recruitment of two other elongation factors, Spt5 and Paf1, to the induced Hsp70. Plays a critical role in normal fly development throughout the lifecycle.
In the testes, detected at low levels in somatic hub cells, cyst stem cells and the apical tip (at protein level). Levels in the testes decrease with age (at protein level). Expressed at low levels in hub cells, cyst stem cells and germline stem cells, and at high levels in spermatocytes and cyst cells.
Maintains stem cell niche architecture in the testes. Activates an extracellular integrin beta-PS pathway which regulates DE-cadherin (shg) levels in somatic hub cells, and is essential for maintaining the number of germline stem cells and the structure and localization of hub cells.
Males are sterile and display an age-dependent decrease in testes size resulting from a gradual loss in somatic hub cell structure and a decrease in the number of germline stem cells. Hub cells frequently do not localize to the apical tip and are instead present throughout the testes. The number of hub cells is not affected. Reduced DE-cadherin levels in the hub cells. Absence of integrin clustering and decreased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation at the hub/cyst stem cell interface.
The name 'shriveled' derives from the shrinking testes phenotype of mutants.
Essential component of the NELF complex, a complex that negatively regulates the elongation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Has an essential role in postembryonic development.
Loss of zygotic expression results in morphologically normal embryos that hatch as 1st instar larvae. These larvae survive for several days but do not increase in size. Loss of maternal expression causes arrest prior to the cellular blastoderm stage and embryos display abnormal nuclear morphology. Those that escape this early arrest proceed through the blastoderm stage and gastrulate normally, but then almost always arrest during germband retraction with head defects and incomplete dorsal closure.
3' to 5' exonuclease activity reported in PubMed:15576351 is probably artifactual, due to the presence of other nucleases in the preparation.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. GEN subfamily.
Endonuclease which cleaves flap structures at the junction between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA. Specific for 5'-overhanging flap structures in which the 5'-upstream of the flap is completely double-stranded. Prefers the blocked-flap structures similar to those occurring at replication forks, in which the 5' single-strand overhang of the flap is double-stranded. Also possesses weak 5'- to 3'-exonuclease activity on nicked but not gapped double-stranded DNA. Does not cleave bubble-like or Holliday junction substrates.
Present in stage 1-4 embryos (at protein level).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
May be involved in iversification of muscle cell fates.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. May associate with arm neural isoform and participate in the transmission of developmental information.
In the embryo, the protein first appears in the mesoderm at stage 9 and is present in the myoblasts and muscle fibers by stage 12 and stage 14, respectively. At stage 12 the protein is also located in the axons of the entire CNS, but not in the glial cells. In third instar larvae protein is expressed in the CNS neuropile, photoreceptor axons and precursors of adult muscles.
Composed of a catalytic subunit (A) and a regulatory subunit (B) (By similarity). Interacts with sra.
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Heterodimer of USP and ECR (PubMed:8247157). Only the heterodimer is capable of high-affinity binding to ecdysone (PubMed:8247157). Interacts with trr in an ecdysone-dependent manner (PubMed:14603321). Upon ecdysone stimulation, interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:28366641).
In the salivary glands of mid instar larvae levels increase during puff stage 1 at 86-94 hours of development then remain relatively constant until the premetamorphic pulse of ecdysone in late larvae. Levels diminish dramatically from puff stage 7 onwards. Levels increase in the prepupal period during puff stage 13-14, the level remains stable until stage 21. A decrease in levels at puff stage 7 is also seen in the Malpighian tubules and less dramatically in the fat body and gut. In the wing disk the relatively low level remains unchanged.
Isoform B1 predominates over isoform A in larval tissues, imaginal histoblast nests and midgut islands. Isoform A predominates over B1 in imaginal disks, and the larval prothoracic gland.
RNAi-mediated knockdown blocks ecdysone-dependent fat body cell migration into the pupal head.
Receptor for ecdysone (PubMed:1913820, PubMed:30293839). Binds to ecdysone response elements (ECRES) following ecdysone-binding, and recruitment of a complex containing the histone methyltransferase trr, leads to activate transcription of target genes (PubMed:1913820, PubMed:30293839).
Expressed in early embryogenesis in 14 symmetrical pairs of segmentally arranged neuroblasts and in developing peripheral nervous system. Also, later in embryogenesis, in a cluster of cells in head region.
Expressed in embryos (maximal level between 5-12 hours) and at a low level in larvae.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with Rpn6.
Expressed both maternally with high levels during oogenesis, and zygotically.
Expressed during embryonic stages 11-14 in the muscle attachment sites (apodemes); pharynx attachment to the roof of the mouth and in the epidermis of the head for the dorsal and ventral prothoracic pharyngeal muscle attachment. From stage 16 onwards expression is seen in all thoracic and abdominal apodemes.
Imports choline from the extracellular space to the neuron with high affinity. Rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis. Sodium ion and chloride ion dependent (By similarity).
Adapter protein that provides a link between vesicular membrane traffic and the actin assembly machinery. Acts together with Cdc42 to stimulate actin nucleation mediated by WASp and the ARP2/3 complex (PubMed:18701694, PubMed:27601635). Binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and causes local membrane deformation (PubMed:23761074, PubMed:26686642). Required for normal structure and function of synapses at the neuromuscular junction (PubMed:18701694, PubMed:14980202, PubMed:18498733, PubMed:21464232, PubMed:26686642, PubMed:26567222, PubMed:27601635, PubMed:29568072). Plays a role in synaptic vesicle trafficking (PubMed:29568072). Required for the release of a normal number of synaptic vesicles per action potential (PubMed:26567222).
Detected in embryonic brain, ventral nerve cord and sensory neurons, but not in muscle.
Detected in larval body wall muscle (PubMed:29568072). Detected at the neuromuscular junction, on motoneuron axons and axon terminals, at synaptic boutons in the periactive zone surrounding the synapse (at protein level) (PubMed:14980202, PubMed:29568072). Detected on motoneuron axons and axon terminals, at synaptic boutons in the periactive zone surrounding the synapse (PubMed:26686642).
Homodimer (Probable) (PubMed:27601635). Interacts (via SH3 domain 1) with WASp (PubMed:14980202, PubMed:18701694, PubMed:27601635). Interacts (via SH3 domain 1) with shi/dynamin (PubMed:18701694, PubMed:18498733). Interacts (via SH3 domain 2) with Dap160 (PubMed:18701694, PubMed:18498733, PubMed:26686642). Interacts (via F-BAR domain) with SH3PX1 (PubMed:26567222). Interacts (via SH3 domain 2) with Snx16 (PubMed:21464232). Identified in a complex with Syn and Syt1 (PubMed:29568072).
In the autoinhibited state, the SH3 domains are bound to the concave surface of the F-BAR domain and prevent promiscuous membrane binding.
No visible phenotype in adults at room temperature, but flies rapidly loose coordination and become paralyzed within three minutes at 38 degrees Celsius (PubMed:14980202). Larvae display overgrowth of neuromuscular junctions, with increased numbers of synaptic boutons and increased frequency and complexity of axon branching (PubMed:14980202, PubMed:18701694, PubMed:18498733, PubMed:21464232, PubMed:26686642, PubMed:29568072). The synaptic area and the number of reserve and readily releasable synaptic vesicles are decreased (PubMed:29568072).
Upon heterologous expression, the isolated F-BAR domain is localized at the cell membrane, and causes the formation of cellular protrusions (PubMed:23761074, PubMed:26686642). Contrary to F-BAR domains from other proteins, causes membrane flattening on giant unilamellar vesicles (in vitro) (PubMed:23761074, PubMed:26686642). Binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositides, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PubMed:23761074, PubMed:26686642, PubMed:27601635).
Belongs to the riboflavin transporter family.
Plasma membrane transporter mediating the uptake by cells of the water soluble vitamin B2/riboflavin that plays a key role in biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions of the carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism.
Females are sterile. Hypersensitive to the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin. Highly elevated rates of mitotic DNA recombination resulting from excessive reciprocal exchange.
Has exonuclease activity on both single-stranded and duplex templates bearing overhangs, but not blunt ended duplex DNA, and cleaves in a 3'-5' direction (PubMed:18346216, PubMed:18056975, PubMed:18956248). Essential for the formation of DNA replication focal centers (PubMed:18346216, PubMed:18956248). Has an important role in maintaining genome stability (PubMed:18346216, PubMed:18956248).
Component of a form of the Esc/E(z) complex present specifically during early embryogenesis which is composed of Caf1-55, esc, E(z), Su(z)12, Pcl and HDAC1/Rpd3. This complex is distinct from the PRC1 complex, which contains many other PcG proteins like Pc, Ph, Psc, Su(z)2. The two complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing. Interacts with corto in vitro.
In contrast to vertebrate homologs (PHF1, PHF19 and MTF2), the Tudor domain does not bind H3K36me3 (PubMed:23104054, PubMed:23142980).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. While PcG proteins are generally required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development, this protein is specifically required during the first 6 hours of embryogenesis to establish the repressed state. Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. The Esc/E(z) complex is necessary but not sufficient for the repression of homeotic target genes, suggesting that the recruitment of the distinct PRC1 complex is also required. Required for the correct spatial expression of the homeotic genes of the Antennapedia and Bithorax complexes.
The PHD-type zinc fingers mediate the interaction with E(z).
Detected in several sites including the ventral neuroectoderm, the tracheal pits, the pharynx and esophagus, and specific neuronal cell bodies, where it is primarily expressed.
Essential developmental role during embryogenesis, in particular the normal development of the nervous system. May be involved in some aspect of cell adhesion.
First expressed at the cellular blastoderm stage and continues to be expressed through subsequent development.
Acts as a linker between gene transcription and histone H2B monoubiquitination at 'Lys-118' (By similarity). Regulates the cell-cycle checkpoint activation in response to DNA damage (By similarity). Positive regulator of amino acid starvation-induced autophagy (PubMed:26812014). Also acts as a negative regulator of basal autophagy (PubMed:26812014). Positively regulates mTor activity (PubMed:26812014). Promotes, in an energy-dependent manner, the assembly of the TTT complex and the RUVBL complex composed of pont and rept into the TTT-RUVBL complex (By similarity). This leads to dimerization of the mTORC1 complex and its subsequent activation (By similarity). May negatively regulate the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (By similarity). Required for habituation, a form of non-associative learning (PubMed:26757981).
Expressed in adult head and thorax and in larval central nervous system and fat body.
Neurodegeneration, slow growth, decreased starvation-induced autophagy, increased basal autophagy and decreased mTor activity (PubMed:26812014). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons results in impaired habituation during a light-off jump reflex habituation assay where flies are exposed to a series of sudden light-off pulses and measured each time for a jump response (PubMed:26757981). Mutants fail to adapt their behavior and retain high average jump response throughout the experiment in contrast to controls which quickly habituate to the repeated light-off stimuli (PubMed:26757981).
Activated by Pka-C1-mediated phosphorylation of Ser-334.
Expressed broadly in the third instar larvae and adult flies (at protein levels).
Expressed in the mushroom bodies (at protein level).
Meng-Po is the Lady of Forgetfulness, a character in Chinese mythology, who ensures that people are ready for reincarnation by providing the 'Tea of Forgetfulness' that makes them loose the memories associated with their former life.
Results in a decreased CrebB protein translation or stability in the brain. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the mushroom bodies results in a reduction of memory formation, including anesthesia-sensitive memory (ASM) and long-term memory (LTM) performance but not anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) or learning ability.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in memory formation. Together with the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A Pka-C1, promotes long-term memory (LTM) by regulating CrebB stability and activity. Involved in the maintenance of anesthesia-sensitive memory (ASM) which includes short-term memory (STM) and middle-term memory (MTM).
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. PYROXD1 subfamily.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in failure to emerge from the pupal case and in lethality.
Required for the normal development of the wing and halter imaginal disks.
Homodimer or homotetramer; both forms have similar enzymatic activities.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family.
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase involved in the purines biosynthetic pathway (PubMed:3086869). Catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) and glutamine to yield formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) and glutamate (PubMed:3086869). Because of its role in metabolisms, is involved in sleep regulation (PubMed:3086869).
Pupal lethal (PubMed:21441212). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body reduces energy storage of both triglyceride and free glucose, increases waking activity during the day and the night, reduces sleep bout length, with total sleep bout number reduced during the day and increased during the night (PubMed:30249751).
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. Interacts with Rpn6 (PubMed:22187461). Interacts with imd and Usp2 isoform A (PubMed:25027767).
Accessory component of the multisubunit proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump (By similarity). May interact with ATP6AP2 (PubMed:29995586).
Accessory subunit of the proton-transporting vacuolar (V)-ATPase protein pump, which is required for luminal acidification of secretory vesicles.
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Actin-binding protein involved in motile and morphological processes. Inhibits actin polymerization, likely by sequestering G-actin.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. Twinfilin subfamily.
Maternally expressed. Ubiquitously expressed in embryos and throughout development.
Major expression is seen in the ovaries while moderate levels of expression are observed during embryogenesis and throughout subsequent stages of fly development.
Ovaries and embryonic central nervous system.
Plays an essential role during the late stages of embryonic neurogenesis. May either fine-tune the guidance or the spatial maintenance of the migrating SNB and in nerve roots, which are composed of axons originating from distinct groups of motor neurons and may be required to either guide or maintain the position of these nerves along a direct and straight path to their ultimate targets in particular muscle fields. May play a role in egg chamber development and/or may confer essential maternal contributions to the early embryo.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 32 family.
Abnormalities in Act88F-ifm(3)7 flight muscles result from incorporation of the mutant actin isoform into assembling myofibrils.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. Required for proper formation of indirect flight muscle (IFM) myofibrils.
Expressed throughout development. Expression is weak during embryonic stages and peaks during larval and pupal stages.
Homozygous mutants are viable and fertile, but fail to form proper IFMs and are flightless. The IFMs of these mutants display mislocalized Smn and Actn.
Component of NURF (nucleosome remodeling factor), a complex which catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitates transcription of chromatin (PubMed:9784495). NURF is required for homeotic gene expression, proper larval blood cell development, normal male X chromosome morphology, ecdysteroid signaling and metamorphosis (PubMed:9784495, PubMed:8521501). Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase), hydrolyzes inorganic pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate, essential for driving critical biosynthetic reactions including transcription, replication, and DNA repair (PubMed:9784495).
Component of the NURF complex composed of Caf1-55, E(bx), Nurf-38 and Iswi.
The ATPase activity of NURF is stimulated by the presence of nucleosomes rather than by free DNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
Activated by millimolar concentrations of calcium, and by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid.
Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease. Involved in the organization of the actin-related cytoskeleton during embryogenesis.
Localized to the anterior and posterior embryonic poles just after fertilization. Becomes distributed around the polar buds and just below the pole cells of the posterior pole during cleavage cycles. During these nuclear divisions anterior localization disappears. Localized to actin caps that underlie the plasma membrane, immediately above each nucleus at cleavage cycles 8 and 9. Localized to a small set of nerve, midgut and blood cells in adults.
Undergoes calcium-dependent autolytic cleavage between Lys-54 and Asn-55, which is necessary for activation of the protein.
'Asrij' stands for 'blood' in Sanskrit as this protein is strongly expressed in blood vessels.
Expressed in all cells of the primary lymph gland lobe.
Interacts with STAT3 and ARF1 (PubMed:24707047).
Maintains stem cell potency (PubMed:24707047). Involved in endocytic pathways that mediate signaling during hematopoiesis (PubMed:24707047, PubMed:22110713).
Marker for all hemocyte lineages during development.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Catalytic subunit of tRNA (adenine-N(1)-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N(1)-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
Belongs to the transglutaminase-like superfamily. PNGase family.
Specifically deglycosylates the denatured form of N-linked glycoproteins in the cytoplasm and assists their proteasome-mediated degradation. Cleaves the beta-aspartyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycan and the amide side chain of Asn, converting Asn to Asp. Prefers proteins containing high-mannose over those bearing complex type oligosaccharides. Can recognize misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum that are exported to the cytosol to be destroyed and deglycosylate them, while it has no activity toward native proteins. Deglycosylation is a prerequisite for subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of some, but not all, misfolded glycoproteins (By similarity).
Acts as a cell growth regulator. Also has a crucial role in controlling organ rotation by regulating membrane-localized Notch receptor endocytosis and subsequent degradation. Regulation of organ rotation is not by induction of autophagy.
Expressed throughout development, levels increasing from embryo to pupa, then decreasing in adults with higher levels in adult males than females.
Homozygous larval lethal. Adult viable flies exhibit genitalia-specific organ rotation phenotypes.
Mediates GPI anchoring in the endoplasmic reticulum, by replacing a protein's C-terminal GPI attachment signal peptide with a pre-assembled GPI. During this transamidation reaction, the GPI transamidase forms a carbonyl intermediate with the substrate protein (By similarity).
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family.
Detected in lymph glands from late third-instar larvae (at protein level).
Lethal in late larvae and early pupal stages. In immunologically unchallenged third-instar larvae, displays abnormalities of the immune organs, including melanotic cells in the hemocoel and melanotic tumors in the lymph glands; in the primary and secondary lobes, shows activation of lamellocytes and reduced numbers of hematocyte progenitor cells and plasmatocytes. In addition, displays hyperactivation of immune signal transduction via the Toll, JAK/STAT and JNK pathways; shows reduced expression of galactose-containing glycans affecting also spz glycosylation.
The gene name means 'Buddha with a thousand hands manipulating tools to protect us' in Japanese.
UDP-galactose transporter involved in the synthesis of galactose-containing glycans. Plays a role in quiescence of the innate immune response, possibly by regulating glycosylation of the Toll pathway ligand spz.
Expressed during embryonic development, in distinct epidermal patterns in head, thorax and abdomen and in an endodermal pattern in the anterior intestinal tract.
First expressed in 4-8 hours old embryos, peaks in 8-12 hours old embryos and continues through development up to late larval stage. In the head region, detected at stage 10 in the maxillary and labial segment primordia, and in later stages, in the prospective antennal and mandibular segment. In the epidermis, expression is seen from stage 11 in thoracic and abdominal lateral patches. Expression in the intestinal tract begins at stage 13, continues through stages 14 and 15 in the endoderm of the anterior midgut and at stage 16, is found in the posterior end. Expression in the imaginal disks is seen from late third-instar larvae in the prospective thorax, claw organ, antenna, scutellum and wing blade.
Flies display a reduction in size of the arista and scutellum, a reduction or complete absence of the tarsal claws, irregularities of the sternopleural bristles and of the wing vein, and a bending of the wing blade.
Involved in the morphogenesis of proximal and distal pattern elements in a subset of appendages. Also has a role in early imaginal disk development.
Began to appear at late embryo stage and continued to increase in abundance throughout the larval stage. They are not present in pupae but reappeared in the adult.
Its major function may be to aid in digestion.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins.
Modulates the activation of caspases during apoptosis.
In the larva, expressed in a bilateral pair of neurons in each of the abdominal rhabdomeres. In the adult, expressed predominantly in the central nervous system with expression also detected in two neurons in the uterus.
RNAi-mediated knockdown causes a significant reduction in total sleep amount (PubMed:24658384). It also causes significant male-male courtship behavior although a number of flies appear to behave normally (PubMed:26469541).
Receptor for the neuropeptide SIFamide (PubMed:16378592). Modulates sexual behavior by playing a role in male sex discrimination (PubMed:26469541). Also involved in promoting sleep (PubMed:24658384).
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. CASD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the cytochrome c-type heme lyase family.
Lyase that catalyzes the covalent linking of the heme group to the cytochrome C apoprotein to produce the mature functional cytochrome.
Detected in the larval ventral nerve cord and neuromuscular junction boutons (at protein level).
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rab35 which regulates synaptic vesicle (SV) protein recycling and turnover at the neuromuscular junction boutons and possibly ventral nerve cord via endosomal trafficking (PubMed:21458671, PubMed:25422373, PubMed:27669036). Inhibits Rab35-mediated endosomal sorting which traffics old or dysfunctional SV proteins through a degradative endolysosomal route that involves the ESCRT pathway and the HOPS complex members dor, vps39 and rab7 (PubMed:21458671, PubMed:25422373). This function is essential for preventing excessive degradation and turnover of vesicles from the readily releasable pool which leads to increased neurotransmission and eventually neurodegeneration (PubMed:21458671, PubMed:25422373, PubMed:27669036). Preferentially binds phosphoinositides phosphorylated at the D5 position of the inositol ring, such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) (PubMed:27669036). Binding to phosphoinositides and thus membrane-association, is required for its function in regulating the turnover of synaptic-vesicle proteins (PubMed:27669036). It is therefore likely that it is recruited to vesicle membranes with high phosphoinositide content and thereby selectively prevents endolysosomal degradation of these vesicles (PubMed:27669036).
The Rab-GAP TBC domain is essential for phosphoinositide binding.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to hexanol, pentyl acetate, benzyl acetate, and 2-heptanone.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity of complex I.
Diffuse movement of Sara-expressing endosomes, failed targeting of Sara-expressing endosomes to the central spindle and symmetric endosome localization in daughter SOP cells.
Plus end-directed motor protein involved in asymmetric cell division of sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells by playing a role in the asymmetric localization of Sara-expressing endosomes to the pIIa daughter cell but not to the pIIb cell. Targets Sara-expressing endosomes to the central spindle which is symmetrically arranged in early cell division. During late cytokinesis, central spindle asymmetry is generated by enrichment of Patronin on the pIIb side which protects microtubules from depolymerization by Klp10A while unprotected microtubules on the pIIa side are disassembled by Klp10A, leading to the asymmetric delivery of Sara-expressing endosomes to the pIIa daughter cell (PubMed:26659188). Also plays a role in regulation of autophagosome formation, fusion and positioning and is required for normal localization of Rab14 (PubMed:26763909).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically through all developmental stages.
In stage 12, expression is seen in the stomodeum and the salivary gland primordia, and weakly in the mesoderm. From stage 13 onward, expression is in Garland cells, the outer wall of the proventriculus and salivary glands. Punctuate expression is also in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), specifically in eagle (eg)-positive cell body glia. Epidermal expression is seen at stage 15.
Required during the maturation of the embryonic nervous system for maintenance of neuronal and cuticular connectivity. Essential for maintenance of dopaminergic neurons and dopamine levels.
Total loss of dopaminergic neurites and drastic reduction in dopamine levels followed by degeneration of axonal bundles in the embryonic central nervous system and subsequent nonapoptotic cell death. Also exhibits cuticular defects.
Lacks the typical Glu active site in position 153 that is replaced by a Gln residue, preventing the hydrolase activity. Its precise function remains unclear.
Primarily expressed in yolk cells and fat body. In larvae, it is expressed in small and large salivary gland cells, and weakly expressed in imaginal disks. Less expressed than Idgf2 and Idgf4.
Binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA.
Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92.
May play a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the second mannose to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol during GPI precursor assembly. Required for the GPI-mediated endoplasmic reticulum exit and proper targeting to the cell surface of chp. Required for GPI-mediated membrane attachment of chp, qsm and Cont. Essential for microvillar stability in the rhabdomere.
Was originally (PubMed:11102367) named veg. However, more thorough studies (PubMed:22575127) found that the veg phenotype does not map to this protein. It is still not known which gene corresponds to the veg phenotype.
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Component of a complex that contains at least HDAC1/Rpd3, CoRest and Su(var)3-3/Hdm.
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, thereby acting as a corepressor. Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed. Demethylates both mono- and di-methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3.
Probable histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, thereby acting as a corepressor. Required for heterochromatic gene silencing. Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed. Demethylates both mono- and tri-methylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3. May also demethylate 'Lys-9' of histone H3, Plays a role in the repression of neuronal genes.
Expressed in type I sensory neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:22508513, PubMed:30013109). Expressed in spermatids and spermatocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:25447994, PubMed:27646273, PubMed:27577095, PubMed:30013109).
Probable component of the tectonic-like complex (also named MKS complex), a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia (PubMed:27577095, PubMed:27646273). Required for ciliary structure and function (PubMed:27577095).
Viable and fertile (PubMed:27577095). Results in lack of localization of the tectonic-like module proteins, namely MKS1 and B9d2, to the transition zone resulting in minor defects in sensory cilia (PubMed:27577095).
Mutations result in the loss of the precursor cells that give rise to midline cells of the embryonic central nervous system.
Transcription factor that functions as a master developmental regulator controlling midline development of the ventral nerve cord. Required to correctly specify the formation of the central brain complex, which controls walking behavior. Also required for correct patterning of the embryonic genital disk and anal pad anlage. Plays a role in synapse development.
At the cellular blastoderm stage, expression accumulates in the ventrally located mesoderm primordium. At germ band extension, mesoderm expression is seen as stripes of strong expression. A very strong signal is also detected in the invaginating gut. As the germ band retracts, mesodermal expression decays and becomes restricted to somatic muscle precursors. After dorsal closure, expression has disappeared from the mesoderm and remains in the endoderm. Some expression is detected in a few cells of the head and the pharyngeal muscles.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 39 family.
Death during development, the few adult escapers exhibit clockwise rotation of the abdomen and defects in embryonic muscle development.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression peaks at embryonic stages 8-16.
Rt/POMT1 and tw/POMT2 function as a protein O-mannosyltransferase in association with each other to generate and maintain normal muscle development.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 58 family.
In strains Harvich and Apxo, there are 2 genes which code for l(2)not protein. They differ in their C-terminus.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family.
Functions in the biosynthesis of the anionic phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin.
Expressed in taste bristles in the foreleg and labial palps. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the dorsal and posterior pharyngeal sense organs. Expressed in taste neurons that mediate sensitivity to bitter compounds.
Probable gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates (By similarity). Seems to be involved in the sensing of bitter taste since it is expressed in neurons that mediate sensitivity to bitter compounds.
Component of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthase complex which is comprised of a bifunctional glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthase, the monospecific isoleucyl, leucyl, glutaminyl, methionyl, lysyl, arginyl and aspartyl-tRNA synthases, and three auxiliary proteins.
Required for assembly and stability of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthase complex.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination of Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser) receptors, which act as ligands of Notch proteins. Positively regulates the Notch signaling by ubiquitinating the intracellular domain of Dl and Ser, leading to endocytosis of Dl and Ser receptors. Regulates a subset of Notch signaling events, including wing margin specification, leg segmentation and vein determination, that are distinct from those events requiring neuralize (neur) activity. Also modulates lateral inhibition, a neur- and Dl-dependent signaling event, suggesting a distinct but partially complementary function with neur.
Interacts with intracellular domain of Dl and Ser.
Ubiquitous in the wing imaginal disk (at protein level).
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit (for dihydroorotase activity).
Binds 4 magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
GATase (glutamine amidotransferase) and CPSase (carbamoyl phosphate synthase) together form the glutamine-dependent CPSase (GD-CPSase) (EC 6.3.5.5).
In the central section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. CAD subfamily.
This protein is a 'fusion' protein encoding four enzymatic activities of the pyrimidine pathway (GATase, CPSase, ATCase and DHOase).
Various problems, including DNA not present in the genome.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I type 2/NIF3 family.
Has a role in rRNA biogenesis, cell proliferation and tissue growth by contributing to the localization of nclb to the nucleolus.
Reduced rRNA transcription which results in larval reduced growth (PubMed:29065309). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body results in the mislocalization of nclb from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm (PubMed:29065309).
Has intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and promotes ubiquitination.
Mg(2+) is required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Component of the U1 snRNP (By similarity). Interacts with Psi; essential for alternative splicing of P-element transposase. Interacts with the SMN complex.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout all development.
Lethal during embryogenesis (PubMed:15611175). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline results in defective nurse cell nuclei decondensation and dispersal ultimately affecting oogenesis (PubMed:24244416).
Mediates the splicing of pre-mRNA by binding to the stem loop I region of U1-snRNA (PubMed:15611175). Required during oogenesis for nurse cell chromatin dispersal (PubMed:24244416).
Protein interactions mediated by the Arg-rich domain are not essential for viability, but do contribute to an essential U1 snRNP function.
The RRM domain mediates interaction with U1 RNA.
Binds to F-actin (PubMed:7589814). Interacts with arm (PubMed:16598259, PubMed:22491943). Interacts with shg (PubMed:22491943). Interacts with ds (via intracellular region) (PubMed:26073018).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development to adulthood with highest levels at the end of larval development. Expression in embryogenesis is correlated with the formation of a brush border within the alimentary canal. Detected in the developing hindgut and midgut in stage 12 and stage 14 embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:16598258). In third instar larvae, detected in a symmetrical, double chevron-like pattern in the ventral section of segment A8 of the male genital disk, with one chevron in the anterior and the other in the posterior part of this segment (PubMed:16598259, PubMed:22491943). Detected in the H1 domain of the larval imaginal disk (PubMed:26073018). Detected in embryonic anterior and posterior midgut, hindgut, and in salivary gland (PubMed:25659376).
In the embryo, expressed in gastric caeca, midgut cells of the proventriculus, and in the mid and hindgut. In the larval gut brush border, expression is in the terminal web domain. In the adult gut brush border, expression remains in the web domain and has also moved into the microvilli. Also expressed at low levels in follicle cells during oogenesis.
Overexpression throughout the embryo reverses the normal left-right asymmetry of the embryonic gut, giving rise to a gut that is a mirror-image of the wild-type (PubMed:16598258). Ectopic expression in the larval epidermis causes dextral twisting of the entire larval body. Ectopic expression in tracheal precursor cells causes dextral spiraling of tracheal branches, giving rise to a spiraling ribbon shape instead of the normal smooth tube. Ectopic expression in epithelial cells causes increased elongation and a clear shift of the membrane orientation toward one side, so that the membrane is no longer perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis (PubMed:30467170).
Represents an unconventional myosin that should not be confused with the conventional myosin-1.
The actin-binding domain is essential for activity in determining left-right asymmetry.
The myosin motor domain contains the derminants for dextral twisting.
The two IQ domains are essential for activity in determining left-right asymmetry.
Unconventional myosin that functions as actin-based motor protein with ATPase activity (PubMed:30467170). Binds to membranes enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4-5-bisphosphate, and can glide along actin filaments when anchored to a lipid bilayer (PubMed:30467170). Generates left-right asymmetry at the level of single cells, organs and the whole body via its interaction with the actin cytoskeleton, both in the embryo and the adult (PubMed:16598258, PubMed:16598259, PubMed:18521948, PubMed:26073018, PubMed:25659376, PubMed:30467170). Normal left-right asymmetry of the larval midgut and hindgut requires expression in the embryonic hindgut epithelium during a critical time period, 10 to 12.75 hours after egg laying (PubMed:18521948). This period corresponds to a late stage of germband retraction, and precedes left-right asymmetric morphogenesis (PubMed:18521948). Expression in segment H1 of the imaginal ring is required at 0 to 24 hours after pupation for changes of cell shape and orientation in the H2 segment, which then gives rise to normal, dextral looping of the adult hindgut (PubMed:16598258, PubMed:26073018). Required during a critical period, 126-132 hours after egg laying, for normal, dextral rotation of the adult male genitalia (PubMed:16598258, PubMed:16598259, PubMed:22491943, PubMed:26073018, PubMed:25659376). Has a double role by promoting dextral rotation in the posterior compartment of segment A8 of the male genital disk, and in repressing sinistral looping in the anterior compartment (PubMed:16598259).
Viable and fertile (PubMed:16598258). Mutant embryos and adults display normal foregut left-right asymmetry, but inverted left-right asymmetry of the midgut and hindgut (PubMed:16598258, PubMed:18521948). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the hindgut at 0 to 24 hours after pupation leads to inverted left-right asymmetry of the adult hindgut, but knockdown at later stages has little or no effect (PubMed:16598258, PubMed:26073018). Adults display inverted left-right asymmetry of the male genitalia (PubMed:16598258). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the anterior and the posterior part of segment A8 of the male genital disk causes loss of the normal dextral rotation of the genital plate and inverted, sinistral spermiduct looping (PubMed:16598259, PubMed:26073018). Selective RNAi-mediated down-regulation in the anterior part of segment A8 of the male genital disk leads to partial dextral rotation of the genitalia, while RNAi-mediated down-regulation in the posterior part of segment A8 leads to non-rotated genitalia (PubMed:16598259). Combined RNAi-mediated knockdown of both ds and Myo31DF in the H1 segment of the imaginal ring causes mislooping of the adult hindgut (PubMed:26073018).
Taste bristles in the foreleg and labial palps.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
GTPase activator for the Rho-type GTPases by converting them to an inactive GDP-bound state (By similarity). Promotes the anchoring of Liprin-alpha clusters at synapses (PubMed:22864612). Recruits and keeps Nrx-1 levels high in active zones in the presynapse opposite the postsynaptic region (PubMed:22864612).
Interacts (via PDZ domain) with Nrx-1; may recruit Nrx-1 to the presynaptic active zone.
Reduced synpatic bouton numbers in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) (PubMed:22864612). Defects in the organization of the remaining active zones in NMJs (PubMed:22864612). Reduced Nrx-1 and Nlg-1 levels at presynapse (PubMed:22864612). Deficit in early GluRIIA incorporation in postsynpase assembly (PubMed:22864612).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of dopaminechrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole in the eumelanin biosynthetic pathway originating from dopamine (PubMed:34388859). Catalyzes tautomerization of dopaminechrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole during eumelanin biosynthesis (PubMed:34388859). Acts both dopaminechrome and N-methyl dopaminechrome but not on dopachrome or other aminochromes tested (PubMed:34388859).
In embryos, first expressed in the ganglion mother cells (GMCs) of the central nervous system (CNS) and the sensory organ precursors (SOPs) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). At stage 14, it is no longer detected in the lateral PNS. Expressed in the antenno-maxillary complex from stage 14 and throughout stage 15.
Negatively regulates tyramine beta-hydroxylase tbh and thus the conversion of tyramine (TA) to octopamine (OA). In tyrosine decarboxylase 2 (Tdc2) neurons, acts in an amine-mediated signaling pathway to negatively regulate acute ethanol sensitivity probably via tbh-mediated depletion of TA.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons causes a reduction in sensitivity to ethanol intoxication.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Cilium-specific protein required for cilia structures.
ATP-independent protease that degrades mitochondrial transit peptides after their cleavage. Also degrades other unstructured peptides (By similarity).
Belongs to the peptidase M16 family. PreP subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Expressed in late stage embryos. Disappears by early larval states and reappears in the third larval instar. Subsequently maintained throughout pupal development until adulthood.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the CG6709 protein from a non-overlapping reading frame.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. First expressed at a high level in 0-2 hours embryos. Expression then gradually increases through the end of embryogenesis and laval development. Detected at lower levels in third-instar larvae and pupal stages. Expressed at a high level in adult females and at a lower level in adult males.
Expression in the embryo is limited to three tissues: lymph glands, Garland cells and oenocyte cells.
Interacts with inaD and trpl, and may be part of the inaD signaling complex.
May have a role in phototransduction; inhibits or prevents Ca(2+) induced stimulation of the trpl ion channel.
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes (By similarity).
Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. May promote termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. May promote the termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II (By similarity).
Belongs to the Odd C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Has two temporally distinct modes of expression during early embryogenesis; expressed in seven stripes at the blastoderm stage, then during gastrulation the seven primary stripes are supplemented by secondary stripes which appear in alternate segments. This results in the labelling of every segment in the extended germ band. Also expressed in the embryo in distinct regions of the gut, the Garland cells associated with the proventriculus, the pericardial cells, the lymph glands associated with the heart, in a subset of cells in the central nervous system and in select apodemes. Expressed in a segmentally repeated pattern in the leg disk at the distal edge of each presumptive leg segment except in tarsal segments 1 to 4.
Pair-rule protein that determines both the size and polarity of even-numbered as well as odd-numbered parasegments during embryogenesis. DNA-binding transcription factor that acts primarily as a transcriptional repressor but can also function as a transcriptional activator, depending on the stage of development and spatial restrictions. May function redundantly with odd and drm in leg joint formation during the larval stages, acting downstream of Notch activation.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (Tafs). Binds DNA as monomer. Interacts with TFIIA-L heterotrimer. Interacts with Taf1, Taf2, Taf5 and Taf12.
General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding multiprotein factor TFIID. Binding of TFIID to the TATA box is the initial transcriptional step of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), playing a role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase family.
Expressed in developing tissues and at high levels in adult tissues. Isoform A shows male-specific expression.
This NAD-dependent bifunctional enzyme has very different kinetic properties than the larger NADP-dependent trifunctional enzyme and is unique in that it requires formation of an enzyme-magnesium complex to allow binding of NAD.
Stimulates proteasome activity, probably by ADP-ribosylation of PI31 (PubMed:23622245). Modulates 26S proteasome assembly (PubMed:23622245).
Expressed in larvae and pupae, with highest levels in later larval and early pupal stages. Very low expression in 1-day-old adults.
Tautomerization of L-dopachrome with decarboxylation to give 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI). Also catalyzes the tautomerization of the methyl ester of L-dopachrome and dopamine chrome. May play a role in melanization reactions during late pupal and adult stages. May play a role in melanization reactions during larval and early pupal stages.
Although strongly related to polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase proteins, it lacks the conserved His at position 211 which is part of the Asp-Xaa-His motif which binds the cofactor Mn(2+). This suggests that it may have lost its activity.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which is a component of the N-end rule pathway (PubMed:26383956, PubMed:27195754). Recognizes and binds to proteins bearing specific N-terminal residues, leading to their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (PubMed:26383956, PubMed:27195754). Binds to the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Diap1 and enhances its ubiquitination and anti-apoptotic functions (PubMed:25146930). Essential during trichome development for the ubiquitination of the N-terminus of ovo isoform B (svb), converting it from a transcriptional inhibitor to an activator (PubMed:26383956). Positively regulates a hh-signaling pathway which functions in photoreceptor differentiation (PubMed:27195754). Activation of hh up-regulates transcription of Ubr3, which in turn promotes hh signaling by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of cos (PubMed:27195754). Necessary for auditory transduction: plays a role in Johnston's organ organization by acting in the regulation of zip and ck function in scolopidial apical attachment (PubMed:27331610). Likely to function by acting in a pathway that negatively regulates the ubiquitination of zip, consequently affecting its interaction with ck (PubMed:27331610). May also negatively regulate a component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex Cul1, which also appears to function in the negative regulation of the zip-ck interaction and scolopidial apical attachment (PubMed:27331610).
In vitro, self-ubiquitination in the presence of E1, E2 and ubiquitin.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in small rough eyes.
Selectively interacts (via UBR-type zinc finger) with the cleaved form of Diap1; this interaction is enhanced by tal (PubMed:25146930, PubMed:26383956). Interacts with tal and Rrp1 (PubMed:26383956). Interacts with ovo isoform B (via N-terminus) (PubMed:26383956). Interacts with Cad99C (via the cytoplasmic domain) (PubMed:27331610). Interacts with ck and Sans (PubMed:27331610). Interacts with cos (via Kinesin motor domain) (PubMed:27195754).
The RING-type zinc finger domain is not necessary for interaction with Diap1 and anti-apoptotic activity.
The UBR-type zinc finger domain is necessary for interaction with Diap1 and anti-apoptotic activity (PubMed:25146930). Domain is also sufficient for interaction with cos (PubMed:27195754).
Ubiquitously expressed in the second and third segments of the pupal antenna (at protein level) (PubMed:27331610). In the eye imaginal disks of 3rd instar larvae, expression is highest in the morphogenetic furrow (PubMed:27195754).
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament (By similarity).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DIPP subfamily.
Embryonic lethal as a result of neuronal defects in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) from stage 15, and defective muscle attachment from stage 16 (PubMed:7851790, PubMed:8817456). Defects in the CNS include stalling of the growth cones of pioneer axons of anterior and posterior corner cells (aCC and pCC) leading to abnormalities in the horizontal commissures and discontinuities in the longitudinal connectives respectively (PubMed:8817456). Defects in the PNS include defects in the location of the sense organs and in their projections in the sensory nerves, including missing neurons and more often defects in the axonal paths with erroneous connections with the ventral ganglia (PubMed:8817456). Defects in muscle attachment include the appearance of myospheroid-like bodies and the collapse of lateral transverse muscles 1-3 (PubMed:7851790).
In embryogenesis, has a role in somatic muscle attachment and in the development of axonal pathways probably by stabilizing cell-matrix adhesion and/or by acting as a competitive antagonist of serine proteases.
In embryos, from stage 14 till stage 17, expressed in epidermal cells, tracheal system and denticle belts (at protein level) (PubMed:7851790). In larva and in early pupa, expressed in brain cells along the ventral midline, in cell bodies in the cellular cortex of the ventral nerve cord, in cells contributing to the perineum around the cerebral hemispheres and in axons of the longitudinal connectives of the central nervous system (CNS); at low level, expressed throughout the antennal disk (at protein level) (PubMed:7851790, PubMed:8817456). In pupae, expressed in pupal appendages and body epidermis, in the proboscis and pseudotrachea (at protein level) (PubMed:8817456). Expressed in embryos; from stage 11 until the end of stage 13 expressed in small cells along the midline of the central nervous system; at state 12, expressed in the epidermis; from stage 13 onwards, expressed in the epidermal cells in particular in the anterior border of each segment; from stage 14-17, detected in the cells of the tracheal system (PubMed:7851790). Detected in larva and pupa, but not in adult flies (PubMed:7851790, PubMed:8817456).
Lacks the conserved Ser residue within the catalytic triad which is replaced by a Gly residue, probably resulting in a loss of proteolytic activity.
Proteolytically cleaved and thereafter secreted.
Bifunctional enzyme acting on the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway for fatty acids.
Complements functionally the S.cerevisiae peroxisomal MFE-2 in vivo.
Bifunctional DNA N-glycosylase with associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase function that catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER), the primary repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases the damaged DNA base from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP site. The AP lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination. Primarily recognizes and repairs oxidative base damage of pyrimidines.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster does not appear to play a role in catalysis, but is probably involved in the proper positioning of the enzyme along the DNA strand.
Belongs to the sal C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
First expressed at blastoderm stage and later in restricted aeras of the embryonic nervous system as well as in the developing trachea.
Required for the establishment of the posterior-most head and the anterior-most tail segments of the embryo. Probably function as a transcriptional regulator. Could repress the transcription of the tsh gene.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Interacts with Rab18, preferentially binding to the GTP-bound form.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons. Expressed in tarsal neurons for male-male courtship suppression. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ, and the dorsal and posterior external chemosensory organs.
Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Required for the response to N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the most widely used insect repellent worldwide. Functions as a pheromone receptor for a male inhibitory pheromone and promotes male-male aggression and suppresses male-male courtship. Also promotes preferentially virgin females courting over mated females.
Impairs avoiding N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Leads to high male courtship toward males and mated females. Also leads to diminished aggression level of males.
In larvae, predominantly expressed in subsets of neurons, including a subset of sensory neurons comprising the class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons (nociceptors), class III da neurons and chordotonal neurons (both mechanosensors).
Involved in regulating synaptic transmission in presynaptic neurons (PubMed:32461240). In class IV dendritic arborization neurons (nociceptors), involved in regulating activation of their second-order neurons (SONs) and maintaining synaptic contact between nociceptors and their SONs (PubMed:32461240).
Larvae display reduced nociceptive rolling behavior due to impaired activation of second-order neurons (SONs) in the nociceptive pathway and reduced the synaptic contact between nociceptors and their SONs.
Belongs to the arthropod CHH/MIH/GIH/VIH hormone family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate, which is further processed to form (S)-allantoin.
By bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738). Detected within 24 hours of infection (at protein level) (PubMed:9736738).
Secreted immune-induced peptide induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:9736738). Has a role in resistance to bacterial and fungal infections (PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
Expression first seen in late embryos. Levels are low during larval development and increase in late pupae to persist through to adulthood.
Flies exhibit disruption of olfactory learning.
Forms a heteromeric NMDA channel with Nmdar2.
Highly expressed in adult heads: in the brain and ring gland. Low expression throughout the entire brain is also seen. Higher expression levels were observed in some scattered cell bodies and part of their fibers, including those from several pairs of DPM (dorsal-posterior-medial) neurons surrounding the calyx, DAL (dorsal-anterior-lateral) and DPL (dorsal-posterior-lateral) neurons in the lateral protocerebrum (LP), VAL (ventral-anterior-lateral) neurons in the anterior protocerebrum, and two pairs of VP (ventral-posterior) neurons in the posterior protocerebrum. Many cell bodies in the optic lobes show preferential expression. Punctuate expression is notably detected in many brain regions including the superior medial protocerebrum. Weakly expressed in the antennal lobes and central complex.
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. It mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Is involved in the cell surface targeting of NMDA receptors. Plays a role in associative learning and in long-term memory consolidation.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase eukaryotic type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC7 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
Present in substantial amounts in oocytes, declines in abundance in early embryos, and begins to increase during mid-embryogenesis. Levels peak in the third instar larva then decline during pupal stages, rising again near the time of eclosion.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to anisole.
Expressed in all germline cells of the germarium including the stem cells and dividing cystocytes.
In the germarium, it begins to accumulate preferentially within the future oocyte shortly after formation of the 16-cell cyst. In midoogenesis, it can be seen transiently at the posterior edge of the oocyte, but by stage 9 assumes an anterior localization, and appears to be more concentrated at the dorsal side of the oocyte, above the oocyte nucleus. This pattern of localization is similar to that seen for grk mRNA and protein, though not tightly restricted to the dorsal side.
Interacts with hfp; however, given the nuclear localization of hfp, the relevance of such interaction is unclear. Interacts with CycE, Cul1, and the SCF-proteasome complex.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-143 is the initiator.
Required for the regulation of germline mitosis, karyosome formation, and establishment of dorsoventral (DS) polarity of the egg and embryo. Involved in proper grk mRNA localization and translation in the oocyte. May control germline mitosis by facilitating the cyclin E (CycE) proteolysis by the SCF-ubiquitin-proteasome complex.
Splicing donor and acceptor sites between exon 10 and exon 11 are not canonical.
Belongs to the helicase family. PIF1 subfamily.
DNA-dependent ATPase and 5'-3' DNA helicase required for the maintenance of both mitochondrial and nuclear genome stability.
Contains one Leu-Xaa-Xaa-Leu-Leu (LXXLL) motif, which is usually essential for the association with nuclear receptors.
Expressed in the brain and salivary glands of early and late second instar larvae. Expressed in nurse cells and oocytes.
Interacts with nuclear receptors EcR, svp (seven up), usp (ultraspiracle), Hr39 and Hr3.
Nuclear receptor cofactor for the ecdysone-regulated processes of molting and puparium formation. Acts downstream from ecdysone biosynthesis and release to control the expression of specific ecdysone-regulated genes such as Eip74EF (E74).
'Windbeutel' means 'profiteroles' in German.
Briefly expressed in the follicle cells of the ovary, at around the time when the dorsoventral axis of the egg chamber is first established.
Expressed in ovaries, early embryo (0-4 hours) and adult males. Almost undetectable in female carcasses. In ovaries, it is not detected in the germarium or early stage egg-chambers and is first detectable in the follicle cells of stage 8 egg-chambers. The peak of expression occurs in the follicle cells of stages 9 and early 10, and it disappears completely before stage 11. Not expressed in the germline cells (nurse cells and oocyte), with the possible exception of late stage 10 nurse cells.
Probable chaperone protein involved in dorsoventral axis patterning in early embryos. Probably acts by folding and targeting pipe (pip) into the Golgi.
The CXXC motif was initially thought to constitute the active site of a potential protein disulfide isomerase activity. However, such motif is not essential, suggesting that it has no disulfide isomerase activity. Its precise role remains unclear.
Carboxyltransferase subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric acid catabolism (By similarity). Vital for adult survival.
Expressed in third instar larval ring gland (lateral and medial secretory cells and corpus cardiacum cells) and CNS.
Acts as an actin nucleation factor and promotes assembly of actin filaments together with spir. May play a role in intracellular vesicle transport along actin fibers, providing a novel link between actin cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular transport.
Belongs to the formin homology family. Cappuccino subfamily.
Interacts with wash. Interacts with spir.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair (PubMed:35393473).
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.
When irradiated with X-rays, adults display increased wing and eye abnormalities (PubMed:35393473). Third instar larvae exposed to X-rays do not display any changes in pupation or eclosion (PubMed:35393473). RNAi-mediated knockdown in third instar larvae results in reduced survival in response to UV radiation (PubMed:35393473).
Component of a regulatory network controlling visceral mesoderm development and midgut morphogenesis. Transcriptional regulator involved in the activation of a large number of genes in the visceral mesoderm including betaTub60D, dpp and Hand. Binds to and regulates a number of enhancers driving expression in the visceral mesoderm in a temporally and spatially restricted manner. Also to binds to enhancers cooperatively with activators, such as bap or HLH54F, to coregulate expression of shared target genes in the visceral mesoderm. Binds to the Ndg enhancer and drives expression of Ndg in the late visceral musculature. May be involved in the transcriptional regulation of wupA in the visceral mesoderm. Plays an indirect role in the later stages of salivary gland positioning.
First detected at 10 dpc, when it is expressed in progenitors of all three types of visceral musculature including in primordia of the circular midgut muscles, in foregut and hindgut visceral mesoderm primordia and in the caudal visceral mesoderm. At 10 dpc to 11 dpc, it is detected in nuclei of cells of the presumptive visceral mesoderm. At 12 dpc, expression persists in trunk and hindgut visceral mesoderm. By 14 dpc, expressed in both circular and longitudinal precursors of midgut muscles, and by 16 dpc, expressed in foregut, midgut and hindgut visceral muscles (at protein level). First detected at the embryonic syncytial blastoderm stage.
In embryo, expressed in all types of visceral muscles and their progenitors (at protein level). In late stage 10 embryo, expressed in the caudal visceral mesoderm and trunk and hindgut visceral mesoderm progenitors.
Alternative splicing exons contribute to the specialized contractile activities of different muscle types. Exon 3 encodes the hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the ATP-binding site, exon 9 is adjacent to the actin-binding domain, exon 11 is involved in actin-binding, exon 15 in the S2 hinge and exons 18 and 19 the non-coiled tail region.
Expressed in larval and adult muscles. Isoforms containing exon 9a are expressed in indirect flight muscles, exons 9a and 9b are expressed in jump muscles, exons 9b and 9c are expressed in other larval and adult muscles.
Limited proteolysis of myosin heavy chain produces 1 light meromyosin (LMM) and 1 heavy meromyosin (HMM). HMM can be further cleaved into 2 globular subfragments (S1) and 1 rod-shaped subfragment (S2).
Muscle myosin is a hexameric protein that consists of 2 heavy chain subunits (MHC), 2 alkali light chain subunits (MLC) and 2 regulatory light chain subunits (MLC-2).
Expressed ubiquitously during embryonic development with prominent expression during the first 12 hours of embryogenesis.
Required for normal vision and courtship behavior in Drosophila.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotically expressed throughout embryogenesis.
Extensively phosphorylated 1 to 2 hours after egg laying.
In quiescent cells, maintained in an inactive state via an intramolecular interaction between the protein kinase and N-terminal domains (By similarity). Following mitogen-mediated cell activation, binds via its RGB domain to active Ras85D (GTP-bound) which releases the inhibitory intramolecular interaction between the two domains (By similarity). This allows the Dsor1/MEK1-mediated dimerization of ksr and Raf which activates Raf (PubMed:29433126).
Interacts with Dsor1/MEK1 and ksr; Dsor1 binding to ksr probably promotes ksr and Raf dimerization and ksr-mediated Raf transactivation.
Serine/threonine kinase required in the early embryo for the formation of terminal structure (PubMed:3135183, PubMed:8423783). Also required during the proliferation of imaginal cells (PubMed:3135183). May act downstream of Ras85D in the tor signal transduction pathway (PubMed:8423783). During larval development, mediates Ptth/tor signaling leading to the production of ecdysone, a hormone required for the initiation of metamorphosis (PubMed:19965758).
Highly expressed in the late stage of the last instar larval stage and the pre-pupal stage (PubMed:15813704). Detected at 4h into the last larval instar; however, expression levels are low during the feeding stage (PubMed:15813704). Levels increase from 16 h, reach a peak at 48h, quickly decrease just before puparium formation, and rise again after pupariation (PubMed:15813704). Highly expressed in midgut in the third instar larvae (PubMed:15813704).
Induced by RH-0345, which is an ecdysone agonist used as insecticide.
Involved in the inactivation of ecdysteroid molting hormones by converting ecdysteroids into 3-dehydroecdysteroids.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC9 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
During the reaction, ATP is used to activate the C2 atom of U34 by adenylation. After this, the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to the C2 atom of the wobble base (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards the activated C2 atom on U34. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed between the two active site cysteine residues (By similarity).
Endoderm-specific pattern of expression during embryogenesis; anterior and posterior midgut primordia.
Expressed during embryogenesis starting at 9 hours of development.
Involved in morphogenesis and development.
C-terminal exons are translated from the opposite DNA strand. This may be due to a trans-splicing event.
Can self-associate (PubMed:11350941, PubMed:11416154). Interacts with Chi (PubMed:11416154). Interacts with Top2 (PubMed:21304601). Isoform mod2.2: Component of the gypsy chromatin insulator complex, composed of Cp190, mod(mdg4) and su(Hw) (PubMed:7664338, PubMed:11350941, PubMed:11416154, PubMed:15574329). The gypsy chromatin insulator complex interacts with Topors via mod(mdg4) and su(Hw) (PubMed:16209949). Isoform mod2.2 interacts with Trl/GAGA and interaction with this protein may bypass the repressive effects of the su(Hw) insulator (PubMed:15465920).
Component of the gypsy chromatin insulator complex which is required for the function of the gypsy chromatin insulator and other endogenous chromatin insulators. Chromatin insulators are regulatory elements which establish independent domains of transcriptional activity within eukaryotic genomes. Insulators have two defining properties; they can block the communication between an enhancer and a promoter when placed between them and can also buffer transgenes from position effect variegation (PEV). Insulators are proposed to structure the chromatin fiber into independent domains of differing transcriptional potential by promoting the formation of distinct chromatin loops. This chromatin looping may involve the formation of insulator bodies, where homotypic interactions between individual subunits of the insulator complex could promote the clustering of widely spaced insulators at the nuclear periphery. Within the gypsy insulator complex, this protein may control the nature of the repressive effect of su(Hw): in the absence of mod(mdg4) protein, su(Hw) exerts a bidirectional silencing effect, whereas in the presence of mod(mdg4), the silencing effect is unidirectional. Isoform H is specifically required to maintain the pairing of achiasmate homologs in male meiosis I which is mediated by the rDNA repeats on the achiasmate X-Y bivalents. Isoform H also plays a role in apoptotic regulatory pathways.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is high in pupae and adult females but low in other stages of development.
Homotypic interactions mediated by the BTB (POZ) domain of this protein may promote the clustering of distant insulator complexes into nuclear insulator bodies.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS39 family.
Mitochondrial protein that may have a role in mitochondrial translation.
Atypical E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, which catalyzes ubiquitination of target proteins together with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Ubc10 (PubMed:10880484, PubMed:21900267, PubMed:29689197). Controls the subcellular localization and morphology of muscle nuclei (myonuclei) by regulating the protein levels and distribution of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex (PubMed:29689197). Functions by mediating the monoubiquitination of the LINC complex subunit koi leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation (PubMed:29689197). Appears to function, at least partially redundantly, with the RBR E3 ligase family member park in nuclear localization and morphology (PubMed:29689197). Likely to function in metamorphosis by regulating the proteins levels of EcR isoform A (ECR-A) and its heterodimeric partner usp, via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of ECR-A (PubMed:21900267).
Belongs to the RBR family. Ariadne subfamily.
Can form homodimers (PubMed:10880484, PubMed:29689197). Interacts (via RING-type 1 zinc finger) with Ubc10 (PubMed:10880484, PubMed:29689197). Interacts with the LINC complex member koi (PubMed:29689197). Interacts with park (PubMed:29689197). Interacts with ari-2 (PubMed:29689197). Specifically interacts with isoform ECR-A of EcR (PubMed:21900267).
Expressed in all tissues throughout development, with maximum levels reached during metamorphosis and maintained in the adult.
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases. They interact with E2 conjugating enzymes such as Ubc10 and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING-type zinc finger, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved active site Cys residue in the second RING-type zinc finger. The active site probably forms a thioester intermediate with ubiquitin taken from the active-site cysteine of the E2 before ultimately transferring it to a Lys residue on the substrate.
Pharate pupae lethal. Larval muscles exhibit an increase in nuclear clustering.
Widely expressed, with prominent levels in the nervous system and female gonads.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
May be involved in protein secretion and Golgi organization.
Expressed in hemolymph. Localizes at the lumenal surface of the trachea (at protein level).
Highly expressed in 0-5 hours embryos and in adult females, suggesting that it is expressed maternally.
Monomer. Peptidoglycan binding induces oligomerization.
Peptidoglycan-recognition protein that plays a key role in innate immunity by binding to murein peptidoglycans (PGN) of Gram-negative bacteria and activating the imd/Relish pathway. Has no activity against on Gram-positive bacteria. Binds to diaminopimelic acid-type PGN (DAP-type PGN), an activator of the imd/Relish pathway. Functions synergistically with PGRP-LC in producing resistance to E.coli and B.megaterium infections, which have the DAP-type peptidoglycan. Acts both upstream and in parallel with PGRP-LC in the imd/Relish pathway, and is required for infection-dependent activation of melanization. Required for Relish processing and nuclear translocation following proteolytic cleavage. Its localization suggests a role in the recognition and subsequent activation of the signaling at the first point of contact with invading bacteria.
At stage 11, expression is detected in tracheal pits. At later stages, strong expression is also detected in the CNS.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Heterodimer with ahr, trh or sim.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in pupae at a low level.
Heterodimers of tgo/trh are involved in the control of breathless expression. Plays a role in the cellular or tissue response to oxygen deprivation.
This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes the dorsal-ventral pathway of the embryo. Three proteases; ndl, gd and snk process easter to create active easter. Active easter defines cell identities along the dorsal-ventral continuum by activating the spz ligand for the Tl receptor in the ventral region of the embryo.
3'-to-5' exoribonuclease specific for small oligoribonucleotides.
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
Abundant in embryos and pupae, rare in larvae and adults.
After the first 8 hours of development, accumulates almost exclusively in neural tissues such as the brain, ventral nerve chord, and eye-antennal disks, and in differentiating smooth muscle.
May play a role in the development of neural tissue and smooth muscle.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Acts as a ligand for the receptor-type guanylate cyclase Gyc76C (PubMed:21893139). Stimulates Gyc76c-dependent cGMP production and modulates the IMD innate immune pathway in response to salt stress by inducing nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B protein Rel which leads to increased expression of the antimicrobial peptide diptericin (PubMed:21893139). Does not appear to play a role in Gyc76C-mediated wing development (PubMed:26440503).
MTYamide peptide: Expressed in the larval CNS (at protein level). NAP peptide: Expressed in the larval CNS (at protein level). IPNamide peptide: Expressed in the ventral ganglion of the third larval instar and adult brain (at protein level).
Occasional ectopic branching from the posterior crossvein.
Core component of several methyltransferase-containing complexes. Component of the SET1 complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1. Component of the MLL3/4 complex composed at least of the catalytic subunit trr, ash2, Rbbp5, Dpy-30L1, wds, hcf, ptip, Pa1, Utx, Lpt and Ncoa6. Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268).
Due to lack of HCF repeats, the cleavage process occurs via a different mechanism to that in the mammalian HCFC1.
Expressed throughout development and in adults.
May be involved in control of the cell cycle.
Proteolytic cleavage occurs between amino acids 900 and 1100 within the non-conserved central region, giving rise to two independent but tightly associated N- and C-terminal subunits.
The heterotrimeric Elba complex is required for chromatin domain boundary function during early embryogenesis. It binds to a 8-bp sequence 5'-CCAATAAG-3' in the Fab-7 insulator or boundary element in the bithorax complex and contributes to its insulator or boundary activity. Elba3 lacks DNA-binding activity and plays the role of an adapter protein, bringing Elba1 and 2 together, thereby establishing a complex that recognizes the asymmetric sequence motif through the BEN domains of Elba1 and 2 (PubMed:23240086).
Postembryonic expression is strong in the developing optic lobe and in the eye imaginal disk.
Required for correct axonal pathway formation in the optic lobe and for programmed cell death in the developing retina.
Strongly expressed in embryos. Also found in late larval and pupal stages.
Belongs to the DZIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Component of a ciliary transition zone (TZ)-localized complex composed of DZIP1, Fam92 and Cby (PubMed:31821146). Interacts directly with Cby (PubMed:31821146, PubMed:33370260). Interacts with Cep290 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:33370260). Interacts (via N-terminus) with Rab8 (PubMed:33370260).
Component of the DZIP1-Fam92-Cby complex which promotes ciliogenesis in sensory neurons and spermatocytes by acting downstream of Cep290 to initiate early ciliary membrane formation and thus transition zone (TZ) assembly (PubMed:31821146, PubMed:33370260). During spermatogenesis, also regulates distal elongation of the basal-body and their docking (anchoring) to the plasma membrane and as a consequence, regulates the initiation and proper elongation of axonemal microtubules (PubMed:31821146). Within the complex, required to recruit or stabilize Rab8, Fam92 and Cby at the distal basal body of cilia to promote early ciliary membrane formation and initiate TZ assembly (PubMed:31821146). Also acts with Fam92 to restrict Cep290 localization to the proximal part of the TZ (PubMed:31821146). May also be involved in recruitment or stabilization of Mks1 at the TZ (PubMed:31821146).
In neurons of the second and third antennal segments, expressed at the tip of the dendrites.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic core component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. A single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol I. A bridging helix emanates from RPA1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol I by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition (By similarity).
Acts as a ligand for Notch (N) receptor. Essential for proper differentiation of ectoderm. Delta is required for the correct separation of neural and epidermal cell lineages. Fringe (fng) acts in the Golgi to determine the type of O-linked fucose on the EGF modules in N, altering the ability of N to bind with Delta. O-fut1 also has a role in modulating the interaction.
Detected in all areas with neurogenic abilities, for example the neurogenic ectoderm and the primordia of the sense organs. Later expression is restricted to those cells that have adopted a neural fate.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression is highest early in embryonic development (stage 5) and reduces to a low level during larval stages.
Interacts with Notch (N) via the EGF repeats and the N EGF repeats.
Ubiquitinated by Mib, leading to its endocytosis and subsequent degradation.
Component of the spliceosome B complex (By similarity). Interacts (via C-terminus) with Prp38.
Expressed in body, head, optic lobes and retina (at protein level) (PubMed:21571070). Expressed in photoreceptor cells R1-R6 in the lamina and in photoreceptor cells R7 and R8 in the medulla (at protein level) (PubMed:16299587, PubMed:17154266, PubMed:20439462).
Expressed in embryos in the central nervous system but not in the peripheral nervous system (at protein level).
In the cuticle, catalyzes the hydrolysis of beta-alanyl-dopamine releasing dopamine and beta-alanine; dopamine is a metabolite involved in the pigmentation and sclerotization of the insect cuticle (PubMed:21571070, PubMed:8580497, PubMed:16299587, PubMed:20439462). In the photoreceptor cells, catalyzes the hydrolysis of carcinine releasing histamine and beta-alanine contributing to the recycling of the neurotransmitter histamine in the optical nerve system (PubMed:5782111, PubMed:12486147, PubMed:16299587, PubMed:20439462). Also, regulates the cuticular hydrocarbon composition in females (PubMed:31118901).
Lighter pigmentation of the body (PubMed:31118901). Females have higher levels of short chain short chain hydrocarbons (CHC) relative to long chain CHCs compared to wild type females (PubMed:31118901).
The protein is synthesized as a 43 kDa precursor which is then self-processed into a 15 kDa alpha subunit and a 30 kDa beta subunit (Probable) (PubMed:17154266, PubMed:20439462). Processing appears to be necessary for beta-alanyl-dopamine/carcinine hydrolase activity (PubMed:20439462). The beta subunit carries the beta-alanyl-dopamine/carcinine hydrolase activity (PubMed:20439462).
The unprocessed protein forms homodimers (PubMed:20439462). May form heterodimers composed of a 15 kDa alpha subunit and a 30 kDa beta subunit (PubMed:20439462).
In adults, isoform 1-CRR is expressed in CNS, fat body, and female reproductive tissues, and in embryos, in anal pads, hindgut, developing antennomaxillary complex, oenocytes, clipeolabrum, pharynx, trachea, CNS and developing posterior spiracles.
In adults, isoform 1-X is expressed in CNS, fat body and female reproductive tissues, and in embryos, in CNS, tracheal pits, hindgut, posterior spiracles and anal pads.
Isoform 1-CRR is expressed in embryos, larvae, pupae and adults.
Isoforms 1-X and 2 are expressed in embryos, larvae, pupae and adults. Highest expression is in late embryos.
Catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor (PubMed:12829714). It can both act as a peptide transferase that transfers GalNAc onto unmodified peptide substrates, and as a glycopeptide transferase that requires the prior addition of a GalNAc on a peptide before adding additional GalNAc moieties. Prefers the monoglycosylated Muc5AC-3 as substrate (PubMed:12829714).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subfamily.
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various alkaloids. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling activates adenylate cyclase activity.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells. Interacts with mgr and Vhl.
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Homodimer; probably associates with Su(var)3-9. Interacts with Mcm10. Interacts (via chromoshadow domain) with piwi (via N-terminal region).
Structural component of heterochromatin, involved in gene repression and the modification of position-effect-variegation. Recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', leading to epigenetic repression.
Expressed in the third antennal segment.
Reduced attractant response to some odorants.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway. Does not arginylate cysteine residues (By similarity).
Protein phosphatase inhibitor that specifically inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during mitosis.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. Has endonuclease activity. Binds RNA polymers with a preference for G- and/or C-rich clusters. Binds single-stranded DNA non-specifically.
During oogenesis, expression is detected in the germarium, in nurse cells, in the oocyte, and in the somatically derived follicular epithelial cells (at protein level). At oogenesis stage 12, nurse cells degenerate and their content is transferred into the oocyte. In larvae, expressed in all organs and disks (at protein level). In the larval salivary gland, expression is initially confined to cells at the anterior end but later expands throughout the entire gland (at protein level).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. During embryogenesis expressed only at transcript level. Expressed in larvae (at protein level), pupae and adults. Initial embryonic expression is maternally derived, then gradually decreases until third-instar larvae when there is a burst of zygotic expression. Most of the female expression is ovarian (at protein level).
The C-terminal region containing the two CCHC-type zinc fingers confers a binding preference for RNAs that contain G- and/or C-rich clusters.
The N-terminal region containing the five C3H1-type zinc fingers is essential for endonuclease activity.
Expressed in larval chemosensory organ. Specifically expressed exclusively in a subset of chemosensory sensilla on the third antennal segment.
E1-like activating enzyme involved in the 2 ubiquitin-like systems required for autophagy.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Has a regulatory role during midline cell development.
Initially expressed at blastoderm stage, transient accumulation at dorso-lateral positions of the embryo and differences along the longitudinal axis. At later stages of embryogenesis, expression is found exclusively in neural anlagen. Expressed in 4 posterior-most ventral unpaired median interneurons (VUM) neurons, VUM interneurons and one progeny of the median neuroblast (MNB).
Was originally thought to be a kinase on the basis of weak and non-significant similarities.
Expressed in cells within, and posterior to, the morphogenetic furrow of the eye imaginal disk, expression is rapidly restricted to the R2, R3, R4, and R5 precursor cells.
R2 and R5 fail to be correctly determined and appear to be transformed into cells of the R3/4/1/6 subtype.
Required to establish the unique cell identity of photoreceptors R2 and R5 and consequently for ommatidial assembly in the developing eye imaginal disk. Repression of expression in R8 photoreceptor by senseless (sens) is an essential mechanism of R8 cell fate determination.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rho1; functions with the ERM protein Moe to regulate Rho1 and control proliferation in the developing epithelium. Recruited by Moe to the cell cortex where it negatively regulates Rho1 activity. Can also promote cell proliferation independently of its GAP activity, perhaps by acting with Arf6 to positively regulate Rac1.
RNAi-mediated knockdown does not affect epithelial integrity or apoptosis.
Belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily. Transglutaminase family.
Contains three UBC-type E2-like WD40 repeat-containing folds (PubMed:20154706). The 2nd and 3rd of these form the UBC-RWD (also known as the double-RWD or DRWD) region (PubMed:20154706). The UBC-RWD region may be involved in binding Fancd2 and FANCI (PubMed:20154706).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with FANCI and Fancd2.
RNAi-mediated knockdown gives no visible phenotype but increases sensitivity to DNA cross-linking mutagens.
Ubiquitin ligase protein that mediates monoubiquitination of Fancd2 (PubMed:16860002). Ubiquitination of Fancd2 is stimulated by ionising radiation (PubMed:16860002). Together with Fancd2, and probably FANCI, involved in DNA repair of damage caused by agents that induce interstrand cross-links but not agents that cause double strand breaks (PubMed:16860002, PubMed:25205745, PubMed:20154706).
Requires a bound zinc ion for normal folding and solubility.
Expressed during late embryogenesis, larval instars, late stages of pupariation and adult.
Indirect flight muscle isoform is found only in the indirect flight muscles. The larval and adult isoform is present in the larval and adult musculature.
Critical for defining the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the egg. May signal directly to dorsal follicle cells through the receptor torpedo (top). During oogenesis this signaling pathway instructs follicle cells to follow a dorsal pathway of development rather than the default ventral pathway.
Expressed in nurse cells and oocyte up to oogenesis stage 7. Specifically accumulates in dorsal anterior corner of the oocyte during stages 9/10, at later stages expression is seen as an anterior ring. In stage 10 ovaries, it is concentrated between the oocyte nucleus and the adjacent oolemma. During vitellogenesis stage it can be detected at the oocyte surface, especially on the microvilli. It is also found at the microvilli covering the apical surface of the follicular epithelium and within follicle cells.
Expressed in both motoneurons and muscle throughout the period of synaptic growth and development at the neuromuscular junction. Expressed throughout the CNS, including motoneurons. Weak expression is observed in embryonic muscle as well as other tissues. Expressed throughout the larval CNS with pronounced expression in motoneurons. Also strongly expressed in all body wall muscle as well as other tissues, including a subset of epithelial cells and the salivary glands.
In most cases, death at the late pupal stage, probably due to lipid accumulation in endosomes/lysosomes. Some flies survive until adulthood and display a strong rejection behavior of female flies in response to male courtship accompanied by decreases in the viability, adult life span, and oviposition rate of the flies. Some oocytes and adult neural cells undergo degeneration, which is preceded by reductions in programmed cell death of nurse cells in ovaries and of neurons in the pupal nervous system, respectively. The central nervous system (CNS) of flies accumulates lipopigments. Flies also display a strong synaptic overgrowth: synapses reveal a strong increase in bouton number and a deficit in presynaptic release caused by enhanced/misregulated TGF-beta signaling. A widespread accumulation of enlarged lysosomal and late endosomal inclusions is also present in yolk spheres during oogenesis.
Probable sphingolipid transporter that plays a central role in endosomes and/or lysosomes storage. Involved in TGF-beta-mediated synaptic growth regulation both pre- and postsynaptically via its function in endosomal storage regulation. Also required during oogenesis by regulating yolk spheres storage.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Component of an SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, at least composed of ntc, skpA and Cul1. Interacts (via F-box domain) with skpA and Cul1. Interacts with Prosalpha7 and PI31. Interacts with Bruce.
Functions together with PI31 to control non-apoptotic caspase activation during sperm individualization. Positively regulates PI31 stability.
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase involved in innate immunity by degrading bacterial peptidoglycans (PGN). Probably plays a scavenger role by digesting biologically active PGN into biologically inactive fragments. Has no direct bacteriolytic activity (By similarity).
Expressed in various peripheral nerves and the central nerves in embryos. In adults, it is expressed in sensory neurons lying beneath the bristles around eyes, neurons innervating the bristles on the back of thorax and neurons in maxillary palps, proboscis and antennae. Expressed in multidendritic neurons, which mediate temperature sensing, as well as non-multidendritic neurons in larval epidermis. Localizes ubiquitously throughout neurites.
Homooligomer; between isoform A and isoform B.
Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in protection or tolerance from high temperature stress. Activated by temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius. More permeable to K(+) than to Na(+). May act in stress protection allow flies to survive in natural environments.
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Highly expressed in embryonic gonadal mesoderm, where expression is initially broad, and then becomes restricted to a segmental pattern at stage 11. Expression is then further restricted to a cluster of cells in each of parasegments 10, 11 and 12, corresponding to the developing gonadal mesoderm. Not expressed in pole cells.
Synthesis of mevalonate for the production of non-sterol isoprenoids, which are essential for growth differentiation. Provides spatial information during embryogenesis to guide migrating primordial germ cells (the pole cells) from the ectoderm to the mesoderm. Also required for association of the pole cells with the gonadal mesoderm.
The activity of HMG-CoA-reductase is suppressed by exogenous mevalonate.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 24 family.
Autophosphorylated on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Lammer subfamily.
Chimera. Chimera of genomic DNA and cDNA.
Expressed both maternally (isoform C) and zygotically (isoforms A and C) in all developmental stages.
May correspond to the described 105 kDa isoform although there is no translation sequence evidence for this.
Negative regulator of the copia retrotransposon element of the white (w) gene. In the eye, it is required for normal pigmentation, photoreceptor cell development and for organization of interommatidial bristles. Also essential for embryonic segmentation and differentiation of the nervous system. Functions in the control of alternative splicing by phosphorylating the arginine/serine-rich splicing factors, SR proteins.
Ubiquitous expression in embryos. Stage 17 embryos show elevated expression in CNS and brain. Ubiquitous expression in larval imaginal disks. Increased expression posterior to the eye-antennal disk morphogenetic furrow.
Belongs to the dystrophin family. Dystrobrevin subfamily.
Belongs to the glycogen debranching enzyme family.
Multifunctional enzyme acting as 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glycosyltransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in glycogen degradation.
Dramatic impairment of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, severe defects in motility and death at the early L2 larval stage.
Expression is abundant in central nervous system (brain lobes and the ventral nerve cord) starting at embryonic stage 13 through to third instar larvae. Also expressed in photoreceptors in the eye imaginal disks and the Bolwig organs of the peripheral nervous system.
Required presynaptically at the neuromuscular junction. Implicated in synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 1 family.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator, at least composed of IntS1, IntS2, IntS3, IntS4, omd/IntS5, IntS6, defl/IntS7, IntS8, IntS9, IntS10, IntS11, IntS12, asun/IntS13 and IntS14 (PubMed:23097424). Within the complex, interacts with IntS12 and IntS9 (PubMed:23288851). Interaction with IntS12 is likely to be important for promoting 3'-end processing of snRNAs (PubMed:23288851). Interacts with Mediator complex members Cdk8 and CycC (PubMed:23097424).
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424, PubMed:23288851). Required for the normal expression of the Integrator complex component IntS12 (PubMed:23288851). May mediate recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex (By similarity).
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation by the dual specificity kinase, hep. Inhibited by dual specificity phosphatase, puckered.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-181 and Tyr-183, which activates the enzyme.
During gastrulation, expression is seen in cells undergoing morphogenetic movements. By stage 9 of embryonic development, expression is ubiquitous. At stages 12-14, expression occurs in epidermis and central nervous system. At stage 15, expression is restricted to ventral nerve cord, brain and some peripheral neurons. In larvae, expression is seen in all imaginal disks, with highest levels in wing and eye disks, and in the CNS. Adults express the protein in fat body and hemocytes.
Expressed maternally and zygotically through to adult (male and female).
In neuronal cells by wounding of the integument (at protein level) (PubMed:22227521). Activated by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:25594180).
Interacts with MKP-4 (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain); the interaction dephosphorylates bsk.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase and key component of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway which phosphorylate and activate transcription factors involved in a wide range of biological processes including response to various stresses, cellular proliferation, differentiation and migration, and regulation of cell shape (PubMed:8946915, PubMed:9224720, PubMed:10433922, PubMed:11784101, PubMed:22227521, PubMed:25594180, PubMed:28396149, PubMed:37138087). Responds to activation by environmental stress by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as Jra and also the transcriptional repressor aop, and thus regulates transcriptional activity (PubMed:9224720). Component of the immune response activated by bacterial infection, and is involved in wound healing and in dorsal closure, a morphogenetic movement during embryogenesis (PubMed:8946915, PubMed:9224720, PubMed:10433922, PubMed:11784101). Functions in the systematic response to wounding acting downstream of the Hayan-phenoloxidase PPO1 cascade (PubMed:22227521). Exhibits cytoprotective activity in neuronal cells in response to wounding to the integument (PubMed:22227521). Controls the expression of a phosphatase, puckered, at the edges of wounded epidermal tissue and in the dorsal epithelium during dorsal closure (PubMed:10433922, PubMed:11784101). Regulates the activity of SREBP in neurons and thereby the accumulation of lipids in glia (PubMed:25594180). Plays a role in positively regulating the expression of DIP2 independently of AP-1, thereby ensuring proper axon guidance in mushroom bodies (PubMed:28396149). In enterocytes and differentiating progenitors of the gut that are experiencing inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency, activated by Cka to induce nearby progenitor cells to proliferate and form new absorptive cells, probably helping the organism to cope with the nutrient deficiency by maximizing absorption of dietary Pi (PubMed:37138087).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced levels of DIP2.
Responds to activation by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, and thus regulates transcriptional activity.
Participates in homotypic or heterotypic interactions in the eye during pattern formation to prevent extra cells from joining the precluster and differentiating as photoreceptor cells.
Up-regulated following injection with the Gram-negative bacterium E.coli. Up-regulation increases between 1 and 6 hours after the injection, then expression remains at a relatively steady level until 72 hours when it is strongly up-regulated.
Appears to control physiological cell functions rather than pattern formation during embryogenesis.
First detected in the posterior region of the blastoderm embryo. In later stages of embryonic development, detected in the posterior portion of the midgut, in the developing malpighian tubules, in a subset of ventral somatic muscles, in the developing CNS and in Bolwig's organ.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
Head, where it is preferentially expressed in the CNS and the retina (PubMed:8095978, PubMed:7797526). Not found in bodies (PubMed:8095978).
May have a role in phototransduction (PubMed:8095978). Catalyzes the conversion of GTP to cGMP, a common second messenger that is utilized in a wide variety of cells and signal transduction pathways (PubMed:7797526). A second subunit is required for enzyme activity (PubMed:7797526).
Essential component of the NELF complex, a complex that negatively regulates the elongation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.
ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein. Stimulates microtubule minus-end depolymerization and poleward microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle (PubMed:15242610, PubMed:15562320, PubMed:15823537, PubMed:16276413, PubMed:17452528, PubMed:25875445, PubMed:18202664, PubMed:19341724). Regulates microtubule stability in the neuromuscular junction synapse (PubMed:15242610, PubMed:15562320, PubMed:19341724). Involved in lipid metabolism by regulating the size and distribution of lipid droplets (PubMed:25875445). Involved in axon regeneration by regulating microtubule severing (PubMed:23122959).
ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein. Stimulates microtubule minus-end depolymerization and poleward microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle. Regulates microtubule stability in the neuromuscular junction synapse. Involved in lipid metabolism by regulating the size and distribution of lipid droplets. Involved in axon regeneration by regulating microtubule severing.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Spastin subfamily.
Homohexamer. The homohexamer is stabilized by ATP-binding. The homohexamer may adopt a ring conformation through which microtubules pass prior to being severed (PubMed:18202664). Interacts with microtubules (PubMed:15823537, PubMed:18202664). Interacts with atl; may be involved in microtubule dynamics (PubMed:19341724).
Homohexamer. The homohexamer is stabilized by ATP-binding. The homohexamer may adopt a ring conformation through which microtubules pass prior to being severed. Interacts with microtubules. Interacts with atl; may be involved in microtubule dynamics.
Loss of protein expression throughout the embryo leads to pupal lethality. Loss of protein expression specifically in the nervous system causes synaptic undergrowth and a reduction in total synaptic area. Neuromuscular junction boutons are smaller and more numerous. Microtubule stability appears to be enhanced within neuronal axons and at neuromuscular junctions and synaptic currents are increased. Older flies exhibit numerous vacuoles in the neuropil and cortex. Adult coordination and locomotory behavior are compromised and lifespan is reduced. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in climbing defects, which can be rescued following exposure to the drugs methylene blue, phenazine, or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (PubMed:26744324). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in increased oxidative stress, which can be rescued following exposure to the drug methylene blue (PubMed:26744324).
Maternally expressed in early embryogenesis with high expression until blastoderm. At the cell formation stage, strongly expressed near the basal part of the cell layer underlying the surface. During germband extension and stomodeal plate formation, expressed in the ventral head and trunk ectoderm, as well as in cells near the cephalic furrow and in the invaginating hindgut and midgut primordia. After germband retraction and delamination of neuroblasts at stage 13, expressed in subsets of cells in all neuromeres of the CNS including those of the supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia. In later embryonic stages expressed in cell clusters throughout the supraesophageal ganglion, with pronounced expression also seen in the subesophageal ganglion. In the ventral nerve cord (VNC), expressed in two broad longitudinal stripes located laterally, and weakly expressed in some midline cells. Also expressed in some sensory head organs of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), most probably the Bolwigs organs and/or the dorsal organs. Expressed in the developing larval neuromusculature, muscles and neuronal axons. Enriched in neuromuscular junctions throughout the muscles of the body wall. Enriched in punctate domains of synaptic boutons and excluded from interbouton axonal connections. Colocalizes with the synaptic vesicle pools.
Component of the CGX complex composed of crb, galla (galla-1 or galla-2) and Xpd. Interacts with crb (via intracellular domain). Is not able to interact with Xpd in the absence of crb.
Expressed at low levels during larval stages, and at higher levels in pupae and adults (at protein level). Ubiquitously expressed in the wing disk (at protein level).
Mutant flies show temperature-sensitive lethality. Prior to cellularization many embryos display signs of incomplete chromosome segregation during mitotic divisions likely due to defective organization of spindle microtubules.
Interacts with Fmr1; the interaction is RNA independent.
Results in fusion of the adult Beta lobes in the mushroom bodies.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs (PubMed:28675155, PubMed:33428246). M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA processing and stability (PubMed:28675155, PubMed:33428246). Together with Fmr1, regulates axonal growth in the mushroom bodies and neuromuscular junctions by repressing the translation of several mRNAs, such as those of chic and futsch (PubMed:33428246).
Strongly enriched during the first 2 hours after fertilization but then declines and remains at low levels during development and adulthood.
Animals die as pharate adults with crooked legs, abnormal genitalia and a larval-like epidermis. Proliferation of histoblast cells is impaired.
Regulates translation as part of a complex with MCTS1. Specifically required for translational re-initiation in mRNAs containing upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Not required for standard translational initiation. Regulates expression of a subset of gene products including mbc, InR and EcR.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB2 subunit family.
Component of the CIA complex (By similarity). Interacts with Xpd and galla-2 (PubMed:29361561). Binds to microtubules (PubMed:33211700).
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into apoproteins specifically involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity (By similarity). In the CIA complex, MMS19 acts as an adapter between early-acting CIA components and a subset of cellular target iron-sulfur proteins (By similarity). Essential for diploid cell cycles, organ growth and development (PubMed:29361561). Regulates mitosis by binding to Xpd and thereby competing with the Xpd-mediated repression on the Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) complex (PubMed:29361561). Regulates the centrosomal localization of the MT regulator tacc, a downstream target of aurA kinase (PubMed:33211700). Binds to microtubules (MT) (PubMed:33211700). Regulates spindle and astral MT growth, MT stability and bundling (PubMed:33211700). In neuroblasts, necessary for timely and coordinated spindle assembly and orientation which is necessary for mitotic progression (PubMed:33211700). In young embryos, the maternal protein is important for progression through mitosis (PubMed:29361561).
Shows slowed larval development with lack of imaginal disks and microcephaly with deformed and underdeveloped optical lobes (PubMed:29361561, PubMed:33211700). Death occurs at the third larval instar stage (PubMed:29361561, PubMed:33211700). Reduced levels of Xpd in embryos (PubMed:29361561). Results in higher proportion of neuroblasts in mitosis with shorter spindle and less dense astral microtubules with defective assembly and orientation (PubMed:33211700). Loss of maternal Mms19 causes cell cycle defects in young embryos (PubMed:29361561).
Interacts with Star via the lumenal domain.
Ligand for the EGF receptor (Gurken). Involved in a number of unrelated developmental choices, for example, dorsal-ventral axis formation, glial migration, sensory organ determination, and muscle development. It is required for photoreceptor determination.
Proteolytic processing by Rhomboid occurs in the Golgi. Cleavage takes place within the transmembrane domain close to residue 144 and the active growth factor is released.
Expressed at all developmental stages, including in embryos, instar stages and pupae.
Expressed in male and female adults (PubMed:12215432). Expressed in head (PubMed:12215432).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal (PubMed:12590131). RNAi-mediated knockdown in imaginal disks causes a reduction in the wing size and a distal truncation of the legs (PubMed:12215432). Also, synthesis of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate is reduced in the posterior region of late third instar wing imaginal disk (PubMed:12215432).
Transfers galactose from UDP-D-Galactose (UDP-Gal) to the acceptor xylose residue in the linkage tetrasaccharide region of the glycosaminoglycan side chain of proteoglycans (PubMed:12215432, PubMed:12244071, PubMed:12590131, PubMed:20236943). No activity towards beta-GlcNAc, beta-Glc, beta-Gal, and beta-GalNAc as acceptors (PubMed:12244071, PubMed:12590131).
Embryonic lethal with some embryos displaying cuticle and nervous system defects (PubMed:17603097, PubMed:26192321). RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal at the late pupal stage (PubMed:23064556). Also the levels of ferritin heavy chain Fer1HCH are reduced (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the midgut causes growth delays and reduces survival rate only in the presence of the iron chelator BPS. Also, results in gut iron accumulation and systemic iron deficiency, reduces Mvl transcription and aconitase activity (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye does not affect eye morphology; however, the eyes develop degenerative vacuoles (PubMed:23064556). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing pouch results in slightly smaller wings with no defect in cell proliferation and cell death patterns (PubMed:26192321, PubMed:31568497). RNAi-mediated knockdown in cry+ neurons (LNds and s-LNvs) disrupts circadian oscillations of PER and TIM leading to the disruption of circadian activity in the absence of external cues (PubMed:22885802). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the nervous system, embryonic epidermis and imaginal disks, endoderm, mesoderm, fat body or somatic muscles causes no defect (PubMed:23064556).
Expressed in hemolymph, gut, ovaries and to a lesser extent in testes (at protein level) (PubMed:11804801). Expressed in the head (at protein level) (PubMed:23064556).
Expressed in the gut and hemolymph of second instar larvae, wandering larvae and early pupae (at protein level) (PubMed:11804801, PubMed:23064556). Expressed in the middle part of the gut in third instar larvae (PubMed:17603097). Expressed in embryos, third instar larvae, light pupae, dark pupae and adults (PubMed:11804801, PubMed:17603097). During embryogenesis, expressed in blastoderm, in mesoderm cells during germ-band elongation that give rise to fat bodies and amnioserosa and in cells that give rise macrophages in the anterior head region (PubMed:17603097). During germ-band retraction and dorsal closure, expressed in amnioserosa (PubMed:17603097). At late stages of embryogenesis, expressed in cells in the developing midgut (PubMed:17603097).
Oligomer of 12 light (L) chains and 12 heavy (H) chains; L and H chains are disulfide-linked (PubMed:9266686). The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble ferric iron core is deposited (PubMed:23771129).
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form (By similarity) (PubMed:23771129). Important for iron homeostasis (By similarity) (PubMed:23064556, PubMed:23771129). Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation (By similarity) (PubMed:17603097, PubMed:23771129). Ferritin is composed of a heavy (H) chain which is responsible for the oxidation and uptake of ferrous iron, and a light (L) chain which facilitates the nucleation of the ferrihydrite iron core (PubMed:23771129). Required for dietary iron absorption in the midgut (PubMed:23064556). Involved in tissue iron detoxification by exporting excess iron (PubMed:23064556). Plays a role in the maintenance of circadian rhythms (PubMed:22885802). Required for embryo and larval development (PubMed:26192321).
Up-regulated by iron-supplemented diet in the anterior part of the gut of third instar larvae and adults (at protein level).
Activation peptide and active catalytic domain are associated by a disulfide bond. Processed easter is present in extremely low amounts in the early embryo as it is rapidly converted into a high molecular mass complex, which may contain a protease inhibitor. Zymogen activation is also controlled by a negative feedback loop from Dorsal.
Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes the dorsal-ventral pathway of the embryo (PubMed:9477324, PubMed:2107028, PubMed:12493753). Three proteases; ndl, gd and snk process easter to create active easter (PubMed:9477324). Active easter defines cell identities along the dorsal-ventral continuum by activating the spz ligand for the Tl receptor in the ventral region of the embryo (PubMed:9477324).
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
Belongs to the bZIP family. CNC subfamily.
Embryonic expression of isoform B is localized to the mandibular segment and the hypopharyngeal and labral primordia first detectable in late blastoderm stages. Embryonic expression of isoforms B and C is ubiquitous.
Isoforms A and C are maternally and zygotically expressed in embryos. Isoform A reduced between 2-12 hours embryos and then increases. Isoform B is expressed in later embryonic stages. Isoform C has the lowest expression level of the isoforms.
Plays a role in posterior cephalic patterning. Probable subunit of a heterodimeric regulatory protein involved in the control of head morphogenesis. Isoform B may have a repressive effect on Dfd response elements, thereby modifying the activity and specificity of the Hox system and moving the body anterior/posterior axis.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:2120044, PubMed:8405984). High levels of expression when mitosis is elevated; highest levels of expression are in early embryos with levels decreasing during embryogenesis and remaining low throughout most of larval development, and expression levels are also increased in unfertilized eggs and adult females (PubMed:2120044).
Forms a stable but non-covalent complex with a regulatory subunit and with a cyclin. Component of the Frs-CycA-Cdk1 complex composed of Cdk1, CycA and Z600 (PubMed:17431409).
Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-161 activates it.
Plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle (PubMed:2120044, PubMed:15581871). Required for entry into S-phase and mitosis (PubMed:2120044, PubMed:15581871, PubMed:29746464). In embryos, promotes the release of Rif1 from chromatin during mid-blastula transition (PubMed:29746464). p34 is a component of the kinase complex that phosphorylates the repetitive C-terminus of RNA polymerase II (PubMed:2120044).
Expressed in head, photoreceptors, lateral neurons and glial cells in the lamina and medulla of the optic lobes. Expression follows a light-dark cycle, levels show a significant decrease at the end of the night and then remain low throughout the light period (at protein level).
Forms a heterodimer with period (PER); the complex then translocates into the nucleus.
Mutant flies show loss of both behavioral circadian rhythms and molecular oscillations of per RNA and protein.
Phosphorylated with a circadian rhythmicity.
Required for the production of circadian rhythms. The biological cycle depends on the rhythmic formation and nuclear localization of the TIM-PER complex. Light induces the degradation of TIM, which promotes elimination of PER. Nuclear activity of the heterodimer coordinatively regulates PER and TIM transcription through a negative feedback loop. Behaves as a negative element in circadian transcriptional loop. Does not appear to bind DNA, suggesting indirect transcriptional inhibition.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Catalyzes the removal of a penultimate prolyl residue from the N-termini of peptides, such as Arg-Pro-Pro.
Detected in gut, brain, testes and ovary.
Expressed in embryos from 9-22 hours, but not detected in first and second instar larvae. Expressed in 3rd instar larvae and at high levels in pupae.
Inhibited by the chelating agent EDTA. Divalent metal ions have substrate- and concentration-dependent effects on activity. Activity towards bradykinin is inhibited with increasing Mn(2+) concentration. Activity towards substance P is stimulated by low Mn(2+) concentrations (in the range 10 uM-1 mM) but inhibited by Mn(2+) concentrations in excess of 1 mM. Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Co(2+) stimulate activity towards substance P at concentrations of 10-100 uM but are inhibitory at concentrations of 1 mM. Zn(2+), Ni(2+) and Cu(2+) strongly inhibit activity towards substance P at concentrations of 1 mM.
One of the proteins expressed by the 44D cuticle gene cluster. Expressed in first, second and early 3rd instar larvae and in adults, but not in embryos or pupae.
Specific and highly efficient GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase regulating the levels of GDP-D-glucose in cells.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
Component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). However this subunit is not essential for the 3'-end processing of the snRNA U7 and the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). Mediates recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family. SCS7 subfamily.
Binds 2 Zn(2+) ions per subunit that likely form a catalytic dimetal center.
Catalyzes stereospecific hydroxylation of free fatty acids at the C-2 position to produce (R)-2-hydroxy fatty acids, which are building blocks of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids common in neural tissue and epidermis. Plays an essential role in the synthesis of galactosphingolipids of the myelin sheath. Responsible for the synthesis of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids involved in the formation of epidermal lamellar bodies critical for skin permeability barrier. Participates in the synthesis of glycosphingolipids and a fraction of type II wax diesters in sebaceous gland, specifically regulating hair follicle homeostasis. Involved in the synthesis of sphingolipids of plasma membrane rafts, controlling lipid raft mobility and trafficking of raft-associated proteins.
Component of some SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complexes, at least composed of Ada2b, not/nonstop, Pcaf/Gcn5, Sgf11 and Spt3. Within the SAGA complex, Sgf11, e(y)2, and not/nonstop form an additional subcomplex of SAGA called the DUB module (deubiquitination module). Interacts directly with not/nonstop. Interacts with the AMEX complex component xmas-2. Interacts with Cbp80; important for promoter recruitment of Sgf11 that is not associated with the DUB module.
Component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA, a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination. Within the SAGA complex, participates in a subcomplex that specifically deubiquitinates histone H2B. The SAGA complex is recruited to specific gene promoters by activators, where it is required for transcription. Required for nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation. Binds independently on SAGA to promoters in an RNA-dependent manner. Binds to mRNA and is essential for total mRNA export from the nucleus. Required to counteract heterochromatin silencing. Controls the development of neuronal connectivity in visual system by being required for accurate axon targeting in the optic lobe. Required for expression of ecdysone-induced genes such as br/broad.
Defects in the number and migration of glial cells located within the lamina plexus of the developing eye; the lack of glial cells causing mistargeting of the R1-R6 axons in the optic lobe. Lamina neuron development is normal.
The C-terminal SGF11-type zinc-finger domain together with the C-terminal catalytic domain of not/nonstop forms the 'catalytic lobe' of the SAGA deubiquitination module.
The long N-terminal helix forms part of the 'assembly lobe' of the SAGA deubiquitination module.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen. Constitutes the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cytosine nucleotides.
In ovary, expressed in oocytes, follicle cells and nurse cells. Also expressed in larval and adult testis (at protein level). In larvae, expressed in lymph gland, salivary gland, regions of the midgut, testis, optical lobe and trachea. Isoform 1 is expressed in adult testis, ovary, accessory gland and head. Isoform 2 is weakly expressed in ovary.
Isoform 1 expression is high during embryogenesis, modest during larval and pupal stages and abundant in adult. Isoform 2 is expressed at low levels in 0-4h embryos and at very low levels during the rest of developmental stages and in adult.
Required for assembly of cytoophidium in female germline cells (PubMed:23459760, PubMed:25223282). In nurse cells, CTPsyn filament assembly in the cytoophidium is regulated by Ack kinase which may thereby contribute to the control of CTP production at specific stages of oogenesis and development of the nurse cell membrane (PubMed:25223282).
A calcium channel that regulates synaptic endocytosis and hence couples exo- with endocytosis. Isoform A and isoform B are mainly required in the nervous system and necessary in photoreceptor cells.
Belongs to the calcium channel flower family.
Impaired intracellular resting calcium levels and impaired endocytosis in presynaptic terminals, exocytosis is normal. Mutant boutons at the neuromuscular junctions exhibit a significant depletion in the number of synaptic vesicles. There are numerous extra boutons which are often small, clustered, and flowery in nature. Mutant nerve terminals display omega structures and collared pits.
Isoform B is expressed in the neuropils of embryonic, larval, adult CNS, and R1-R6 terminals. Expression in the central nervous system (CNS) starts at embryonic stage 13.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Epsilon family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (PubMed:22082028). Essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis (PubMed:25344753, PubMed:25300303). May be involved in detoxification (PubMed:22082028).
Embryonic lethal. Embryos display severe developmental defects such as poorly differentiated cuticle, failure of head involution, abnormal gut looping, and defective mouth hooks and dorsal closure (PubMed:25344753, PubMed:25300303). Trichromes are absent (PubMed:25344753). Embryos have a higher sterol content (PubMed:25344753, PubMed:25300303). Embryonic lethality, defective epidermal differentiation and trichome development can be rescued by supplementing embryos with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), ecdysone or cholesterol (PubMed:25344753). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larval lethality at the second instar stage, which can be rescued by supplementing larvae with 20E, ecdysone or cholesterol (PubMed:25300303).
Expressed in the adult ovary (at protein level).
In early embryos expression is ubiquitous (PubMed:25344753). From mid-embryogenesis (stage 16) and throughout larval development, expressed in the prothoracic gland cells of the ring gland (PubMed:25344753, PubMed:25300303). Weak expression in the follicle cells of the ovarioles in developing egg chambers (at protein level) (PubMed:25300303).
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to octanol, nonanol, and pentyl acetate.
Component of the Atx2-tyf activator complex which functions in the circadian pacemaker neurons to activate the TYF-dependent translation of per and maintain 24 hour periodicity in circadian behaviors. Within the Atx2-tyf complex, likely to function as a molecular adapter which stabilizes the interaction between Atx2 and the translational regulator tyf.
Component of the Atx2-tyf activator complex, composed of Atx2, tyf, pAbp, Lsm12. Interacts with tyf, Atx2 and pAbp.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in pigment dispersing factor (Pdf)-expressing clock neurons disrupts circadian locomotor rhythms, with mutants displaying long period locomotor rhythms under constant dark conditions. Enhances the period-lengthening phenotype of tyf mutants.
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
Expressed predominantly in prothoracic gland of the larval ring gland and nurse cells of the adult ovary. Low expression is all adult tissues examined.
Required for synthesis of steroid hormones, for olfactory sensory behavior and completion of the second larval molt (a steroid mediated developmental transition) and pupariation.
Expressed at the time when separation of neural and epidermal precursor cells occurs. Accumulates transiently at the fusion sites of anterior and posterior midgut and very specifically to high levels in the proventriculus of the embryo. Not expressed in the imaginal disks of third instar larvae.
Dimer of a heavy and a light chain linked by disulfide bonds.
Expressed in embryo, larva, pupa and adult.
Flies exhibit wing and pigmentation defects. Females are sterile, males are partially sterile.
Important for the overall degradation of proteins in lysosomes. Essential for adult male and female fertility. May play a role in digestion.
In the embryo, predominantly expressed in the midgut. Also expressed in larval alimentary organs such as salivary gland and midgut including gastric caeca.
Involved in calcium binding and microtubule stabilization.
Belongs to the selenoprotein M/F family.
Expressed in embryonic and larval hemocytes (at protein level). Expressed in tissues undergoing invagination, tissue movement and morphogenesis such as salivary gland, trachea, midgut endoderm, dorsal vessel, midline of the ventral nerve cord, amnioserosa and the amnioproctodeal invagination. Expressed in the mushroom body neuropil, brain areas that contain mushroom body processes in synaptic contact with other neurons. In egg chambers, expressed in border cells, in stretch cells and in dorsal appendage primordia.
Expressed throughout development. Highest expression is observed in pupae (at protein level). During oogenesis, expressed from stage 10B onwards.
Flies display impaired olfactory memories within 3 min of training. Mutant embryos show reduced level of phagocytosis.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit is composed of a heavy and a light chain linked by a disulfide bond. Interacts with mys/beta-PS and Itgbn.
Integrin alpha-PS3/beta-PS is a receptor for laminin. Also binds to wb. Important during embryogenesis for the development of the trachea, dorsal vessel and salivary gland, as well as for dorsal closure. Required for short-term memory processes. Minor involvement in the establishment of the oocyte anterior-posterior length. Plays a role in timely border cell migration during oogenesis, probably mediated by JNK signaling. Integrin alpha-PS3/Itgbn is required for effective phagocytosis of apoptotic cells during embryonic development and for the phagocytic elimination of S.aureus by mediating the binding of S.aureus peptidoglycan to larval hemocytes, which probably activates a signaling pathway involving Rac1 and Rac2. Integrin alpha-PS3/Itgbn also regulates Fak activity during neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth and is required for its activation in presynapsis of NMJs. Seems to be dispensable for major morphogenetic processes.
Expression is biphasic, peaking late in embryogenesis (16-24 hours embryos) and during the larval to pupal transition, when the musculature is differentiating. Found in developing muscles of the visceral and somatic mesoderm subsequent to the formation of the muscle precursor cells. Decreased levels are still detectable in adults.
In the embryo, expression is restricted to the somatic, visceral, and pharyngeal muscles. Within the somatic musculature, expression is localized at the ends of muscles fibers at the point of attachment to the epidermis (at protein level). There is no expression in cardiac mesoderm or in fat body.
Plays a role in cell differentiation late in myogenesis. Transcription factor Mef2 is essential for expression.
In larvae, pupae and adults, expressed in small subsets of cells in the anterior region of the brain (PubMed:9883729). In pharate adult brains, expressed in around 20 large neurons located close to the antennal lobe and lateral protocerebral neurophils. Also expressed in a small cluster of cells located just below the chemosensory region of the antennal lobe and near the mechanosensory region of the antennal lobe and subesophageal neuropils (PubMed:9883729).
Orphan receptor that binds DNA as a monomer to hormone response elements (HRE) containing an extended core motif half-site sequence 5'-AAGTCA-3' (PubMed:11977984). Acts as a transcriptional repressor (PubMed:11977984). In both females and males, functions downstream of tra2 to regulate the development and function of certain sex-specific abdominal neurons, and likely regulates the development and/or function of the nervous system that controls courtship behaviors involved in the recognition and response of adults to appropriate sexual partners (PubMed:9883729, PubMed:9023356, PubMed:11977984). In males, promotes abdominal motor neuronal innervation of the ventral muscles of abdominal segment 5 which is required for correct abdominal curling during copulation (PubMed:9883729, PubMed:9023356). In females, also promotes abdominal motor neuronal innervation but on the uterine muscles which is required for egg laying (PubMed:9883729, PubMed:9023356).
May assemble into a multicomponent structure.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis.
Cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the oxidative branch within the pentose phosphate pathway/shunt, an alternative route to glycolysis for the dissimilation of carbohydrates and a major source of reducing power and metabolic intermediates for fatty acid and nucleic acid biosynthetic processes.
Chromatin reader that recognizes specific histone signatures to regulate transcription (By similarity). Plays a role in neuronal development (PubMed:35916866).
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome p450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome b5 (By similarity). May function to clear the olfactory organ (antennae) from accumulating chemicals.
Expressed throughout development. Expression levels are very weak, but increase in the adult stages.
Expression levels are higher in the head than the body.
Functions as a mitochondrial uncoupling protein when expressed in yeast.
No visible phenotype. Reduced levels of total sugars (glucose and trehalose) in normal-fed flies and increased susceptibility to starvation. Life span is increased when fed a low-calorie diet and flies gain less weight when fed a high-calorie diet. Females lay a lower proportion of eggs, particularly under a restricted diet. Glycogen and triacylglyceride (TAG) levels are not affected in normal-fed flies. However, TAG levels decrease at a faster rate under starvation conditions. No increase in life span when fed a high-calorie diet or under starvation conditions.
Regulates metabolic homeostasis in response to nutritional cues and may therefore be involved in adaptation to dietary variations. May not function in creating mitochondrial proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane (i.e. mitochondrial uncoupling).
Directs RNA polymerase II nuclear import.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). ELP1 binds to tRNA, mediating interaction of the elongator complex with tRNA (By similarity).
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Homodimer. Component of the elongator complex.
The elongator complex was originally thought to play a role in transcription elongation. However, it is no longer thought to play a direct role in this process and its primary function is thought to be in tRNA modification.
Anchors the lamina and the heterochromatin to the inner nuclear membrane.
Unlike other members of this family, it does not possess sterol C14 reductase activity.
Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Required for sensing and avoiding L-canavanine, a plant-derived insecticide.
Leads to an inability to detect L-canavanine.
Eliminates avoidance of elevated temperatures along a thermal gradient.
Essential for thermotaxis by sensing environmental temperature. Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in detection of sensations such as temperature. Involved in heat nociception by being activated by warm temperature of about 24-29 degrees Celsius.
By stage 11, isoform B is expressed throughout the mesoderm, whereas isoform A, isoform D and isoform L are expressed throughout the ectoderm. Expression becomes restricted during later stages; starting from stage 14 to 16, isoform B is expressed in muscle. Isoform A, isoform D, and at low levels isoform B, are expressed in the CNS. Expression is also seen in specific types of cells in the embryo; isoform A and isoform L are expressed in a dynamic pattern in the ventral neurogenic region starting at stage 7. Isoform L is expressed around the tracheal pits at stage 11.
By stage 11, isoform F is expressed throughout the mesoderm whereas isoform T, and at low levels isoform I, is expressed throughout the ectoderm. Isoform K is expressed in both mesoderm and ectoderm. Expression becomes restricted during later stages; starting from stage 14 to 15, isoform F is expressed in the gut. Isoform I is expressed in the CNS. Isoform I and isoform F show expression in the epithelium starting at stage 14, though for isoform I the CNS expression remains predominant. Expression is also seen in specific types of cells in the embryo; isoform K is expressed in the ventral furrow at stage 5 and in a dynamic pattern in the ventral neurogenic region starting at stage 7. Isoform T is expressed around the tracheal pits at stage 11. Isoform F shows transient enrichment in a dorsal cell layer in the CNS at stages 13 and 14.
By stage 11, isoform Q, isoform P and isoform Z are expressed throughout the mesoderm. From stage 15, expression of isoform P expands to all tissues, whereas expression of isoform Z and isoform Q becomes restricted during later stages; starting from stage 14 to 16, isoform Z is expressed in muscle, and isoform Q and isoform Z are expressed in the CNS. For some isoforms, expression is also seen in specific types of cells in the embryo; isoform Z is expressed in the ventral furrow at stage 5, and isoform Q is expressed around the tracheal pits at stage 11. Isoform Z also shows transient enrichment in a dorsal cell layer in the CNS at stages 13 and 14.
By stage 11, isoform W, isoform X and isoform Y are expressed throughout the mesoderm, whereas isoform O is expressed in both mesoderm and ectoderm. From stage 15, expression of isoform O expands to all tissues, whereas expression of isoform W, isoform X and isoform Y becomes restricted during later stages; starting from stage 14 to 16, isoform W, isoform X and isoform Y are expressed in muscle. From stages 14 and 15, isoform W and isoform Y are expressed in the gut. For some isoforms, expression is also seen in specific types of cells in the embryo; isoform O is expressed in the ventral furrow at stage 5 and in the dorsal epidermis from stage 7. Isoform Y shows prominent expression in the gonad starting at stage 15.
C-terminal exons may be joined by a trans-splicing event. The exons are coded by the same DNA strand.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. At least one isoform is present at each developmental stage.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. At least one isoform is present at each developmental stage. Isoform D is restricted to early embryogenesis (at protein level).
Expressed in both mesoderm and ectoderm with expression highest in the mesectoderm by stage 11. Becomes enriched in a cluster of brain cells, in abdominal histoblasts, and in the embryonic imaginal disks during later stages.
Putative transcription factor required for axon growth and guidance in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Repels CNS axons away from the midline by promoting the expression of the midline repellent sli and its receptor robo.
After pupae formation, expressed during centriole-to-cilium basal body conversion and in the early phase of ciliogenesis in neurons, then disappears (at protein level).
Central scaffolding component of the centrioles ensuring their 9-fold symmetry (PubMed:17412918, PubMed:17463247, PubMed:30013109). Required for centrosome biogenesis and duplication (PubMed:17412918, PubMed:17463247, PubMed:30013109, PubMed:33704067). In ciliated neurons, required for centriole assembly but not necessary for cilium basal body and cilia function (PubMed:30013109). Required for sperm cilium basal body elongation together with Cep135 and Ana2 (PubMed:30013109).
Expressed in spermatocyte and speratids (at protein level).
Nine homodimers form a cartwheel structure with an internal diameter of 23 nM and radial spokes connecting to the microtubule triplets (By similarity). Homodimer (PubMed:33704067). Interacts with Gorab (via C-terminus); binds as a homodimer to a Gorab monomer (PubMed:29892014, PubMed:33704067).
Results in lack of centrioles and cilium formation, defects in coordination and reduced fertility (PubMed:30013109, PubMed:33704067). In neurons, RNAi-mediated knockdown after centriole assembly does not affect neuronal cilium basal body, cilia formation or movement coordination (PubMed:30013109). In spermatocytes, RNAi-mediated knockdown before centriole biogenesis results in reduced centriole numbers and fertility (PubMed:30013109). On the contrary RNAi-mediated knockdown after centriole biogenesis does not affect the number of centrioles, but affects maturation of a full-length cilium basal body and reduces fertility (PubMed:30013109).
The 35 nM long coiled-coil domain mediates homodimerization while the globular N-terminus links the dimers at an angle of 40 degrees to form the inner ring.
'Vreteno' means 'woolspinning spindle' in Bulgarian, referring to its eggshell phenotype.
Both female and male vret mutants are sterile.
Gonad-specific protein essential for germline development to repress transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for the germline integrity. Acts via the piRNA metabolic process in both germline and somatic gonadal tissues by mediating the repression of transposable elements during meiosis. Required for primary piRNA biogenesis in both germline and somatic gonadal tissues.
Possible regulator involved in a circadian clock input pathway.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Kinesin II subfamily.
Expressed primarily in the central nervous system and in a subset of the peripheral nervous system during embryogenesis.
Plus-end directed microtubule motor that may be used for anterograde axonal transport and could conceivably move cargos in fly neurons different than those moved by kinesin heavy chain or other plus-end directed motors.
Belongs to the MIA/OTOR family. Tango1 subfamily.
Deletion of 12 residues at position 1268 causing a frameshift.
Deletion of 172 residues at position 924.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in basal membrane proteins such as vkg, LanB1 and Trol accumulating in the basal ER.
Required for protein secretion (PubMed:16452979, PubMed:23369713). May participate in cargo loading by binding to COPII coat subunits and guiding SH3-bound proteins into a growing carrier (PubMed:16452979). At basal transitional ER sites in follicle epithelial cells, mediates the exit of basal membrane protein such as vkg, LanB1 and Trol, from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to basal Golgi clusters (PubMed:23369713).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, low level of expression in larvae. Expression in embryos is found within syncytial blastoderm, cellular blastoderm and gastrulation stages.
Expressed in the developing salivary gland at late stages of embryogenesis. Also expressed in brain, neuroblast and wing disk.
May be involved in a redox-related process. Required for survival and specifically for salivary gland morphogenesis.
Activity increases following DNA damage.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Negative regulator of wg signaling (PubMed:22095083). Phosphorylates arm directly or indirectly and stimulates its degradation which prevents inappropriate wg signaling (PubMed:11955436, PubMed:11927557, PubMed:22095083). Phosphorylates smo which promotes its accumulation at the cell surface and its signaling activity in response to hh (PubMed:15616566). Together with dco, regulates proteolytic processing of ci by phosphorylating it, which promotes its binding to slmb, the F-box recognition component of the SCF(slmb) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for ci processing (PubMed:16326393). Inhibits condensin II interphase activity by promoting degradation of the Cap-H2 regulatory subunit and limiting the levels of chromatin-bound Cap-H2 which regulates interphase chromosome organization (PubMed:25723539).
Expressed during early embryogenesis and in adult females (at protein level).
Phosphorylated. The dephosphorylated kinase is active in the cytoplasm while the active kinase in the nucleus is phosphorylated.
Adapter protein which interacts with C-terminal portion of mbc, homolog of human DOCK180. May play a role in cellular processes throughout development.
Embryonic zygotic expression is seen in invaginating presumptive mesoderm and ectodermally derived tissues during gastrulation. At stage 8, expression is also seen in anterior and posterior midgut and cephalic furrow. By stage 9, expression is highest in visceral mesoderm of anterior and posterior midgut, ventral nerve cord and somatic mesoderm.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout embryogenesis, declines during larval stages and reappears during pupation.
Involved in transport of proteins into the mitochondrion. Essential for embryonic development (By similarity).
The potassium channel is probably composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming alpha subunits that can associate with modulating beta subunits.
Embryonic and adult stages (PubMed:8000074, PubMed:16556608, PubMed:16676361). Also detected in larvae (PubMed:16556608).
Expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of adults and larvae (PubMed:31309630). In the adult brain, increased levels of expression in the mushroom body (MB) and neurosecretory cells (PubMed:27430952).
Inhibited by 2-guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid (GEMSA).
Larvae lethal (PubMed:16556608, PubMed:20386952). Larvae die around the first molt at the first or second instar stage (PubMed:16556608).
Metallocarboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from peptides and proteins (PubMed:16556608, PubMed:31309630, PubMed:20600119, PubMed:12393882, PubMed:20386952). Functionally important for processing a broad range of proteins including growth factors, peptide hormones (such as Akh) and neuropeptides (PubMed:16556608, PubMed:27430952, PubMed:31309630, PubMed:20600119, PubMed:20386952). Consequently, it is involved in a wide range of processes including viability, memory formation, locomotive activity, wing formation, and peptide-regulated behaviors such as starvation-induced hyperactivity, appetitive gustatory preference, and cold and ethanol sensitivity (PubMed:27430952, PubMed:31309630, PubMed:20600119, PubMed:20386952). Key enzyme in neuropeptide processing (PubMed:31309630). Involved in regulation of memory formation, possibly via the insulin pathway in neurosecretory cells (PubMed:27430952).
Named 'silver' because mutants form cuticular structures that are pale and silvery in color due to reduced melanization.
The C-terminus in isoforms 4, 5 and 6 may be required for the retrograde transport of these proteins from the cell membrane to the trans-Golgi network.
There are 3 carboxypeptidase-like domains (PubMed:12393882, PubMed:20386952). Only the first two domains seem to have catalytic activity (PubMed:12393882, PubMed:16556608, PubMed:20386952). However, in svr proteins there are two alternative carboxypeptidase-like 1 domains (CP-1), a catalytically inactive 1A form (in isoforms 3, 4 and 6) and an active 1B form (in isoforms 1, 5, and 7) (PubMed:12393882). All 3 carboxypeptidase-like domains (active CP-1, CP-2 and CP-3) appear to necessary for maintaining full viability (PubMed:20386952). The active CP-1 and CP-2 domains display redundant functions in terms of processing peptides involved in viability, and in behaviors like cold and ethanol sensitivity, as well as long-term memory (PubMed:20386952). However, the active CP-1 domain appears to preferentially remove C-terminal Arg residues while CP-2 preferentially removes C-terminal Lys residues (PubMed:20386952). The active CP-1 is sufficient for survival (PubMed:16556608). The CP-3 domain appears to be important for development from embryo to adult (PubMed:20386952).
Expressed in cells of the developing foregut and hindgut during germ band retraction and later embryonic stages. Expressed in the wing disk, mainly in the posterior compartment in the pteropleural and medial regions extending into the progenitors of the scutellum. High levels are found within the posterior and anterior compartments of the wing pouch and low levels in the hinge region. In the eye/antennal disk, expression is highest anterior to the morphogenetic furrow and in the medial regions with lower levels of expression posterior to the morphogenetic furrow. Expressed throughout the posterior compartment of the leg imaginal disks and within the ventral anterior compartment.
Expressed throughout development with peaks of transcription during early embryogenesis, in pupae, and in adult males.
Flies exhibit transparent larvae, and a reduction of the adult wing size.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:1601181). Interacts with nord and dpp (PubMed:35037619).
Required for the growth of imaginal tissues and for patterning of the adult wing.
Essential protein, may play a role in mRNA production or stability.
Present throughout development. Most abundant in embryos, pupae and adult females.
Probably interacts with an RNA-binding protein.
Belongs to the calcium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. MINPP1 subfamily.
Homodimer (via C-terminus); dimerization appears to be required for its trans-Golgi localization but not for its function and centriolar localization (PubMed:33704067). Interacts (via C-terminus) with Rab6; binds Rab6 as a homodimer, this interaction seems to be required for trans-Golgi localization (PubMed:33704067). Interacts (via C-terminus) with Sas-6; binds as a monomer to a Sas-6 homodimer (PubMed:29892014, PubMed:33704067).
Required for centriole duplication likely through its interaction with Sas-6 (PubMed:29892014, PubMed:33704067). During embryogenesis, maternally provided protein is required for centrosome duplication and nuclear division cycles of the syncytial embryos (PubMed:29892014). In femoral chordotonal organs, required for sensory cilia structural integrity and functionality necessary for motor coordination (PubMed:29892014). In male germline, has a role in cytokinesis which seems dependent on its localization to the Golgi (PubMed:29892014).
Viable (PubMed:29892014). Loss of daughter centrioles and asymmetrical mother centriole-derived basal body results in defective nine-fold symmetry of cilia in neurosensory organs and therefore motor coordination defects (PubMed:29892014, PubMed:33704067). Plp-associated structures are also disorganized but ciliary structures are still present in the scolopale rods (PubMed:29892014). Males are fertile, whereas female are sterile (PubMed:29892014). Results in failure to duplicate centrosomes in embryos and diploid larval tissues (PubMed:29892014).
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin coats are formed from molecules containing 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains.
There is no evidence of the neuronal splice variant found in vertebrates.
Expressed at a high level in seven cells of each larval brain hemisphere that may correspond to neurosecretory cells.
Expressed in the larva, but not in the embryo.
Eye disks and ovaries (PubMed:1295747). Expressed in larval fat body (PubMed:23919485).
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase involved in development and the imd/NF-kappa-B (IMD) signaling cascade (PubMed:23919485, PubMed:1295747). Required for eye and embryo development, and plays a role in compound eye assembly and oogenesis respectively (PubMed:1295747). In the larval eye disks, cells outside the assembling facets require this protein for short-range cell interactions that prevent the mystery cells from becoming photoreceptors (PubMed:1295747). Also required for nuclear migration and cellularization in early embryogenesis and could play a role in pole cell determination, development or function (PubMed:1295747). Regulates the IMD signaling cascade at later stages of infection (around 6 hours post-infection) by inhibiting the expression of the antimicrobial peptides Dpt and Dro (PubMed:23919485). Acts by modulating the state of imd polyubiquitination and/or stability; a function which appears to be independent of its enzymatic activity (PubMed:23919485). In turn, imd enhances the polyubiquitination and stability of faf suggesting that they may form a regulatory feedback mechanism within the Imd pathway (PubMed:23919485).
Ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination is enhanced by the expression of imd.
Expressed predominantly in embryonic and larval stages.
Strongly induced by cadmium, copper and mercury.
This protein binds cations of several transition elements. Thought to be involved in metal ion homeostasis.
Expressed at low levels from early embryos to adults; maximal expression in third instar larvae.
Involved in the biosynthesis of L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope on both glycolipids and glycoproteins. Shows strict specificity for Gal-beta-1,3-Gal-beta-1,4-Xyl, exhibiting negligible incorporation into other galactoside substrates.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35D subfamily.
Involved in the import of UDP-sugars from the cytoplasm into the Golgi lumen.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is seen in third larval instar, pupae, and adults.
Homodimer (PubMed:28388438). In the circadian pacemaker neurons, core component of the Atx2-tyf activator complex composed of at least Atx2, tyf, pAbp, Lsm12a (PubMed:28388438). In the circadian pacemaker neurons, also a core component of the Atx2-Not1 repressor complex composed of at least Atx2, tyf, pAbp, me31B (PubMed:28388438). Interacts (via PAM2 motif) with pAbp (PubMed:28388438). Interacts (via N-terminus) with tyf independently of pAbp (PubMed:28388438). Forms a subcomplex composed of Atx2 and pAbP which can associate with the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs independently of tyf, Lsm12a or me31B (PubMed:28388438). Interacts with Lsm12a and me31B (PubMed:28388438).
RNA binding protein that regulates various processes including circadian behaviors, actin filament formation, eye development and oocyte formation (PubMed:12524342, PubMed:28388438). Forms a complex with tyf and pAbp which functions in adult circadian pacemaker neurons to sustain circadian rhythms likely by switching between activator and repressor modes of post-transcriptional regulation via interaction with Lsm12a or me31B (PubMed:28388438). Forms an activator complex (Atx2-tyf activator complex) via association with Lsm12a and activates the TYF-dependent translation of per to maintain 24 hour periodicity in circadian locomotor behaviors (PubMed:28388438). Forms a repressor complex (Atx2-Not1 repressor complex) via the me31B-dependent association with Not1 to promote Not1-dependent post-transcriptional gene silencing and support high-amplitude circadian rhythms in a per-independent manner (PubMed:28388438). Regulates actin filament formation, though it does not directly assemble with actin filaments (PubMed:12524342). Required for oocyte specification and oocyte positioning in the female germline (PubMed:12524342). Also required for normal eye development and bristle morphology (PubMed:12524342).
The PAM2 motif, and therefore interaction with pAbp, is essential for binding to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP). The regulatory particle is made of a lid composed of 9 subunits including PSMD13, a base containing 6 ATPases and few additional components.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 30 family.
DNA-binding protein involved in single-strand DNA break repair, double-strand DNA break repair and base excision repair. Resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates formed either at base excision sites, or when DNA ligases attempt to repair non-ligatable breaks induced by reactive oxygen species. Catalyzes the release of adenylate groups covalently linked to 5'-phosphate termini, resulting in the production of 5'-phosphate termini that can be efficiently rejoined (By similarity).
The C2H2-type zinc finger mediates DNA-binding.
The HIT domain is required for enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family.
Specifically phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Component of the SCF-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex.
Substrate recognition component of a SCF-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that promotes target-directed microRNA degradation (TDMD), a process that mediates degradation of microRNAs (miRNAs) (PubMed:33184237). The SCF-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex acts by catalyzing ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of AGO1, thereby exposing miRNAs for degradation (By similarity).
Embryos homozygous for a null allele of the gene are viable and do not display gross developmental defects, developing to adult stage, albeit with a slightly decreased viability (PubMed:20805893). Homozygous females are sterile, laying rare embryos that display no sign of development (PubMed:20805893). Mutant flies display increased lethality at extreme temperatures (PubMed:20805893).
May play a role in the stabilization of the actin-rich cell cortex during cell division.
There is a maternal contribution to the expression during the early stages of embryogenesis (PubMed:20805893). Zygotic expression is ubiquitous but reinforced in several embryonic tissues (PubMed:20805893). From stage 11 to 12, accumulates in the developing tracheal system, then in subsets of cells composing the central nervous system (PubMed:20805893). Finally, from stage-15, it is also strongly expressed in the gonads (PubMed:20805893).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. Required for proper telomere behavior during cell divisions and possibly for ubiquitination of proteins involved in postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. Deletion mutations are lethal in homozygotes.
A paper showing that the protein forms homodimers via the BTB domain has been retracted by the authors, due to concerns regarding the validity of their data. However, they still consider that their main conclusions may be correct and require further testing.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. PR/SET subfamily.
Histone methyltransferase that specifically monomethylates 'Lys-20' of histone H4. H4 'Lys-20' monomethylation is enriched during mitosis and represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. Mainly functions in euchromatin regions, thereby playing a central role in the silencing of euchromatic genes. Required for cell proliferation, possibly by contributing to the maintenance of proper higher-order structure of DNA and chromosome condensation during mitosis.
Present in ovary, early embryos and throughout the development (at protein level). Deposed in the egg during oogenesis.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c. The ATP synthase complex/complex V exists as a monomeric and a dimeric supercomplex that helps shape mitochondrial cristae to optimize proton flow.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. ATP5MK is a minor subunit of the mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase required for dimerization of the ATP synthase complex and as such regulates ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
Constitutes one of the two catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex, a complex responsible for identification and cleavage of the splice sites in pre-tRNA. It cleaves pre-tRNA at the 5'- and 3'-splice sites to release the intron. The products are an intron and two tRNA half-molecules bearing 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH termini. There are no conserved sequences at the splice sites, but the intron is invariably located at the same site in the gene, placing the splice sites an invariant distance from the constant structural features of the tRNA body.
Expressed throughout development with lower levels during larval development.
May have a role in germline development.
Uniform distribution throughout embryonic development, with slightly higher expression in pole cells.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to ethyl acetate and pentyl acetate.
Lethal with most dying before pupation (PubMed:16713954). Mitochondria in the testis and skeletal muscles display morphological defects indicative of defective mitochondrial fusion (PubMed:16713954). The few escapers that survive to adulthood, display neurological defects, male sterility, and do not survive for longer than three days (PubMed:16713954). Also displays photoreceptor degeneration after prolonged light stimulation and abnormal photoreceptor synaptic function which specifically affects both the generation of light responses and the signal transfer across the first visual synapse (PubMed:16713954).
Mitochondrial intramembrane protease which plays a critical role in the regulation of mitochondrial function (PubMed:16713954, PubMed:21945938). Essential for mitochondrial development and fusion during spermatogenesis and the development of neurons and muscles (PubMed:16713954, PubMed:21945938). Essential for proteolytic processing of Pink1 and HtrA2 into their mature forms (PubMed:19048081). May also be involved, but not required, for the proteolytic processing of Opa1 (PubMed:19048081, PubMed:21945938).
Although this enzyme belongs to the family of MTA phosphorylases based on sequence homology, it lacks several conserved amino acids in the substrate binding pocket that confer specificity towards MTA.
Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family. MTAP subfamily.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase involved in purine salvage.
Ellipsoid body ring neurons in the adult brain and in the lower Malpighian tubule and ureter.
Highest abundance during larval stage (prior to the secretion of pupal cuticle) and adult stage.
Important role in neural and renal epithelial function.
Forms part of a macromolecular complex that catalyzes the attachment of specific amino acids to cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.
Binds a dinuclear copper A center per subunit.
Expressed from embryogenesis to the first instar larval stage, then at the pupal stage. Not expressed at significant levels in the adult.
Amino acid transporter which has pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for alanine and glycine but not for proline (PubMed:15843412). Plays a role in positive regulation of growth by directly or indirectly modulating the effects of the TOR signaling pathway (PubMed:15843412, PubMed:22574197). Required in a cell-autonomous manner for dendrite growth in neurons with large dendrite arbors (PubMed:26735916, PubMed:26063572).
In third instar larvae, expressed at highest levels in the brain and digestive system with particularly high levels in surface glia of the brain (at protein level) (PubMed:26735916). In third instar larvae, expressed in all cells of the body wall (at protein level) (PubMed:26063572). Within the body wall of third instar larvae, most highly expressed in epithelial cells and sensory neurons (PubMed:26735916). Expressed at a similar level in all da neurons (at protein level). Widely expressed during embryonic and late larval stages. Levels are highly dynamic in embryogenesis with surges of expression in many structures, including muscle primordia, salivary glands, proventriculus, trachea and gonads. Expressed in all or most cells of larval imaginal disks. Expression is also particularly strong in the pouch and hinge regions of the wing disk and in the morphogenetic furrow of the eye disk (PubMed:15843412).
Severe dendrite growth defects in class IV da neurons which normally have large dendrite arbors, moderate defects in class III neurons which normally have medium-sized dendrite arbors and no effect in class I or III neurons which normally have small dendrite arbors (PubMed:26063572). Induction of starvation response and altered protein homeostasis in class III and IV neurons (PubMed:26063572). Severe defects in axon growth with mutants showing no defects 48 hours after egg laying (AEL) but severe defects apparent by 120 hours AEL (PubMed:26735916).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. mRNA cap 0 methyltransferase family.
mRNA-capping methyltransferase that methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Binds RNA containing 5'-terminal GpppC (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA (By similarity). The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) transfer of adenylate to an RNA-N3'P to produce RNA-N3'PP5'A; (C) and attack of the adjacent 2'-hydroxyl on the 3'-phosphorus in the diester linkage to produce the cyclic end product (By similarity). Likely functions in some aspects of cellular RNA processing (By similarity). Function plays an important role in a RNA repair and splicing pathway which controls axon regeneration in response to peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) injury (PubMed:25961792, PubMed:31919191). In response to axotomy, negatively regulates splicing of Xbp1 which in turn activates downstream effectors which inhibit axon regeneration, including down-regulating the microtubule regulators ringer and futsch (PubMed:25961792, PubMed:31919191).
Catalyzes the conversion of 3'-phosphate to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester at the end of RNA. The mechanism of action of the enzyme occurs in 3 steps: (A) adenylation of the enzyme by ATP; (B) transfer of adenylate to an RNA-N3'P to produce RNA-N3'PP5'A; (C) and attack of the adjacent 2'-hydroxyl on the 3'-phosphorus in the diester linkage to produce the cyclic end product. The biological role of this enzyme is unknown but it is likely to function in some aspects of cellular RNA processing.
In larvae, detected in various types of multidendritic neurons including class IV and class III dendritic arborization (da) neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:25961792). In larvae, expressed in class IV da neurons, and tissues in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the ventral nerve cord (VNC) (PubMed:25961792).
Severed axons of RNAi-mediated knockdown class III dendritic arborization (da) neurons, display increased regeneration.
Interacts with CLIP-190 and spectrin separately.
Lva and spectrin may form a Golgi-based scaffold that mediates interaction of Golgi bodies with microtubules and facilitates Golgi-derived membrane secretion required for the formation of furrows during cellularization (PubMed:11076973). Under starvation conditions recruited by ema to developing autophagsosomes where it may function in autophagosome growth (PubMed:22493244).
Highly expressed in the embryonic and larval nervous system.
Interacts with PlexA. Interacts with Rho1 and with the active forms of Rac1 and Rac2. Interacts with Sema-2a.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryonic salivary glands (SG) results in lumenal irregularities in the SG (PubMed:27618755). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males, significantly reduces survival to 40 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 9 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown also increases activity, at least during the light cycle, and results in a significant loss of motor neurons in each thoracic cluster (T1, T2, T3) (PubMed:37041188).
Transmembrane receptor that binds the molecular guidance cue Sema2a, to regulate axon guidance and possibly salivary gland positioning in embryos (PubMed:11604137, PubMed:16672342). Acts as a receptor for Sema2a and seems to transduce signal by suppressing Rac activity and enhancing Rho activity (PubMed:11604137, PubMed:16672342). As transmembrane receptor for Sema2a, involved in peripheral and central nervous system axon guidance (PubMed:11604137, PubMed:16672342, PubMed:27618755). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival, motor neuron surival, and is important for climbing behavior and activity (PubMed:37041188). During embryogenesis, plays an important role in correct salivary gland positioning (PubMed:27618755).
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. Purple acid phosphatase family.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-5 (PP-T) subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Involved in the innate immune response. Promotes the production of antibacterial peptides.
Required for efficient assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase.
Involved in the first step (and regulatory point) of the de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, where it catalyzes the transfer of glutamine amide to 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Reduction in viability and frequent wing defects.
Belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose.
Defects in synapse differentiation and growth; undergrowth resulting in reduced numbers of boutons and/or branches.
Probable substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). May have a role in synapse differentiation and growth.
Mutant flies survive until adulthood but exhibit flight defects and poor locomotion (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:27919081, PubMed:28675155). Flies display sexual transformations dues to Sxl splicing defects (PubMed:27919081, PubMed:28675155).
Regulator of alternative splicing that specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:27919081, PubMed:28675155). Acts by acting as a reader of m6A methylation (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:27919081). Required for sex determination and dosage compensation via Sxl alternative splicing: m6A methylation acts as a key regulator of Sxl pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:27919081, PubMed:28675155). M6A methylation is also required for neuronal functions (PubMed:27919077).
Belongs to the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Has an important function as a repair enzyme for proteins that have been inactivated by oxidation. Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine (PubMed:12145281, PubMed:30529269). Does not catalyze the reverse reaction involving the oxidation of methionine residues (PubMed:30529269).
Unlike mammalian MSRA, lacks methionine oxidase activity because Cys-232 cannot function as a resolving cysteine to perform the disulfide exchange and instead remains as a free thiol (PubMed:30529269). As a result, the active site cysteine is trapped in disulfide linkage with Cys-246 and is therefore unable to react with a second molecule of methionine sulfoxide to complete methionine oxidation (PubMed:30529269).
MLC2 has at least two isoforms in each type of muscle and the isoforms of tubular muscle differ slightly from those of fibrillar muscle. These isoforms may arise through post-translational modifications.
High levels in the central nervous system (at protein level).
Mediates the transfer of lipids between membranes at organelle contact sites (By similarity). Plays a role in the survival of neurons by maintaining protein homeostasis in the central nervous system (PubMed:28107480). May function as part of a lysosomal degradation pathway (PubMed:28107480).
Involved in the assembly of mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins. Probably involved in the binding of an intermediate of Fe/S cluster assembly (By similarity). Required for maintenance of circadian rhythms under constant darkness (PubMed:22885802).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the LAPTM4/LAPTM5 transporter family.
Bifunctional basic transcription factor. Activates transcription of DPE (Downstream Promoter Element) containing promoters while repressing transcription of promoters which contain TATA elements (PubMed:11062130). Together with Chrac-14, promotes nucleosome sliding of ATP-dependent nucelosome remodeling complexes (PubMed:18327268).
Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268). Homodimer (PubMed:18327268). Interacts with NC2-alpha/Drap1 to form the dNC2 complex (PubMed:11062130).
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Belongs to the carnosine N-methyltransferase family.
N-methyltransferase that mediates the formation of anserine (beta-alanyl-N(Pi)-methyl-L-histidine) from carnosine.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Part of a TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2, ERCC3, TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with RARA; the interaction requires prior phosphorylation of RARA on 'Ser-369' which then enhances interaction of RARA with CDK7.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. ALDH1L subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the GART family.
Major protein component of the posterior mating plug. Accessory gland proteins constitute, or are required for formation of the anterior mating plug. Posterior mating plug forms before sperm transfer and the anterior mating plug is formed after the start of mating.
Specifically expressed in the ejaculatory bulb and seminal fluid. Detected in mated females 3 minutes after the start of mating, and for at least 3 hours after the start of mating.
RNA binding protein that regulates the expression of target mRNAs at the translation level. May play a role in the proliferation and maintenance of stem cells in the central nervous system (By similarity).
Component of the EKC/KEOPS complex that is required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. The complex is probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Likely plays a direct catalytic role in this reaction, but requires other protein(s) of the complex to fulfill this activity.
Component of the EKC/KEOPS complex; the whole complex dimerizes.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP2 subfamily.
Required for the formation of cytoplasmic actin filament bundles in nurse cells, possibly by regulating both the polymerization and organization of actin filaments. Mutations in quail result in female sterility due to the disruption of cytoplasmic transport from the nurse cells into the oocyte late in oogenesis.
Larval lethal at the third instar stage. Third-instar larva are decreased in size and display reduced locomotion activity. In third stage larvae body wall preparations, mitochondria are abnormally shaped, disorganized and have a significantly higher density. Oxygen consumption rate (i.e. mitochondrial respiration) is also significantly lower than the controls.
Mitochondrial transporter that imports purine and pyrimidine nucleotides into the mitochondria. Essential for maintaining mitochondrial structure and function. Appears to be important for mitochondrial gene transcription and mitochondrial respiration.
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Detected in follicle cells, germline-derived cells, germline line stem cells and outer rim of ring canals of nurse cells throughout oogenesis (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown increases ethanol sedation sensitivity when first exposed to ethanol and decreases ethanol tolerance following repeated ethanol exposure.
Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067). Mediates membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, such as Akap200 (PubMed:9196067, PubMed:12223401). Might play an essential role in the regulation of neuronal activity in the brain (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067).
Tetramer, composed of 2 regulatory (R) and 2 catalytic (C) subunits (PubMed:9196067). In the presence of cAMP it dissociates into 2 active monomeric C subunits and an R dimer (By similarity). Interacts with Akap200 (PubMed:10480936).
The pseudophosphorylation site binds to the substrate-binding region of the catalytic chain but is not phosphorylated. The physiological significance of phosphorylations by other kinases is unclear (By similarity).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
Hexadecamer of 4 heterotetramers, each composed of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits. Alpha (PHKA1 or PHKA2) and beta (PHKB) are regulatory subunits, gamma (PHKG1 or PHKG2) is the catalytic subunit, and delta is calmodulin.
Cytochrome b5 is a membrane-bound hemoprotein which functions as an electron carrier for several membrane-bound oxygenases.
Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family.
Negative regulator of Yorkie (Yki) in the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein. The Hippo/SWH signaling pathway inhibits the activity of the transcriptional complex formed by Scalloped (sd) and Yki and the target genes of this pathway include cyclin-E (cycE), diap1 and bantam. Inhibits nuclear localization of Yki. Regulates salivary gland degradation in a PI3K-dependent manner and Yki- and Sd-independent, mechanism.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
The L3 protein is a component of the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. NCD subfamily.
Minus-end-directed microtubule-based motor protein (PubMed:2146510, PubMed:8112290, PubMed:27452403). Has ATPase activity (PubMed:27452403). Required for normal chromosomal segregation in meiosis in females, and in early mitotic divisions of the embryo (PubMed:1691829).
Maternally expressed. Highly expressed in ovarian nurse cells and transferred into the nascent oocyte.
The dual subcellular location may be due to some alternative splicing and/or initiation that changes the initiator methionine.
Zinc phosphodiesterase, which displays some tRNA 3'-processing endonuclease activity of nuclear and mitochondrial pre-tRNA. Probably involved in tRNA maturation, by removing a 3'-trailer from precursor tRNA. May participate in tRNA processing in the developing embryo.
As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the heterotrimeric canonical replication protein A complex (RPA).
May play an important role in spermatogenesis and/or testis development.
Broadly expressed in the developing larval central nervous system (at protein level) (PubMed:17055440). Expressed in the larval lymph gland and circulating hemocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:20412771). Expressed in all cell types of the adult testis stem cell niche but not detected in somatic cells of the adult ovary (at protein level) (PubMed:29389999). In the testis, expressed at high levels in cyst stem cells and early cyst cells and, at lower levels, in germline stem cells (at protein level) (PubMed:20412771).
In the mushroom body, abundant at early larval stages, becomes much reduced in wandering larvae and is undetectable in young pupae. Expressed at higher levels in postmitotic neurons born at early postembryonic developmental stages than in later-born neurons of the same lineage.
Inappropriate morphogenesis of larval mushroom body neurons with early-born neurons adopting the fate of late-born neurons from the same lineage (PubMed:17055440). Malformed eyes and head capsules due to defects in eye progenitor cells (PubMed:20412771). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adult cyst stem cells and early cyst cells results in the appearance of cells resembling ovarian follicle cells throughout the testis (PubMed:25453558). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adult cyst stem cells results in loss of expression of the male-specific isoform of transcription factor dsx and leads to male sterility (PubMed:29389999). RNAi-mediated knockdown in imaginal wing disks results in decreased levels of nuclear actin (PubMed:26021350). RNAi-mediated knockdown in adult ovary somatic stem cells results in ovaries which are morphologically indistinguishable from the wild-type while ectopic expression in the adult ovary is sufficient to induce male fate in somatic cells (PubMed:26811385).
Required for morphological differentiation of postmitotic neurons during postembryonic brain development (PubMed:17055440). Ensures production of appropriate neuron subtypes within a lineage by preventing precocious generation of late neuronal types of that lineage (PubMed:17055440). Acts as a downstream mediator of the transcriptional activator Stat92e and is required for the development of the eye-antennal disk which gives rise to the adult eye, antenna and head capsule, for transcriptional repression of the Notch receptor ligand Ser and for the self-renewal of cyst stem cells in the testis (PubMed:20412771). In the adult testis, maintains the male identify of adult somatic cyst stem cells (PubMed:25453558, PubMed:29389999). Represses expression and alternative splicing of transformer pre-mRNA, resulting in the production of the male-specific isoform of transcription factor dsx which ensures male-specific transcription of target genes (PubMed:25453558, PubMed:29389999). Plays a role in actin nuclear localization through its involvement in repressing the expression of the kinase Cdi (PubMed:26021350). This maintains the cofilin/actin-depolymerizing factor homolog tsr in its unphosphorylated state which is required for actin nuclear import (PubMed:26021350).
Cleaved in vitro by metalloproteases tok and tld to produce a 30 kDa product.
Controls several aspects of neuronal morphogenesis; essential for optic lobe development, EcR-B1 expression in larval brains, mushroom body remodeling, dorsal neuron morphogenesis and motoneuron axon guidance. Ligands Actbeta and daw act redundantly through the Activin receptor Babo and its transcriptional mediator Smad2 (Smox), to regulate neuroblast numbers and proliferation rates in the developing larval brain.
Development of larvae with small brains and aberrant photoreceptor axon targeting.
Expressed in embryonic, larval and adult stages.
Homodimer or heterodimer; disulfide-linked.
Dorsal lateral ectoderm, developing central and peripheral nervous systems and the somatic mesoderm. Expressed in dorsal and lateral muscle preclusters and mesodermal fat body precursors.
Embryo, between 4 hours and larval first instar whereupon expression is greatly reduced. Continued expression only in the CNS up until hatching.
Plays a key role in the specification of proneural and promuscular cluster formation (PubMed:8887329, PubMed:9486795). Required for the specification of dorsal and lateral muscle progenitor cells (PubMed:8887329, PubMed:9486795). Regulates development of peripheral nervous system derived from lateral neuroblasts (PubMed:28716930).
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Expressed throughout development, with slightly higher levels of expression in 0-12 hour embryos and adult females.
Interacts with the zeta DNA polymerase complex; interacts (via the N-terminus) with the accessory subunit PolZ2/Rev7 and also interacts with the catalytic component PolZ1, however the interaction with PolZ1 is likely via PolZ2.
Plays a role in the cellular response to oxidative stress by promoting DNA repair mechanisms such as base excision repair and possibly homologous recombination repair (PubMed:1713691, PubMed:16507570). Functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents (PubMed:16507570). Likely to initiate repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends (By similarity). Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER (PubMed:16507570). Has apurinic endonuclease and double-stranded DNA 3'-exonuclease activities and carries out single-stranded DNA renaturation in a Mg(2+)-dependent manner (PubMed:1713691, PubMed:8918793). Activity is more efficient in purine-rich regions of dsDNA than in pyrimidine-rich regions (PubMed:8918793).
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Expressed in cells of the visceral musculature and its anlagen.
May play a role in pattern formation during embryonic and imaginal development. Is not essential for visceral muscle morphogenesis.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes (By similarity). Vital for female fertility. Required for learning/memory (By similarity).
Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes (By similarity). Vital for female fertility. Required for learning/memory.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-429 of isoform II.
Extensively O-glycosylated and also N-glycosylated.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.
High levels of expression in eggs and first instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:16439308). Levels decline between the second and third instar stages, and then increase during the pupal to adult stages (at protein level) (PubMed:16439308). Expressed in the pupal and larval wing (PubMed:20036230). In pupal wings, expression appears to be enhanced in the presumptive longitudinal veins (PubMed:20036230).
Inner nuclear membrane protein (PubMed:16439308). Acts as a negative regulator of the BMP (Dpp) signaling cascade during crossvein development in pupal wings and possibly during synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (PubMed:18723885, PubMed:20036230). Appears to be required for pupal development and consequently transition to the adult stage (PubMed:18723885, PubMed:20036230). During pupal development, plays essential and redundant functions with the other LEM domain proteins; bocks and Ote (PubMed:24700158).
Interacts with Lam and LamC (PubMed:16439308). Interacts with Mad (PubMed:20036230). Interacts (via N-terminus) with baf (PubMed:20036230).
Loss of maternal and zygotic activity results in a reduction in survival at each developmental stage, with mutants rarely surviving to the adult stage (PubMed:18723885). Adult escapers display held out wings and exhibit wing patterning defects with thickened longitudinal veins, a varied number of anterior crossveins, branched posterior crossvein and folded wing blades (PubMed:18723885). In adults, climbing is impaired and their climbing ability further decreases with age (PubMed:18723885). Males are sterile and females display reduced fecundity (PubMed:18723885). No significant decrease in adult survival, however double mutants with either Ote or bocks do not survive to the adult stage (PubMed:24700158). No effect on nuclear envelope formation (PubMed:18723885). Larval brain size and imaginal disks are normal in double mutants with either Ote or bocks (PubMed:24700158).
Expressed throughout development, from embryo to adult stage (at protein level).
Forms a well-packed pentamer with an overall cylindrical shape. The inner core of the pentamer is formed with the second transmembrane region and the second coiled-coil region: while the transmembrane regions pack into a five-helix bundle having a largely polar pore across the membrane, the coiled-coil outside the membrane forms a pentamer with a hydrophobic core. The inner core is wrapped by the first transmembrane region through contacts between the first and the second transmembrane regions. The second transmembrane is followed by the inner juxtamembrane region (IJMH) that orients at a wide angle relative to the second transmembrane. The two core domains are held together on the periphery by the outer juxtamembrane helix (OJMH).
Inhibited by ruthenium red or its derivative Ru360.
It is unclear whether the absence of MCU causes lethality (PubMed:28726639, PubMed:27568554). According to a report based on a genetic knockout, it is viable (PubMed:28726639). According to a report based on RNAi-mediated knockdown, it is lethal (PubMed:27568554).
Mitochondrial calcium uptake defects (PubMed:28726639). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons and mushroom body neurons, from third instar larva to pupation stage, results in impaired mitochondrial calcium entry, decreased synaptic vesicle content, increased mushroom body neuron length and field volume which lead to decreased intermediate-term memory after conditioning (PubMed:27568554). Does not affect olfactory learning (PubMed:27568554).
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria (PubMed:28726639). Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit (PubMed:28726639). Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways (PubMed:28726639). Together with Itpr, has a role in oxidative stress-induced ER-mitochondria calcium transfer (PubMed:28726639). During pupation, required for memory function in mushroom body neurons (PubMed:27568554).
The critical DXXE motif connecting the transmembrane regions forms a pentameric barrel that constitutes the mouth of the pore. Inside the barrel, two acidic residues are in position to form two carboxylate rings.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Vasopressin/oxytocin receptor subfamily.
Binds to the cardioactive peptide (CCAP), which is a neuropeptide.
Expressed in all stages, with abundance in embryo and only very weakly in larvae.
In adults, expressed abundantly in the head and very weakly in the body.
Maximally expressed at predawn or early morning.
Transcriptional regulator. Binds and recognize ATTG sites.
During embryogenesis, expression is in a segmental pattern in the ectoderm and in the nervous system. In the eye imaginal disks, expression in photoreceptor cells begins a few rows posterior to the morphogenetic furrow. Also expressed in the wing disk. In the adult, expression is seen in the retina and lamina.
Flies exhibit transformation of the eye mystery cells, which are usually non-neuronal, into extra photoreceptors, and supernumerary cone cells and pigment cells are also recruited. Mutants also exhibit abnormal head involution, a change in a number of sensilla in the antennomaxillary complex and abnormal morphogenesis of the maxillary palp and wings in later stages.
Regulates cell determination; development of ommatidia and optic lobe. Is a signaling molecule involved in the process of axon pathfinding in the eye. Part of the Ras pathway regulating programmed cell death in pupal eyes; activated by lozenge (lz). Antagonist for the Egfr receptor (gurken). Inhibits Egfr signaling without interacting directly with the receptor, but instead by sequestering the Egfr-activating ligand spitz (spi).
The three two-fingered repeats tightly encircle spi, providing the basis for it's sequestration. The first repeat harbors a 120 AA insert specific to drosophilidae.
Circadian regulator that acts as a transcription factor and generates a rhythmic output with a period of about 24 hours. Oscillates in antiphase to the cycling observed for period (PER) and timeless (TIM). According to PubMed:9742131, reaches peak abundance within several hours of the dark-light transition at ZT0 (zeitgeber 0), whereas PubMed:9616122 describes bimodal oscillating expression with maximum at ZT5 and ZT23. Clock-cycle heterodimers activate cycling transcription of PER and TIM by binding to the E-box (5'-CACGTG-3') present in their promoters. Once induced, Period and Timeless block Clock's ability to transactivate their promoters.
Contains three polyglutamine repeats which could correspond to the transactivation domain. The length of the repeats is polymorphic. In the arrhythmic mutant JRK, deletion of this region leads to the loss of circadian rhythmicity and altered light response.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Forms a heterodimer with Cycle.
The variability in length of the polyglutamine stretch is due to polymorphism of this region. Variant B encodes two conceptual proteins, the first consists only of the bHLH domain, the other consists of the PAS-1 and all C-terminal domains. Variant B is expressed weakly at all the times of the day, and it cycles in phase with the full-length form.
Widely expressed. Found in head, body, and appendage fractions.
Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically from embryos to adults. High expression is seen in embryos, pupae and adults (highest in early pupae) and low expression in larvae.
Expressed in dynamic domains in the embryonic epidermis, many of which border on sites of epithelial invagination into the embryo interior, including ventral furrow, cephalic furrow, fore- and hindgut, optic lobe and tracheal pits. Later in embryogenesis, expression is seen in imaginal tissues.
May play an essential role in neuronal pathway recognition and ventral muscle attachment site selection.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). The elongator complex catalyzes the formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Receptor for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
May be required for traffic between late Golgi and early endosomes.
Expressed throughout embryonic, larval and adult development. Not maternally expressed.
Homeotic protein that acts downstream of Arm in the Wg cascade during embryogenesis to determine segment identity throughout the entire trunk. Acts cooperatively with other trunk homeotic proteins to repress head homeotic genes and therefore repress head segmental identity. Necessary, in combination with Scr, for the formation of the prothoracic segment. Promotes eye development in the dorsal region of the eye disk and suppresses eye development in the ventral region in combination with Wg-signaling and several early dorso-ventral eye patterning genes. Required for proper development of proximal leg segments. Has differential functions along the dorso-ventral axs of the antennal and leg disks. May play a role in wing hinge development. Possible involvement in chromatin structure for modulation of transcription. Binds DNA and can act as both a transcriptional repressor and activator. Positively regulates its own expression as well as that of Dll. Negatively regulates the expression of mod. Required for Wg-mediated transcriptional repression of Ubx in the midgut. Also represses transcription of lab in the midgut and is necessary for the proper formation of anterior and central midgut structures. Tiptop (tio) and teashirt (tsh) have, on the whole, common activities. Tio and tsh repress each other's expression and tsh has a crucial role for trunk patterning that is in part masked by ectopic expression of tiptop. Both genes share a common activity required for the activation of Ser and svb and the maintenance of en and wg.
Shows a dynamic expression pattern during embryogenesis. Expressed in the embryonic trunk region (PS 3-13) with expression strongest in the thoracic segments. Expressed in a small group of cells corresponding to the anal tuft from stage 14. Strongly expressed in the embryonic ventral nerve cord. Also expressed in the proximal domain of the leg imaginal disk and in the region of the wing disk that will give rise to the proximal wing hinge. Expressed at high levels in the anterior and central embryonic midgut mesoderm and in the embryonic midgut endoderm. Expressed at a low level in more posterior visceral mesoderm of the gut. From stage 12 onwards, tsh and tio are colocalized in some cells of the CNS, trunk epidermis, hindgut and Malpighian tubules.
Is involved in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides and may be involved in the metabolism of insect hormones.
Expressed throughout development, with the highest levels occurring during late larval stages, then falling drastically during pupariation.
At the end of embryogenesis, accumulates in the gut and muscles.
Mutant males show multiple meiotic phenotypes such as a failure of chromosome segregation, cytokinesis and mitochondrial partition. Defects in spindle pole organization and spindle formation. Mutant-derived syncytial embryos show a range of mitotic phenotypes, including failure of centrosomes to migrate around the nuclear envelope, detachment of centrosomes from spindle poles, the formation of multipolar spindle arrays and cytokinetic defects.
Phosphorylated on threonine and serine residues (PubMed:30772175). During oogenesis, phosphorylation on Ser-1119 by Pink1 at the outer membrane of defective mitochondria, impairs its ability to promote local translation and mtDNA replication thus reducing transmission of deleterious mtDNA mutations to the mature oocyte (PubMed:30772175).
RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of specific target mRNA species downstream of the mTORC1 complex, in function of growth signals and nutrient availability. Interacts on the one hand with the 3' poly-A tails that are present in all mRNA molecules, and on the other hand with the 7-methylguanosine cap structure of mRNAs containing a 5' terminal oligopyrimidine (5'TOP) motif, which is present in mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and several components of the translation machinery (PubMed:17951964, PubMed:19631203, PubMed:30772175, PubMed:35413237). The interaction with the 5' end of mRNAs containing a 5'TOP motif leads to translational repression. Associates with actively translating ribosomes and stimulates translation of mRNAs containing a 5'TOP motif, thereby regulating protein synthesis, and as a consequence, cell growth and proliferation (PubMed:35413237).
Unusual initiator. The initiator methionine is coded by a non-canonical ATA isoleucine codon.
Involved in an early step of the mitochondrial complex IV assembly process.
In addition to expression in a large number of taste neurons, Gr28a is also expressed in a few nonchemosensory neurons, including the campaniform sensilla of the wing, leg stretch receptors, and multiple dendritic (MD) neurons in the abdomen. In larvea, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ, the dorsal external chemosensory organ, as well as in the ventral and posterior pharyngeal sense organ.
Probable gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates (By similarity). Atypical expression suggests also nongustatory roles in the nervous system and tissues involved in proprioception, hygroreception, and other sensory modalities. It is also possible that it has chemosensory roles in the detection of internal ligands.
RNAi-mediated knockdown induces autophagy in larvae under basal and fasting conditions with larvae showing an increased number of autophagosomes. Decreased larval survival following treatment with tunicamycin. Impaired pupal salivary gland degradation with pupae undergoing autophagy prematurely by six hours after puparium formation. Increased adult survival during nutrient starvation.
Suppressor of apoptosis (By similarity). Modulates unfolded protein response signaling (PubMed:19328063). Negatively regulates autophagy and autophagosome formation, especially during periods of nutrient deprivation, and reduces cell survival during starvation (PubMed:21926971).
Not detected in pregastrula embryos. Upon gastrulation, detected in the epidermis and visceral mesoderm. The expression pattern undergoes a pronounced change, such that epidermal expression decreases to background levels while mesodermal expression remains high. Visceral mesoderm expression decreases once formation of the gut tube is complete. Concurrently, central nervous system expression intensifies. Also detected in the peripheral nervous system.
Together with Abl, involved in embryonic axonal development.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL12 family.
Detected in larvae and expressed from the late pupal stage onwards. Highest levels of expression in adults.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase (PubMed:22961380). Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs (PubMed:14973490, PubMed:22961380). Involved in exon definition of genes containing long introns, including the rolled/MAPK gene (PubMed:20946982, PubMed:20946983). Has a role in oskar mRNA localization at the posterior pole of the developing oocyte (PubMed:14973490).
Localizes to the posterior pole of the oocyte during stages 1-9 of oogenesis, where it colocalizes with mago.
Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC) complex; the core complex contains btz/CASC3, eIF4AIII, mago and tsu/RBM8A (PubMed:14973490, PubMed:22961380). Interacts with btz/CASC3 and mago (PubMed:14973490). Interacts with ncm/CWC22 (PubMed:22961380).
Cleaves A-5'-PPP-5'A to yield AMP and ADP.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the UPF0012 family.
Defective heart morphogenesis leading to lethality.
Expressed in presumptive heart cells during dorsal closure.
In contrast to ance, does not hydrolyze angiotensin I.
Inhibited by captopril, lisinopril, trandolaprilat, fosinoprilat and enalaprilat.
May be involved in the specific maturation or degradation of a number of bioactive peptides. May have a role in the specification of heart progenitors.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Expressed in neural precursors and their daughter cells in the embryonic peripheral nervous system. Less abundant in a number of glial cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems and also present at low levels in the developing gut.
May play a role in the development or function of the peripheral nervous system by regulating the processing of nervous system-specific transcripts.
Mutations cause hypoactive behavior in adults.
Unusual initiator. The initiator methionine is coded by a non-canonical CTC leucine codon.
Hydrolase that deubiquitinates target proteins.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL51 family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates.
Expressed exclusively in a subset of neuroblasts in the embryonic and larval central nervous system (CNS), as well as in several larval imaginal disk tissues. Co-expressed with sqz in a subset of neurons in the embryonic ventral nerve cord and with rn in a circular domain of the distal-most area of the wing disk.
Interacts with sqz and rn. Able to bind mammalian EGR1 but not Drosophila EGR-like protein klu.
Larval locomotion defects and early larval lethality (L1-L2). In the CNS, axon outgrowth/guidance and glial development appear normal; however, a subset of eve(+) neurons forms in reduced numbers.
Regulated by vestigial (vg) in the wing.
The NAB conserved domain 2 (NCD2) is necessary for transcriptional repression.
Transcriptional regulator that can both act as a coactivator or a corepressor depending on the context. Lacks DNA-binding domains and acts by associating with other transcription factors such as rotund (rn) and squeeze (sqz). Acts as a coactivator of sqz and is required to limit the number of neurons that express the LIM-homeodomain gene apterous and to specify Tv neuronal fate. Acts as corepressor of rn in wing development and is required to limit the expression of wingless (wg) in the wing hinge, where wg plays a mitogenic role.
Belongs to the chorion protein S19 family.
May be involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to late Golgi (By similarity). Required during spermatogenesis for sperm individualization.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components.
Laminin is a complex glycoprotein, consisting of three different polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma), which are bound to each other by disulfide bonds into a cross-shaped molecule comprising one long and three short arms with globules at each end.
The alpha-helical domains I and II are thought to interact with other laminin chains to form a coiled coil structure.
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the anamorsin/DRE2 homolog, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins.
'Wollknaeuel' means 'ball of wool' in German.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. In cellularizing embryos, maternal expression is ubiquitous. At embryonic stage 11, zygotic expression begins in salivary gland precursor cells. In stage 16 embryos, strong expression in salivary glands and part of the proventriculus is detected.
Larval lethality. Embryos lacking maternal and zygotic wol activity show segmentation, dorso-ventral patterning and gastrulation defects. As a result, germband elongation does not proceed normally and mesoderm invagination is disturbed. In these embryos, protein glycosylation is reduced by 25 percent, the ER tubules are smooth and the unfolded protein response (UPR), a transcriptional response which up-regulates genes that enable cells to cope with misfolded, endoplasmic reticulum-retained proteins, is activated. Larvae lacking maternal wol present patterning and morphological defects, including the failure to form a normal head skeleton, a discontinuous cuticle and irregular body contours. Larvae lacking both maternal and zygotic wol show severe reduction in cuticle deposition, a complete failure of denticle formation and melanization, loss of chitin orientation in the procuticle and dislocation of proteins of the lower electron-dense portion of the epicuticle into the upper electron-lucid sublayer. In addition, the midgut microvilli are separated from each other by large gaps and the apical plasma membrane of the hindgut is highly irregular.
Required for normal production of N-glycosylated proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Required for embryonic segmentation, dorsal-ventral patterning and gastrulation. Required for chitin orientation and shaping of the apical and lateral plasma membranes of epidermal cells during cuticle differentiation. Also required for correctly shaping apical membrane topology of the epithelia of other organs such as the midgut and the hindgut.
Associates with the minus end of the microtubules.
Involved in mitotic spindle assembly (PubMed:17412918, PubMed:26246606). Regulates microtubule (MT) severing (PubMed:17412918). Antagonizes the activity of the kinesin-13 depolymerase Klp10A thereby switching off the depolymerization of the MTs at their pole-associated minus ends, which turns off poleward flux and induces anaphase B spindle elongation (PubMed:20946984, PubMed:24100293). Involved in asymmetric cell division of sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells by playing a role in the asymmetric localization of Sara-expressing endosomes to the pIIa daughter cell but not to the pIIb cell. Klp98A targets Sara-expressing endosomes to the central spindle which is symmetrically arranged in early cell division. During late cytokinesis, central spindle asymmetry is generated by enrichment of Patronin on the pIIb side which protects microtubules from depolymerization by Klp10A while unprotected microtubules on the pIIa side are disassembled by Klp10A, leading to the asymmetric delivery of Sara-expressing endosomes to the pIIa daughter cell (PubMed:26659188).
Homozygous flies for rcd4 are lethal at the late pupal and adult stages. The flies that emerged are slow and uncoordinated. Female mutant flies are sterile. Male mutants are fertile.
Interacts with Ana3; this complex is recruited to daughter centrioles before their conversion to centrosomes.
Participates in the later stages of centriole assembly through the interaction with Ana3 leading to the centriole to centrosome conversion in somatic cells.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. Deformed subfamily.
Expressed in the mandibular and maxillary segments of the head, with some expression in the posterior intercalary segment which become part of the CNS. In the imaginal tissues, expressed in part of the eye antennal disk which give rise to portions of the head capsule and to a small patch of expression in the basal-most portion of the labial disk.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Homeotic protein controlling Drosophila head development. Transcriptional activator of the apoptotic activator protein rpr in cells at the maxillary/mandibular boundary.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Protein phosphatase which regulates actin filament dynamics (PubMed:11832213, PubMed:16169194). Dephosphorylates and activates the actin binding/depolymerizing factor tsr/cofilin, which subsequently binds to actin filaments and stimulates their disassembly (PubMed:11832213). Required for axon growth (PubMed:15572110).
Strongly expressed in apical regions of the assembling ommatidia of the eye-imaginal disk. Apical expression requires the receptor tyrosine kinases Egfr and sev/sevenless.
Tyrosine phosphatase activity has not been demonstrated for this protein to date.
Component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Through the RING-type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate (By similarity).
Highly expressed in early embryos, and in pupae. Widely expressed in adult males, while it is weakly expressed in adult females.
Part of a SCF complex consisting of Skpa (SKP1), Cul1, Roc1B and a F-box protein.
Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR4 subfamily.
Binds to NGFI-B response elements. Plays an important role in late stages of epidermal metamorphosis.
Low levels in 0-8 hours embryos and adults. Higher in late embryogenesis and during larval and pupal stages. Short isoform is enriched in pupae and adults, long isoform in larvae.
Ubiquitously expressed in preblastoderm embryos, specifically in central nervous system and intestinal tract. Highly expressed in third instar larval imaginal disks and brain complexes, but not in ovaries.
Broadly expressed in the developing imaginal disks including the wing, leg and eye, and the neuroepithelium of the optic lobes of the brain. In the eye imaginal disk, expression is highest in the morphogenetic furrow and in the wing imaginal disk it is highest near the dorsal-ventral (DV) compartment boundary.
Component of the Fat (ft) signaling pathway that functions in normal development of various organs such as the wing and leg (PubMed:19710173, PubMed:21379328). In developing imaginal disks, involved in regulating both the protein levels and apical localization of ft and ds (PubMed:19710173). Involved in establishing planar cell polarity (PCP) along the anterior-posterior axis of the wing (the early Fz signaling event), probably by acting upstream of ds and ft to regulate Fz activity (PubMed:21379328).
Interacts with ft (via intracellular domain) and ds (via intracellular domain).
Viable and fertile. Wings are slightly shorter with a decreased distance between cross-veins.
Maternally deposited and expressed in the mesoderm, including the region in which macrophages are specified during stage 4-6. Further up-regulated in macrophages starting phase 7 while its expression decreases in the remaining mesoderm. Remains expressed during stage 9-12 in macrophages.
The protein contains 2 transactivation domains (TAD). Each of these domains may be required for transcriptional activation of a subset of target genes.
Transcription regulator that syncronizes transcriptional and translational programs to promote macrophage invasion of tissues. Required in macrophages for their early invasion into the extended germband. Induces transcriptional expression of metabolic enzymes as well as of the translational regulator pths/DDX47. With pths/DDX47, adjusts transcription and translation of a subset of OXPHOS genes to increase mitochondrial bioenergetics and allow macrophage tissue invasion.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes mitochondrial protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
Could perform a substrate recognition function or could be responsible for targeting the enzyme complex to the appropriate subcellular compartment.
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-18, Met-33 or Met-44 is the initiator.
PP2A exists in several trimeric forms, all of which consist of a core composed of a catalytic subunit associated with a 65 kDa regulatory subunit (PR65) (subunit A). The core complex associates with a third, variable subunit (subunit B), which confers distinct properties to the holoenzyme.
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), composed of at least the E3 ubiquitin ligase l(3)76BDr/LTN1 and Clbn/NEMF. The complex probably also contains TCF25 as well as TER94/VCP and its ubiquitin-binding cofactors. RQC forms a stable complex with 60S ribosomal subunits.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation (PubMed:25128630). Ubiquitination leads to TER94/VCP recruitment for extraction and degradation of the incomplete translation product (By similarity).
Contains the N-terminal domain essential for correct neuronal development.
During embryonic development, some isoforms are essential for proper neuronal differentiation and organization. Required for cell polarity; maintenance of apicobasal polarity. Plays a critical role at septate junctions in cellular growth control during larval development. The presence of a guanylate kinase domain suggests involvement in cellular adhesion as well as signal transduction to control cellular proliferation.
During the cellular blastoderm stage, isoform B, isoform F, isoform H, isoform I and isoform L expression is localized to the cell borders. From stage 11 onwards, expression is found predominantly in the developing nervous system: axon bundles in the ventral cord and the brain. Stage 14 and 15 embryos exhibit expression in the developing body wall muscle. Expression in neuropil regions of the CNS and at NMJs persists through to larval development. Other isoforms show expression in embryonic epithelial cells. In larvae, expression is seen as a belt around salivary glands, imaginal disks and proventriculus. Expressed in adult reproductive tissues. In epithelia, coexpressed with scrib throughout development.
Component of the little elongation complex (LEC), a complex required to regulate small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene transcription by RNA polymerase II and III (PubMed:22195968, PubMed:23932780). Specifically acts as a scaffold protein that promotes the LEC complex formation and recruitment and RNA polymerase II occupancy at snRNA genes in subnuclear bodies (PubMed:23932780).
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), composed of at least the E3 ubiquitin ligase l(3)76BDr/LTN1 and Clbn/NEMF associated with the 60S ribosomal subunit. The complex probably also contains TCF25 as well as TER94/VCP and its ubiquitin-binding cofactors (By similarity). Interacts (via its C-terminus) with pros (via its homeobox) (PubMed:16103875). Interacts (via its N-terminus) with emb (PubMed:16103875).
Expressed in enterocytes (at protein level).
Expressed ubiquitously throughout embryonic development.
Key component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates the extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains from stalled ribosomes as well as their ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation (By similarity). Thereby, frees 60S subunit ribosomes from the stalled translation complex and prevents the accumulation of nascent polypeptide chains that are potentially toxic for the cell (By similarity). Within the RQC complex, Clbn/NEMF specifically binds stalled 60S ribosomal subunits by recognizing an exposed, nascent chain-conjugated tRNA moiety (PubMed:31378462). Following binding to stalled 60S ribosomal subunits, Clbn/NEMF mediates CAT tailing by recruiting alanine-charged tRNA to the A-site and directing the elongation of stalled nascent chains independently of mRNA or 40S subunits, leading to non-templated C-terminal alanine extensions (CAT tails) (By similarity). On mitochondrial surface, plays a role in mitochondrial-stress induced translational termination impairment and protein carboxyl terminal extension (MISTERMINATE) (PubMed:31378462). Plays a role in regulating nuclear transport possibly through directly binding to both emb and cargo proteins (PubMed:16103875). Plays a role in the regulation of G1-to-S cell cycle transition (PubMed:30231800). Regulates S phase checkpoint by antagonizing E2F1 activity (PubMed:30231800). Together with hid and tefu/ATM, plays a role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis through both p53-dependent and -independent activity (PubMed:22964637). Plays an essential role in the regulation of mitochondrial structure and redox state in enterocytes which is essential for the control of intestinal stem cells proliferation and intestinal homeostasis (PubMed:33057338).
Mutant flies are viable and fertile (PubMed:16103875). Shows small, developmental delays and shortened lifespans (PubMed:22964637, PubMed:33057338). Shows dysfunctional intestinal barrier with increased number of intestinal stem cells (ISC) and enteroblasts (EB) (PubMed:33057338). Results in enterocytes (EC) with fragmented mitochondria and defective depolarization (PubMed:33057338). Results in aberrant activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway (PubMed:33057338). Shows hypersensitization to ionizing irradiation with melanotic masses, defective S phase checkpoint and decreased cell death by apoptosis (PubMed:22964637, PubMed:30231800). In neuroblasts, pros protein does not show relocalization to the nucleus (PubMed:16103875). After ionizing irradiation, simultaneous knockout of Clbn/NEMF and p53 shows similar number of DNA breaks per nucleus but absence of irradiation-induced cell death compared to single knockout (PubMed:22964637). Simultaneous knockout of Clbn/NEMF and hid has similar disregulation of apoptosis to single mutants upon ionizing irradiation (PubMed:22964637). Simultaneous knockout Clbn/NEMF and tefu increases the formation of spontaneous tumors (PubMed:22964637). Simultaneous knockout of Clbn and Pink1 rescues ATP levels, wing posture defects and impaired neuronal numbers observed in Pink1 single mutants (PubMed:31378462). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced lifespan (PubMed:33057338). RNAi-mediated knockdown in EC results in increased number of progenitor cells and EE cells (PubMed:33057338). RNAi-mediated knockdown in ISC and EB, or EE cells, has no significant effect on the number of ISC, EB and EE cells (PubMed:33057338). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the smooth muscle surrounding the gut has no effect on the number of ISC, EB and EE cells (PubMed:33057338). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of Clbn and Pink1 rescues muscular and mitochondrial morphology defects present in Pink1 knockdown single mutants (PubMed:31378462).
The N-terminal domain contains a nuclear export signal. The C-terminal domain may interact with cargo proteins.
Up-regulated in response to DNA-damage induced by ionizing radiation.
Interacts (via WW domains) with wts (PubMed:16096061). Interacts (via N-terminus) with sd (via C-terminus) and this interaction enhances the transcriptional activity of sd (PubMed:18313299). The phosphorylated form interacts with 14-3-3epsilon and 14-3-3zeta (PubMed:18256197). Interacts with Ack and ex (PubMed:27462444).
Its activity is regulated by multiple phosphorylation events (PubMed:16096061, PubMed:18256197, PubMed:19900439, PubMed:31857346). Phosphorylation at Ser-88, Ser-145 and Ser-227 negatively regulate its activity and restrict its nuclear localization (PubMed:19900439). Wts-mediated phosphorylation at Ser-145 promotes interaction with 14-3-3epsilon and 14-3-3zeta (PubMed:18256197). Phosphorylation at Ser-88 and Ser-227 regulate nuclear localization and activity independent of 14-3-3 association (PubMed:19900439). Phosphorylation at Ser-146 by Cdk7 promotes its stability by preventing ubiquitination by the DCX(DCAF12) complex (PubMed:31857346).
Named for its loss-of-function phenotype after a very small breed of dog, the Yorkshire Terrier.
Transcriptional coactivator which is the critical downstream regulatory target in the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis (PubMed:16096061, PubMed:18313299, PubMed:22615583, PubMed:27462444). The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein (PubMed:16096061, PubMed:19900439). The Hippo/SWH signaling pathway inhibits the activity of the transcriptional complex formed by Scalloped (sd) and Yki and the target genes of this pathway include cyclin-E (cycE), diap1 and bantam (PubMed:16096061, PubMed:18313299). Regulates the expression of G1/S-specific CycE and diap1, thereby promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis (PubMed:18313299). Required for transcriptional activity of sd in wing imaginal disks (PubMed:18313299). Induces expression of expression of vestigial (vg) in wing and haltere disks and the expression of transcription factor E2f (E2f) (PubMed:18313299).
Ubiquitinated by the DCX(DCAF12) complex, leading to its degradation (PubMed:31857346). Phosphorylation at Ser-146 by Cdk7 prevents ubiquitination by the DCX(DCAF12) complex (PubMed:31857346).
Expressed in 15 cells in the antenna but not the maxillary palp.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to pentyl acetate and pyrazines.
Essential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch. It probably represents the last step of maturation of gamma-secretase, facilitating endoproteolysis of presenilin and conferring gamma-secretase activity.
Belongs to the SIX/Sine oculis homeobox family.
Flies specifically display visual defects. These range from reduced ocelli and ommatidia number in weak loss-of-function phenotypes to complete absence of compound eyes and bolwig's organ in more severe lethal phenotypes.
In developing embryos, expressed in the eye disk epithelium, bolwig's organ and the optic lobe primordium at areas of invagination. In adults, present in photoreceptor cells in the apical regions of the retina, and in optic lobes.
In the eye imaginal disk, first expressed at the onset of the third instar and continues throughout this stage. Expression in the optic lobe primordium begins at stage 5 and disappears when invagination is completed (stage 12). Further expression is noted in optic lobe ganglia in late third instar.
Required for visual system development. May transcriptionally regulate genes necessary for optic lobe invagination and Bolwig's nerve formation.
Expressed in axons of the embryonic nervous system.
Functions, together with Abl, trio and fra, in a complex signaling network that regulates axon guidance at the CNS midline. Required in part for robo-mediated repulsive axon guidance. May be involved in lamellipodial dynamics.
Interacts with Abl and Src SH3 domains. Binds, in vitro and in vivo, the cytoplasmic domain of robo. Interacts with Zyx102EF and chic.
The EVH2 domain is comprised of 3 regions. Block A is a thymosin-like domain required for G-actin binding. The KLKR motif within this block is essential for the G-actin binding and for actin polymerization. Block B is required for F-actin binding and subcellular location, and Block C for tetramerization.
Tyrosine phosphorylated on multiple sites by Abl kinase. In vitro, phosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues inhibits interaction with Abl and Src SH3 domains.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion.
Expressed specifically in the retina. Each Drosophila eye is composed of 800 facets or ommatidia. Each ommatidium contains 8 photoreceptor cells (R1-R8), the R1 to R6 cells are outer cells, while R7 and R8 are inner cells. Rh5 is expressed only in the R8 cells of ommatidia in which Rh3 is expressed in the overlying R7 cells.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons and adult thorax and abdomen.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons, and adult thorax and wing. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the posterior pharyngeal sense organ.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ, as well as in the dorsal and posterior pharyngeal sense organs.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ, as well as in the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ.
Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Plays a role in sustaining courtship behavior in males, possibly through the reception of a stimulating arrestant pheromone.
Leads to reduced courtship levels toward females.
Binds to DNA in vitro. Interacts directly with Asx.
Potential cofactor involved in sensory organ development. Despite its interaction with the Polycomb group protein Asx, it does not regulate the expression of homeotic genes.
Ubiquitously expressed in precellularized embryos. Then it decreases at cellular blastoderm to increase again during germ band extension. During germ band extension, it is highly expressed in somatic and visceral mesoderm. Ubiquitously expressed in imaginal disks. In ovary, it is expressed from stage 10.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Binds to G-rich structures in 28S rRNA and in mRNAs. Plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus; inhibits cell-free translation of mRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Part of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) (By similarity). Interacts with sicily; interaction is stronger with unprocessed sicily protein (PubMed:23509070).
Upon mitochondrial dysfunction, the translation of the mRNA occurring on the mitochondrial surface is impaired and amino acids non-coded by the RNA template are added to the C-terminal of the protein. The C-terminal extended proteins aggregates in the cytosol and are toxic. The phenomenon is called mitochondrial-stress induced translational termination impairment and protein carboxyl terminal extension (MISTERMINATE).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein causes complete lethality at a late pupal stage. Muscle-specific knockdown is lethal under strongly induced conditions, but shows no obvious alteration in locomotion and behavior under mild induction conditions. Neuron-specific knockdown flies show striking motor defects. Analysis of synaptic and subsynaptic organization at larval neuromuscular junction shows normal overall synapse morphology, but a highly significant decrease in the amount of active zones, i.e. presynaptic microdomains of neurotransmitter release. Muscle size is smaller in knockdown animals compared to wild-type. Neuron-specific knockdown flies show decreased ability for non-associative learning, tested by non-associative jump-reflex habituation. Wing-specific knockdown produces flies with a dramatically reduced wing size. Eye-specific knockdown disturbs ommatidia and bristle organization and corrupts integrity of mitochondria. Electroretinograms show a gross defect in basal neurotransmission.
Required for mitochondrial complex IV activity. May be involved in non-associative learning.
This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis.
Detected in first instar larva and adult with higher levels in adult than in larva.
In the embryo, highly expressed in the ventral ganglia.
Interacts with ric8a in a Ca(2+)-independent manner.
Phenothiazine FD44 binds to frq2 and disrupts interaction of frq2 with ric8a (PubMed:28119500). This leads to reduction of synapse number to normal levels and restoration of normal learning performance in a Drosophila model of fragile X syndrome, suggesting that the interaction interface may be a suitable target for the treatment of fragile X and other synaptopathies (PubMed:28119500).
Plays a role in synaptic transmission and axon terminal morphology (PubMed:17970740). Inhibits ric8a-mediated promotion of synapse number but does not affect ric8a-mediated neurotransmitter release (PubMed:25074811).
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Absence of a large region from Gly-793 to the end of the coding region that changes the frame.
At syncytial blastoderm, it is located throughout the bulk cytoplasm and pole plasm. By the time of cellularization, it concentrates at the posterior pole.
Expressed maternally. The protein accumulates during the first 3 hours after fertilization, and then decreases rapidly.
Interacts with oskar (osk). Binds to the 3'-UTR of nanos (nos). Interacts with cup, which in turn recruits eIF4-E, leading to an indirect interaction between smg and eIF4-E that prevents mRNA translation. Forms a complex with aub, twin, AGO3, nanos mRNA and piRNAs that targets the nanos 3'-untranslated region, in early embryos.
The SAM domain mediates the association with the 3'-UTR of specific mRNAs.
Translation regulator that binds to the 3'-UTR of specific mRNAs such as nanos (nos) and prevents their translation. Prevents translation of unlocalized nanos in the bulk cytoplasm via the recruitment of cup.
Expressed in glial lineages within embryonic procephalic mesoderm. Expression is highest in hemocyte primordia and longitudinal and nerve root ganglia.
First appears in embryos, levels decrease in larvae and peak again in 1 day old pupae. No expression is found in adults.
Transcription factor with a minor role promoting glial cell differentiation and a more significant role in hematocyte differentiation. Gcm2, together with gcm, is required for the proliferation of plasmatocyte precursors, the expression of Croquemort protein, and the ability of plasmatocytes to convert into macrophages.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AlaDH/PNT family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, also named Dom34-Hbs1 complex, composed of pelo and HBS1.
GTPase component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway (By similarity). The Pelota-HBS1L complex recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel (By similarity). Following ribosome-binding, the Pelota-HBS1L complex promotes recruitment of pix, which drives the disassembly of stalled ribosomes, followed by degradation of damaged mRNAs as part of the NGD pathway (By similarity). Together with pelo, required for transposon silencing in the ovary and testis (PubMed:26124316). Together with pelo, promotes meiosis and spermatid individualization during spermatogenesis (PubMed:30824860).
In germlines, increases transposable elements transcription at both mRNA and protein levels (PubMed:26124316). Results in male sterility: male testes are morphologically normal but no mature sperm is formed (PubMed:30824860). Results in defective meiosis and spermatid individualization during spermatogenesis (PubMed:30824860).
Expressed ubiquitously in eye imaginal disk, slightly higher expression is seen in presumptive photoreceptors (PubMed:11782402). Expressed in indirect flight muscle (IFM) (at protein level) (PubMed:26251439).
Flies exhibit compromised photoreceptor differentiation, cell survival and proliferation (PubMed:11782402). RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscles causes severe lethality at the early pupal stage and the few surviving animals cannot fly (PubMed:26251439). Severe defects in the indirect flight muscle structure characterized by narrower myofibrils and abnormal positioning of sarcomere Z line, M line and H line (PubMed:26251439). Although the spacing between Z line and M lines stays regular, M lines are not straight and sarcomere length is shorter. In the more affected myofibrils, the sarcomere structure is lost (PubMed:26251439). Localization of unc-89/obscurin to M lines and localization of kettin (sls isoform A) to Z line is not affected (PubMed:26251439).
May interact with Unc-89 (via protein kinase domain 1 or 2).
Mediator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, and may act either downstream of MAPK or transduce signaling through a parallel branch of the RTK pathway (PubMed:11782402). Required for the development and organization of indirect flight muscle sarcomeres by regulating the formation of M line and H zone and the correct assembly of thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere (PubMed:26251439).
Belongs to the kynurenine formamidase family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-formyl-L-kynurenine to L-kynurenine, the second step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation. Required for elimination of toxic metabolites.
The main chain amide nitrogen atoms of the second glycine and its adjacent residue in the HGGXW motif define the oxyanion hole, and stabilize the oxyanion that forms during the nucleophilic attack by the catalytic serine during substrate cleavage.
Expressed in both anterior and posterior regions of the brain including in GABAergic neurons.
Plays a role in promoting sleep by enhancing metabotropic transmission of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons upstream of a wake-inducing dopaminergic pathway.
Acts as a downstream effector for the regulation of actin polymerization by Cdc42.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. DMPK subfamily.
Flies are defective in producing fertilized eggs. Egg chambers exhibit abnormal accumulation of F-actin.
Interacts tightly with GTP-bound but not GDP-bound Cdc42.
Expressed in all larval and adult muscle tissues. Expression is five times higher in tubular than in fibrillar muscles.
Found in all adult muscle tissues except in indirect flight muscles and a set of temporary abdominal muscles. Not detected in larval muscle.
Paramyosin is a major structural component of many thick filaments isolated from invertebrate muscles.
The more-acidic and less-abundant isoform is phosphorylated.
Undetectable during gastrulation and early phases of germ band formation. Increases during organogenesis, around 10 hours post-fertilization (hpf), to the adult stage.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Component of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex. The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core particle (CP) and two 19S regulatory subunits (RP).
Involved in the control of cell fates in the neurectoderm. Acts as a positive regulator of Notch pathway and is required at different levels during development.
Required for normal Golgi morphology and function.
Expressed in the thoracic muscles including the indirect flight muscles (IFM) (at protein level).
Expression starts in embryos at stage 16 and is found in the M line of somatic muscle during late larval stage 17, pupa and in pharate adult. The various isoforms are expressed differentially during development.
In contrast to obscurins in other species, lacks serine/threonine kinase activity as protein kinase domain 1 is catalytically inactive and protein kinase domain 2 is predicted to be inactive (PubMed:37121260). The lack of activity of protein kinase domain 1 is probably due to the presence of a glycine residue instead of an aspartate residue at position 3306 in the catalytic site pocket (PubMed:37121260).
Interacts with myosin (PubMed:22467859). May interact (via protein kinase domain 1) with ball (PubMed:26251439). May interact (via protein kinase domain 1 or 2) with mask (PubMed:26251439). May interact (via protein kinase domain 2) with Tm1/tropomyosin-1 (PubMed:26251439).
RNAi-mediated knockdown either in the indirect flight muscles (IFM) or in all muscles prevents flies from flying without affecting jumping and slightly reduces larval crawling (PubMed:22467859). Causes severe defects in IFM sarcomere development and organization resulting in narrower myofibrils (PubMed:22467859). During sarcomere development at the pupal stage, myosin is mislocalized and no regular sarcomeres are formed (PubMed:22467859). In the adult, abnormal localization of myosin in the mid-region of the sarcomere, H zone shifts from the middle of the sarcomere and M lines are less defined (PubMed:22467859). Thick filaments are asymmetric with the bare zone often shifted towards the end of the filament (PubMed:22467859). Thick filament length is mostly normal although some are longer and by-pass the Z line (PubMed:22467859). Thin filaments are abnormally shorter or longer and sometimes extend into the H zone (PubMed:22467859). Several Z and M lines associated proteins are mislocalized (PubMed:22467859, PubMed:26251439). zormin is more diffused in both Z and M lines and tropomodulin is confined to the core of the myofibril in the H zone (PubMed:22467859). ball is still partially localized to the Z line but appears more diffuse across the sarcomere compare to wild type (PubMed:26251439). mask localization to Z lines is not affected but is absent or in a punctate form in the M line (PubMed:26251439). kettin localization to the Z line is not affected (PubMed:22467859).
Structural component of the muscle M line which is involved in assembly and organization of sarcomere (PubMed:22467859, PubMed:26251439). Required for the development and organization of indirect flight muscle sarcomeres by regulating the formation of M line and H zone and the correct assembly of thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere (PubMed:22467859, PubMed:26251439). Lacks serine/threonine-protein kinase activity (PubMed:37121260).
The protein kinase domain 1 binds ATP with high affinity in a Mg(2+)-independent manner (PubMed:37121260). However, lacks canonical protein kinase activity, probably due to the presence of a glycine residue instead of an aspartate residue at position 3306 in the catalytic site pocket (PubMed:37121260).
The protein kinase domain 2 is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
Part of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) (PubMed:28683319). This is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme (PubMed:28683319).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal (PubMed:29285794). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the muscles impairs biogenesis of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) (PubMed:28683319). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons impairs neuronal ATP production, reduces locomotor activity and shortens lifespan (PubMed:29285794). In addition, results in large vacuoles in the retina, ommatidia disorganization and selective axonal alterations in mushroom bodies (PubMed:29285794). RNAi-mediated knockdown in glia results in large vacuoles and lipid droplets in both cortical region of the brain and optic lobes suggesting altered lipid metabolism; does not alter lifespan or behavior (PubMed:29285794).
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Plays a role in the nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly and maintenance, but with limited role in NPC permeability. Required for specific nuclear import pathways such as Mad import.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family. Mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS40 subfamily.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S9 family.
Component of the lid subcomplex of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle complex (also named PA700 complex). The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. Interacts with alien/CSN2. Interacts with Prosalpha2 and Rpt6.
Component of the lid subcomplex of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. In the complex, RPN6 is required for proteasome assembly (By similarity). May act as linker between 19S regulatory subunit and the 20S proteasome core.
Embryos develop and hatch normally but fail to outlive early larval stages. During the first and second instar larval stages larvae become immobile and sluggish and die without any observable defects. Lethality is probably the result of additive defects in overall cell proliferation rather than of distinct developmental disorders.
Highly expressed in the female germline, more precisely in the nurse cells of maturing egg chambers. Also detected in the somatic follicle cells. Highly expressed during oogenesis and early blastoderm embryos. After the beginning of zygotic transcription, present in the elongating germband and later in the mesodermal region and the developing hindgut and posterior midgut. In late embryos, shortly before hatching, becomes restricted to the brain hemispheres, the central nervous system, the embryonic gonads and the gut. In third instar larval tissues, expressed in the larval brain and in all imaginal disks.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL40 family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout the embryo but is activated specifically at the poles (PubMed:2927509, PubMed:8423783, PubMed:19965758). Expressed in the prothoracic gland in wandering L3 larvae (PubMed:19965758).
May be auto-phosphorylated on tyrosine residues.
Probable receptor tyrosine kinase which is required for determination of anterior and posterior terminal structures in the embryo (PubMed:2927509, PubMed:8423783). During postembryonic development, involved in the initiation of metamorphosis probably by inducing the production of ecdysone in response to prothoracicotropic hormone Ptth (PubMed:19965758). Binding to Ptth stimulates activation of canonical MAPK signaling leading to ERK phosphorylation (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the prothoracic gland (PG) delays the onset of pupariation by prolonging the L3 larval stage. In addition, pupal size and, to a lesser extent, PG cell size are increased.
Phosphoinositide phosphatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) (By similarity). Has low activity towards phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) (By similarity).
Subset of neuroblasts in the central nervous system and in the peripheral sense organs of the embryo. Expressed in the developing wing primordia initially along the D/V wing boundary, and by the late third larval instar, maximal expression is seen in cells at the D/V wing disk boundary. Less expression in cells located farther from this boundary. Also expressed in wing progenitor cells.
The C-terminus of sd interacts with the C-terminal serine-rich protein domain of vg, to form a complex which acts as a selector for wing development. Interacts (via C-terminus) with yki (via N-terminus) and this interaction enhances its transcriptional activity.
Transcription factor which plays a key role in the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein. The Hippo/SWH signaling pathway inhibits the activity of the transcriptional complex formed by Scalloped (sd) and Yki and the target genes of this pathway include cyclin-E (cycE), diap1 and bantam. Sd promotes nuclear localization of Yki. Involved in the regulation of cell-specific gene expression during development, particularly in the differentiation of the nervous system. When in combination with vestigial (vg) it acts as a transcriptional activation complex that regulates gene expression in the wing. Binding to vg switches the DNA target selectivity of sd. Required autonomously for cell proliferation and viability within the wing blade. Required for proper sensory organ precursor (SOP) differentiation at the wing margin; required for correct expression of sens.
Required for CNS development; midline glial cells. Involved in the metabolism of insect hormones; responsible for all ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity during embryonic, larval and adult stages. May be involved in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides.
Strong expression by embryonic stage 10 in epidermis, decreases significantly in older embryos. Third instar larvae show expression in the midgut copper cells, Malpighian tubules and fat body. In the adult ovaries, expression is seen in both nurse cells and centripetally migrating follicle cells.
Component of the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff (RDC) complex, composed of rhi, del and cuff (PubMed:24906153). Interacts (via N-terminus) with rhi (via C-terminus); this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153, PubMed:29858487). Interacts (via C-terminus) with cuff; this interaction is direct (PubMed:24906153).
Developmental protein involved in oogenesis (PubMed:16616913). Required for germline maintenance, stability of mitotic spindles, localization of patterning determinants, oocyte growth and fusome biogenesis in males and females (PubMed:16616913). Also required for dorso-ventral and antero-posterior patterning of oocyte and eggshell (PubMed:16616913). May be involved in microtubule function during oogenesis (PubMed:16616913). Part of a rhi-dependent transcription machinery that enables the generation of piRNA precursors from heterochromatin while maintaining the suppression of transposon-encoded promoters and enhancers (PubMed:28847004). Component of the RDC complex (rhi, del and cuff) which binds to repressive H3K9me3 marks in the piRNA clusters (PubMed:28847004). RDC promotes the bidirectional transcription of piRNA clusters at these sites by interacting with Moonshiner which forms a complex with the transcription initiation factors TfIIA-S and Trf2 (PubMed:28847004). This mechanism allows transcription to occur in piRNA clusters despite the lack of proper promoter elements and in the presence of the repressive H3K9me3 mark (PubMed:28847004).
Pair-rule protein that regulates embryonic segmentation and adult bristle patterning. Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription (e.g. ftz).
The C-terminal WRPW motif is a transcriptional repression domain necessary for the interaction with Groucho (gro), a transcriptional corepressor recruited to specific target DNA by Hairy-related proteins.
Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein (Groucho). Interacts with gro (via WPRW motif) and Topors.
Belongs to the chloride channel CLIC family.
Members of this family may change from a globular, soluble state to a state where the N-terminal domain is inserted into the membrane and functions as chloride channel. A conformation change of the N-terminal domain is thought to expose hydrophobic surfaces that trigger membrane insertion.
Might insert into membranes and form chloride ion channels (PubMed:17985355). Channel activity depends on the pH (PubMed:17985355). May play a role in ethanol sensitivity (PubMed:22239914).
The structure contains a calcium molecule but it is unclear if this is an artifact of the crystallization process or if it has a physiological role in the activity regulation/formation of the channel.
Accumulates steadily during G2 and is abruptly destroyed at mitosis.
Essential for the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition.
Interacts with the protein kinase Cdk1 to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex also known as maturation promoting factor (MPF). The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex.
Caspase-dependent cleavage is required for suppression of Drice-mediated cell death.
Constitutively expressed (PubMed:17068333). Up-regulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Malpighian tubules but not in salivary glands (PubMed:24374974).
Expressed in Malpighian tubules from the 3rd instar larval stage and expression continues in pupae and adults with highest levels in adults (at protein level).
Expressed in both principal and stellar cells of the Malphigian tubules.
Interacts with the caspase Strica (PubMed:11550090). Interacts (via BIR2 domain) with rpr and grim (PubMed:18166655). Interacts (via the BIR2 and BIR3 domains) with hid (PubMed:18166655). Interacts (via BIR3 domain) with Drice (PubMed:18166655). Interacts with Dredd; likely to bind Dredd simultaneously with Fadd to form a trimeric complex (PubMed:22549468).
Normal development and viability (PubMed:16894030, PubMed:17068333). Acute sensitivity to infection by Gram-negative bacteria with failure to induce expression of antibacterial peptide genes and inability to mount a proper innate immune response (PubMed:16894030, PubMed:17068333, PubMed:24374974). Loss of cleavage and nuclear translocation of Rel (PubMed:17068333, PubMed:24374974). Increased activity of the effector caspase Drice and increased apoptosis following x-ray irradiation (PubMed:18166655). Reduced ion channel expression in Malpighian tubules (PubMed:24374974).
Required for activation of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune deficiency (Imd) signaling cascade which is essential for innate immune responses upon infection by Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:16894030, PubMed:17068333). Promotes cytoplasmic cleavage of Rel and its translocation to the nucleus where it drives expression of antimicrobial peptides (PubMed:17068333, PubMed:24374974). Binds, polyubiquitinates and activates Dredd which is required for Rel-mediated induction of antimicrobial peptides (PubMed:22549468). Anti-apoptotic protein which binds, ubiquitinates and inactivates the effector caspase Drice (PubMed:18166655). Suppresses rpr and hid-dependent cell death in the eye (PubMed:8548811). However, has also been shown to have little, if any, role in the regulation of the canonical caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway (PubMed:17068333). Plays a role in regulating the expression of ion channels (PubMed:24374974).
Expressed in ac3B olfactory sensory neurons in the antenna.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Forms a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to esters. Involved in the behavioral responses to butanol, pentanol, hexanol, octanol, propyl acetate, and butyl acetate.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.
Isoforms A and E have taste neuron-specific expression restricted to the labial palps, the internal taste organs in the pharynx, and the legs. In addition to expression in a large number of taste neurons, isoform A is also expressed in a few nonchemosensory neurons, including the campaniform sensilla of the wing, leg stretch receptors, and multiple dendritic neurons in the abdomen. Isoform B is the only receptor not expressed in gustatory receptor neurons in the labellum. We observe expression of this receptor in a single large cell at the base of each maxillary palp, in campaniform sensilla of the wing, and multiple dendritic neurons in the abdomen. Isoform C is expressed by many gustatory receptor neurons in the labial palps, the pharyngeal taste clusters, and taste neurons in the legs. In addition, isoform C expressed in a single cell at the base of the maxillary palps, neurons in the Johnston's organ (JO), campaniform sensilla of the wing, stretch receptors and the femoral chordotonal organ of the legs, and multiple dendritic neurons in the abdomen.Isoform D is expressed in a small number of gustatory receptor neurons in the labial palps, the ventral cibarial sense organ (VCSO), and legs. Atypical expression is observed in three neurons in the arista, campaniform sensilla of the wing, stretch and femoral chordotonal organ receptors in the legs, and multiple dendritic neurons in the abdomen. In larvae, Isoform A is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ and the dorsal external chemosensory organ; and isoform E is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ.
Implicated in a number of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis, suppression of transformation (tumor suppressor), inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A, regulation of mRNA trafficking and stability, and inhibition of acetyltransferases as part of the INHAT (inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases) complex.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development with lowest expression levels in L2 and L3 larvae, and highest expression levels during pupal development (PubMed:12482983, PubMed:12697829). Highly expressed in all developmental stages, though its abundance decreases in L2 larvae then returns to high levels in pupae (PubMed:19921261).
GCN5-independent Rpb4 complexes are highly enriched in decondensed chromosome puffs so may play a role in RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription.
Interacts with Pcaf/GCN5 as part of a GCN5-containing ADA (GNAT) multiprotein complex (PubMed:12482983, PubMed:12697829). Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268).
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the Rpb4 protein by alternative splicing.
Under heat shock conditions, strongly down-regulated in L2 stage larvae with levels remaining low during the L3 and pupal stages. In second instar larvae, down-regulated 1 hr after starvation and then appears to return to normal expression levels 4 hr after nutritional starvation.
Expressed only during the larval stage, the highest level is reached during the third larval instar.
Found in the midgut, especially the epithelium of the gastric caeca.
In embryos, it is expressed throughout the CNS and in several peripheral locations. Colocalizes with Slo.
May selectively reduce calcium-activated potassium channel (Slo) currents by reducing the number of Slo channels in the plasma membrane.
During embryogenesis, detected in several mesodermal tissues including the hindgut mesoderm, the ventral intersegmental 5 (VIS5) muscle in thoracic segments T2 and T3, muscles homologous to VIS5 in the abdominal segments, and a small subset of visceral mesoderm cells found near to where the gastric caeca form (at protein level) (PubMed:27618755). Expressed in embryonic posterior mesoderm (PubMed:1356269).
Expressed in embryos, maximal level between 5-12 hours (PubMed:1356269). Expressed in the hindgut mesoderm from embryonic stage 9 to the end of embryogenesis (PubMed:27618755). Also detected in the thoracic and abdominal segments from stages 12 to 14, persisting at high levels in thoracic segments T2 and T3 to embryonic stage 16 (PubMed:27618755).
Transcription factor (By similarity). Coordinates the placement and migration of various organs during embryogenesis, including the salivary glands, hemocytes, germ cells and Malpighian tubules (PubMed:27618755). Likely acts non-cell-autonomously to provide signaling cues from the mesoderm/musculature to nearby tissues (PubMed:27618755). Mediates salivary gland positioning, at least in part, through activation of the secreted signal Sema2a (PubMed:27618755).
Belongs to the aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase family.
Expressed in photoreceptor cells of the eyes as well as in the region situated between the optic lobe and the central brain.
Forms a complex with per (PubMed:9674431). Interacts with Dlish (PubMed:27692068).
Involved in circadian rhythms, viability and molecular oscillations of the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim). Dbt reduces the stability and thus the accumulation of monomeric per proteins, probably through phosphorylation. No evident circadian oscillation is detected in head. Together with CkIalpha, regulates processing of ci by phosphorylating it, which promotes its binding to slmb, the F-box recognition component of the SCF(slmb) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (PubMed:16326393).
Mitochondrial solute carriers shuttle metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors through the mitochondrial inner membrane. May mediate the transport of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) into the mitochondria (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in extended lifespan.
Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses.
The 54 kDa and 13 kDa chains exist as a heterodimer.
The N-terminus of choline O-acetyltransferase 67 kDa and 54 kDa chains are blocked.
Expressed in embryos, and adult males and females.
Required for normal Golgi function and necessary during spermatogenesis. Required for cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis in dividing spermatocytes and for the extensive polarized cell growth that accompanies spermatid elongation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Component of the SET1 complex that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 and of the MLL3/4 complex which also methylates histone H3 'Lys-4'.
Core component of several methyltransferase-containing complexes. Component of the SET1 complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1. Component of the MLL3/4 complex composed at least of the catalytic subunit trr, ash2, Rbbp5, Dpy-30L1, wds, hcf, ptip, Pa1, Utx, Lpt and Ncoa6.
'Staccato' means detached in Italian, referring to the unclosed gaps in the tracheal lumen of mutants.
Essential for tracheal development in embryos. Functions with the GTPase Rab39 and downstream of dnd, to regulate lumen fusion between previously separate tracheal branches (anastomosis). Essential component of secretory lysosome-related organelles (SLs) that are present in the tracheal fusion tip cells (FCs). Mediates intracellular fusion of the extending tracheal stalk cell lumen in the FCs by recruiting the SNARE complex component Syx1A to the SLs, this may then enable the SLs to interact with complementary SNAREs (such as Syb) present in the apical membrane of the FC-FC interface and the membranes of the separate tracheal stalk cells. May also function in the maturation and exocytosis of the SLs.
In stage 16-17 embryos, expressed in the epidermis, tracheal system, Malpighian tubules, boundary cells of the hindgut, muscles and dorsal vessel. Expressed in large puncta in the hemocytes. Expressed in the fusion cells of the tracheal branch tips (PubMed:27323327). Detected first in early pupae and has very high levels of expression in the adult head (PubMed:9813038).
Has a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.
In larvae, highly expressed in the brain, optic lobes, and ventral ganglia.
Semilethal phenotype: females survive, while males die. Most male flies die between the late second instar larval stage and early pupal stage. Mutant males that survive to produce pupal cases initiate morphogenesis but die before head eversion. Almost all male flies that survive past head eversion do complete morphogenesis, and then eclose as 'escaper' males. Escapers display a range of phenotypes that mirror the disease pathology observed in pcd mice, including retinal degeneration.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln) (By similarity). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3 (By similarity). The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U (By similarity). Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins such as Prx2/Jafrac1, Ciao1, Eip71CD and GILT1 (PubMed:26715182, PubMed:28953965). The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of JNK signaling in response to oxidative stress (PubMed:26715182).
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3 homolog.
Lethal; most flies die by the pupal stages (PubMed:26715182). Escapers are small, less active, display a significantly reduced fecundity, shortened lifespan, increased resistance to oxidative stress, up-regulation of the JNK signaling pathway and increased expression of Prx2/Jafrac1 and GstD1 (PubMed:26715182). Simultaneous knockout of Prx2/Jafrac1 restores normal sensitivity to oxidative stress (PubMed:26715182). RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to higher tolerance to oxidative stress (PubMed:26715182).
Ubiquitously expressed during all embryonic stages, third instar larval imaginal disk, early pupal stages and in the adult (at protein level).
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC5 subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX31/DBP7 subfamily.
Interacts with srp (via GATA-type Zn-finger domain); this interaction enhances srp binding to the promoter of crq/croquemort.
No loss of viability or obvious developmental defects (PubMed:34860835). Reduced levels of apoptotic cell receptor crq/croquemort in macrophages during embryogenesis stages 11 to 14 (PubMed:34860835). No effect on macrophage development or distribution, but reduced ability to engulf and clear apoptotic cells during embryogenesis (PubMed:34860835).
Transcriptional cofactor involved in efferocytosis (PubMed:34860835). Together with srp mediates expression of the phagocytic receptor crq/croquemort in response to apoptotic cells, and is up-regulated by crq/croquemort in a positive feedback mechanism (PubMed:34860835). Involved in macrophage engulfment and clearance of apoptotic cells during embryogenesis (PubMed:34860835).
Up-regulated between embryogenesis stage 9 and 12, which corresponds to the first wave of apoptosis (PubMed:34860835). Expressed in macrophages at embryonic stage 13 (at protein level) (PubMed:34860835).
Belongs to the protein sulfotransferase family.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides (By similarity). Has a role in protein secretion.
Catalyzes the O-sulfation of tyrosine residues within acidic motifs of polypeptides, using 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as cosubstrate.
'Misato' means 'beautiful dawn' in Japanese.
Irregular chromosome segregation during mitosis leading to death before the third instar larval stage. Larvae show abnormalities such as absence of imaginal disk tissue, and reduction in brain size.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A family.
Each HEAT repeat appears to consist of two alpha helices joined by a hydrophilic region, the intrarepeat loop. The repeat units may be arranged laterally to form a rod-like structure.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed at lower levels in larvae and adult.
Expression varies in tissues throughout development. Highly distributed expression in early embryos. In late embryonal development, found at high levels in nervous system and gonads. In third instar larvae, found in brain, imaginal disks and salivary glands.
PP2A exists in several trimeric forms, all of which consist of a core composed of a catalytic subunit associated with a 65 kDa regulatory subunit (PR65) (subunit A) (Probable). The core complex associates with a third, variable subunit (subunit B), which confers distinct properties to the holoenzyme (Probable). Interacts with the inorganic phosphate transporter PXo (CG10483) (PubMed:37138087).
The PR65 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. C (Shaw) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Shaw sub-subfamily.
Heterotetramer of potassium channel proteins.
Mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a potassium-selective channel through which potassium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
This channel protein belongs to the delayed rectifier class.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which mediates both meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation. Required for histone H3 'Ser-10' phosphorylation. Phosphorylates mei-S332 within residues 124-126 and stabilizes its association with centromeres during meiosis.
Ubiquitously expressed at very high levels in embryo. Expressed at low levels during larval stages, and at higher levels in female adults (at protein level).
Main cells of the accessory gland and in seminal fluid.
Belongs to the exonuclease superfamily. TREX family.
Expressed zygotically in embryos from 0 to 12 hours after fertilization, with a peak of expression during the 2 to 4 hour period.
Homodimer. Interacts with dpn (via bHLH motif). Interacts with da (via bHLH motif). Interacts with Bap60.
Homozygous embryonic female lethality. Hemizygous embryonic male lethality. Mutant embryos fail to form the midgut due to the failure of endoderm migration. Consequently, the yolk is left as an unenclosed mass that moves to ectopic locations as development progresses causing a variety of terminal phenotypes.
Involved in sex determination and dosage compensation. Required for proper expression of Sxl in embryonic somatic cells. Also has an essential function in the yolk nuclei. Involved in endoderm migration and midgut formation.
Localizes to all the embryonic nuclei until nuclear cycle 9, when expression ceases in the prepole cell nuclei. Associates with the somatic nuclei through cycle 10. By nuclear cycle 12, distributes uniformly in the somatic portion of the embryo and no longer associates with the nuclei. After early cycle 14 (beginning of cellularization) there is very little or no expression in the periphery of the embryo or in either the somatic or germ cells. In the yolk, accumulates at the nuclei from nuclear cycle 8 until 10-11 hours after fertilization.
Reported to be a member of the bZIP family but does not match diagnostic signatures for this family and has low similarity to other family members.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). May act by forming a heterodimer with NCS6/CTU1 that ligates sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Belongs to the type II malonyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a malonyl moiety from malonyl-CoA to the free thiol group of the phosphopantetheine arm of the ACP protein. This suggests the existence of the biosynthesis of fatty acids in mitochondria (By similarity).
Low levels in larval brain and gut with higher levels in adult brain and gut (PubMed:24098432). In the brain expression is widely distributed, including strong expression in the mushroom bodies (PubMed:30246807). Expressed weakly in s-LNv (small ventral lateral neurons) and strongly in l-LNv (large ventral lateral neurons), but not in other clock neurons (PubMed:30246807).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in enhanced sensory responsiveness, or arousability, while awake, characterized by increased locomotion in response to vibrations (PubMed:36958331). During sleep results in hyper-arousability with fragmented sleep patterns characterized by slight decrease in duration and increase in frequency of sleep bouts (PubMed:36958331). Targeted RNAi-mediated knockdown in PAM dopaminergic neurons leads to increased arousability during sleep but not while awake (PubMed:36958331).
Receptor for the neuropeptide CCHamide-1 (PubMed:21110953, PubMed:23293632). Plays a role in the modulation of starvation-induced olfactory behavior where starved flies show increased responsiveness to food odorants, repellants and pheromones (PubMed:24067446). Contributes to regulation of sleep latency (the time required to fall asleep), amount of sleep and depth of sleep (arousability) (PubMed:30246807, PubMed:36958331). Involved in modulation of PDP1 and PDF levels in s-LNv (small ventral lateral neurons) clock neurons in response to CCHa1 released by DN1a (anterior dorsal neurons 1) clock neurons, to regulate morning activity (PubMed:30246807). In a subset of dopaminergic cells in the protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) cluster involved in suppressing arousability in response to CCHa1 secreted by gut enteroendocrine cells (PubMed:36958331).
Very low expression in eggs. Expression increases during the first and second instar larval stages, decreases in the third instar larval stage and increases again in pupae and adults.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL27 family.
Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins (PubMed:7958432). In connecting cells they preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types (PubMed:7958432). During oogenesis, integral component of the guidance mechanisms that regulate the directional persistent collective migration of the border cell (BC) cluster through the nurse cells to the oocyte (PubMed:24855950, PubMed:30763317). Functions downstream of the two chemoattractant receptors, Pvr and Egfr, to promote BC adhesion between the leader cells of the migrating cluster and the surrounding nurse cells (PubMed:24855950). This adhesion increases Rac1 signaling in the leading cells, which in turn stabilizes DE-cadherin/DE-cadherin adhesions through the formation of forward-directed protrusions which attach/detach to the surrounding nurse cells in order to pull the cluster through the egg chamber to the oocyte (PubMed:24855950). Within the BC cluster, also promotes adhesion between BCs, and between BCs and polar cells which enables the lead BC to communicate direction to the other cells in the cluster, providing polarity to each individual cell and ensuring collective behavior (PubMed:24855950, PubMed:30763317). May function in cell intercalation in the lateral epidermis during germband extension (PubMed:24681004). Contributes to the determination of body left-right asymmetry by enhancing Myo31DF activity and inhibiting Myo61F activity (PubMed:22491943).
In early stage 9 and stage 10 oocytes, expressed in border cells, strongly expressed in polar cells and very weakly expressed in the nurse cells (at protein level) (PubMed:24855950). In the embryo, expressed in the leading edge cells of the dorsal epidermis (at protein level) (PubMed:16831834, PubMed:30763317). Stage 10 embryos exhibit intense expression in epithelial cells (PubMed:7958432). Stage 14 embryos show expression in the hindgut (at the apical poles of cell-cell boundaries), at the apical junctions of tracheal cells and in the dorsal longitudinal trunk (PubMed:7958432). In stage 16 embryos the glial midline cells of the central nervous system show strong expression (PubMed:7958432).
Interacts (via cytoplasmic region) with Inx2 (via cytoplasmic loop) (PubMed:15047872). Interacts with Hakai (PubMed:19682089). Interacts with Myo31DF (PubMed:22491943).
N-glycosylation is important for biosynthesis and function.
Overexpression in segment A8 of the male genital disk has no effect on the normal dextral rotation of the genital plate.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in segment A8 of the male genital disk causes loss of the normal dextral rotation of the genital plate and results in a phenotype with no rotation (PubMed:22491943). During oocyte border cell migration, RNAi-mediated knockdown in either the border cells (BC) or in the surrounding nurse cells results in various BC migration defects such as BC deviating from their migration path or failing to sustain the directed, posterior movement (PubMed:30763317, PubMed:24855950). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the outer migratory BC disrupts distribution of Rac1 in the BC cluster but does not affect motility and cells remain clustered (PubMed:24855950). RNAi-mediated knockdown in oocyte polar cells (PCs) results in BC cluster dissociation in 80 percent of egg chambers (PubMed:30763317).
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX (PubMed:9712849). Terminal enzyme in heme biosynthesis (PubMed:9712849). Contains four conserved cysteines that function as cluster ligands and play a crucial role in maintaining protein structure (PubMed:9712849).
Citrate synthase is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism.
Mutation of kdn causes a behavioral mutation ('bang sensitivity' = temporarily paralysis in response to a physical jolt). Flies lacking kdn exhibit alterations in neuronal firing patterns in the giant fiber (GF) pathway.
Plays a role in controlling neuronal activity and seizure susceptibility.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class CDC14 subfamily.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
Involved in postreplication mismatch repair. Binds specifically to DNA containing mismatched nucleotides thus providing a target for the excision repair processes characteristic of postreplication mismatch repair (By similarity).
Member of the dosage-dependent hierarchy effective upon white gene expression.
Expressed in intestinal cells (at protein level).
Mediates the transfer of lipids between membranes at organelle contact sites (By similarity). Functions in promoting mitochondrial clearance by mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), also possibly by positively regulating mitochondrial fission (PubMed:29307555). Mitophagy plays an important role in regulating cell health and mitochondrial size and homeostasis (PubMed:29307555).
RNAi-mediated knockdown leads to 100% lethality at the larval or pupal stage.
The UBA domain binds to 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, but neither to linear nor 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Required for mitochondrial size regulation and for mitochondrial clearance in the intestine.
Expressed at higher levels during the embryonic and pupal stages of development. Expressed in proliferating tissues of the presumptive mesoderm in stage 7 gastrulating embryos. Expressed in the mesectoderm and anterior and posterior midgut primordia of stage 9 embryos. Also expressed in proliferating cells of the central nervous system during germ-band retraction.
Expressed in the proliferative tissues of embryos and in the mitotically active tissue anterior to the morphogenetic furrow in eye imaginal disks.
May function in EGF receptor signaling. May play a role in compound eye morphogenesis.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Also between the endosome and phagosome.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Interacts with TFIIA-L when in complex with Tbp. Interacts with Taf1, Taf5, Taf11 and Taf12.
TFIID is a multimeric protein complex that plays a central role in mediating promoter responses to various activators and repressors. May function as a coactivator by serving as a site of protein-protein contact between activators like Sp1 (or btd) and TFIID complex.
Catalytic component of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex.
Catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex that acts by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester. May act as an RNA ligase with broad substrate specificity, and may function toward other RNAs.
Ligation probably proceeds through 3 nucleotidyl transfer steps, with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini being hydrolyzed to 3'-P termini in a step that precedes 3'-P activation with GMP. In the first nucleotidyl transfer step, RTCB reacts with GTP to form a covalent RTCB-histidine-GMP intermediate with release of PPi; in the second step, the GMP moiety is transferred to the RNA 3'-P; in the third step, the 5'-OH from the opposite RNA strand attacks the activated 3'-P to form a 3',5'-phosphodiester bond and release GMP.
Expressed in wide range of synaptic terminals: embryonic nervous system, larval neuromuscular junctions, adult visual system (neuropil of optic ganglia and terminal of R1-8 photoreceptors) and thoracic neuromuscular junctions. Also expressed in non-neuronal cells: follicle cells, spermatheca, testis and ejaculatory bulb. Low level of expression is found in many neuronal and non-neuronal tissues.
Fatty acylated. Heavily palmitoylated in the cysteine string motif.
May have an important role in presynaptic function.
Expressed in ovaries and activated eggs (at protein level). Expression is over all the embryo at all stages, no local accumulation is observed.
Isoform SGG46 is expressed at low levels in 12-24 hours embryos. Isoform Zygotic and isoform SGG39 are expressed in 12-24 hours embryos and present throughout the larval, pupal and adult stages (at protein level). Isoform Zygotic is expressed maternally and zygotically but reduced throughout later embryonic development. Expression persists throughout larval stages.
Mutants display an overdeveloped neuromuscular junction (NMJ), with the number of boutons greatly increased.
Required for several developmental events such as syncytial blastoderm formation and embryonic segmentation. Is involved in transcriptional regulation. Required for arm phosphorylation. Wg signaling operates by inactivating the sgg repression of en autoactivation. Negatively controls the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth in presynaptic motoneurons. Plays a role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and actin cytoskeleton during embryogenesis. Required for phosphorylation of sra in activated eggs. Essential for completion of meiosis, possibly by triggering calcineurin activation via sra phosphorylation. Phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein futsch in axons.
Belongs to the VAMP-associated protein (VAP) (TC 9.B.17) family.
Inhibited by imidazoles (imidazole, benzimidazole, 1-benzylimidazole, 1-methylimidazole, P150/03, N-omega-acetylhistamine and 4-methylimidazole) and cysteamines (cysteamine, N-dimethylcysteamine and N-diethylcysteamine) (PubMed:17722885, PubMed:22897232). Partially inhibited by PDB50 1(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-imidazol-1-ylpropyl)thiourea (PubMed:22897232).
Belongs to the D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase family.
Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3.
Expressed in head, but not in the body. Expression levels oscillate with the circadian rhythm.
Involved in the generation of biological rhythms (Potential). In the head, oscillates in abundance with a daily peak during early night, even under constant darkness. Oscillation is dependent on period (per) function.
Cell adhesion glycoprotein which is widely distributed in basement membranes (PubMed:30260959, PubMed:30567930). Involved in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions probably by connecting the laminin and collagen IV networks (PubMed:30260959, PubMed:30567930). Required for permeability and mechanical stability of basement membranes, and ECM dependent neural plasticity (PubMed:30567930). Not involved in assembly of the embryonic basement membrane (PubMed:30567930).
Expressed in different patterns throughout embryogenesis (at protein levels) (PubMed:30260959, PubMed:30567930). At stage 11/12, embeds dorsal median cells and somatic myoblasts forming a thin layer between the ectoderm and the mesoderm and around the prospective anal plate (PubMed:30567930). At stage 12, after germ band retraction, accumulates in the forming basal membranes around the developing brain and ventral nerve cord, in the differentiating tracheal system, in the future digestive tract as well as in the forming somatic muscles (PubMed:30567930). At stage 13, accumulates around caudal visceral mesodermal cells (PubMed:30260959). At stage 16, expressed in the basal membrane surrounding most tissues, including muscles, gut and larval ventral nerve cord, brain, and in chordotonal organs (at protein level) (PubMed:30260959, PubMed:30567930). Expressed in embryonic macrophages (at protein level) (PubMed:30260959). In the larva, expressed mainly by fat body adipocytes and blood cells in the basal membranes that surround the fat body, imaginal disks, tracheae, salivary glands, midgut, mature muscles and heart (at protein level) (PubMed:30260959). Expressed during embryogenesis: at stage 11/12 detected in single cells of the head, especially in the gnathal segments as well as in segmentally located patches of cells in the dorsal mesoderm, detected in the midline-associated, mesodermal dorsal median cells and somatic myoblasts (PubMed:30567930). Only low expression in the amnioserosa (PubMed:30567930). After germ band retraction (stage 12), expressed in the forming dorsal and ventral muscles, the amnioserosa and the segmentally located chordotonal organs (PubMed:30567930). Expressed in the esophageal visceral muscle primordium and in the joint region between hind- and midgut (PubMed:30567930). At stage 16, expressed in somatic and visceral muscles, and in the cap cells of the chordotonal organs (PubMed:30567930).
Expressed in the basement membrane around the follicular epithelium of the adult ovary (at protein level).
Reduces fertility (PubMed:30260959, PubMed:30567930). In larvae results in impaired climbing abilities and in multiple holes in the basal membrane surrounding the fat body adipose, the somatic muscles and the longitudinal and circular visceral muscles, affecting permeability and mechanical stability of the basement membrane (PubMed:30260959, PubMed:30567930). Impairs larvae movement including reduced crawling speed, smaller stride frequency and exploration area together with sudden motion defects in their crawling pattern, such as head shaking, and spontaneous rolling and bending (PubMed:30567930). Increases neuromuscular junction (NMJ) size including abnormal branching numbers, overall branch length and enhanced bouton density suggesting defective NMJ maturation (PubMed:30567930). Reduces reaction to vibrational stimuli with partial loss of alignment of sensory cilia and morphological defects of the larval peripheral nervous system (PubMed:30567930). Results in smaller pupae presenting an orientation shift of the pupal cases towards the horizontal axis (PubMed:30567930). Results in incompletely inflated wing blades in a small group of adults (PubMed:30567930).
The EGF-like 1 and nidogen G2 beta-barrel domain (also known as globular region 2 or G2) contribute to the localization to the basal membrane probably by binding to vkg.
The EGF-like 2-8 domains (also known as the ROD domain) is necessary but not sufficient for localization to the basal membrane.
The LDL-receptor class B 1-4 domains (also known as globular region 3 or G3) is necessary for cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Also, contributes to the localization to the basal membrane probably by binding to laminins.
The NIDO domain (also known as globular region 1 or G1) contributes to the localization to the basal membrane probably by binding to vkg.
Acyltransferase that mediates the acylation of lysophospholipids to produce phospholipids (glycerophospholipids). Highest activity with lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) producing phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity), but also converts lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) to phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or PS) (LPSAT activity). Has a preference for unsaturated fatty acids of at least 16 carbons such as oleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA) and palmitoleoyl-CoA ((9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA). Glycerophospholipids are important structural and functional components of cellular membrane, acyl-chain remodeling regulates the molecular species distribution of glycerophospholipids which can affect membrane fluidity and curvature. Essential for fertility and viability together with Oysgedart (Oys). Required for germ cells to migrate into the mesoderm.
Although strongly related to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family, it lacks the conserved His active site which is replaced by an Asn-415 residue.
During gastrulation, expressed mainly along the midline in the presumptive mesoderm. During germ band elongation, expressed in mesoderm and endoderm primordia and in the cephalic furrow. Expression in mesoderm and endoderm lineages continues during germ band shortening. At the end of this process, no longer detected in somatic mesoderm or endoderm layer with expression restricted to anterior and posterior domains of the visceral mesoderm.
Expressed throughout development with highest levels in adult females and preblastoderm embryos.
Expressed in CNS midline cells during embryonic stages 9-13. Expression also seen in cells of the stomagastric nervous system. Segmentally repeated stripes of ectodermal expression appear at stage 11 that become uniform by stage 12 and throughout embryogenesis. Expressed at variable levels in somatic muscles from stage 16 and in all imaginal disks during larval development. Expression is seen in da neurons that grow in two-dimensional dendrites underneath the epidermis during late embryonic, larval, and pupal stages.
Expression is vital for development; may be involved in transcriptional regulation. In embryos, muscle specific expression is required for segmental nerve b (SNb) motoneuron target recognition within ventral longitudinal muscles. Has a role in establishing and maintaining embryonic muscle attachments, adult sensory cell formation (macrochaetae) and morphogenesis of adult appendages (legs, antenna aristae and male external genitalia). Has a role in the morphogenesis of the class I dendritic neurons: selective expression of ab in class I da neurons plays a pivotal role in forming dendritic arbors, which are characteristic of the class I cells. The development of more complex arbors of class II-IV neurons depends on the absence of ab.
Flies exhibit disrupts to motoneuron guidance and connectivity. Loss of ab in class I neurons results in malformation of their typical comb-like arbor patterns and generation of supernumerary branch terminals.
Probable auxillary component of a complex displaying alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity.
Mutant flies show defective one-day memory but normal learning.
Named after the Hindu god Indra who lost immortality due to a curse from Durvasa, likely referring to mutants displaying a loss of germline immortality.
RNAi-mediated knockdown produces various phenotypes that are the result of reduced rDNA copy number (PubMed:35895823). These include a decreased number of progeny, a progressive loss of fecundity over successive generations, and a number of offspring from male knockdown mutants, exhibit a bobbed phenotype (abnormal cuticle patterns on the abdomen) which is characteristic of decreased rDNA copy number (PubMed:35895823). In addition, the offspring of knockdown mutants display reduced rDNA magnification, a process by which an X chromosome with insufficient rDNA copy number is induced to recover copy number (PubMed:35895823). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germ line decreases the frequency of non-random sister chromatid segregation (NRSS) for both the X and Y chromosomes (PubMed:35895823).
Required for rDNA copy number maintenance and non-random sister chromatid segregation (NRSS) following unequal sister chromatid exchange (PubMed:35895823). Binds ribosomal DNA (rDNA) preferentially binding to intergenic spacers (IGS) regions on both X and Y chromosomes (PubMed:35895823). Essential for NRSS, a mechanism which contributes to the recovery and maintenance of inherently unstable rDNA copy numbers so that the integrity of the germline genome is upheld over generations and germline immortality is sustained (PubMed:35895823). May be involved in transcriptional regulation (Probable).
Gln-626 is present instead of the conserved Asp which is expected to act as an active site proton acceptor therefore suggesting that it has no protein kinase activity.
Probably lacks tyrosine-protein kinase activity.
Accessory component of both the DNA polymerase delta complex and possibly the DNA polymerase zeta complex (By similarity). As a component of the delta complex, participates in high fidelity genome replication, including lagging strand synthesis, DNA recombination and repair (By similarity). Appears to promote the function of the DNA pol-delta complex accessory subunit PolD3 in both embryonic and postembryonic somatic cells (PubMed:31100062).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.
Component of both the DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase zeta complexes (By similarity). The DNA polymerase delta complex consisting of three subunits: the catalytic subunit PolD1 and two accessory subunits PolD2/Pol31 and PolD3/Pol32 (PubMed:31100062). Within the delta complex, interacts with both PolD1 and PolD3, and is able to interact with PolD1 in the absence of PolD3 (PubMed:31100062). Component of the DNA polymerase zeta complex consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolZ1 and three accessory subunits PolZ2/Rev7, PolD2/Pol31 and PolD3/Pol32 (By similarity).
Expressed in ovaries and embryos (at the protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in postembryonic cells reduces the protein levels of the delta complex member PolD3.
Expressed in the pupal eye during programmed cell death.
Involved in prepatterning photoreceptor precursors in the developing eye; in the larval eye disk it defines a subset of cells as an equipotential group that is competent to respond to the sevenless developmental signal and another subset that confer proper photoreceptor identity by positively regulating the homeo box gene Bar. Involved in the aop/pnt dynamic in a Ras-dependent manner to regulate pros expression. Promotes apoptosis in the pupal eye by directly activating aos and klu. Also modulates hid- and rpr-mediated cell death. Regulates amos function in olfactory sensilla development.
Belongs to the insect defense protein family.
May have antimicrobial activity. A late response immune regulated gene that is negatively regulated by spz during the immune response.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Binds DNA as a heterodimer with MYC or MAD.
Embryo, especially in central nervous system.
Transcription regulator. Forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein complex with MYC or MAD which recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3'. The MYC-MAX complex is a transcriptional activator, whereas the MAD-MAX complex is a repressor.
Belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family.
Critical for epithelial morphogenesis during oogenesis; border cell migration. Required in the germarium for the polarization of follicle cells during encapsulation of germline cells. Required for embryonic segmentation and trachea specification. Essential receptor molecule for upd and JAK/STAT signaling during oogenesis.
In stage 11 embryos, tracheal pits show highest expression, at stage 14 high expression is detected in the posterior spiracles, gut and head.
Interacts with wdp; the interaction promotes internalization of dome and its subsequent lysosomal degradation; thereby reducing JAK/STAT signaling.
Expressed in 1-2 cells on the distal edge of the antenna but not the maxillary palp.
Activates the Pk92B/DASK1-MAPK signaling cascade.
Interacts with Elongin-C; may be the substrate recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Expressed on differentiating neuronal cells from the onset of neurogenesis in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. First detected in the cellularized blastoderm, apart from in the ventral side. Expression persists uniformly in the early ectoderm until the end of gastrulation. From stage 10, expressed in an alternating strong/weak pattern in each segment until stage 15 when it disappears. From stage 11, expressed in subsets of neurons and later subsets of glial cells. From early stage 13, strongly expressed in trachea, hindgut, foregut and the nervous system.
Flies exhibit more sinuous tracheal branches and uneven lumen with numerous breaks in the dorsal and lateral branches.
Required for normal tracheal development and maintenance of the trans-epithelial diffusion barrier. Functions as a homophilic cell-adhesion molecule. May play a role in early neuronal differentiation and axon outgrowth.
Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel subunit which mediates Ca(2+) influx following depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Regulates transcription factor NFAT nuclear import.
In Greek mythology, the 'Orai' are the keepers of the gates of heaven: Eunomia (order or harmony), Dike (justice) and Eirene (peace).
Required for exocytosis. Thought to function in intracellular vesicle targeting and docking before SNARE complex formation.
Alpha chains of type IV collagen have a non-collagenous domain (NC1) at their C-terminus, frequent interruptions of the G-X-Y repeats in the long central triple-helical domain (which may cause flexibility in the triple helix), and a short N-terminal triple-helical 7S domain.
Collagen type IV is specific for basement membranes.
Prolines at the third position of the tripeptide repeating unit (G-X-Y) are hydroxylated in some or all of the chains.
Trimers of two alpha 1(IV) and one alpha 2(IV) chain. Type IV collagen forms a mesh-like network linked through intermolecular interactions between 7S domains and between NC1 domains.
Type IV collagens contain numerous cysteine residues which are involved in inter- and intramolecular disulfide bonding. 12 of these, located in the NC1 domain, are conserved in all known type IV collagens.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Required for endonucleolytic cleavage during polyadenylation-dependent pre-mRNA 3'-end formation.
May have a role in autophagic cell death.
Fkh promotes terminal as opposed to segmental development. In the absence of fkh, this developmental switch does not occur. The nuclear localization of the fkh protein suggest that fkh regulates the transcription of other, subordinate, genes.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease, known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory complex (RC). The RC is composed of at least 18 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively (By similarity).
Was originally thought to be the diphenol oxidase A2 component involved in catecholamine metabolism, melanin formation, and sclerotization of the cuticle.
Adult lethal (PubMed:12915226). In the rare adult escapers, trichomes are often absent from large areas of the thorax and wing, or they are sparse and atrophied (PubMed:12915226). In the aristae, the central core is shorter and lateral cells either fail to develop or are strongly reduced in size (PubMed:12915226). Embryos display a smooth cuticle with sparse atrophied denticles (PubMed:12915226). Isoform D: No visible phenotype (PubMed:3428601). Isoform D: Males are viable whereas females are sterile and do not lay eggs (PubMed:3428601). Isoform D: Ovaries are atrophic and slightly larger than the oviducts at the posterior end of the ovaries, and egg chambers and germline cells are not visible (PubMed:3428601). Isoform D: In female embryos undergoing gastrulation, pole cells undergo cell death and are consequently either absent or reduced in number (PubMed:3428601). Isoform D: Pole cell morphology and their position in the embryo is unaffected (PubMed:3428601). Isoform D: Embryonic germline cells are unaffected while, in female larvae, germline cells undergo cell death and by the third instar stage, the germline cells in most mutants are either absent or reduced in number whereas, in the remaining mutants, the number of germline cells are not affected (PubMed:8652413). Isoform B: RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced expression of miniature (m) in the developing embryo (PubMed:28506986).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:7935398, PubMed:9012532, PubMed:1712294, PubMed:17246162, PubMed:28059165). Isoform B: Expressed in the notum from early pupation to 36 hours after puparium formation, disappearing once epidermal cells develop apical extensions (at protein level) (PubMed:25344753). Isoform B: Expressed in the trichomes of stages 11 and 12 embryos and disappears by stage 15 but the cleaved transcriptional activator form svb is still present (at protein level) (PubMed:20647469). Isoform B: Not detected until the blastoderm stage when it is expressed in the head (PubMed:7748792). Isoform B: No expression in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) (PubMed:28059165). Isoform B: In stage 12 embryos, expressed in the trunk, and in stage 14 embryos expressed in the region of denticle belt setae and dorsal hairs (PubMed:7748792). Isoform B: Not detected in the pole cells throughout embryogenesis (PubMed:7748792). Isoform B: Expressed in the pupal tarsal segments in several segmentally separated stripes (PubMed:21527259). Isoform D: Expressed in the germinal stem cells of the germarium and later in the nurse cells (at protein level) (PubMed:7748792). Isoform D: Uniformly expressed in early cleavage and blastoderm stage embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:7748792). Isoform D: At germ band extension (stage 8), expression levels decrease rapidly and becomes localized to the pole cells in the posterior midgut pocket (at protein level) (PubMed:7748792). Isoform D: In stage 14 embryos, expressed in the forming gonads and some dispersed cells presumed to be pole cells lost during cell migration (at protein level) (PubMed:7748792). Isoform D: Expressed in male and female embryos, and in the germ cell in the gonads of male and female larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:7748792). Isoform D: Detected in adults, and in males is expressed in the apical part of each testis (at protein level) (PubMed:7748792). Isoform D: Expressed during early oogenesis in all female germline cells with slightly lower expression in early egg chambers (stages 2-4) (PubMed:10648246, PubMed:15371353). Isoform D: Weakly expressed in the apex of the testis (PubMed:12051822, PubMed:15371353). Isoform D: Expression levels in PGCs remain constant from stage 4 to stage 11, but decrease from stage 12 to stage 17 (PubMed:28059165). Isoform C: Weakly expressed in female germline stem cells and dividing cystocytes, and is very weak in early to middle stages of egg chamber differentiation (PubMed:10648246, PubMed:15371353). Isoform C: Expression levels are highest from middle to late stages of egg maturity but this is still relatively weak compared to isoform D (PubMed:10648246). Isoform C: Expressed in PGCs throughout embryogenesis but at a much lower level than isoform D (PubMed:28059165). Isoform C: Weakly expressed in the apex of the testis (PubMed:12051822, PubMed:15371353).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with Ubr3; the interaction is mediated by tal.
N-terminus is proteolytically cleaved and ubiquitinated via a tal-dependent mechanism, leading to the proteolytic degradation of the N-terminus and the production of transcriptional activator shavenbaby, a truncated form with transcriptional activator activity.
Only 3 of the 4 C2H2-type zinc-fingers are required for DNA-binding. Based on its marked lack of evolutionary conservation, the fourth zinc-finger is unlikely to be required.
Produced by alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing.
Transcriptional activator which initiates trichome development and also promotes tarsal joint development (PubMed:21527259, PubMed:20647469, PubMed:26383956). Has an essential somatic role regulating the tal-dependent formation of trichomes, and initiating cytoskeletal remodeling during epidermal differentiation (PubMed:20647469, PubMed:21527259, PubMed:25344753, PubMed:26383956). Function with SoxN is required for correct denticle morphogenesis on the embryonic epidermis (PubMed:28506986). SoxN and svb appear to act both independently and in conjunction with each other to activate certain genes involved in denticle morphogenesis; Svb appears to be involved in regulating denticle length whereas SoxN regulates the denticle base circumference (PubMed:28506986). Also functions in the development of other apical cell extensions such as bristles (PubMed:25344753). Also has an important role in tarsal joint development, repressing expression of the N ligand Dl and defining its signaling boundary (PubMed:21527259).
Transcriptional activator which is specifically involved in female germline development, where it functions antagonistically to isoform C (PubMed:10648246, PubMed:1712294, PubMed:3428601, PubMed:8652413). Necessary and sufficient for normal oogenesis (PubMed:1712294, PubMed:12051822). Required in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) for normal development of male and female germline cells (PubMed:28059165). Plays a role in germline sex determination (PubMed:2116356). Binds the promoter DNA and positively regulates the transcription of the otu gene in a stage-specific manner (PubMed:10525184, PubMed:11290304, PubMed:9634487). May have autoregulatory activity (PubMed:11290304, PubMed:9634487).
Transcriptional regulator with essential functions in the germline and soma (PubMed:9012532, PubMed:12915226, PubMed:10421370). Plays an essential role in regulating the formation of apical cell extensions such as denticles and aristae, and initiating cytoskeletal remodeling during epidermal differentiation (PubMed:12915226, PubMed:10421370).
Transcriptional repressor which functions in postembryonic development (PubMed:21527259, PubMed:26383956). The full-length unprocessed form acts as a transcriptional repressor (Transcriptional repressor svb) (PubMed:26383956).
Transcriptional repressor which is specifically involved in female germline development, where it functions antagonistically to isoform D (PubMed:10648246, PubMed:28059165). Negatively regulates expression of otu and may also have autoregulatory activity (PubMed:10648246). Negatively regulates expression of piwi in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) (PubMed:28059165).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, zygotic expression is at a low and constant level thereafter.
May play a role in the process of early and late gene activation, or possibly in RNA processing, for a defined set of developmentally regulated loci.
Expressed at constant level, without strong circadian variations. Its amount nevertheless oscillates along day and night cycles in the termini of dorsally projected axons of LNvs.
Increases total sleep time, decreases sleep latency, leads to loss of morning activity peak, and a failure to wake up in advance of light-on anticipation (PubMed:19038223, PubMed:19230663). In a CCHa1 mutant background, diminished morning activity and phase-advanced evening activity compared to single mutant (PubMed:36786215). No significant effect on free-running period but reduced power and rhythmicity of free-running activity, which is further reduced in a CCHa1 mutant background (PubMed:10619432, PubMed:36786215). No effect on photic entrainment of circadian rhythms (PubMed:36786215).
Neuropeptide PDF is the main transmitter regulating circadian locomotor rhythms. Required to maintain behavioral rhythms under constant conditions by coordinating pacemaker interactions in the circadian system (PubMed:10619432, PubMed:10777797, PubMed:15356209). Together with CCHa1, involved in regulating intensity and periodicity of daytime activity, possibly by modulating rhythmic expression of circadian protein PER/period in a subset of clock neurons, but not TIM/timeless (PubMed:36786215). Acts on small and large ventral lateral neurons to control sleep and regulates the state transition from sleep to wake (PubMed:19038223, PubMed:19230663).
Predominantly expressed in adult head. Expressed at higher level in males than in females. In adult brain, it is specifically expressed in the ventral lateral neurons (LNvs) as well as in 2-4 tritocerebral cells and 4-6 abdominal cells.
Can act as both a transcriptional repressor and corepressor. Represses the expression of genes involved in neural development and preferentially binds palindromic sequence 5'-CCAATTGG-3' to mediate transcriptional repression (PubMed:25561495, PubMed:23468431). Acts as a corepressor for suppressor of hairless (Su(H)) and inhibits Notch signaling during peripheral nervous system development (PubMed:21765394, PubMed:25561495).
Homodimer. Interacts (via BEN domain) with Su(H). Interacts with Cp190.
Initially expressed ubiquitously in the early embryo and later throughout the developing ectoderm but becomes highly restricted to the developing CNS and PNS. Peak expression seen at the blastoderm stage (2-4 hours) (at protein level).
Required for cell surface expression of acetylcholine receptors.
Activated by RHOA binding. Inhibited by Y-27632.
Protein kinase which is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity.
Belongs to the helicase family. SKI2 subfamily.
Impaired meiosis, leading to maternal mutants with eggshell defects (PubMed:9362456, PubMed:16888338). Mutant females produce ventralized egg shells, with phenotypes ranging from fused dorsal appendages to fully ventralized eggs with no dorsal appendages (PubMed:16888338). Mutant flies are hypersensitive to chemical mutagens (PubMed:16888338).
Single-stranded 3'-5' DNA helicase that plays a key role in homology-driven double-strand break (DSB) repair (PubMed:16888338). Involved in different DSB repair mechanisms that are guided by annealing of extensive stretches of complementary bases at break ends, such as microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), single-strand annealing (SSA) or synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) (By similarity).
Metalloprotease which cleaves TGF-beta family ligands daw, Actbeta and myo in vitro (PubMed:17119021). Cleavage of daw enhances its signaling activity (PubMed:17119021). Cleaves dorsal-ventral patterning protein sog (PubMed:15872004). Processes sog more efficiently than metalloprotease tld which also cleaves sog (PubMed:15872004). Required for normal dorsal development. TLD may interact physically with DPP-C protein.
Mutations in TLD lead to a partial transformation of dorsal ectoderm into ventral ectoderm.
Expressed throughout the central nervous system at larval and adult stages.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arf6 (PubMed:28607459). Regulates axon growth and branching by inhibiting microtubule polymerisation at the cortex (PubMed:31718774). Together with shot, promotes axonal microtubule bundle integrity (PubMed:31718774). Required for normal ethanol-induced tolerance and preference (PubMed:28607459). Probably by activating Arf6, counteracts ethanol-induced sedation (PubMed:28607459).
Interacts (via MTED motif) with tubulin.
Viable but male sterile (PubMed:28607459). Results in enhances preference and sensitivity to ethanol (PubMed:28607459). Fails to develop tolerance to repeated ethanol exposures (PubMed:28607459). Increases axon length and axon branching (PubMed:31718774). RNAi-mediated knockdown increases axon length and axon branching (PubMed:31718774). RNAi-mediated knockdown in a subset of lamina neurons results in axonal swellings and disorganized axonal microtubules (PubMed:31718774).
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
Expression begins around stage 10 in weak epidermal stripes (PubMed:8269517). Nervous system expression is first detected around stage 15 and at stage 16 appears to remain restricted to a small subset of neurons (PubMed:8269517). Beginning around stage 14 to 15, also expressed in the ventral intersegmental 5 (VIS5) muscle of thoracic segment T3 (PubMed:8269517, PubMed:27618755). It is also expressed in the embryonic gonads and in anterior sensory organs, including the maxillary complex (PubMed:8269517).
Ligand for transmembrane receptor PlexB (PubMed:16672342). Plays a role in growth cone guidance (PubMed:8269517, PubMed:27618755). Required for both proper adult behavior and survival (PubMed:8269517, PubMed:37041188). Can function as a selective target-derived signal that inhibits the formation of specific synaptic terminal arbors (PubMed:8269517). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival, motor neuron surival, and is important for climbing behavior and activity (PubMed:37041188). During embryogenesis, plays an important role in correct salivary gland positioning (PubMed:27618755).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males, reduces survival to 77 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 9 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown also increases activity, at least during the light cycle and results in a significant loss of motor neurons in each thoracic cluster (T1, T2, T3) (PubMed:37041188).
Transiently expressed by a single large muscle during motoneuron outgrowth and synapse formation.
Main cells and secondary cells of the accessory glands of 1 day old virgin males (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979). In 5 day old virgin males, only detected in the secondary cells (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979). Reappears in the main cells after mating (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979). First detected in adult males 3-4 hr after eclosion, levels increase reaching a peak at day 3-5 which is maintained until at least day 10 of adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979). In unmated male adults, levels are maintained for the first 6 days of adulthood and then gradually decrease for at least the next 8 days (PubMed:2257979). No expression in females (PubMed:3142802).
This protein is transferred from male to female during mating and may affect egglaying and behavior after mating.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase catalyzing the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate into UDP-glucose, a crucial precursor for the production of glycogen.
During embryogenesis, expressed primarily in the developing gut and transiently in the amnioserosa.
Expressed primarily during embryonic, larval and early pupal development and at low levels in late pupae and adults.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.
Lipid phosphatase that may mediate dephosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins (By similarity). Protein phosphatase that may mediate dephosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins (By similarity). Does not dephosphorylate Akt.
Acts via the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons (PubMed:26808625, PubMed:15817569, PubMed:17346786). Directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated sequence elements (PubMed:16882972). In ovarian somatic cells, mediates silencing of transposable elements at the transcriptional level in a mael-dependent manner (PubMed:23159368, PubMed:28472469). Involved in silencing of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in male germline (PubMed:15817569). In testis, regulates spermatogenesis together with Tudor-SN (PubMed:26808625). In germ cells, mediates silencing at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and is involved in the maintenance of populations of primary and secondary piRNAs. Piwi-mediated transcriptional silencing is accompanied by the formation of His3 trimethylated on 'Lys-10' (H3K9me3) associated euchromatin and heterochromatin (PubMed:23434410, PubMed:23392610, PubMed:24906153). In ovary, associates predominantly with antisense piRNAs that contain uridine at their 5' end. Association with sense piRNAs is also observed but to a lesser extent. Mediates a somatic signaling mechanism required for the maintenance of germline stem cells to produce and maintain a daughter germline stem cell (PubMed:9851978, PubMed:10631171, PubMed:9199372, PubMed:16949822). It is not essential for the further differentiation of the committed daughter cell (PubMed:9851978). Acts cell autonomously to promote germline stem cell division (PubMed:9851978, PubMed:10631171). Its role in stem cell maintenance does not seem to require nuclear localization. Required maternally for the posterior localization of osk and vas and for pole cell formation during oogenesis and early embryogenesis (PubMed:16949822). Together with Hop and Hsp83, mediates canalization, also known as developmental robustness, likely via epigenetic silencing of existing genetic variants and suppression of transposon-induced new genetic variation (PubMed:21186352). Shows RNA cleavage activity, although is not required for any of its known functions (PubMed:9199372, PubMed:16882972, PubMed:23297219). In the ovaries, forms a complex with nxf2, Panx and Nxt1 which acts as effectors of cotranscriptional transposon silencing (PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in the germarium, at low levels during oogenesis stages 1-6, at a lower level during stages 7-9, strongly at stage 10, eventually accumulates in early embryos and later in development the expression decreases (at protein level).
Expressed in ovaries (at protein level) (PubMed:28472469, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). Expressed somatically in ovariole terminal filament cells, epithelial sheath cells, cap cells and follicle cells (at protein level). Expressed in nurse cells and oocytes in developing egg chambers (at protein level) (PubMed:29531043, PubMed:29735528). In embryos, accumulates in pole cells (at protein level). In larval and adult testis, expressed in a germinal proliferative center at the apical tip containing somatic hub cells and mitotically dividing germ stem cells (at protein level) (PubMed:26808625).
Female mutants show normal ovarian development up to third instar larval stage (PubMed:9851978, PubMed:9199372, PubMed:26808625). However, adult mutant ovarioles contain germaria lacking germline cells and containing two normal or abnormal egg chambers as result of the failure of germline stem cell maintenance (PubMed:9851978, PubMed:9199372, PubMed:26808625). In adult testis, results in deregulation of transposon silencing (PubMed:26808625).
In the ovaries, part of a complex composed of at least Panx, nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). The complex is knowns as Panx-induced co-transcriptional silencing (PICTS) complex, Panx-nxf2-dependent TAP/p15 silencing (Pandas complex), SFiNX (silencing factor interacting nuclear export variant) or piwi-Panx-nxf2-p15 (PPNP) complex (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). Interacts with vas; this interaction is RNA-independent (PubMed:16949822). Interacts with Dcr-1 and Fmr1; these interactions occur in polar granules (PubMed:16949822). Interacts (via N-terminal region) with CBX5 (via chromoshadow domain) (PubMed:17875665). Forms a complex with Hsp83 and Hop; probably Hop mediates the interaction between piwi and Hsp83 (PubMed:21186352). Forms a complex with Yb body components armi and fs(1)Yb; this interaction is required for proper piRNA loading and nuclear localization of piwi (PubMed:20966047). Interaction of Piwi and fs(1)Yb is likely to occur via armi (PubMed:20966047). Interacts (via the N-terminal region when unmethylated or symmetrically methylated at Arg-10) with papi (via Tudor domain) (PubMed:21447556, PubMed:29531043). Interacts with vret (PubMed:21831924). Interacts with Panx (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711). Interacts with arx (PubMed:23913921, PubMed:23913922). Interacts with Tudor-SN (PubMed:26808625). Interacts with Nup358 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:29735528). Associates with the nuclear pore complex via interaction with Elys (PubMed:28472469). Interacts with thoc5; the interaction might be partly RNA-mediated (PubMed:28472469). Interacts with xmas-2 (PubMed:28472469).
Phosphorylated on serine and tyrosine residues in an Hsp83-dependent manner.
Symmetrically dimethylated, most likely by csul (PubMed:19377467, PubMed:29531043). Methylation at Arg-10 enhances binding to papi whereas methylation at Arg-7, Arg-9 or Arg-11 reduces binding affinity to papi (PubMed:29531043).
Binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA. Prefers sites containing the sequence 5'-ttg-3'. Facilitates DNA bending. Associated with early embryonic chromatin in the absence of histone H1.
Detected in PXo bodies found in the enterocytes and progenitors of the midgut and in the hindgut, but rarely occur in the Malpighian tubules, crop, brain, muscles and germlines (at protein level).
Down-regulated in the midgut following inorganic phosphate starvation.
Inorganic ion transporter that mediates phosphate ion export across the cell membrane (PubMed:37138087). Plays a major role in phosphate homeostasis, preventing intracellular phosphate accumulation and possible calcium phosphate precipitation, ultimately preserving calcium signaling (PubMed:37138087). The molecular mechanism of phosphate transport, whether electrogenic, electroneutral or coupled to other ions, remains to be elucidated (By similarity). Binds inositol hexakisphosphate (Ins6P) and similar inositol polyphosphates, such as 5-diphospho-inositol pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7), important intracellular signaling molecules involved in regulation of phosphate flux (By similarity). In enterocytes and differentiating progenitors of the gut, promotes the biogenesis and maintenance of organelles called PXo bodies that store intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), and also regulates Cka-JNK mediated tissue homeostasis in response to Pi availability in these tissues (PubMed:37138087). Under conditions of adequate Pi, transports Pi into PXo bodies which convert and store the Pi in the form of phospholipids (PubMed:37138087). It also inhibits Cka at the post-transcriptional level to prevent Cka-bsk/JNK mediated cell proliferation (PubMed:37138087). Upon Pi starvation, Pxo expression is down-regulated resulting in the PXo bodies decreasing in phospholipid content until they undergo lysosomal/autophagosomal degradation and release the stored Pi back into the cytosol for use by the cell (PubMed:37138087). Decrease in Pxo expression also activates the Cka protein, which moves to the nucleus to activate bsk/JNK which then induces nearby progenitor cells to proliferate and form new absorptive cells, probably helping the organism to cope with the nutrient deficiency by maximizing absorption of dietary Pi (PubMed:37138087).
Interacts with the FAR/SIN/STRIPAK complex members Cka and Pp2A-29B.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in various phenotypes that also occur in flies undergoing inorganic phosphate starvation, including activation of midgut hyperproliferation and activation of cell mitosis (PubMed:37138087). RNAi-mediated knockdown in either enterocytes or progenitors, induces mitosis under both under normal conditions and with bleomycin-induced tissue damage (PubMed:37138087). Enterocytes but not progenitors, display increased levels of cytosolic inorganic phosphate (PubMed:37138087). RNAi-mediated knockdown in enterocytes does not result in an increase in apoptosis (PubMed:37138087).
The SPX domain has high affinity for inositol polyphosphates, such as myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and 5-diphospho-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7) (By similarity). Its affinity for inorganic phosphate is two to three orders of magnitude lower (By similarity).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is often lethal at the pupal stage, with flies displaying small black or brown spots prior to death. A small percentage of adults survive when grown at 23 degrees Celsius to preclude pupal lethality. These adult escapers (then kept at 29 degrees Celsius) do not display melanotic areas until several hours after eclosion. These melanotic regions or spots are predominately in air-exposed parts of the body, such as those close to the cuticle, and the thoracic and abdominal spiracles. In the tracheae melanization occurs only in the trunk closest to the spiracle. The ptilinal suture and the surrounding area between the eyes also display various amounts of melanization. Around half display reduced pigmentation of their abdomen, and this often occurred in adults that had large melanotic areas. After septic injury, flies display impaired melanization at the wound site, and in their hemolymph there is an overall reduction in the protein level of PPO1 and no significant activity of PO.
Serine protease inhibitor which is required for pupal viability and plays an essential role in regulating the melanization reaction (PubMed:18801354, PubMed:22227521). Inhibits spontaneous melanization and appears to be involved in the melanization immune response to physical wounding in larvae and adults (PubMed:18801354, PubMed:22227521). Acts by negatively regulating the Hayan-phenoloxidase (PPO1) cascade in the hemolymph and possibly the trachea (PubMed:18801354, PubMed:22227521). May function by controlling the initial release of the activated form of PPO1, phenoloxidase (PO) and thus maintains PO availability for processes such as wound response and pigmentation (PubMed:18801354).
Up-regulated by injury in larvae and adults.
Developmental protein involved in neurogenesis. Required for the formation of chordotonal organs and photoreceptors. Seems to bind to E boxes. Specifically required for the photoreceptor R8 selection.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Forms a heterodimer with Daughterless.
Proneural clusters and sense organ precursors of the chordotonal organs, optic furrow of the eye-antennal disk and developing brain lobe.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.
Although it belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family, recombinant mouse homolog AHCYL1 expressed in bacteria shows no hydrolase activity, suggesting that Drosophila AhcyL1 may also lack this activity.
Interacts with Ahcy; the interaction may negatively regulate Ahcy catalytic activity.
Might play a role in the regulation of methionine metabolism possibly by binding and inactivating Ahcy.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in extended lifespan with increased fecundity and suppression of age-related decreased climbing activity and intestinal integrity (PubMed:27313316). Does not affect oxidative stress resistance (PubMed:27313316). Decreases levels of S-adenosyl-homocysteine and homocysteine (PubMed:27313316). Suppresses histone H3K4 trimethylation (PubMed:27313316). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons results in extended life span (PubMed:27313316). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body does not show any phenotype (PubMed:27313316). Simultaneous knockdown of AhcyL2 in intestine results in extended life span (PubMed:27313316).
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. LN-TM7 subfamily.
Forms a heterodimer, consisting of a large extracellular region non-covalently linked to a seven-transmembrane moiety.
Proteolytically cleaved into 2 subunits, an extracellular subunit and a seven-transmembrane subunit.
Ganglionic branches migrate normally along the intersegmental nerve, but sporadically fail to switch to the segmental nerve and enter the CNS; they wind up meandering along the ventral epidermis instead.
Induced by the branchless FGF pathway in migrating tracheal cells, resulting of the switch from the intersegmental to the segmental nerve.
Maternally expressed and distributed during the syncytial blastoderm stage. In zygote first detected in mid-embryogenesis in the developing tracheal system and later in the developing gonad. Tracheal expression is highly dynamic. At stage 11, weakly expressed in all tracheal cells. During stages 12 and 13, preferential expression in the leading cells of the ganglionic branch and other growing primary branches. During stages 14 and 15, expression becomes further restricted to just the GB1 terminal cell and other terminal cells.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap2 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. May methylate the ribose of the second nucleotide of a m(7)GpppG-capped mRNA (cap0) to produce m(7)GpppRmpNm (cap2) (By similarity). Regulates expression of tracheal genes required for pathfinding on the segmental nerve (PubMed:10068643).
Controls the pigmentation pattern of the adult cuticle and larval mouth parts.
Flies fail to pigment the adult cuticle and larval mouth parts and show reduced level of locomotor activity and male competitive mating ability.
Required during the later half of pupal development for the normal pigmentation of the adult cuticle.
Forms a complex with Nrx-IV/Nrx and Cont (PubMed:15459097). Forms a complex composed of septa junction proteins Nrx-IV/Nrx, Tsf2/MTf, Cont and Nrg during late embryogenesis (PubMed:20935638).
Long isoform is restricted to surface of neurons and glia in the developing nervous system and the short isoform to other non-neuronal tissues.
The long isoform may play a role in neural and glial cell adhesion in the developing embryo. The short isoform may be a more general cell adhesion molecule involved in other tissues and imaginal disk morphogenesis. Vital for embryonic development. Essential for septate junctions. Septate junctions, which are the equivalent of vertebrates tight junctions, are characterized by regular arrays of transverse structures that span the intermembrane space and form a physical barrier to diffusion. Required for the blood-brain barrier formation.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. H (Eag) (TC 1.A.1.20) subfamily. Eag sub-subfamily.
Expressed in the axon and the terminal boutons of motor neurons.
Increased growth of the perineurial glial layer of the larval peripheral nerve. Hyperexcitability at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and memory formation defects in the adult.
Structural component of a potassium channel. Mediates the potassium permeability of membranes; potassium current is regulated by CaMKII and CASK. Has a role in growth of the perineurial glial layer of the larval peripheral nerve.
The segment H5 is thought to line the channel pore.
The voltage-dependent potassium channel is a heterotetramer of potassium channel proteins (By similarity). Interaction with CASK.
When in complex with CASK, the efficiency of Thr-787 phosphorylation is increased.
Complex spatial distribution during embryogenesis, including expression in lobula plate giant neurons. Also expressed in adult wing and eyes.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during embryonic stages.
Involved in the maturation of Asn-linked oligosaccharides. Progressively trim alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man(9)GlcNAc(2) to produce Man(5)GlcNAc(2).
Component of the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with l(2)gl.
Homozygous mutants develop more slowly and die at a late pupal stage. Zygotic mutants do not have obvious patterning defects during embryonic or larval development but cells undergo apoptosis when surrounded by wild-type cells in the wing disk epithelium.
Probable substrate recognition component of tsome E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity). Plays a key role in cell competition via its interaction with l(2)gl.
The DWD boxes are required for interaction with DDB1.
Important for modulating JNK signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy in larval salivary glands (PubMed:25836674). During salivary gland development, involved in the positive regulation of the JNK signaling pathway, acting downstream of the TNF ligand egr and upstream of bsk (PubMed:25836674).
In larval salivary glands, not detected until 23 hours after puparium formation (APF), prior to the onset of salivary gland histolysis (at protein level) (PubMed:25836674). In larval salivary glands, not detected until 20 hours APF, then expression levels dramatically increase 23 hours APF (PubMed:25836674). Expressed in the larval midgut, at the 3rd instar wandering stage, with expression levels increasing at 0 hr APF after the ecdysone pulse (PubMed:25836674). At 3 and 5 hours APF, expression levels in the midgut reduce slightly but remain elevated compared to expression levels in 3rd instar wandering larvae (PubMed:25836674). In embryos, expressed in the embryonic brain and midgut (PubMed:25836674).
Interacts with the Ste20-like MAP kinase msn.
The name 'sigmar' is an abbreviation for salivary glands marred which describes the mutant phenotype.
Viable and develops to adulthood (PubMed:25836674). However, pupal salivary glands are abnormal with large empty vacuole-like structures, tubulin disorganization, and reduced autophagy flux (PubMed:25836674). Salivary glands appear normal up to the wandering larval stage, but then exhibit a slight increase in overall length until in pupae 23 hours after puparium formation, salivary glands are significantly longer and wider (PubMed:25836674). Salivary gland histolysis occurs but appears to be delayed (PubMed:25836674). In salivary glands, bsk activation and thus JNK signaling appears to be disrupted as nuclear localization of bsk is absent in large areas of the salivary gland tissues (PubMed:25836674).
Death at the larval-pupal transition with small brains and missing imaginal disks. Specific abnormalities in interphase nuclear structure; clumping of chromatin and convolution of nuclear shape.
Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Functions are required in both M phase and interphase of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
Dimethylates a single guanine residue at position 26 of most tRNAs using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as donor of the methyl groups.
Component of the Enok complex which has a histone H3 acetyltransferase activity (PubMed:27198229). Might be involved in transcriptional activation of selected genes (PubMed:33926075).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in early lethality.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to pentanol, ethyl acetate, and propyl acetate.
Downstream effector molecule involved in the transmission of signals from tyrosine kinase receptors and small GTPases to the actin cytoskeleton. Promotes formation of actin filaments. Part of the WAVE complex that regulates lamellipodia formation. The WAVE complex regulates actin filament reorganization via its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Catalytic component of the SET1 complex that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 and is the main di- and trimethyltransferase throughout development. Set1-dependent trimethylation regulates chromatin changes at active promoters that ensure optimal RNA polymerase II release into productive elongation, thereby contributing to optimal transcription.
Component of the SET1 complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1. Interacts with ash2 and wds.
Mutant female meiotic spindles can be unipolar, multipolar or frayed with no defined poles.
Required during female meiosis for bipolar spindle formation in the absence of the centrosomes and chromosome homolog segregation. Also has roles in male meiosis and mitotic divisions of the early embryo.
Belongs to the phospholipase D family. MitoPLD/Zucchini subfamily.
Cardiolipin hydrolase present at the mitochondrial outer membrane required for piRNA metabolic process. Acts by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) to form phosphatidate (phosphatidic acid or PA) at the mitochondrial outer membrane surface, promoting the piRNA metabolic process. Plays a key role in primary biogenesis of piRNAs and is required during oogenesis to repress transposable elements and prevent their mobilization. piRNAs mediate the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and govern the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Involved in trans-silencing effect (TSE), a homology-dependent repression mechanism by which a P-transgene inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin via its role in piRNA biogenesis.
Defects in mid oogenesis. Females are viable but produce eggs with a range of dorso-ventral patterning defects. Flies lay few eggs, all of which are completely ventralized and often collapsed. Effects are due to defects in piRNA biogenesis and derepression of retrotransposons. Defects are not only present in germ cells but also in somatic cells of the ovary.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with miga/CG12125 (PubMed:26711011).
In contrast to other members of the phospholipase D family, contains only one PLD phosphodiesterase domain, suggesting that it has a single half-catalytic and requires homodimerization to form a complete active site.
Expressed specifically and abundantly in the photoreceptors. Inner and outer segments, and the inner plexiform regions of the retina.
Phosphorylated, but does not undergo light-induced phosphorylation.
Regulates photoreceptor cell deactivation. Arr1 and Arr2 proteins are mediators of rhodopsin inactivation and are essential for the termination of the phototransduction cascade.
Identified in the spliceosome A complex; remains associated with the spliceosome throughout the splicing process (By similarity). Component of the spliceosome B complex (By similarity). Identified in the spliceosome C complex (By similarity). Identified in the spliceosome E complex (By similarity). Component of the U11/U12 snRNPs that are part of the U12-type spliceosome (By similarity). Component of splicing factor SF3B complex (PubMed:18981222). Identified in the SAGA transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex; the interaction is RNA-independent (PubMed:27185460).
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as a component of the splicing factor SF3B complex, a constituent of the spliceosome (PubMed:18981222). SF3B complex is required for 'A' complex assembly formed by the stable binding of U2 snRNP to the branchpoint sequence (BPS) in pre-mRNA (PubMed:18981222). Sequence independent binding of SF3A/SF3B complex upstream of the branch site is essential, it may anchor U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA (By similarity). May also be involved in the assembly of the 'E' complex (By similarity). Belongs also to the minor U12-dependent spliceosome, which is involved in the splicing of rare class of nuclear pre-mRNA intron (By similarity).
Essential component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8.
Expressed maternally and zygotically throughout development.
Probable component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. The CSN complex plays an essential role in oogenesis and embryogenesis and is required for proper photoreceptor R cell differentiation and promote lamina glial cell migration or axon targeting. It also promotes Ubl-dependent degradation of cyclin E (CycE) during early oogenesis.
The PCI domain is necessary and sufficient for interactions with other CSN subunits of the complex.
Only found in a subset of neurons distributed throughout all levels of the central nervous system (CNS). Present in at least some neuroendocrine cells. In adult brains, it is only present in a small handful of cells, the majority of which being distributed in distal parts of the medulla, with a higher expression in the posterior surface of the brain (at protein level).
Component of the SAC complex, a complex composed of crb, Patj and sdt (PubMed:11740560, PubMed:10102271, PubMed:11076972). May interact with the par-6 complex, which is composed of par-6, baz and aPKC, via its interaction with Patj (PubMed:12900452, PubMed:10102271, PubMed:11076972). Interacts with other proteins with Patj and sdt via its short cytoplasmic tail (PubMed:11740560). Component of the CGX complex composed of crb, galla (galla-1 or galla-2) and Xpd (PubMed:25065591). Able to interact independently (via intracellular domain) with galla-1, galla-2 and Xpd (PubMed:25065591). Interacts with apn (PubMed:30645584).
Expressed in the larval trachea (at protein level).
Flies show severe disruptions in the organization of ectodermally derived epithelia and leading in some cases to cell death in these tissues (PubMed:2344615). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body or tracheae results in depletion of its binding partner sdt, twisted tracheal tubes, lack of gas filling and reduced apical surfaces of tracheal tube cells with death occurring at larval stage 2 or 3 (PubMed:30645584). RNAi-mediated knockdown in germline cells results in severe chromosomal and spindle microtubule defects such as chromosome bridges, bent chromosomes, monopolar spindles and fusion with one or more neighboring spindles (PubMed:25065591).
Phosphorylated in the cytoplasmic domain.
Plays a central role in cell polarity establishment, and contributes to the organization of zonula adherens, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue growth (PubMed:2344615, PubMed:12900452, PubMed:10102271, PubMed:11740560). Participates in the assembly, positioning and maintenance of adherens junctions via its interaction with the SAC complex (PubMed:11740560, PubMed:12900452, PubMed:10102271, PubMed:11076972). Controls the coalescence of the spots of zonula adherens (ZA) into an adhesive ring around the cells (PubMed:11740560). It may act as a signal (PubMed:2344615). Involved in morphogenesis of the photoreceptor rhabdomere, for positioning and growth of rhabdomere and AJ during the crucial period of photoreceptor extension along the proximodistal axis of the retina (PubMed:12900452). In cooperation with aPKC, required for the formation and maintenance of the rhabdomeric and stalk apical cortical membrane domains (PubMed:32579558). Recruits aPKC to the apical stalk membrane where it phosphorylates and displaces rhabdomere specifying proteins such as PIP82, to restrict their localization and thus activity to the rhabdomeric apical domain (PubMed:32579558). Component of the crb-galla-Xpd (CGX) complex which is essential for proper mitotic chromosome segregation in early embryos (PubMed:25065591). The CGX complex is also required for cell proliferation in developing wing disks (PubMed:25065591). In the CGX complex, acts with galla-1 or galla-2 to recruit Xpd and thus form the functional complex. Together with apn, plays a key role in trachea development at larval stages (PubMed:30645584).
Detected muscle syncytia in embryonic stage 14 and early stage 15. At mid stage 15, localizes at the leading edge of growing myotubes. In the ventral ends of VO5 and VO6 muscles enriched at the base of membrane protrusions at the leading edge of growing myotubes, while it is less expressed in filopodia. In the late stage embryo, concentrated at all muscle attachment sites, although subtle variation in expression and/or localization may be observed in different muscles subsets. Remains enriched in myotubes until the end of embryogenesis (at protein level).
Expressed in embryonic muscle syncytia (at protein level).
GTPase-activating protein for ADP ribosylation factor family members, including ARF1. Multidomain scaffold protein that interacts with numerous proteins and therefore participates in many cellular functions, including receptor internalization, focal adhesion remodeling, and signaling by both G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors (By similarity). Through Pak activation, may positively regulate microtubule nucleation during interphase. May play a role in the regulation of cytokinesis (By similarity). During embryogenesis, promotes proper muscle morphogenesis and proper guidance and targeting of subsets of myotubes (PubMed:18996366). Required for the recruitment of Pak to muscle attachments in the embryo, probably indirectly through pix/dPIX (PubMed:18996366). May be important for brain development (PubMed:25792865).
Homozygous knockout flies show a semi-lethal phenotype and exhibit defective wing morphology at 100% penetrance (PubMed:18996366). Mutant embryos show striking guidance phenotypes in ventral oblique muscle 5 (VO5) and ventral oblique muscle 6 (VO6), characterized by bypass and mistargeting of the mutant muscles toward the ventral midline. Defects in targeting of the growing ventral tips of mutant muscles toward the ventral midline are already detectable at late stage 14/early stage 15 embryos. Defects in other ventral muscles are less obvious, although ventral acute muscle 3 (VA3) occasionally show mistargeting toward the ventral midline (PubMed:18996366). Defects in number and shape of subsets of muscles are also observed, but at low frequency (PubMed:18996366). Adult knockout flies show decreased central brain size and abnormal morphology of the mushroom body, the most common pattern being early termination of one alpha-lobe. The penetrance of the impaired mushroom body development is incomplete (PubMed:25792865).
May form homodimers (via coiled coil) (By similarity). Forms a complex with pix and Pak; the interaction with Pak may be indirect and mediated by pix/dPIX (PubMed:18996366).
The coiled coil region may mediate dimerization.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator, at least composed of IntS1, IntS2, IntS3, IntS4, omd/IntS5, IntS6, defl/IntS7, IntS8, IntS9, IntS10, IntS11, IntS12, asun/IntS13 and IntS14. Within the complex, interacts with IntS12.
Catalytic component of the Integrator complex, a complex involved in the transcription of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and their 3'-box-dependent processing (By similarity). Mediates the snRNAs 3' cleavage (By similarity). Involved in the 3'-end processing of the U7 snRNA, and also the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 (PubMed:21078872, PubMed:23097424). May mediate recruitment of cytoplasmic dynein to the nuclear envelope, probably as component of the INT complex (By similarity).
The HXHXDH motif is essential for the endoribonuclease activity of the CPSF complex.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the elongation of O-linked ligands to activate Notch signaling. Possesses fucose-specific beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity; extends the O-linked fucose on the Notch EGF repeats. Boundary-specific cell-signaling molecule that is responsible for dorsal-ventral cell interactions during wing development.
Detected along the wing margin, with high levels of expression in two stripes of cells on either side of the dorsal/ventral boundary and lower levels of expression in a small region at the anteroposterior boundary (at protein level) (PubMed:34411095). High levels of expression along two parallel stripes of cells on either side of the wing pouch dorsal/ventral boundary, and slightly lower levels of expression in a region either side of the anteroposterior boundary (PubMed:34411095). Also expressed in discrete regions of the wing imaginal disk outside of the pouch (PubMed:34411095). Expressed in eye imaginal disk photoreceptors with highest levels of expression in R7 photoreceptor cells (PubMed:34411095).
Involved in the negative regulation of the Egfr/Ras signaling pathway (PubMed:34411095). During wing morphogenesis, may function redundantly with PVRAP to inhibit Egfr activity and prevent uncontrolled cell growth (PubMed:34411095).
May interact (via SH2 domain) with Egfr (when phosphorylated).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults does not result in a visible phenotype (PubMed:34411095). However, simultaneous knockdown of EGFRAP (CG33993) and PVRAP results in the development of ectopic sensory organs in the notum and blisters in the wings (PubMed:34411095). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the posterior compartment of the wing disks, increases expression of PEK (PubMed:34411095).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 65 family.
Catalyzes the reaction that attaches fucose through an O-glycosidic linkage to a conserved serine or threonine residue found in the consensus sequence C2-X(4,5)-[S/T]-C3 of EGF domains, where C2 and C3 are the second and third conserved cysteines (PubMed:12909620). Specifically uses GDP-fucose as donor substrate and proper disulfide pairing of the substrate EGF domains is required for fucose transfer (By similarity). Plays a crucial role in Notch signaling (PubMed:12917292, PubMed:12909620, PubMed:17329366). Initial fucosylation of Notch/N by O-fut1 generates a substrate for Fringe/Fng, an acetylglucosaminyltransferase that can then extend the fucosylation on the Notch EGF repeats (PubMed:12909620). This extended fucosylation is required for optimal ligand binding and canonical NOTCH signaling induced by Delta/Dl or Serrate/Ser (PubMed:12909620, PubMed:12917292). Also required for the transport of Notch/N to the early endosome (PubMed:17329366).
Interacts with N (via its EGF domains); the interaction is required for the endocyctic transport of N.
Expressed in chordotonal neurons in the antennae (at protein level) (PubMed:27646273). Expressed in spermatids (at protein level) (PubMed:25447994, PubMed:27577095).
Probable component of the tectonic-like complex (also named MKS complex), a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia (PubMed:27646273, PubMed:25447994, PubMed:27577095). Has a role in ciliary structure and function (PubMed:27646273).
Simultaneous knockout of B9d2 and tctn is viable and does not show sensory behavioral defects (PubMed:27646273). Males produce motile sperm and show only slightly reduced fertility (PubMed:27646273). Sperm flagella show weakly ultrastructural defects including broken and disorganised structure (PubMed:27646273). Length of the transition zone is decreased and recruitment of the tectonic-like complex compromised (PubMed:27646273).
Belongs to the DNA repair metallo-beta-lactamase (DRMBL) family.
Autophosphorylated; upon LPS stimulation it is transiently activated, and can be autophosphorylated.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. I-kappa-B kinase subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout development. Highest expression is in early embryos and third larval instar.
Interacts with key to form the I-kappa-B kinase complex. In vitro, interacts with cact.
Required for the activation of the NF-kappa-B factor Relish (Rel) by acting as an essential signaling component in transmitting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal leading to cact degradation, which is required for direct activation of Rel (PubMed:10636911, PubMed:11018014, PubMed:11156609, PubMed:30119996). Phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B (cact) thus leading to the dissociation of the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex and ultimately the degradation of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (PubMed:10636911, PubMed:11018014, PubMed:11156609). Essential for antibacterial immune response (PubMed:11018014). Also required for antiviral immune response (PubMed:30119996).
In the embryo, expression is seen in the epidermis, somatic and visceral mesoderm, and the peripheral and central nervous system.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Binds the consensus region 5'-TTAAT[GT][GA]-3'. This homeotic protein controls development of the cells in the posterior thoracic and first abdominal segments. It activates the synthesis of the decapentaplegic (DPP) growth factor.
The QA motif is able to mediate transcriptional repression.
Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase which specifically dimethylates mitochondrial 12S rRNA at the conserved stem loop. Also required for basal transcription of mitochondrial DNA. Also regulates mitochondrial DNA copy number. Stimulates transcription independently of the methyltransferase activity.
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components (By similarity). Required for Ndg localization to the basement membrane (PubMed:30260959).
Found in the basement membranes (major component).
In the larva, expressed mainly by fat body adipocytes and blood cells and secreted in the basal membranes that surround the fat body, imaginal disks, tracheae, salivary glands, midgut, mature muscles and heart (at protein level).
Results in strong reduction of Ndg accumulation at the basement membrane in the gut, muscles and ventral nerve cord (PubMed:30260959). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larvae reduces Ndg accumulation and created holes in the basal membrane of fat bodies (PubMed:30260959).
Expressed in the embryonic CNS, in sets of cells that are segmentally reiterated along the periphery of the nervous system.
May play an important role during development.
At stage 14, expression occurs in each segment of the central nervous system. At stage 17, expression becomes restricted to the synaptic regions of the brain and ventral nerve cord, where synapses undergo maturation (PubMed:8999801). At 45 hours after puparium formation (apf) expression is enriched in the shaft of bristle cells in the sub-apical region. Present in all photoreceptors (PubMed:30290152).
Expressed in both larval and adult brains, mainly in a subset of neurons but not in glia (PubMed:35240055). In the adult eye is expressed in the two primary pigment cells in the subapical region of the eye. Also present in photoreceptors.
Expressed in both larval and adult brains, mainly in a subset of neurons but not in glia.
Regulates synaptic differentiation through the organization of actin cytoskeleton possibly by activating Rho-like GTPases. Is likely a factor in the cascade of Rac1 or Cdc42 in the neurons (PubMed:8999801). May play a role in maintaining proper septate junction functions. Required for eye development and most likely affects corneal lens-formation (PubMed:30290152).
Isoform A and isoform B are expressed in the head. Isoform B only is expressed in the body. Expressed in embryonic glial cells that are involved in ensheathment and insulation of the nervous system. Both isoforms are expressed in glia that insulate the larval and adult nervous system. Also expressed in the germ cells, the gut, and the heart.
Isoform A and isoform B are required in glia to regulate the acute sensitivity to cocaine and to continuously maintain the proper blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. A moody-mediated signaling pathway functions in glia to regulate nervous system insulation and drug-related behaviors. Galphai and Galphao, and the regulator of G protein signaling, loco, are required in the surface glia to achieve effective insulation. The components function by regulating the cortical actin and thereby stabilizing the extended morphology of the surface glia, which in turn is necessary for the formation of septate junctions of sufficient length to achieve proper sealing of the nerve cord.
Mutant flies display an increased sensitivity to cocaine and nicotine exposure. In contrast, sensitivity to the acute intoxicating effects of ethanol is reduced.
Expressed in embryos, expression continues to the final stages of neurogenesis.
Expressed in neuronal and glial precursors during differentiation. In the peripheral nervous system, expression is exclusively in one of the neurons that innervate each larval chemosensory organ. Expressed at a late stage in the development of one type of adult chemosensory organ, the gustatory bristles of the leg, wing and proboscis. Expressed very early in the development of a second type of chemosensory receptors, the olfactory organs of the antenna.
May play a role in the specification of the sugar-sensitive adult gustatory neuron and affect the response to sugar and salt. Regulated by POXN.
Belongs to the Diphthine--ammonia ligase family.
Component of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex involved in the connection between the nuclear lamina and the cytoskeleton (By similarity). Is required to nuclear migration in eye and to anchor klar in the nuclear membrane (PubMed:18820457).
Core component of the LINC complex which is composed of inner nuclear membrane SUN domain-containing proteins coupled to outer nuclear membrane KASH domain-containing nesprins.
Homozygous mutant flies live to adulthood and are fertile and exhibit rough and irregular eyes. Flies have an aberrant R-cell rhabdomeres morphology and R-cell and cone cell nuclei are mispositioned.
All stages of development. A larger transcript is restricted to the embryonic and early larval stages.
P0 forms a pentameric complex by interaction with dimers of P1 and P2.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Necessary for the survival of cerebellar neurons. Induces neuritogenesis by activating the Ras-MAP kinase pathway. May play a role in the maintenance of a critical intracellular glycosylation level and homeostasis.
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ("psi") residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs.
AS-C proteins are involved in the determination of the neuronal precursors in the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.
'Iruka' means dolphin in Japanese. The name was chosen because dolphin preys on the Argonauta octopus, similar to Iruka 'preying' on the protein Argonaute.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates E2-dependent, 'Lys-48'- and/or 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates (PubMed:30503771). Recognizes miRNA-empty Ago1 and triggers its degradation via polyubiquitination independently of the Bag6 complex (PubMed:30503771). By targeting miRNA-empty Ago1, eliminates dysfunctional Ago1 not able to bind miRNA and thereby plays a role in the quality control of miRNA-mediated silencing (PubMed:30503771).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with CG7546 (via Ubl domain).
As the catalytic component of the DNA polymerase delta complex, plays a crucial role in high fidelity genome replication, including lagging strand synthesis, DNA recombination and repair (By similarity). Exhibits both DNA polymerase and 3'- to 5'-exonuclease activities (PubMed:7907087, PubMed:8415662, PubMed:1360647). Required at the nucleus of rapidly dividing embryonic cells to activate genome replication during the earliest cell cycles (PubMed:31100062). Likely to require the presence of accessory proteins PolD2 and PolD3 for full activity (PubMed:31100062).
Catalytic component of the DNA polymerase delta complex consisting of three subunits: the catalytic subunit PolD1 and two accessory subunits PolD2/Pol31 and PolD3/Pol32 (PubMed:31100062). Within the delta complex, interacts with both PolD2 and PolD3, and is able to interact with PolD2 in the absence of PolD3 (PubMed:31100062). Interacts with PCNA and PCNA2 (PubMed:17087725).
Expressed in ovaries (at the protein level) (PubMed:31100062). Expressed in embryos (at the protein level) (PubMed:31100062, PubMed:7907087, PubMed:8415662, PubMed:1360647).
Inhibited by KCL (PubMed:7907087, PubMed:1360647). Also inhibited by carbonyldiphosphonate, aphidicolin and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (PubMed:7907087, PubMed:8415662, PubMed:1360647).
Highly expressed during embryogenesis, lower expression in larvae, pupae and adults.
Isoform M and isoform R are expressed in ectodermal and mesodermal tissues and central nervous system of fourth to ninth embryonic abdominal segments. Later in embryogenesis, expression is seen in visceral mesoderm surrounding hindgut and in two Malpighian tubules.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis.
Assembly protein recruiting clathrin and adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2) to cell membranes at sites of coated-pit formation and clathrin-vesicle assembly. May be required to determine the amount of membrane to be recycled, possibly by regulating the size of the clathrin cage. Involved in AP2-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the neuromuscular junction.
Binds clathrin and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
In embryos, expression is seen in central and peripheral nervous systems (brain and ventral nerve cord) and Garland cells. Coexpressed with clathrin at presynaptic boutons of neuromuscular junctions.
In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the posterior pharyngeal sense organ.
Ubiquitin-binding protein that specifically recognizes and binds 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin. Does not bind 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin. Positively regulates the internalization of ligand-activated EGFR by binding to the Ub moiety of ubiquitinated EGFR at the cell membrane.
Transcriptional repressor which acts as a downstream effector of Notch signaling.
Mitochondrial GTPase that mediates the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis. Not involved in the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.
Essential for the first active step of germ cell migration: transepithelial migration of germ cells through the posterior midgut (PMG) epithelium.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout embryo to adult stages.
In embryos, expression is seen at highest levels in the cuprophilic cells and at lower levels in the amnioserosa, developing CNS, cardiac mesoderm primordium and midline glia.
Most germ cells do not exit the posterior midgut (PMG) and remain clumped together within the midgut pocket. The few germ cells that do leave the midgut early migrate normally to the gonad.
Overexpression of the Tre1 gene restores the taste sensitivity to trehalose in a Tre1 mutant (PubMed:10884225). This experiment cannot be explained given that other authors demonstrate that trehalose sensitivity maps to the adjacent gene, Gr5a (PubMed:14691551).
Belongs to the Prospero homeodomain family.
Embryonic lethal, results in the aberrant expression of the homeobox genes ftz, eve and en in a subset of neuroblasts, and in axonal outgrowth and pathfinding defects in both motoneurons and sensory neurons.
Homeodomain protein that controls neuronal identity (PubMed:1842358). As a transcriptional factor, regulates the expression of ftz, eve and en in a subset of neuroblast progeny and modulates the transcriptional activity of other homeodomain proteins such as Dfd (PubMed:12429095, PubMed:15837198, PubMed:9380747). Required for proper neuronal differentiation, axonal outgrowth and pathfinding of most or all neurons and their precursors in central and peripheral nervous systems (PubMed:20152183, PubMed:27510969, PubMed:1720353, PubMed:1842358, PubMed:1540176, PubMed:11051550, PubMed:18342578, PubMed:23056424, PubMed:16564014). Regulates asymmetric stem cell self-renewal together with brat (PubMed:16564014).
In embryos, expressed mainly in neuronal precursors but detected also in cells lining the gut and Garland cells (at protein level) (PubMed:20152183, PubMed:27510969, PubMed:1720353, PubMed:1540176). Expressed during embryogenesis in different cells of the central and peripheral nervous system including neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells (GMC) (PubMed:1720353, PubMed:1842358).
The Prospero-type homeodomain and the adjacent Prospero domain act as a single structural unit, the Homeo-Prospero domain.
At embryonic stages 13-16, expressed in a subset of the midline cells of the midline primordium and in all of the midline glia. Expressed along the Z-line of the sarcomere in larval longitudinal muscles.
The CLC channel family contains both chloride channels and proton-coupled anion transporters that exchange chloride or another anion for protons. The absence of conserved gating glutamate residues is typical for family members that function as channels.
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. Forms a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to benzaldehyde and acetophenone.
Dose-limiting factor in position-effect variegation, the inactivation in some cells of a gene translocated next to heterochromatin. It could play a role in chromosome condensation.
Interacts with Su(var)39 through the BESS domain.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family.
In larvae, it is expressed in the fat body and by hemocytes.
Lacks the typical Glu active site in position 165 that is replaced by a Gln residue, exhibits no chitinolytic activity towards either polymeric and oligomeric substrates. Its precise function remains unclear.
Expression is specific to cell bodies in the ventral ganglion of the embryonic and larval nervous system.
Terminates the action of serotonin by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
This protein is the target of psychomotor stimulants such as amphetamines or cocaine.
Secreted immune-induced peptide induced by Toll signaling (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). Has a role in resistance to bacterial and fungal infections (PubMed:9736738, PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). The SRP complex interacts with the signal sequence in nascent secretory and membrane proteins and directs them to the membrane of the ER (By similarity). The SRP complex targets the ribosome-nascent chain complex to the SRP receptor (SR), which is anchored in the ER, where SR compaction and GTPase rearrangement drive cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Binds the signal recognition particle RNA (7SL RNA), Srp72 binds to this complex subsequently (By similarity). The SRP complex possibly participates in the elongation arrest function (By similarity).
Heterodimer with Srp72 (By similarity). Srp68/Srp72 heterodimer formation is stabilized by the presence of 7SL RNA (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: Srp72, Srp68, Srp54, Srp19, Srp14 and Srp9 (By similarity).
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-Y subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates monoubiquitination of 'Lys-117' of histone H2B. H2B 'Lys-117' ubiquitination gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is also prerequisite for histone H3 'Lys-4' and 'Lys-79' methylation. It thereby plays a central role in histone code and gene regulation. Required for the expression of Notch target genes in development by affecting the levels of Su(H) in imaginal disk cells and stimulating the Su(H)-mediated transcription of Notch-specific genes.
Acts as a negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition) by phosphorylation of Cdk1 specifically when Cdk1 is complexed to cyclins (PubMed:11882391, PubMed:12072468, PubMed:15581871). Mediates phosphorylation of Cdk1 predominantly on 'Thr-14' (PubMed:11882391). Also involved in Golgi fragmentation (PubMed:11882391). May be involved in phosphorylation of Cdk1 on 'Tyr-15' to a lesser degree, however tyrosine kinase activity is unclear and may be indirect (PubMed:11882391). May be a downstream target of Notch signaling pathway during eye development (PubMed:12072468).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
In embryos, M12 position is closer to the ventral nerve cord and situated ventral to muscle 13 (M13) and external to muscle 6/7 (PubMed:20504957). The longitudinal orientation of M12 is also oblique probably due to an alteration in the muscle attachment sites (PubMed:20504957). Also displays a reduced number of synaptic sites on M12. No effect on muscle fiber size (PubMed:20504957). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in the fusion of the costal vein with the L1 vein in the developing wing, producing an adult wing that has a continuous wing margin with no separation between the end of the costal and L1 veins (PubMed:17028348). The medial and distal regions of the costal vein are also fused (PubMed:17028348). Thickening of the costal vein often occurs, and sometimes spans the region between the costal and subcostal veins (PubMed:17028348).
In embryos, expressed specifically in M12 (at protein level).
Required for the correct synaptic targeting of motoneurons RP5 and V to muscle 12 (M12) (PubMed:20504957). May be involved in the negative regulation of Tl in M12 (PubMed:20504957). Involved in the correct patterning of veins in the proximal (costal) region of the wing blade (PubMed:17028348).
Binding to cells via a high affinity receptor, laminin is thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. Activates presynaptic signaling involving integrin alpha-PS3/beta-nu and Fak to suppress neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth during larval development and during low crawling activity, but not during higher-crawling conditions. Mediates, together with integrin alpha-PS3/beta-nu, glutamate receptor-modulated NMJ growth.
During morphogenesis, mostly in embryo development at 10-12 hours.
Flies show late embryonic lethality. Certain partial loss-of-function mutations give raise to escaper adults, which have rough eyes associated with changes in cell fate and pattern, misshappen legs and defects in wing structure.
Newly formed mesoderm and later prominently expressed in hemocytes, which also synthesize collagen IV. Expressed in muscles.
May play a role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission.
Belongs to the GPI inositol-deacylase family.
Involved in inositol deacylation of GPI-anchored proteins.
Associates primarily with CDK7 and MAT1 to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor.
Regulates CDK7, the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle.
Component of the IMD signaling pathway and is required for the host defense against Gram-negative bacteria. Interacts with Dredd, promotes cleavage of Dredd and is necessary and sufficient for enhancing Dredd-induced apoptosis.
Expressed between 3-12 hours of embryonic development.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with Dredd; likely to bind Dredd simultaneously with Diap2 to form a trimeric complex (PubMed:10934188, PubMed:22549468). Interacts with imd (PubMed:12433364).
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Expressed in embryos from stage 11 and in larvae.
Wing, leg and eye imaginal disks. In embryos, expressed is seen in brain, proventriculus, Malpighian tubules, anal plate and visceral mesoderm of parasegment 8.
Probable adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent tRNA (uracil-O(2)-)-methyltransferase.
Expressed in neuronal cell bodies of the optic lobe, central brain, and thoracic ganglia in adults, and the brain of larvae.
During embryonic stage 16-17, expressed in accessory cells of all ciliated mechanosensory and chemosensory organs (at protein level). Specifically, detected in the cap cell of chordotonal organs and the shaft cell of external sensory organs (at protein level). Also detected in chemosensory organs including the pharyngeal organs, dorsal organ, terminal organ and ventral organ (at protein level). Expression appears to be temporally restricted to late embryogenesis and is not detected during larval stages (at protein level).
Required for normal morphology and function of ciliated sensory organs.
Viable and fertile. Larval locomotion is severely uncoordinated and the chemotactic response to sucrose is reduced. Morphology of the lch5 mechanosensory organ is abnormal, with disorganized cilia and neuronal cell bodies, although cilia still make contact with the cap cell.
Binds as a ligand to a family of frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors and acts through a cascade of genes on the nucleus. Probable developmental protein. May be a signaling molecule which affects the development of discrete regions of tissues. Is likely to signal over only few cell diameters. May have a role in limb and CNS development; may be a downstream target of Dll that acts in the specification of these primordia.
Dynamic expression pattern during embryogenesis. Expression is seen in the limb primordia of the head and thoracic segments, mesodermal and neurogenic regions.
Glycosylated, glycosylation is stimulated by porcupine at the ER.
Palmitoleoylated by porcupine. The lipid group functions as a sorting signal, targeting the ligand to polarized vesicles that transport Wnt5 to unique sites at the cell surface. Depalmitoleoylated by notum, leading to inhibit Wnt signaling pathway.
Initially observed in the analgen of the anterior and posterior midgut and the cephalic mesoderm. It is found in both the endodermal and mesodermal germ layers and for a brief period during gastrulation it is expressed in the amnioserosa. During germ band retraction it becomes restricted to the fat body.
Interacts (via GATA-type Zn-finger domain) with Bfc; this interaction enhances srp binding to the promoter of crq/croquemort.
May function as a transcriptional activator protein and may play a key role in the organogenesis of the fat body. Binds a sequence element (5'-[TA]GATAA-3') found in the larval promoters of all known alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes. Acts as a homeotic gene downstream of the terminal gap gene HKB to promote morphogenesis and differentiation of anterior and posterior midgut. Together with transcriptional cofactor Bfc directly binds the promoter of phagocytic receptor crq/croquemort to upregulate its expression and stimulate efferocytosis in response to apoptotic cells, including during embryogenesis (PubMed:34860835).
Reduced levels of phagocytic receptor crq/croquemort in macrophages during embryogenesis stage 13.
The GATA-type Zn-finger domain is required for binding DNA and interacting with Bfc (PubMed:34860835). Isoform 2 differs from isoform 1 in that it has an additional zinc finger domain. It is unknown if both zinc fingers are required for DNA binding or interaction with Bfc (Probable).
Proton-selective channel that specifically transports protons into cells. Proton-selective channel activity is probably required in cell types that use changes in intracellular pH for cell signaling or to regulate biochemical or developmental processes.
AS-C proteins are expressed first earlier in ectoderm and then in the internalized neuroblasts, while T8 is expressed in presumptive neural precursors, once they have segregated from the ectoderm.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit to the ER.
Expressed in the setae, micro- and macrochaetae on the head, thorax and wing.
Flies exhibit altered morphology of setae, micro- and macrochaetae on the head, thorax and wing (PubMed:15579689). The number and distribution of setae on the thorax is altered, as is the morphology of the aristae (PubMed:15579689). Mutants also exhibit scolopidial apical detachment and overall Johnston's organ (JO) disorganization (PubMed:15579689). RNAi-mediated knockdown in Johnston's organs, disrupts the filamentous structure of the glycoprotein NompA at the apical junction (PubMed:27331610). NompA occurs as puncta and scolopidia detatch from the hinge of the second and third antennal segment (PubMed:27331610).
Homodimerizes in a two headed molecule through the formation of a coiled-coil rod (PubMed:16585515). Homodimers motility is approximately 8-10 times slower than that of myosin V, and its step size is 30 nm, which is consistent with the presence of five IQ motifs in its neck region (PubMed:16585515). Interacts with Cad99C (via the cytoplasmic domain) (PubMed:25236597, PubMed:27331610). Interacts with zip and Sans (PubMed:27331610).
Myosins are actin-based motor molecules with ATPase activity (PubMed:16585515). Unconventional myosins serve in intracellular movements: can function in cells as a single-molecule cargo transporter (PubMed:16585515). A very slow and high-duty-ratio motor, may be suitable for tension maintenance of actin filaments (PubMed:16585515). Their highly divergent tails are presumed to bind to membranous compartments, which would be moved relative to actin filaments (PubMed:15579689). Plays a key role in the formation of cellular projections and other actin-based functions required for embryonic and larval viability (PubMed:15579689, PubMed:16585515). Necessary for auditory transduction: plays a role in Johnston's organ organization by functioning in scolopidial apical attachment and therefore to acoustic stimulus propagation from the antenna a2/a3 joint to transducing elements (PubMed:15886106, PubMed:27331610). Interaction with the myosin zip may be important for its function in scolopidial apical attachment (PubMed:27331610). During oogenesis it has Cad99c-dependent and Cad99c-independent roles in regulating the shape and spacing of the follicle cell microvilli which secrete eggshell material such as the vitelline membrane (PubMed:25236597). May be required for the normal expression of Cad99c in the follicle cell microvilli (PubMed:25236597).
Throughout oogenesis expressed in the germline and associated somatic cells (at protein level) (PubMed:25236597). In germline cells of the germarium, expression levels peak during follicle formation and again from mid-oogenesis until late oogenesis (at protein level). Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:15579689). Expression peaks in 12-18 hour embryos, and continues at a constant low level of expression through to adults (PubMed:15579689).
Expressed in the mesoderm during embryogenesis.
Probably acts as a GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) for the Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) that stimulates the dissociation of GDP to enable subsequent binding of GTP (By similarity). May also chaperone the processing and/or trafficking of small GTPases independently of GEF activity (By similarity). By interacting with Miro, promotes mitochondrial fission in response to high calcium concentrations (PubMed:27716788).
RNAi-mediated knockdown perturbs mitochondrial distribution and dynamics.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, which includes at least MED4, MED6, MED14, MED17, MED18, MED20, MED21, MED23, MED24, MED27, MED30 and MED31. Also interacts with MED7 and MED10.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Highest expression in the mesodermal and endodermal lineages.
Involved in the recruitment, assembly and/or regulation of a variety of signaling molecules. Interacts with a wide variety of proteins and plays a role in many cellular processes (By similarity).
Belongs to the Antp homeobox family. Proboscipedia subfamily.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Controls development of mouthparts, and labial and maxillary palps.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons reduces life span of adult flies and results in locomotor defects at both larval and adult stages accompanied by abnormal morphology of motor neuron terminals at neuromuscular junctions and mitochondrial fragmentation in brains (PubMed:29501567). RNAi-mediated knockdown in eye disks induces morphologically aberrant rough eye phenotype in adults and aberrant photoreceptor axon targeting (PubMed:29501567).
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2) (By similarity). Might play a role in regulating synapse structure formation at neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:29501567). Might play a role in maintenance of mitochondrial morphology (PubMed:29501567).
May function in mitochondrial tRNA maturation.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Also expressed at lower levels later in embryonic development, and in larvae and adults.
Mediates the transport of adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), from cytosol into Golgi. PAPS is a universal sulfuryl donor for sulfation events that take place in the Golgi. Essential for viability. Involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and the subsequent signaling. May be involved in hh and dpp signaling by controlling the sulfation of heparan sulfate (HS).
During early neurogenesis, expression is ubiquitous. During later stages, expression concentrates at the central nervous system.
May have a regulatory function possibly in association with the Notch gene product.
The protein has many AA homomeric domains: 21 poly-Gln runs (from 5 to 16 AA in length), 4 poly-Gly (6 to 10 AA), 3 poly-Asn (3 X 5 AA), 1 poly-Ala (10 AA) and 1 poly-Thr (5 AA) runs.
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA. Component of several complexes which regulate chromatin metabolism. These include the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, which is required for chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair; the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex (the NuRD complex), which promotes transcriptional repression by histone deacetylation and nucleosome remodeling; the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) complex, which catalyzes ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitates transcription of chromatin; and the polycomb group (PcG) repressor complex ESC-E(Z), which promotes repression of homeotic genes during development. Also required for transcriptional repression of E2F target genes by E2f2 and Rbf or Rbf2.
Highest level during early embryogenesis and then decreases in larvae, pupae and adults.
Probably binds directly to helix 1 of the histone fold of histone H4, a region that is not accessible when H4 is in chromatin. Self associates. Associates with chromatin. Component of the CAF-1 complex, composed of Caf1-55, Caf1-105 and Caf1-180. Within the CAF-1 complex, Caf1-180 interacts directly with both Caf1-55 and Caf1-105. Component of the NuRD complex, composed of at least Caf1-55, Mi-2, MTA1-like and HDAC1/Rpd3. Within the NuRD complex, Caf1-55 may interact directly with Mi-2, MTA1-like and HDAC1/Rpd3. The NuRD complex may also associate with the methyl-DNA binding protein MBD-like via Caf1-55 and Mi-2. Component of the NURF complex, composed of Caf1-55, E(bx), Nurf-38 and Iswi. Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, composed of Caf1-55, esc, E(z), Su(z)1, and possibly Pho1. The Esc/E(z) complex may also associate with Pcl and HDAC1/Rpd3 during early embryogenesis. Interacts with Rbf and Rbf2. Component of the DREAM complex at least composed of Myb, Caf1-55, mip40, mip120, mip130, E2f2, Dp, Rbf, Rbf2, lin-52, HDAC1/Rpd3 and l(3)mbt.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Composed of two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains.
More abundant in adult head than adult body.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in memory formation (PubMed:29473541). Promotes long-term memory by phosphorylating meng and by regulating CrebB protein stability and activity (PubMed:29473541). As part of ethanol response in the glia, mediates ethanol-induced structural remodeling of actin cytoskeleton and perineurial membrane topology when anchored to the membrane (PubMed:29444420).
Belongs to the TALE/PBX homeobox family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically at all stages of development.
Prior to full germband retraction it is ubiquitously present, after germband retraction, mostly present in the anterior portion of the ventral nerve cord.
Transcription factor which acts with the selector homeodomain proteins altering the regulation of downstream target genes such as wingless (wg), teashirt (tsh) and decapentaplegic (dpp), thus affecting segmental identity. Delimits the eye field and prevent inappropriate eye development. Required for proper localization of chordotonal organs within the peripheral nervous system.
Weak posterior-directed transformations in all 3 thoracic segments and in the anterior segments of the abdomen.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
Component of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex composed of at least dor/Vps18, Vps16A, Vps8 and car/Vps33A; unlike in other species, Vps11 is not part of the Drosophila complex.
Expressed in the larva, in the pupal wings and the adult fly (at protein level). High levels of expression are found in larval hemocytes and garland nephrocytes (at protein level).
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments and in membrane docking/fusion reactions of late endosomes/lysosomes probably as part of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex. Specifically required for endocytic trafficking in a subset of cells, such as hemocytes and nephrocytes, which are highly active in endocytosis.
Semilethal: animals can complete metamorphosis, but most of them die as pharate adults unable to emerge from the pupal case; surviving flies are weak, fail to unfold their wings properly and die within 24 hr. The eye color is similar to wild type flies. In larvae, results in the development of hemocyte-derived melanotic tumors in body cavities, accumulation of crystal cells and lamellocytes and disorganization of the sessile hemocyte compartment which might be connected to the abnormal increase of circulating hemocytes. In garland cells, uptake from the hemolymph, endosome formation and endo-lysosomal trafficking are defective and result in enlarged cells; late endosomes and endolysosomes are fragmented and erroneously distributed in the cytoplasm instead of being found in a layer directly beneath peripheral early endosomes. In hemocytes, acidification of endocytic vacuoles containing bacteria is defective. In wing imaginal disks, there are no endosome defects.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated and geranylated proteins.
Detected in embryos and larvae (at protein level).
Interacts with Nop17l (PubMed:17007873). Interacts with uri; uri inhibits Pp1-87B phosphatase activity (PubMed:18412953). Interacts with Rif1 (PubMed:26022086, PubMed:29746464).
Is essential for the regulation of mitotic chromosomal segregation as well as regulation of chromatin condensation during interphase.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in sugar gustatory neurons does not affect sucrose response.
Essential component of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mannosyltransferase 1 which transfers the first of the 4 mannoses in the GPI-anchor precursors during GPI-anchor biosynthesis.
Cilium-specific protein required for cilia structures in Johnston's sensory organ. Plays a role in motility of cilia and flagella.
Expressed in chordotonal sense organs, Johnston's organ and sperm (at protein level). Expressed in ciliated cells. Expressed in the head and testis.
Expressed in ciliated cells of the chordotonal organs, neurons of Johnston's organ and femoral chordotonal organs, olfactory sensilla on the antenna in late stage embryos and larvae.
Larvae mutants are insensitive to touch and have defects in larval locomotion. Adult mutants show defects in motility and coordination and are deaf; lack antenna oscillations and mechanical amplification of stimulus-induced antennal vibrations. Mutant males can mate but are sterile because of amotile sperm; tail axonemes lacked the inner dynein arms.
By Mef2 during myoblast fusion in developing muscles of embryos and pupae.
Essential for myoblast fusion in developing embryos and pupae, and consequently is essential for muscle formation in adults (PubMed:17537424, PubMed:25797154). Required for progression past the pre-fusion complex stage of myoblast fusion (PubMed:17537424).
In embryos, expressed in the muscle founder cells (FCs) and the fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs) (PubMed:17537424). Expressed in myoblasts of stage 13 embryos (PubMed:17537424, PubMed:25797154). Expressed in the visceral mesoderm from stage 10 and the somatic mesoderm from stage 11, and expression persists until stage 13 (PubMed:17537424).
Named 'singles bar' based upon the accumulation of single myoblasts in mutant embryos.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in pupae is adult lethal (PubMed:25797154). Pupae develop to the pharate adult stage and die before eclosion from the pupal case (PubMed:25797154). In pupae, fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs) fail to fuse with the muscle founder templates (PubMed:25797154). Pharate adults display adherent muscle formation; only partially developed dorsal longitudinal muscles appear to be present but they are smaller and their nuclei are reduced in number and clustered together (PubMed:25797154). RNAi-mediated knockdown in embryos reduces myoblast fusion (PubMed:17537424). In RNAi pupae, there is no effect on myoblast proliferation, migration of the FCMs to the founder templates and initiation of myoblast fusion (PubMed:25797154).
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the peroxidase family.
Peroxidase activity is inhibited by aminotriazole and azide.
Plays a role in innate immunity limiting microbial proliferation in the gut (PubMed:16272120, PubMed:25639794). Acts downstream of a hh-signaling pathway to induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794). May generate antimicrobial oxidative burst through its peroxidase-like domain (PubMed:16272120).
RNAi-mediated knockdown severely reduces adult survival following the ingestion of E.carotovora.
Expressed from the cellular blastoderm stage on, most during gastrulation and is no longer detected by the end of germ band extension.
Belongs to the PPase class C family. Prune subfamily.
Accessory subunit of the zeta DNA polymerase complex, which consists of the catalytic component PolZ1/DNApol-zeta and PolZ2/Rev7 (PubMed:16507570, PubMed:15175013). Interacts with the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease Rrp1 (via the N-terminus) (PubMed:16507570).
As the accessory component of the DNA polymerase zeta complex, involved in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) and various DNA repair mechanisms (PubMed:15175013, PubMed:16507570). Promotes the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease activity of Rrp1 and is therefore likely to be involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway responsible for repair of DNA lesions (PubMed:16507570). It does not appear to influence the synthesis activity of the catalytic component Dmpol-zeta (PubMed:15175013).
Expressed throughout development, with slightly higher levels of expression in 0-4 hour embryos, larvae and adults.
Expression first seen in late embryonic stages and continues in larval and adult stages.
First detectable expression is seen in the posterior part of the dorsal tracheal trunk at stage 14-15, which marks the beginning of terminal tracheation. In the larval gut, expression in proventriculus is stronger than in midgut and hindgut. Malpighian tubules shows low expression and late third instar larval imaginal disks and brain showed moderate expression. In larval ovary and testis, expression is strong in the posterior region.
Flies are male and female sterile; reduction in numbers of primary and secondary spermatocytes.
Prevents misfolding and promotes the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions (By similarity). Essential for proper development of trachea, spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
Key enzyme involved in DNA replication and DNA repair. Involved in Okazaki fragments processing by cleaving long flaps that escape FEN1: flaps that are longer than 27 nucleotides are coated by replication protein A complex (RPA), leading to recruit DNA2 which cleaves the flap until it is too short to bind RPA and becomes a substrate for FEN1. Also involved in 5'-end resection of DNA during double-strand break (DSB) repair by mediating the cleavage of 5'-ssDNA.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Has sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase activity. Converts sphinganine-containing sphingolipids (such as N-acylsphinganines or dihydroceramides) into sphingolipids containing the delta-4-desaturated sphingoid base (E)-sphing-4-enine (such as N-acylsphing-4-enines or ceramides), which are required for many different functions (structural functions as well as signaling) (PubMed:11937514). Required to initiate spermatid differentiation among other signals (PubMed:9003299). Required for central spindle assembly and cytokinesis during male meiosis, may act as part of an anchoring mechanism that links membrane-bounded cellular compartments to components of the cytoskeleton (PubMed:9819060).
Primary spermatocytes become mature in size but degenerate without initiating meiotic chromosome condensation in their nuclei. The mutation does not affect female fertility but leads to semi-lethality both in males and females during embryonic stages (PubMed:9003299). Homozigous mutant spermatids show a misshapen Nebenkern, which varies in size and is associated with multiple nuclei (PubMed:9819060).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB5 subunit family.
Expressed in the third larval instar and maintained through to early pupal development.
Acts as a nucleation-promoting factor by activating the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization (PubMed:19633175). Participates in both linear- and branched-actin networks (PubMed:19633175). Functions in linear-filament (bundled F-actin) by acting downstream of Rho1 and regulating actin and microtubule organization during oogenesis (PubMed:19633175). Nucleates actin in an Arp2/3-dependent manner and exhibits F-actin and microtubule bundling and cross-linking activity in the egg chamber (PubMed:19633175). During embryogenesis, acts downstream of Rho1 to activate the Arp2/3 complex which is necessary for the developmental migration of tail hemocytes anteriorly along the ventral midline (PubMed:25739458). Its function in hemocyte transmigration is independent of the WASH complex (PubMed:25739458). May play a role in endosomal sorting; its assembly in the WASH complex may regulate its nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) activity.
Component of the WASH complex (PubMed:20498093). Interacts with spir and capu (PubMed:19633175). Interacts (via N-terminus) with Rho1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:25739458).
Lethal. Larvae die at the transition from third larval instar to prepupal stage.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Forms a heterodimer with the U2AF small subunit.
A light-sensitive calcium channel that is required for inositide-mediated Ca(2+) entry in the retina during phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated phototransduction. Required for vision in the dark and in dim light. Binds calmodulin. Trp and trpl act together in the light response, although it is unclear whether as heteromultimers or distinct units. Also forms a functional cation channel with Trpgamma. Activated by fatty acids, metabolic stress, inositols and GTP-binding proteins.
Binding of calmodulin to binding site 1 is Ca(2+) dependent, whereas binding of calmodulin to site 2 is Ca(2+) independent.
Expressed predominantly in the rhabdomeres of photoreceptor cells.
Forms heteromultimers with Trpgamma and, to a lower extent, with trp. Interacts with Fkbp59 in vivo and is found in the inaD signaling complex.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
Expressed throughout development, lowest in larvae and highest in adults.
Initiates the repair of damaged proteins by catalyzing methyl esterification of L-isoaspartyl and D-aspartyl residues produced by spontaneous isomerization and racemization of L-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues in aging peptides and proteins.
Binds Ca(2+) via the C2 domains in absence of phospholipids.
Calcium sensor which is essential for the stabilization of normal baseline neurotransmitter release and for the induction and long-term maintenance of presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PubMed:28485711).
Mutant flies exhibit impaired homeostatic modulation of presynaptic neurotransmitter release and altered baseline neurotransmitter release transmission.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL34 family.
Component of the THO complex, which is composed of THOC1, THOC2, THOC3, THOC5, THOC6 and THOC7; together with at least ALYREF/THOC4, DDX39B, SARNP/CIP29 and CHTOP, THO forms the transcription/export (TREX) complex which seems to have a dynamic structure involving ATP-dependent remodeling. Interacts with THOC1, POLDIP3 and ZC3H11A.
As part of the augmin complex, plays a role in centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:18443220). The complex is required for mitotic spindle assembly through its involvement in localizing gamma-tubulin to spindle microtubules (PubMed:17412918). dgt2 binds to microtubules in vitro (PubMed:19289792).
Component of the augmin complex composed of dgt2, dgt3, dgt4, dgt5, dgt6, msd1, msd5 and wac (PubMed:18443220, PubMed:19289792). The complex interacts directly or indirectly with microtubules and is required for centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:18443220). dgt2 interacts directly with wac (via coiled coil) (PubMed:19289792).
Expressed at high levels in early embryos but at low levels in larva, pupa and adult (at protein level).
In adult females, detected only in the abdomen with no expression in the head or thorax (at protein level).
The name 'dim gamma-tubulin 2' derives from the decreased gamma-tubulin staining of the spindle pole seen following RNAi-mediated knockdown of dgt2 in S2 cells.
Expressed in segmentally repeating pattern to define the polarity of embryonic segments.
Expressed in the posterior ventrolateral part of each segment throughout the embryo, including head and tail segments. At first expression is restricted to the ectoderm. During germ-band extension, expression is induced in the mesoderm.
In the antenna, detected in neurons of the arista and also detected in sacculus neurons which innervate the first and second chambers (at protein level) (PubMed:21220098, PubMed:19135896, PubMed:27656904). Throughout the main body of the antenna, expressed in neurons which innervate the coeloconic class of olfactory sensilla (at protein level) (PubMed:21220098, PubMed:19135896). Expressed in multiple cells of the dorsal organ including the dorsal organ cool cells (at protein level) (PubMed:27126188, PubMed:27656904). Detected in femur and retina (PubMed:26580016). Expressed in a subset of femur chordonotal neurons and antennal Johnston's Organ neurons (PubMed:26580016).
Integral part of various neural sensory systems in the antenna that provide the neural basis for the response to environmental changes in temperature (thermosensation), humidity (hygrosensation) and odor detection (PubMed:21220098, PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Required for odor-evoked electrophysiological responses in multiple neuron classes in the antenna and is likely to function as part of an olfactory receptor complex with Ir76a and Ir76b (PubMed:21220098). Together with Ir21a and Ir93a, mediates the response of the larval dorsal organ cool cells, a trio of cool-responsive neurons, to cooling and is required for cool avoidance behavior (PubMed:27126188, PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Required in chordonotal organ neurons for behavioral synchronization to low-amplitude temperature cycles and mediates circadian clock resetting by temperature (PubMed:26580016). Together with Ir40a and Ir93a, mediates the response of the hydrosensory sacculus neurons to changes in relative humidity, and is required for dry detection and humidiy preference behavior (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904).
No visible phenotype (PubMed:21220098). Viable and fertile but their response to environmental cues such as temperature, humidity and odorants is impaired (PubMed:21220098, PubMed:26580016, PubMed:27126188, PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Response of ac4 coeloconic sensilla neurons to agonist phenylethylamine and of ac2 sensilla neurons to agonist 1,4-diaminobutane is abolished (PubMed:21220098). Response of dorsal organ cool cells to changes in temperature is abolished and consequently larvae fail to avoid cool temperatures (PubMed:27126188, PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Response of sacculus neurons to changes in humidity is also abolished and consequently larvae fail to move towards their preferred humidity (PubMed:27161501, PubMed:27656904). Failure to synchronize in constant light or constant dark to shallow temperature cycles with an amplitude of 2 degrees Celsius (PubMed:26580016). In constant light, mutants display constant activity throughout the temperature cycle in contrast to controls which show a clear activity peak in the second part of the warm period before and after a 6 hour shift of the temperature cycle (PubMed:26580016). In constant dark, mutants do not shift their evening peak during the temperature cycle in contrast to controls which advance or delay their evening activity peak during phase-advanced or phase-delayed temperature cycles (PubMed:26580016). Barely detectable levels of circadian rhythm protein tim in dorsal neurons DN1 and DN2 (PubMed:26580016). RNAi-mediated knockdown in chordonotal neurons disrupts synchronization of locomotor activity rhythms with temperature cycles (PubMed:26580016).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family. PIGB subfamily.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the third alpha-1,2-mannose to Man2-GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly (By similarity).
Involved in uptake of vitellogenin by endocytosis.
Flies are viable and fertile, suggesting functional redundancy.
Positive regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Specifically cleaves 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains. May act by deubiquitinating APC protein, a negative regulator of Wnt-mediated transcription (By similarity). Required for an efficient wg response, but not for other signaling responses, in the eye.
The OTU domain mediates the deubiquitinating activity.
The RanBP2-type zinc fingers mediate the specific interaction with 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin.
May play a role in insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Detected in the male accessory glands (at protein level) (PubMed:24514904). Produced in the accessory glands and secreted into seminal fluid (PubMed:9474779).
Proteolytically cleaved by the seminal metalloprotease Semp1 (PubMed:24514904). Cleavage appears to take place in the mated female (PubMed:24514904).
Responsible for physiological and behavioral changes in mated female flies. Associates with sperm and localizes to specific regions of the female reproductive tract, including the sperm storage organs. It accelerates sperm accumulation into storage but does not mediate the entry of the first sperm into storage. Once sperm storage has initiated it seems to act as a guidance factor helping subsequent sperm move into storage, a corral concentrating sperm around the SSO entrances and/or a trigger for responses within the female that accelerate storage of sperm.
From the third-instar larval stage to the adult stage.
Involved in integrin alpha-PS3/beta-nu-mediated phagocytosis of Gram-positive S.aureus by hemocytes.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts directly with CSN7.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Mutant flies show life span extension and increased activity. Heterozygous mutants show increased ratios of AMP:ATP (3 to 4-fold) and ADP:ATP (2-fold), also observed in response to caloric restriction, and associated with life span extension phenotypes in yeast and worms.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of adult life span.
Covalently binds beta-alanine in an ATP-dependent manner to form a thioester bond with its phosphopantetheine group and transfers it to an, as yet, unknown acceptor. May be required for a post-translational protein modification or for post-transcriptional modification of an RNA.
Insertion of a few bases causing frameshift at residue 295.
Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to involve interactions with G-proteins. May be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues. Required to coordinate the cytoskeletons of epidermal cells to produce a parallel array of cuticular hairs and bristles.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events.
In all cell types examined, including developing salivary gland in embryos and in adults, brain and optic lobe cell bodies, salivary gland, midgut epithelial cells of the cardia, female ovarian columnar follicle cells and male seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and ejaculatory bulb.
May bind DNA as heterodimers with other bZIP proteins.
Transcriptional activator. Binds to fat body-specific enhancers of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and yolk protein genes. BBF-2 may play a role in fat body gene expression. It binds the consensus sequence 5'-T[AC]NACGTAN[TG]C-3'.
Expressed throughout all segment primordia; expressed ubiquitously in the ectoderm and mesoderm precursors.
The peak expression is seen between 2 and 12 hours of embryogenesis. Expression continues through the larval instars and during pupation although at lower levels compared with embryogenesis.
Transcription factor essential for parasegmental subdivision of the embryo. It is involved in the activation of wingless (wg) in odd parasegments. It is also required for the timely activation of wg in the remaining parasegments and for the timely activation of engrailed (en) in all parasegments.
Catalyzes the reversible isomerization between hydroxypyruvate and 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate (also termed tartronate semialdehyde).
Coactivator of Warts (Wts) kinase in the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo)signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki)oncoprotein. The Hippo/SWH signaling pathway inhibits the activity of the transcriptional complex formed by Scalloped (sd) and Yki and the target genes of this pathway include cyclin-E (cycE), diap1 and bantam. Mats is essential for early development and is required for proper chromosomal segregation in developing embryos.
Increased cell proliferation, defective apoptosis, and induction of tissue overgrowth.
Interacts with and activates trc and wts.
Phosphorylated by wts/mats kinase complex. Activated by phosphorylation by Hippo (Hpo) kinase which increases its affinity and its ability to activate Warts (Wts) kinase.
Ubiquitously expressed at low levels in developing tissues (at protein level).
Acts as an activator of both RNA and protein methyltransferases (By similarity). Together with methyltransferase Mettl5, specifically methylates the 6th position of adenine in 18S rRNA (PubMed:32350990).
Belongs to the RNA cytidine acetyltransferase family. NAT10 subfamily.
Component of the PRC1 complex (PSC, PC, PH and dRING1) in 0-12 hours Drosophila embryos. This complex is distinct from the Esc/E(z) complex, which contains many other PcG proteins like Esc, E(z), Su(z)12, HDAC1/Rpd3, Caf1-55 and probably Pho. The two complexes however cooperate and interact together during the first 3 hours of development to establish PcG silencing. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3 (By similarity).
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires a tRNA-binding adapter protein for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation (Probable). Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They probably act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (PubMed:11493925). Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (By similarity).
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires a tRNA-binding adapter protein for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation.
Expressed at varying, but relatively high levels throughout development.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Component of the DREAM complex, a multiprotein complex that can both act as a transcription activator or repressor depending on the context. In follicle cells, the complex plays a central role in the site-specific DNA replication at the chorion loci. During development, the complex represses transcription of developmentally controlled E2F target genes. Can stimulate E2F-dependent transcription.
Heterodimer of E2f and Dp. Cooperate to give sequence-specific DNA binding and optimal trans-activation. Component of the DREAM complex at least composed of Myb, Caf1-55, mip40, mip120, mip130, E2f2, Dp, Rbf, Rbf2, lin-52, HDAC1/Rpd3 and l(3)mbt.
Belongs to the biotin--protein ligase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKD subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed in all developmental stages; egg, embryo, larva, pupa and in both adult males and females.
Expressed ubiquitously in all transcriptionally active cells.
Involved in the 3'-end formation of mRNA precursors (pre-mRNA) by the addition of a poly(A) tail of 200-250 nt to the upstream cleavage product (PubMed:10481015). Stimulates poly(A) polymerase (PAPOLA) conferring processivity on the poly(A) tail elongation reaction and controls also the poly(A) tail length (By similarity). Increases the affinity of poly(A) polymerase for RNA (By similarity). Binds to poly(A) and to poly(G) with high affinity (PubMed:10481015). May protect the poly(A) tail from degradation (By similarity). Plays a role in the positive regulation of alpha-1,3 fucosylation, possibly by cooperating with swm which regulates nuclear export of fucosyltransferase FucTA (PubMed:21203496).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in reduced alpha-1,3-fucosylation of chp.
The RRM domain is essential for specific adenine bases recognition in the poly(A) tail but not sufficient for poly(A) binding.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 28 family.
Expressed in embryo, larva, pupa and adult (at protein level).
Possesses thioredoxin activity (By similarity). Acts as a ligand for Drpr and is required for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (PubMed:19927123, PubMed:23337816). Binds to the extracellular region of Drpr and augments Drpr tyrosine phosphorylation (PubMed:19927123, PubMed:23337816).
Reduced level of apoptotic cell phagocytosis (PubMed:19927123). Loss of both Prtp and CaBP1 does not cause a further decrease in the reduced level of phagocytosis seen in either Prtp-lacking or CaBP1-lacking embryos (PubMed:22158613).
Involved in the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network and its perinuclear clustering (PubMed:18443288, PubMed:20194754). Functions downstream of Pink1 and upstream of Drp1 to regulate mitochondrial fission (PubMed:18443288).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in elongated mitochondria.
The C-terminus is required for mitochondrial localization, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial fission.
Required for processing of 20S pre-rRNA precursor and biogenesis of 40S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL21 family.
Mitochondrial iron transporter that mediates iron uptake. Probably required for heme synthesis of hemoproteins and Fe-S cluster assembly.
Component of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex composed of at least dor/Vps18, Vps16A, Vps8 and car/Vps33A; unlike in other species, Vps11 is not part of the Drosophila complex (PubMed:27253064). Interacts with dor (PubMed:10549280). Interacts with ema (PubMed:20194640).
Expressed in larva and adult (at protein level).
Flies display impaired deposition of pigment granules (PubMed:10549280). Member of the 'granule group' of eye color genes as mutants affect deposition in pigment granules of two types of pigments, the ommochromes and drosopterins (PubMed:10549280). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in late endosome fragmentation (PubMed:27253064).
Required for the biogenesis of eye pigment granules (PubMed:10549280). Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments and in membrane docking/fusion reactions of late endosomes/lysosomes probably as part of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex (PubMed:10549280, PubMed:22160599, PubMed:27253064).
As part of the augmin complex, plays a role in centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:19289792). The complex is required for mitotic spindle assembly through its involvement in localizing gamma-tubulin to spindle microtubules (PubMed:19289792). wac is dispensable for somatic mitosis and for assembly of spindle microtubules in oocytes during female meiosis but is required during female meiosis for chromosome alignment and segregation (PubMed:19289792). It is required for microtubule assembly near spindle poles in oocytes (PubMed:23785300). It is also required for acentrosomal microtubule nucleation and meiotic spindle formation during male meiosis (PubMed:24829288). wac binds to microtubules in vitro (PubMed:19289792).
Component of the augmin complex composed of dgt2, dgt3, dgt4, dgt5, dgt6, msd1, msd5 and wac (PubMed:19289792, PubMed:19369198). The complex interacts directly or indirectly with microtubules and is required for centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:19289792). wac interacts directly (via coiled coil) with dgt2 (PubMed:19289792).
Mutants are viable but have greatly reduced levels of augmin complex subunit Dgt2 (PubMed:19289792). Mitotic progression is delayed but is not blocked before anaphase onset and chromosomes are properly segregated (PubMed:19289792). 7% of meiotic chromosomes in spermatids are missegregated (PubMed:19289792). Mutant males are fertile but mutant females are sterile, developing fully mature ovaries but laying eggs that fail to hatch (PubMed:19289792). Chromosome positioning and segregation are disrupted in oocytes (PubMed:19289792). Chromosome spreading in oocytes following nuclear envelope breakdown is not limited as in wild-type and instead is spread along the spindle axis (PubMed:23785300). Significant increase in the frequency of oocyte spindles with a missing or weak spindle pole (PubMed:23785300). Delayed spindle formation in spermatocytes during male meiosis (PubMed:24829288).
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin-like FAM58 subfamily.
Belongs to the chorion protein S15/S18 family.
Calmodulin-binding protein that acts as a guanine exchange factor for Rab10 and Rab11 (PubMed:9813038, PubMed:23369713, PubMed:23226104). Essential for maintenance of adult photoreceptor cells (PubMed:23226104). Upon light stimulation, required for trafficking of newly synthesized ninaE (Rh1) from the trans-Golgi network to rhabdomere membranes via Rab11-dependent vesicular transport (PubMed:23226104). During egg development, essential for establishing and maintaining epithelial cell polarity by regulating the correct polarized deposition of basal membrane (BM) proteins in follicular epithelial (FE) cells (PubMed:18331716, PubMed:23369713, PubMed:24828534). Functions by targeting Rab10 to the basal cytoplasm, where it restricts the secretion of BM proteins such as trol/Pcan and vkg/Coll IV to the basal surface (PubMed:18331716, PubMed:23369713, PubMed:24828534). Appears to be involved in regulating the levels and distribution of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor strat, however the two proteins appear to have independent roles in regulating polarized BM protein secretion in the FE (PubMed:28228250).
Expressed in the follicle epithelial cells throughout their development (PubMed:18331716). Not detected until the adult stage (PubMed:9813038).
Interacts with Cam (PubMed:18331716, PubMed:9813038). Interacts with Rab10 (PubMed:23369713). Interacts (via the DENN domains) with Rab11 (PubMed:23226104).
Catalyzes the transport of phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) and phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) between membranes. Required for the assembly and secretion of plasma lipoproteins that contain apolipoprotein B.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear envelope (PubMed:17682050). Functions as a scaffolding element in the nuclear phase of the NPC (PubMed:17682050). Essential for the nuclear import of nuclear localization signal (NLS)-containing proteins in a Importin alpha/Importin beta receptor-dependent manner (PubMed:17682050). Required for nuclear import of Mad (PubMed:20547758). Plays a role in chromosomal organization and gene expression regulation; stimulates transcription by promoting the formation of an open chromatin environment (PubMed:20174442). Binds chromatin to nucleoporin-associated regions (NARs) that define transcriptionally active regions of the genome (PubMed:20174442). Associates with extended chromosomal regions that alternate between domains of high density binding with those of low occupancy (PubMed:20174442). Preferentially binds to NARs of the male X chromosome (PubMed:20174442). In males, together with Mtor, required for the localization of the male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex to the X chromosome and therefore for the transcription of dosage compensation genes (PubMed:16543150). May play a role in double strand break DNA repair (PubMed:26502056).
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:17682050). Associates with male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex (PubMed:16543150).
Both proteins are expressed in ovaries, male testis, ovariectomized females, cuticle, salivary gland and imaginal disks. Kelch short protein is the predominant form and is also expressed in fat bodies. On entry into metamorphosis levels of full-length protein increase in testis and imaginal disks.
Component of ring canals that regulates the flow of cytoplasm between cells. May be involved in the regulation of cytoplasm flow from nurse cells to the oocyte during oogenesis. Binds actin.
Expressed during mid- and late-oogenesis (at protein level). Expressed throughout embryonic and larval development with peaks of expression during mid-embryogenesis and at third larval instar.
Expressed in follicle cells (at protein level). At syncytial blastoderm stage, expressed in the ectoderm but not in the mesodermal precursors. At embryonic stage 7, expressed in dorsal and ventrolateral ectoderm and in some yolk nuclei. At late stage 10, expression is homogeneous in the ectoderm and is particularly abundant in the anterior and posterior midgut primordia. At stage 11, strongly expressed in a metameric pattern in the ectoderm, in the proctodeum and in the posterior midgut primordium. At stage 12, accumulates at the segment boundaries that start to become morphologically visible, similar expression pattern is observed in the central nervous system. In third larval instar wing imaginal disk, strongly expressed in the dorsal compartment, in the adepithelial cells and in patches on the peripodial membrane covering the imaginal disk to the outside.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit is composed of a heavy and a light chain linked by a disulfide bond. Alpha-PS1 associates with beta-PS.
Integrin alpha-PS1/beta-PS is a receptor for laminin.
Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Heteromeric odorant receptor channel (TC 1.A.69) family. Orco subfamily.
Expressed throughout all developmental stages. First expressed at embryonic stage 15. Pupal expression first occurs 80 hours after puparium formation.
Expression is restricted to olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Coexpressed with Snmp in a lateral-distal population of OSNs. Expressed in the embryonic antennal-maxillary complex, in all 21 OSNs of the larval dorsal organ, in the pupal antennal OSNs, in all 120 adult maxillary palp neurons and in approximately 70-80% of adult antennal OSNs, where expression is highest at the dorsal-medial edge. Localized to OSN cell bodies and to the distal portion of ciliated OSN dendrites.
Heterodimer with conventional odorant receptors (ORs). Complexes exist early in the endomembrane system in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), coupling these complexes to the conserved ciliary trafficking pathway.
Odorant coreceptor which complexes with conventional odorant receptors (ORs) to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Orco is a universal and integral part of the functional odorant receptor, involved in the dendritic localization of other olfactory receptors. Expression of Orco alone leads to formation of rapid and transient ion channels not directly responding to odorants, but directly activated by intracellular cAMP or cGMP. Snmp, Or67d and lush act in concert to capture fatty-acid-derived male pheromone 11-cis vaccenyl acetate (cVA) molecules on the surface of Or67d expressing olfactory dendrites and facilitate their transfer to the odorant-receptor Orco complex.
The atypical heteromeric and topological design of the odorant receptors appears to be an insect-specific solution for odor recognition, making the OR/Orco complex an attractive target for the development of highly selective insect repellents to disrupt olfactory-mediated host-seeking behaviors of insect disease vectors. Odor-evoked OR currents are independent of known G-protein-coupled second messenger pathways. The homomeric Orco channel is thought to be a cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channel that depolarizes the olfactory receptor neuron.
Guanine nucleotide-releasing protein that binds to SH3 domain of Crk. Transduces signals from Crk to activate RAS. Also involved in MAPK activation.
Phosphorylation leads to an increase in the catalytic activity.
Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated Ndc80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity during meiosis and mitosis (PubMed:17895365, PubMed:17333235). Required for kinetochore integrity and the organization of stable microtubule binding sites in the outer plate of the kinetochore (PubMed:17895365, PubMed:17333235). Participates in SAC signaling that responds specifically to disruptions in spindle microtubule dynamics (PubMed:17333235). The NDC80 complex synergistically enhances the affinity of the SKA1 complex for microtubules and may allow the NDC80 complex to track depolymerizing microtubules (By similarity).
Component of the Ndc80 complex, which is composed of Ndc80, Nuf2 and Spc25.
Die as late third-instar larvae. Mitotic neuroblasts in larval brains exhibit high levels of aneuploidy: chromosome alignment is compromised during spindle formation, many chromosomes display persistent mono-orientation which leads to aneuploidy during anaphase. Chromosome behavior is also disrupted during both meiotic divisions in spermatocytes: the entire chromosome complement often moves to only one spindle pole.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
Although Mn(2+) can act as a cofactor, it is much less effective than Mg(2+).
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) as well as PtdIns:inositol exchange reaction (PubMed:17151285, PubMed:24828534, PubMed:24603715). May thus act to reduce an excessive cellular PtdIns content (By similarity). The exchange activity is due to the reverse reaction of PtdIns synthase and is dependent on CMP, which is tightly bound to the enzyme (By similarity). Required for the regeneration of the signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) from phosphatidic acid (PA) and maintenance of its steady supply during signaling, thus playing an essential role during phospholipase C-mediated transduction (PubMed:17151285). This function is essential in photoreceptors for light-activated recycling of PtdInsP2 during phototransduction (PubMed:17151285). As a key enzyme of the phosphoinositide pathway, indirectly involved in the polarized secretion of basal membrane (BM) proteins in follicle epithelial (FE) cells through promoting PtdInsP2 synthesis in the apical and lateral plasma membranes of FE cells (PubMed:24828534). PtdInsP2 controls the localization of Crag and perhaps the localization and expression of strat, both of which are essential for restricting the secretion of BM proteins to the basal surface (PubMed:24828534, PubMed:28228250).
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:17151285). In follicle cells, abnormal apical accumulation of the basal membrane (BM) proteins trol and vkg (PubMed:24828534). Decreased expression of strat in follicle epithelial cells (PubMed:28228250). RNAi-mediated knockdown in both larval salivary glands and fat body, results in small salivary glands that accumulate lipid droplets. This is likely due to the observed decrease in PtdIns levels that would lead to low insulin pathway activity and defective cell growth. RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body also results in a decrease in PtdIns levels in the fat body and a decrease in fat body size (PubMed:24603715).
Expressed throughout development, with low levels of expression in embryos and 1st instar larvae, and highest levels of expression in adults (at protein level).
In adults, expression is higher in the head than in the body (at protein level).
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Flies die at early pupal stage and exhibit abnormal locomotion (PubMed:16055062). Mitochondria in muscles and neurons are abnormally distributed (PubMed:16055062). Instead of being transported into axons and dendrites, mitochondria accumulate in parallel rows in neuronal somata (PubMed:16055062). Mutant NMJs lack presynaptic mitochondria, but neurotransmitter release and acute Ca(2+) buffering is only impaired during prolonged stimulation (PubMed:16055062). RNAi-mediated knockdown perturbs mitochondrial distribution and dynamics (PubMed:27716788). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dopaminergic (DA) neurons decreases mitochondrial length and mitochondrial flux, and mitochondria accumulate in the most distal boutons of the DA motor neuron nerve terminals (PubMed:22396657).
Interacts with kinesin-associated protein milt (PubMed:14605208, PubMed:16717129). Interacts with vimar (PubMed:27716788).
Mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial trafficking (PubMed:16055062, PubMed:16717129, PubMed:22396657). Forms an essential protein complex with Milt that links Khc to mitochondria for light chain-independent, anterograde transport of mitochondria (PubMed:16717129). Required for axonal transport to synapses within nerve terminals (PubMed:16055062, PubMed:22396657). Required presynaptically but not postsynaptically at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) (PubMed:16055062). Also involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by promoting drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission during high calcium conditions, and negatively regulating fission during normal conditions (PubMed:27716788).
Mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial trafficking.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family. Phospholipase B1 subfamily.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Histone fold interacts with N-terminus of Taf10b.
Hydrolyzes dipeptides containing N-terminal aspartate residues.
Was originally thought to be a putative gustatory receptor named Gr43b but further analysis suggested that this is not the case.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
The conserved cysteine present in the cysteine-switch motif binds the catalytic zinc ion, thus inhibiting the enzyme. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis.
AS-C proteins are involved in the determination of the neuronal precursors in the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Also involved in sex determination and dosage compensation.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Interacts with da (via bHLH motif). Interacts with Bap60.
Expressed zygotically in embryos from 0 to 12 hours after fertilization, with a peak of expression during the 2 to 4 hour period. Expression reappears in third instar larvae and pupae.
L(1)SC, SC and AC strongly label the presumptive stomatogastric nervous system, while ASE is more prominent in the presumptive procephalic lobe. Associates with the somatic nuclei through nuclear cycles 9 and 10. During nuclear cycle 11 distributes uniformly in the embryo.
Embryonic and pupal lethal. Male mutants show small testes and degenerating spermatocytes with a large accumulation of small fat-containing vesicles in the cytoplasm and almost no mitochondria. Null mutant photoreceptors fail to differentiate normally, are unable to form proper rhabdomeres and present smaller mitochondria with fewer, but swollen crestae, than wild-type cells.
Expressed throughout embryonic development. In adults, expression is higher in females than in males.
Found in many tissues including CNS, imaginal disks and salivary glands. Highest expression in both embryonic gonadal primordia and mature ovaries and testes.
Versatile enzyme presenting two types of activity; L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ((3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) activity and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity with a wide substrate spectrum. As a (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, it functions in the third step of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, a major metabolic process in which fatty acids are oxidized to provide a significant source of energy, while also generating acyl-CoA metabolites used by many metabolic routes (PubMed:12917011) (Probable). As a HSD, it functions in the degradation pathways of glucocorticoids and sex steroids and epimerization of bile acids; catalyzes the beta-oxidation at position 17 of androgens and estrogens, has 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity with androsterone, and carries out oxidative conversions of 7-beta-hydroxylated bile acids like ursodeoxycholate or isoursodeoxycholate (also known as 3-beta,7-beta-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholan-24-oate or 7-beta-hydroxyisolithocholate, respectively). Also exhibits 20-beta-OH and 21-OH dehydrogenase activities with C21 steroids (PubMed:12917011). Required for cell survival during embryonic development. May play a role in germline formation (PubMed:9585418, PubMed:12917011).
Secreted immune-induced peptide induced by Toll signaling. Has a role in resistance to bacterial and fungal infections (PubMed:25915418, PubMed:29920489). The strength of antimicrobial activity appears to correlate with the overall level of expression (PubMed:29920489).
Acts as a phosphoinositide 5- and phosphoinositide 6-phosphatase and regulates cellular levels of inositol pentakisphosphate (InsP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) (PubMed:26628373). Also acts as a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphatase, by mediating the dephosphorylation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) to produce phospho-D-glycerate without formation of 3-phosphoglycerate (By similarity). Has a role in embryonic tracheal development where it localizes to the leading edge of actively migrating branches (PubMed:26628373). In these leading cells, enhances formation and/or maintenance of filopodia which may drive branch migration and elongation by cell-cell intercalation (PubMed:26628373). The function in tracheal morphogenesis is dependent on its inositol polyphosphate phosphatase activity (PubMed:26628373).
During embryonic stage 10-12, expressed throughout the tracheal primordia. At stages 13-15, expression is lost from the tracheal dorsal trunks (DTs) but is maintained in branches still undergoing active elongation and migration: the dorsal branches (DBs), visceral branches (VBs), lateral trunk branches (LTs) and ganglionic branches (GBs). Notably, expression is enriched at regions of filopodia formation such as the distal tips of the DBs, LTs and GBs.
Tracheal morphology is grossly normal although some defects are observed. Dorsal trunks (DTs) are significantly elongated, and dorsal branches (DBs) frequently fail to fuse with their contralateral partner. Filopodia number in DBs is reduced.
Up-regulated by FGF signaling in the developing trachea.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear envelope (PubMed:9152019). Functions as a scaffolding element in the nuclear phase of the NPC (PubMed:12027452, PubMed:15356261). Plays a role in chromosomal organization and gene expression regulation; stimulates transcription by promoting the formation of an open chromatin environment (PubMed:12027452, PubMed:20174442). Binds chromatin to nucleoporin-associated regions (NARs) that define transcriptionally active regions of the genome (PubMed:20174442). Associates with extended chromosomal regions that alternate between domains of high density binding with those of low occupancy (PubMed:20174442). Preferentially binds to NARs of the male X chromosome (PubMed:20174442). In males, together with Nup153, required for the localization of the male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex to the X chromosome and therefore for the transcription of dosage compensation genes (PubMed:16543150). In males, restrains dosage-compensated expression at the level of nascent transcription probably by interacting with the MSL complex and by modulating RNA Polymerase II phosphorylation status and activity (PubMed:34133927). During mitosis forms a gel-like spindle matrix complex together with Skeletor (Skel), Chro, east, and Asator embedding the microtubule spindle apparatus (PubMed:15356261, PubMed:15962301, PubMed:19273613, PubMed:22855526). During interphase localizes Mad1 to the nuclear pore complex and thereby might act as a scaffold to assemble the Mad1-C-Mad2 complex, an heterotetramer that catalyzes the structural conversion of open-Mad2 (O-Mad2) into closed-Mad2 (C-Mad2) which is essential for spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) (PubMed:31913420). During the metaphase-anaphase transition and before chromosome congression, is phosphorylated by Msp-1; this modification releases Mad1 from the nuclear pore complex and thereby promotes assembly of SAC ensuring a timely and effective recruitment of spindle checkpoint proteins like Mad1, Mad2 and Mps1 to unattached kinetochores (KT) (PubMed:22855526, PubMed:26714316, PubMed:31913420). In testes, has a role in stem cell asymmetric division and maintenance via regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) complex (PubMed:26714316).
Expressed at all developmental stages (PubMed:9152019). Expressed in embryos (at protein level) (PubMed:16543150).
Expressed in salivary glands, fat body, tracheal tube, esophageal tube and anterior ejaculatory duct (at protein level).
Mps1-mediated phosphorylation disrupts interaction with Mad1 during mitosis.
Part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (PubMed:9152019, PubMed:12027452, PubMed:22855526). Associates with male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex (PubMed:16543150). Interacts with Mad2; the interaction is required for efficient recruitment of Mad2 to unattached kinetochore and occurs in a microtubule-independent manner (PubMed:19273613). Interacts with Mad1 (N-terminus) (PubMed:31913420). Interacts with Chro, east and Asator; the interaction is part of a macromolecular complex forming the spindle matrix during mitosis (PubMed:15356261, PubMed:15962301, PubMed:19890914). Interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:28366641). In males, interacts with histone acetyltransferase mof (PubMed:34133927).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body or specifically in the germ line results in a decreased number of germinal stem cells (GSCs) in the testes (PubMed:26714316). RNAi-mediated in the testes results in mislocalization of microtubule-regulating protein Apc2 and shg/E-cadherin, defective centrosome orientation, mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segretation (PubMed:26714316). RNAi-mediated knockdown in male salivary glands increases male-specific gene expression on X chromosome and nuclear expression of roX1 and roX2, two long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) part of the males-specific lethal (MSL) complex (PubMed:34133927). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of Mtor with RNAi-mediated knockdown of mof or the lncRNAs roX1 or roX2 in male salivary glands results in a rescue of up-regulated X chromosome gene expression (PubMed:34133927).
The C-terminal domain is required for interchromosomal localization during interphase (PubMed:15356261). The C-terminal domain is sufficient for localization to the nuclear lamina as well as for spindle localization (PubMed:15356261).
The N-terminal coiled-coil domain is required for both nuclear pore complex (NPC) and spindle matrix localization.
Homodimer (PubMed:22357926). Heterodimers with dpn (PubMed:22357926).Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein (Groucho) (PubMed:8001118).
In larvae, detected in neuroblasts (at protein level) (PubMed:22357926). Mesectodermal expression appears shortly before the onset of gastrulation (PubMed:2540957). In imaginal disks, expression is seen primarily within presumptive proneural clusters of eye-antennal, wing and leg disks (PubMed:2540957).
Participates in the control of cell fate choice by uncommitted neuroectodermal cells in the embryo (PubMed:2540957). Transcriptional repressor (PubMed:8001118). Binds DNA on N-box motifs: 5'-CACNAG-3' (PubMed:8001118). Part of the Notch signaling pathway (PubMed:22357926).
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to cysteines occuring in specific C-terminal amino acid sequences.
Expressed throughout the life cycle with no major peaks of expression. In the embryo, uniquitously and highly expressed at precellular and cellular blastoderm stages.
Flies display pupal lethality with defects in axon growth, branching and pathfinding, synaptic length and organization of the neuromuscular junction. They also display defects in cell morphology with cells exhibiting a starfish-like shape with multiple slender cell extensions and loss of actin filaments at the cell periphery (PubMed:12818175, PubMed:14588242, PubMed:15269173). RNAi-mediated knockdown in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, or specifically in the anterior paired lateral (APL) neurons or in the antennal lobe local interneurons (LNs), results in feeding-dependent socialization defects (PubMed:32200800).
In the embryo, expressed mainly in the gut and in the developing central nervous system where high levels of expression are found in the CNS neuropile. Expression in the gut diminishes as development proceeds (at protein level). In the adult, expressed specifically in the nervous system.
Interacts with Fmr1 and Rac1. Component of the WAVE complex composed of Hem/Kette, Scar/Wave and Cyfip where it binds through its C-terminus directly to Hem.
Plays a role in guidance and morphology of central and peripheral axons and in synaptic morphology. Also required for formation of cell membrane protrusions and for bristle development (PubMed:12818175, PubMed:14588242, PubMed:15269173, PubMed:15385157). Plays a role in regulating mitochondrial activity, energy metabolism and membrane potential which maintains normal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling and ensures normal social behavior (PubMed:32200800).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo12/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Rises dramatically in the late third instar, then decreases gradually during the pupal stages. Low expression is found in adults.
Unlikely to play an active role in the humoral immune defense. May have a function in the digestion of bacteria in the food. May be involved in the clearance of bacteria from the larval gut before metamorphosis.
Required for meiotic DNA recombination in females. Probably not involved in DNA repair and recombination in somatic cells.
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs (PubMed:19132102). The MVB pathway mediates delivery of transmembrane proteins into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation (PubMed:19132102). The ESCRT-II complex is probably involved in the recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex (By similarity). ESCRT-II interacts, through the Vps36 subunit, with bicoid mRNA (PubMed:17268469). This interaction is required for the anterior localization of bicoid mRNA in the developing egg (PubMed:17268469). Plays a role in promoting mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) (PubMed:29307555).
Localizes to the anterior cortex of the oocyte in the same region as bicoid mRNA from stage 10B/11 of oogenesis.
Multivesicular body sorting defects, with large amounts of ubiquitinated proteins detected on endosomes (PubMed:19132102). Bicoid mRNA is mislocalized in developing eggs (PubMed:17268469).
The GLUE domain (GRAM-like ubiquitin-binding in EAP45) mediates the binding to the 3' UTR of bicoid mRNA.
Component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.
In Drosophila ubiquitin is encoded by 3 different genes. RpL40 and RpS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins eL40 and eS31, respectively. Ubi-p63E gene codes for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Part of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.
Mutants are viable and females are fully fertile. Males show premature mitochondrial aggregation and fusion in spermatocytes and spermatids, leading to an aberrant mitochondrial shell around premeiotic nuclei. Improper mitochondrial localization occurs in the testis associated with defective central astral spindles and a lack of contractile rings which leads to meiotic cytokinesis failure.
Required for male meiotic cytokinesis through its involvement in the regulation of mitochondrial aggregation and fusion, astral spindle assembly and contractile ring formation.
Expressed throughout development with highest expression seen in adults.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 16 (GT16) protein family.
Predominant opsin expressed in the dorsal ocelli.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Cadherin that functions in epithelial morphogenesis and the intestine epithelial immune response (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:16507588, PubMed:24718992, PubMed:25639794). Essential for female fertility (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:16507588). Regulates the length and organization of apical microvilli in developing follicle cells and salivary glands (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:16507588, PubMed:24718992, PubMed:25236597). Function in the follicle cell is essential for egg development as the microvilli secrete eggshell material such as the vitelline membrane (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:16507588, PubMed:25236597). Acts at least in part by regulating the recruitment of the myosin ck to the follicle cell microvilli (PubMed:25236597). Also required to regulate cell rearrangements during salivary tube elongation, possibly by modulating cellular adhesion between the apical surface and apical extracellular matrix during epithelial tube elongation (PubMed:24718992). May also function in cellular adhesion during the development of other tubular epithelia such as the trachea (PubMed:24718992). Possibly functions as an apical membrane determinant which acts in apical membrane expansion during salivary and tracheal epithelial tube elongation (PubMed:24718992). In salivary gland development, this function is independent of the other apical membrane determinants crb and sas (PubMed:24718992). Essential downstream component of a hh-signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut epithelial immune response to bacterial uracil; required for endosome formation in the enterocyte and activating norpA-dependent Ca2+ mobilization, which are essential steps in the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794).
Females display reduced fertility as well as defective eggshell development (PubMed:16260500). Ovarian follicle cell microvilli are abnormally shaped and display a range of defects including decreased length, reduced number and an irregular distribution pattern, leading to impaired vitelline membrane formation (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:16507588). In the intestines of 3-day old adults there is no formation of endosomes and consequently no DUOX-dependent up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to the ingestion of bacteria-derived uracil (PubMed:25639794). Embryos display irregular cell rearrangements during salivary gland development with fewer cells surrounding the salivary gland lumens and lumens appear to be elongated (PubMed:24718992).
Interacts (via the cytoplasmic domain) with ck (PubMed:25236597, PubMed:27331610). Interacts (via the cytoplasmic domain) with Cul1 and Ubr3 (PubMed:27331610).
Low expression throughout the imaginal disks of third instar larvae with higher levels of expression at the anterior-posterior boundary (at protein level) (PubMed:15708564). Detected in the germarium and stage 2 and stage 3 egg chambers (at protein level) (PubMed:16507588). From stages 2 to 8, expressed in the follicle cells at the anterior and posterior poles of the egg chambers (at protein level) (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:16507588). From stage 4 to the end of oogenesis, only detected in follicle cells that are in contact with the oocyte (at protein level) (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:16507588). From stage 11 expressed at the apical surface of several embryonic tubular organs including the salivary glands, trachea, foregut and hindgut (PubMed:24718992).
The cytoplasmic domain is necessary for the formation of uracil-induced endosomes.
The extracellular domain is necessary for conferring apical characteristics on the salivary gland membrane (PubMed:24718992). Necessary for regulating salivary gland membrane expansion and tube length, but is not required for cell rearrangement during tube elongation (PubMed:24718992). Sufficient to promote the outgrowth of follicle cell microvilli and the formation of microvilli bundles (PubMed:16260500, PubMed:24718992) Sufficient to promote formation of microvilli-like structures in the salivary glands and the follicle cell microvilli bundles (PubMed:16507588, PubMed:24718992). Dispensable for apical localization (PubMed:24718992).
Three calcium ions are usually bound at the interface of each cadherin domain and rigidify the connections, imparting a strong curvature to the full-length ectodomain (By similarity).
Up-regulated in the adult anterior midgut after the ingestion of bacterial uracil. Strong up-regulation detected 1 hour, 2 hours and 16 hours after ingestion, whereas no up-regulation was detected at 4 hours.
Cooperates with Rab11 and fwd/PI4K to mediate the flow of membrane through the Golgi, which is required to support cleavage furrow ingression, therefore promoting cytokinesis in male meiotic cells.
Expressed in embryos and adults of males and females.
Failure of both actomyosin ring constriction and furrow ingression in male meiotic cells.
May be part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid (By similarity).
Oxidoreductase involved in biosynthesis of 3-hydroxyretinal, a chromophore for rhodopsin Rh1. Not responsible for the initial hydroxylation of the retinal ring but rather acts in a subsequent step in chromophore production. May catalyze the conversion of (3R)-3-hydroxyretinol to the 3S enantiomer.
Contributes to endodermal integrity and adhesion between the midgut epithelium and the surrounding visceral muscle. Essential for migration of the primordial midgut cells and for maintaining, but not establishing, cell polarity in the midgut epithelium. Can only partially compensate for the loss of beta-PS integrin during primordial midgut cell migration. The two beta subunits mediate midgut migration by distinct mechanisms: beta-PS requires rhea/Talin and beta-nu does not. Integrin alpha-PS3/beta-nu is required for effective phagocytosis of apoptotic cells during embryonic development and for the phagocytic elimination of S.aureus by mediating the binding of S.aureus peptidoglycan to larval hemocytes, which probably activates a signaling pathway involving Rac1 and Rac2. Not required for the production of antimicrobial peptides during S.aureus. Upon activation by LanA, integrin alpha-PS3/beta-nu activates Fak in presynapsis to suppress neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth during larval development and during low crawling activity, but not during higher-crawling conditions. Mediates, together with LanA, glutamate receptor-modulated NMJ growth.
Expressed throughout development. Highest expression occurs during 12-15 hours of embryonic development (at protein level).
Expression is confined to the developing midgut endoderm and its precursors during embryogenesis. In the larvae, expression is concentrated in the midgut imaginal disks. Expressed in embryonic and larval hemocytes (at protein level).
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Interacts with scb/alpha-PS3.
Homozygous mutant flies are viable and fertile. Mutant embryos show reduced level of phagocytosis, but normal level of hemocytes or apoptosis. At NMJ, mutant larvae show normal patterns of synaptic proteins but increased branch length, bouton number and quantal content in basal synaptic transmission recording.
Interacts with Gcn5 and Ada3 as part of a GCN5-containing ADA multiprotein complex (PubMed:12482983). Associated with a SAGA-type complex that also contains Taf5, e(y)1/Taf9, Taf10, Spt3 and Taf1 (PubMed:12697829).
Required for the function of some acidic activation domains, which activate transcription from a distant site. Binds double-stranded DNA. Binds dinucleosomes, probably at the linker region between neighboring nucleosomes. Plays a role in chromatin remodeling.
Displays impaired motility of cilia/flagella (PubMed:34553759). Adult males are infertile due to immotile sperm with flagella that lack dynein arms and display axoneme disruption (PubMed:34553759). However, the testes appear normal in shape and contain elongating flagellar bundles of spermatids (PubMed:34553759). Larvae fail to react to tone stimulus due to defective auditory/vibration mechanotransduction (PubMed:34553759). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the sensory neurons of females results in uncoordinated locomotion during climbing (PubMed:34553759).
Expressed in mechanosensory chordotonal (Ch) neurons, spermatocytes and spermatids (at protein level).
In stage 16 embryo, restricted to all differentiating mechanosensory chordotonal (Ch) neurons (lch5, v'ch1, and vchAB) (at protein level) (PubMed:34553759). In pupae, expression is restricted to the neuronal cell bodies and dendrite inner segments of Ch neurons within the Johnston's organ (at protein level) (PubMed:34553759).
Required for the assembly of axonemal inner and outer dynein arms (PubMed:34553759). Involved in the cytoplasmic preassembly of dyneins into complexes before their transport into cilia (PubMed:34553759). Essential for the development of axonemal dynein motors in the sensory cilium of mechanosensory chordotonal (Ch) neurons and sperm flagellum, and consequently, is required for the mechanotransduction process of hearing and sperm mobility (PubMed:34553759).
Activator of apoptosis, with grim and rpr, that acts on the effector Dredd (PubMed:9740659, PubMed:22615583). Seems to act genetically upstream of baculoviral anti-apoptotic p35 (PubMed:7622034). Blocks Diap2 from binding and inactivating the effector caspase Drice (PubMed:18166655). Might regulate apoptosis downstream of Clbn/NEMF (PubMed:22964637).
Expression coincides with the onset of programmed cell death (PCD) at all stages of embryonic development, particularly in the head.
Interacts with Diap2 (via BIR2 and BIR3 domains).
Mutants contain extra cells in the head owing to decreased levels of cell death and show a pronounced defect in the morphogenetic movements of head involution (PubMed:7622034). Ectopic expression in the retina results in complete eye ablation (PubMed:7622034). Reduces levels of caspace-3 after exposure to ionizing radiation (PubMed:22964637). Simultaneous knockout of hid and Clbn/NEMF has a similar response to single mutants after exposure to ionizing radiation (PubMed:22964637).
Detected in embryos from stage 15 onwards (at protein level). In first instar larvae, detected in midgut, Malpighian tubules and outer epithelial layer of the proventriculus (OELP) (at protein level).
Required for assembly of smooth septate junctions (sSJs), together with Ssk and mesh. Important for barrier function of the midgut epithelium.
Can partially substitute for the cytoplasmic enzyme activity.
Chimeric cDNA. Chimeric cDNA originating from chromosomes X and 3.
During embryogenesis, expression is seen in germ cell progenitors, developing midgut, hindgut and proventriculus.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during all stages of development, highest expression during adult stages.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-106 of isoform B.
Unable to compensate for the loss of the mitochondrial enzyme activity.
Was originally thought to be a glutathione reductase.
Accessory component of the DNA polymerase epsilon complex (By similarity). Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication (By similarity). Has a role in the entrance and progression through S phase (PubMed:24224125). Has a role in endoreplication (PubMed:24224125). Essential for viability and tissue development (PubMed:24224125).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B family.
Component of the epsilon DNA polymerase complex consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolE1/DNApol-epsilon255 and the accessory subunits PolE2/DNApol-epsilon58, Chrac-14/DNApolE3 and PolE4.
Expressed in the embryo and larva (at protein level).
Pupal lethal (PubMed:24224125). Results in smaller eye, leg and wing disk, brain lobe and salivary glands (PubMed:24224125). Results in defective entry and/or progression though S phase during the cell cycle in eye imaginal disk cells (PubMed:24224125). Results in defective endoreplication in salivary glands (PubMed:24224125).
Chaperone protein involved in the assembly of the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Larvae are viable but most do not survive the late pupa/early adult stages. Surviving adults that are assisted to eclose display severe degeneration of myofibrils and mitochondria.
Acts as a negative regulator of the normal cell cycle progression. May function in regulating proliferation by the phosphorylation and subsequent plasma membrane targeting of galactosyltransferase (By similarity).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Highest levels in early embryogenesis (0-6 hours), low levels during later embryogenesis, moderate levels in pupae and adults.
Present throughout the early embryo. In late embryos levels are highest in the CNS.
Activates the G-protein coupled receptor mth in vitro, leading to increased intracellular calcium ion levels.
Although related to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family, there is no evidence for a function in the ATP synthase complex.
Embryonic lethal. Heterozygotes show increased lifespan and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. ATP levels are normal.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the post-translational methylation of isoprenylated C-terminal cysteine residues.
ADP can occupy the NADH binding site and activate the enzyme.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
Expressed throughout the embryo during early stages before becoming localized in mesodermal tissue by stage 8. At stage 12 expression is concentrated in the posterior midgut. After stage 13 expression it is found in the anterior and posterior midgut, the hindgut, fat body, muscle, and central nervous system. In 3rd instar larvae expression is found in the leg disks, the wing pouch of the wing disk, the eye-antenna disk, and the developing brain medulla.
Subject to allosteric regulation. Activated by ADP. Inhibited by GTP and ATP (By similarity).
Isoform solo and SMC1 function as partners in mediating sister chromatid and centromere cohesion in meiosis. Not required for sister chromatid arm cohesion or for mitotic chromatid segregation.
Premature loss of centromere cohesion and high non-disjunction of both homologous and sister chromatids at meiosis I and II.
Involved in neurogenesis. Interacts with other neurogenic proteins in the specification of the neuroblast versus epidermoblast cell fate.
Involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking.
Expressed in the central nervous system throughout development.
Expressed ubiquitously during embryogenesis with higher levels found from 9-12 hours after egg laying. Low levels are found in larvae and adults.
Interacts with Bin1, lolal, corto, ttk and ph-p (PubMed:11256608, PubMed:12384587, PubMed:12834867, PubMed:12771214). Interacts with FACT subunits Ssrp and dre4/SPT16 (PubMed:12815073). Interacts with E(bx) (PubMed:11583616). Upon ecdysone stimulation, interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:28366641).
The N-terminal BTB domain mediates protein oligomerization. The C-terminal glutamine-rich region is required for transcriptional activation activity.
Transcriptional activator that functions by regulating chromatin structure. Overcomes the repressive effects of chromatin by promoting the open chromatin conformation in promoter gene regions, thereby allowing access to other transcription factors. Binds to DNA Polycomb response elements (PREs) at the bithorax complex and to the proximal region of the engrailed promoter, and positively regulates transcription of many genes including homeotic ones. Binds to the DNA sequence (GA)n, with optimal binding to the pentamer 5'-GAGAG-3'. Binds DNA as an oligomer. May also act as a transcriptional repressor, maintaining the repressed state of genes including lolal, and down-regulating its own transcription. Required for dosage compensation in males and may be involved in oogenesis. Also has a role in nuclear division.
Expressed in CNS during embryogenesis. In third instar larvae, it is expressed throughout all imaginal disks.
Homodimer. Interacts with Sav and Wts. Interacts (via SARAH domain) with Ex. Interacts with Kibra.
Plays a key role in the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein. The Hippo/SWH signaling pathway inhibits the activity of the transcriptional complex formed by Scalloped (sd) and Yki and the target genes of this pathway include cyclin-E (cycE), diap1 and bantam. Phosphorylates Sav, Wts and Th/DIAP1. Regulates the level of Th/DIAP1 apoptosis inhibitor.
Transcriptionally regulated by Gcm (Glial cells missing).
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. EGF receptor subfamily.
Embryonic wound healing defects. RNAi-mediated knockdown in tracheal cells results in defective gas-filling lumen in terminal branches (PubMed:23029159).
Homodimer (PubMed:19718021, PubMed:20723758). Binding of the ligand spitz triggers homodimerization of the receptor however, it is able to form dimers, albeit weakly, in the absence of spitz (PubMed:19718021, PubMed:20723758). Interacts (when phosphorylated on tyrosine residues) with Vav (via SH2 domain) (PubMed:10781813). Interacts (when ubiquitinated) with Graf (PubMed:28993397). May interact (when phosphorylated) with EGFRAP (via SH2 domain) (PubMed:34411095).
Receptor tyrosine kinase, binding ligands of the EGF family and activating several signaling cascades to convert extracellular cues into appropriate cellular responses (PubMed:8070664, PubMed:9882502, PubMed:22140578, PubMed:23579691). Known ligands include spitz, gurken, vein and giant-lens (PubMed:9882502, PubMed:22140578, PubMed:19718021, PubMed:20723758). Transduces the signal through the ras-raf-MAPK pathway (PubMed:9094709). Critical for the proliferation of imaginal tissues, and for the determination of both the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral polarities of the oocyte (PubMed:9882502, PubMed:23579691, PubMed:34411095). In the embryo, plays a role in the establishment of ventral cell fates, maintenance of amnioserosa and ventral neuroectodermal cells, germ band retraction, cell fate specification in the central nervous system, and production and repair of the cuticle (PubMed:22140578, PubMed:23579691, PubMed:9094709, PubMed:23029159). During dorsal closure (DC) functions with the dpp- and ACK-signaling pathways to regulate expression of the myosin zip in the embryonic epidermis and amnioserosa (AS), and thus coordinate the progression of epidermal cell shape changes required for correct DC (PubMed:23579691). In the embryonic epidermis, functions by negatively regulating dpp and consequently the dpp-dependent expression of the myosin zip (PubMed:23579691). In the AS, negatively regulates the production/ and or secretion of a diffusible signal which, is produced by the ACK-signaling pathway, and acts in the AS and epidermal cells to promote zip expression (PubMed:23579691). Also required in the AS to inhibit or delay apoptosis, and consequently slow the rate of DC (PubMed:23579691). Therefore functions at multiple levels to negatively regulate morphogenesis during DC, suggesting that it acts as a general brake mechanism for adjusting the rate of dorsal closure to ensure that closure proceeds smoothly and without loss of epidermal integrity (PubMed:23579691). During oogenesis, one of two tyrosine kinase chemoattractant receptors (Egfr and Pvr), that function in the border cells (BC) to detect guidance cues from the oocyte and transduce this information to the guidance pathway that regulate the collective migration of the BC cluster through the nurse cells to the oocyte (PubMed:24855950).
Ubiquitination by Cbl in response to high spi, promotes its interaction with Graf and thus facilitates its GPI-enriched endocytic compartment (GEEC) mediated endocytosis and its subsequent degradation.
Ubiquitously expressed in embryos. In larvae, uniform expression is seen in wing disks, genital disk, anlagen of testis and ovary, and brain cortex. In eye-antenna disk, highest expression is anterior to morphogenetic furrow, levels remain high in photoreceptor precursor cells. This pattern is reversed in posterior eye disk. In adults expression is high in brain cortex and thoracic and abdominal ganglia.
Although suggested, the interaction with GNBP1 has not been experimentally demonstrated.
In larvae, it is expressed in fat body. Also expressed in uninduced hemocytes and mbn-2 cells.
Peptidoglycan-recognition protein that plays a key role in innate immunity by binding to peptidoglycans (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria and activating the Toll pathway upstream of spz activating enzyme SPE (PubMed:11106397, PubMed:16399077, PubMed:15448690). Has no activity against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (PubMed:11742401). Shows some partial redundancy with PRPGP-SD in Gram-positive bacteria recognition (PubMed:11742401, PubMed:15448690). May act by forming a complex with GNBP1 that activates the proteolytic cleavage of Spatzle and the subsequent activation of Toll pathway (PubMed:14684822, PubMed:14722090, PubMed:11742401). Binds to diaminopimelic acid-type tetrapeptide PGN (DAP-type PGN) and lysine-type PGN (Lys-type PGN) (PubMed:15361936). Has some L,D-carboxypeptidase activity for DAP-type PGN, which are specific to prokaryotes, but not for Lys-type PGN (PubMed:15361936).
Strongly up-regulated by PGN from B.subtilis. Regulated by both imd/Relish and Toll pathways.
As part of the augmin complex, plays a role in centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules. The complex is required for mitotic spindle assembly through its involvement in localizing gamma-tubulin to spindle microtubules. msd1 is required for microtubule nucleation from within the mitotic spindle and for localization of Grip71 to centrosomes and mitotic spindle.
Component of the augmin complex composed of dgt2, dgt3, dgt4, dgt5, dgt6, msd1, msd5 and wac (PubMed:19684111, PubMed:19369198). The complex interacts directly or indirectly with microtubules and is required for centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules (PubMed:19684111).
Viable but females are sterile. Mutant embryos show increased mitotic spindle length during metaphase and reduced mitotic spindle density.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a donut shape.
Probably involved with other LSm subunits in the general process of degradation of mRNAs.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. Core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for the entry in S phase and for cell division.
Component of the Mcm2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order Mcm2-Mcm6-Mcm4-Mcm7-Mcm3-Mcm5 (Probable). Interacts with Mcm10.
Increased trimethylation of 'Lys-20' of histone H4.
May have a role in processing of pre-rRNA or in the assembly of rRNA into ribosomal subunits (By similarity). May be involved in epigenetic regulation of muscle differentiation through regulation of the activity of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase Suv4-20.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity). Interacts with ntc.
Beta-alanine transporter required for the uptake of beta-alanine by the glia (PubMed:28806173). Required for the recycling process of the neurotransmitter histamine in photoreceptor neurons of the compound eye and therefore for photoreceptor synaptic transmission (PubMed:28806173). Following histamine release from photoreceptors and its uptake by glia, histamine is conjugated to beta-alanine by e/Ebony to form the inactive metabolite, carcinine (PubMed:28806173).
Expressed in the head and predominantly in the retinal pigment cells of the compound eye.
Dephosphorylates 26S nuclear proteasomes, thereby decreasing their proteolytic activity (By similarity). Recruited to the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome where it dephosphorylates 19S component Rpt1 which impairs Rpt1 ATPase activity and disrupts 26S proteasome assembly (By similarity).
A component of the GATOR subcomplex GATOR2 which functions as an activator of the amino acid-sensing branch of the TORC1 signaling pathway (PubMed:27166823). The two GATOR subcomplexes, GATOR1 and GATOR2, regulate the TORC1 pathway in order to mediate metabolic homeostasis, female gametogenesis and the response to amino acid limitation and complete starvation (PubMed:27166823). GATOR2 activates the TORC1 signaling pathway through the inhibition of the GATOR1 subcomplex, controlling the switch to cell proliferation and growth under nutrient replete conditions and during female oocyte development (PubMed:27166823).
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and the COPII coat (By similarity). At the endoplasmic reticulum, SEC13 is involved in the biogenesis of COPII-coated vesicles (By similarity). Recruited to transcriptionally active chromatin at the time of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (PubMed:20144761). Required for proper expression of ecdysone-responsive genes such as Eip74EF and Eip75B during larval development (PubMed:20144761). Required for reactivation of transcription after heat shock (PubMed:20144761). Required for nuclear import of phosphorylated Mad via importin msk (PubMed:20547758). Has no role in classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS)-dependent nuclear import via importin-beta (PubMed:20547758).
Probable component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (By similarity). Component of the GATOR complex consisting of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Im11, Nplr3, Nplr2, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Within the GATOR complex, probable component of the GATOR2 subcomplex which is likely composed of mio, Nup44A/Seh1, Wdr24, Wdr59 and Sec13 (PubMed:27166823). Interacts with msk (PubMed:20547758). Interacts (preferentially when phosphorylated) with Mad (PubMed:20547758).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larva results in reduced transcription of developmental genes Eip74EF and Eip75B in the salivary glands, compromised transcriptional recovery after heat shock and defective recruitment of Nup98.
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Essential for nerve cord development. Functions downstream of fra to control axon guidance across the central nervous system (CNS) midline.
In embryos expressed in the nerve cord, brain and overlying head tissue. Expression levels in the ventral nerve cord peak in stage 13 embryos. By stage 15 expression becomes restricted and appears to be expressed specifically in neurons which cross the midline. Expression levels decrease once most of the commissural axons have crossed the midline.
Expressed in central nervous system, as well as in subsets of neurons in each segment of the developing ventral ganglia.
Expressed throughout development and in the adult.
'Pokkuri' means 'dropping dead' in Japanese. Flies lacking aop result in the differentiation of supernumerary photoreceptors in the eye.
Ets-related protein that functions as a negative regulator of photoreceptor development acting antagonistically to pnt and the proneural signal mediated by RAS (PubMed:1505027, PubMed:1495974, PubMed:8033205). It acts upstream of SINA to inhibit R7 development (PubMed:1505027, PubMed:1495974).
Expressed in R7 and cone cells of the eye.
Phosphorylated in response to MAPK signaling. May be phosphorylated by rl.
Expressed throughout development and in adults. Ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system and imaginal disks.
Probable RNA binding protein. Negatively regulates myc at the protein level, via an unknown mechanism, and may therefore have a role in growth. Has no effect on myc mRNA levels.
The HTH La-type RNA-binding and RRM domains are required for its function in negatively regulating organ and cell size.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per heterodimer.
Expressed at low levels in the germarium and early follicles. Expression becomes progressively stronger during vitellogenesis, and is highly expressed in germ cells and somatic cells. A subset of follicle cells, termed border cells (BC), exhibit a high level of expression.
Females are sterile, and maturing follicles show defects in actin filament formation, nurse cell membrane stability and border cell migration.
Required for ovarian follicle maturation. Involved in the formation of a rigid and insoluble egg chorion by catalyzing chorion protein cross-linking through dityrosine formation and phenol oxidase-catalyzed chorion melanization.
Regulator of deubiquitinating complexes. Activates deubiquitination by increasing the catalytic turnover without increasing the affinity of deubiquitinating enzymes for the substrate (By similarity).
Regulator of deubiquitinating complexes. Activates deubiquitination by increasing the catalytic turnover without increasing the affinity of deubiquitinating enzymes for the substrate.
Expressed in thorax and abdomen of females: apical epithelial membranes of midgut, rectum, and reproductive tract. Also expressed in neuropil of the central nervous system, with elevated expression within the alpha- and beta-lobes of the mushroom bodies.
Important role in absorption of dietary peptides. High-affinity transporter of alanylalanine. Dipeptide transport activity is proton dependent.
Detected in the fan-shaped body which is a component of the locomotion center in the central nervous system (CNS) (at protein level) (PubMed:23892553). Expressed in the optic lobes and brain (PubMed:19018662).
Expressed throughout development (PubMed:19018662). Expressed in the embryonic CNS midline (at protein level) (PubMed:23892553). Also expressed in various longitudinal muscles (at protein level) (PubMed:23892553). In embryos, expressed in the CNS midline and in the muscles (PubMed:19018662). In larvae, expressed in the lamina of the optic lobe (PubMed:19018662). Expressed in larval body wall muscles (PubMed:24124519).
Neurotrophin which may function as a ligand for the Toll-related receptors Toll-7 and Tollo (PubMed:22022271, PubMed:23892553). Binds to Toll-7 and probably acts as its ligand in promoting motor axon targeting and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:23892553). Involved in synaptic targeting of ISNb/d motorneurons and also some SNa motorneurons (PubMed:19018662). In larvae, involved in the negative regulation of the tracheal immune response to bacterial infection perhaps by acting as a ligand for the Toll-related receptor Tollo (PubMed:22022271). May be involved in the normal development of specific neurons at the neuromuscular junction (PubMed:24124519).
Involved in regulation of neurogenesis. May encode a lateral inhibitor of R8 differentiation. In conjunction with Gp150, promotes Notch activation in response to Delta by regulating acquisition of insensitivity to Delta in a subset of cells.
Possesses five pairs of dibasic residues that may be the target of proteolytic processing.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Expressed at low levels throughout development and at much higher levels in adult females compared to males.
Flies die shortly before or after eclosion with a rough eye phenotype, misshapen wings, and missing or abnormal bristles (PubMed:15256487). Shows increased numbers of spontaneous tumors (PubMed:15256487). Simultaneous knockout of tefu and Clbn/NEMF increases the formation of spontaneous tumors (PubMed:22964637).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase which recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Required to suppress spontaneous apoptosis of proliferating cells during development, and for their proper differentiation. Required for female fertility. Protects telomeres from fusion, maybe by recruiting or maintaining chromatin-modifying complexes such as Su(var)205/HP1. May activate checkpoint signaling in response to DNA double-stranded breaks induced by low-dose ionizing radiation. May phosphorylate histone H2AV.
Negatively regulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
Component of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex composed of at least dor/Vps18, Vps16A, Vps8 and car/Vps33A; unlike in other species, Vps11 is not part of the Drosophila complex (PubMed:27253064). Interacts with car (PubMed:10549280). Interacts with ema (PubMed:20194640).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in all stages of development (PubMed:9065698). Highest expression is in third larval instar (PubMed:9065698, PubMed:10549280). Expressed in the larval Garland nephrocytes and in the adult (at protein level) (PubMed:10549280, PubMed:27253064).
Flies display impaired deposition of pigment granules (PubMed:9065698, PubMed:10549280). Member of the 'granule group' of eye color genes as mutants affect deposition in pigment granules of two types of pigments, the ommochromes and drosopterins (PubMed:9065698, PubMed:10549280). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in late endosome fragmentation and mislocalization of Vps8 (PubMed:27253064).
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments and in membrane docking/fusion reactions of late endosomes/lysosomes probably as part of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex (PubMed:9065698, PubMed:10549280, PubMed:27253064, PubMed:25422373). In larval neuromuscular junctions, essential for endosomal sorting which traffics old or dysfunctional synaptic vesicle proteins through a degradative endolysosomal route (PubMed:25422373). Required for the biogenesis of eye pigment granules (PubMed:10549280). Required to maintain normal levels of rush, which functions in endosome formation and trafficking (PubMed:22160599).
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
Couples tyrosine kinase signals with the activation of the Rho/Rac GTPases. Probably plays a pivotal role as a signal transducer protein during fruit fly development.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in all stages of development.
Interacts (via SH2 domain) with Egfr (when phosphorylated on tyrosine residues).
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. Grainyhead subfamily.
Binds a CNS-specific regulatory element of the Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) gene. Also interacts with sequences adjacent to other transcription units, including Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and engrailed (en). Activity in vivo may be required only at high levels transiently to activate the expression of Ddc in the CNS.
Restricted, during embryogenesis, to tissues derived from ectoderm, predominantly the central nervous system (CNS) and the epidermis.
Probable catalytic component of a complex displaying alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity.
Acts as an actin bundling protein (PubMed:1723709, PubMed:19729655). May have a role in the asymmetric organization and/or movement of cytoplasmic components (PubMed:1723709). It has a role in somatic cells during the formation of adult bristles and hairs, and in the female germline during oogenesis (PubMed:1723709, PubMed:19729655).
Interacts with Rab35, with stronger binding to the Rab35-GTP form compared to the Rab35-GDP form.
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-3, Met-8 or Met-23 is the initiator.
Represses the expression of both the krueppel and knirps segmentation gap genes. Binds, in vitro, to the krueppel regulatory elements CD1 and CD2. It is required in the early embryo for the development of portions of the head and abdomen.
Flies exhibit a temperature-dependent loss of Notch signaling, resulting in bristle loss (PubMed:18243100). Defects in muscle development (PubMed:27807076).
Protein O-glucosyltransferase. Catalyzes the reaction that attaches glucose through an O-glycosidic linkage to a conserved serine residue found in the consensus sequence C-X-S-X-[PA]-C in epidermal growth factor-like repeats (PubMed:27428513). Regulates Notch signaling by glucosylating Notch in the ER, glucosylation is required for the correct folding and cleavage of Notch.
Expressed in tracheal pit cells from stage 11. At stage 12, expression becomes restricted to lateral anterior and posterior tracheal branches. Expressed in the highly proliferative region of the eye-head primordium. Expressed in the distal regions of leg and wing imaginal disks.
May negatively regulate Notch-induced cell proliferation in the eye-head primordium. May act in leg and wing primordia to negatively regulate body-wall specifying genes and thereby promote appendage formation. Required for tracheal development.
Self-associates. Interacts with gro and noc.
Expressed throughout development, although expression is low in pupae. At late developmental stages expression becomes pronounced in muscles and the nervous system, particularly within the intersegmental nerve b (ISNb).
Interacts with CLIP-190 and microtubules.
Microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules. Required for several aspects of mitotic spindle formation including the formation of the overlapping central spindle microtubules and kinetochore attachment. Required for the incorporation of tubulin subunits at the plus ends of kinetochore microtubules during poleward microtubule flux. Acts antagonistically to Klp10A and Klp67A to maintain metaphase spindle length. Also required for guidance of CNS axons downstream of Abl. May function to identify a subset of microtubules that probe the peripheral growth cone domain, where guidance signals exert their influence on cytoskeletal organization. Also required during oogenesis for the organization of the polarized microtubule network inside the 16-cell cyst that ensures oocyte differentiation.
Was originally thought to be a putative gustatory receptor named Gr36d but further analysis suggested that this is not the case.
A light-sensitive calcium channel that is required for inositide-mediated Ca(2+) entry in the retina during phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated phototransduction (By similarity). Forms a regulated cation channel when heteromultimerized with trpl.
Interacts preferentially with trpl and interacts to a lower extent with trp.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
In third-instar larvae, expressed in the principal cells of the excretory Malpighian tubules (at protein level) (PubMed:32269334, PubMed:27358471). Also detected in the enterocytes of the copper cell region and the iron cell region of the larval midgut (at protein level) (PubMed:32269334). In the copper cell region expression is confined to the interstitial cells and in the iron cell region it is expressed in the anterior portion (at protein level) (PubMed:32269334). Expressed in the Malpighian tubules and the middle midgut of third instar larvae and adults (PubMed:27172217).
Larval lethal (PubMed:32269334). Larval development is delayed due to decreased food intake and reduced systematic insulin signaling (PubMed:32269334). However, escapers eventually attain a normal size during the pupal and adult stages (PubMed:32269334). Unlike in wild-type larvae, mutants do not develop a preference for zinc supplemented food or eat more when fed a zinc rich diet (PubMed:32269334). The copper cell region of the larval midgut displays developmental and functional defects such as reduced luminal acidity, increased bacterial titers and enlarged cell volume (PubMed:32269334). The interstitial cells also display increased cell volume due to reduced basal infolding (PubMed:32269334). They also display an increased tolerance to copper but not zinc, likely due to increased cell acidity which has been found to decrease copper uptake (PubMed:27172217). Postembryonic knockdown specifically in interstitial and Malpighian tubule principal cells also results in reduced food intake and increased time to pupation, whereas knockdown only in principal cells, iron cells or copper cells has no effect on larval development (PubMed:32269334). Mutants display a further increase in developmental delay in a Tor RNAi-mediated background (PubMed:32269334).
Ligand and pH-gated channel that mediates chloride transport primarily in the mid-gut and thereby functions in larval metabolism and fluid homeostasis (PubMed:32269334, PubMed:27358471, PubMed:27172217). Channel opening is triggered by zinc binding or, to a lesser extent, an increase in extracellular pH (PubMed:32269334, PubMed:27358471). Zinc-dependent activity in the mid-gut is required for modulating Tor-dependent metabolic programs that promote larval feeding and systematic growth (PubMed:32269334). It may therefore act as an intestinal zinc sensor that mediates larval growth and metabolism in response to micronutrient availability (PubMed:32269334). Activates Tor signaling via its activity in maintaining lysosome homeostasis in interstitial cells and/or by its role in activating the release of insulin-like peptides in the brain after feeding, via an unknown mechanism (PubMed:32269334). Functions in lysosome homeostasis by regulating chloride transport into enterocyte lysosomes to sustain V-ATPase function which maintains lysosomal acidification and consequently promotes Tor activation at the lysosome membrane (PubMed:32269334). Also appears to play a role in regulating fluid secretion and osmotic homeostasis in Malpighian tubules in response to the pH of extracellular urine (PubMed:27358471). This function is important for proper urine production during diuresis (PubMed:27358471).
The name 'hodor' is an acronym for 'hold on, don't rush', referring to the developmental delay phenotype in mutants.
Component of ribonuclease P, a protein complex that generates mature tRNA molecules by cleaving their 5'-ends.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.
Highly expressed in Malpighian tubule primordia from stage late 11 to 13. Expressed in hindgut at stage 13. After stage 14, ubiquitously expressed at low levels.
Serine/threonine kinase required for embryonic development. Inhibits apoptosis. Acts in the insulin receptor transduction pathway which regulates cell growth and organ size, by phosphorylating and activating Akt1 and S6k. May be involved in axonal pathfinding and synaptogenesis, and in spermatogenesis.
The PIF-pocket is a small lobe in the catalytic domain required by the enzyme for the binding to the hydrophobic motif of its substrates. It is an allosteric regulatory site that can accommodate small compounds acting as allosteric inhibitors.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent unwinding of U4/U6 RNA duplices, an essential step in the assembly of a catalytically active spliceosome (By similarity). Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing (By similarity).
May be a substrate recognition component of a SCF-like ECS (Elongin BC-CUL2/5-SOCS-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Component of the DRB sensitivity-inducing factor complex (DSIF complex), which regulates transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. DSIF enhances transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex. DSIF may also promote transcriptional elongation within coding regions. DSIF is required for the transcriptional induction of heat shock response genes and regulation of genes which control anterior-posterior patterning during embryonic development.
Interacts with Spt6. Interacts with Spt4 to form DSIF. DSIF interacts with trx, RNA polymerase II and with the FACT complex, which is composed of dre4/Spt16 and Ssrp/Ssrp1. DSIF can also interact with the exosome, a complex with 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity which is composed of at least Csl4, Dis3, Mtr3, Rrp4, Rrp6, Rrp40, Rrp42, Rrp46 and Ski6. DSIF may also interact with the positive transcription elongation factor b complex (P-TEFb complex), which is composed of Cdk9 and cyclin-T (CycT).
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by P-TEFb alleviates transcriptional pausing (By similarity).
Likely a component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) protein ligase complex (By similarity). May interact with pic/DDB1 (PubMed:27702999).
Substrate recognition component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 protein ligase complex that mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (Probable). Has an essential role in mediating growth by negatively regulating insulin signaling (PubMed:27702999). It also has a role in maintaining presynaptic function in the neuromuscular junction synapses of third-instar larvae (PubMed:29530986).
The name 'Ohgata' means 'large' in Japanese and refers to the overgrowth phenotype in mutants.
Viable and fertile however, adults and larvae display an increase in body size and tissue growth as a result of increased cell number (PubMed:27702999). Overgrowth is due to an up-regulation in insulin-like signaling both systematically and in the fat body, which in turn results in the down-regulation of insulin-like peptide (ILP) inhibitors, conv and ImpL2, and thus allows increased activity of the ILPs (PubMed:27702999). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body results in an increase in pupal length, adult body weight and posterior wing area (PubMed:27702999).
Mutants show a dramatic reduction in animal body size, lethality during metamorphosis and defects in regulated exocytosis in multiple cell types, including the insulin-producing cells and the larval salivary glands.
Tube-forming lipid transport protein which binds to phosphatidylinositols and affects phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) distribution.
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking to lysosomal compartments including the endocytic membrane transport and autophagic pathways. Believed to act as a core component of the putative HOPS and CORVET endosomal tethering complexes.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB1 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. At the start of transcription, a single-stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol II. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. During transcription elongation, Pol II moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing (By similarity).
Following transcription stress, the elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol IIo) is polyubiquitinated via 'Lys-63'-linkages on Lys-1260 at DNA damage sites without leading to degradation: ubiquitination promotes RNA pol IIo backtracking to allow access by the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) machinery. Subsequent DEF1-dependent polyubiquitination by the elongin complex via 'Lys-48'-linkages may lead to proteasome-mediated degradation; presumably at stalled RNA pol II where TC-NER has failed, to halt global transcription and enable 'last resort' DNA repair pathways.
The C-terminal domain (CTD) serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing.
The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion temporarily coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits. The ribonucleoside triphosphate is transferred by a rotation to the nucleotide addition (A) site for pairing with the template DNA. The catalytic A site involves three conserved aspartate residues of the RNA Pol II largest subunit which permanently coordinate a second magnesium ion.
The tandem 7 residues repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) can be highly phosphorylated. The phosphorylation activates Pol II. Phosphorylation occurs mainly at residues 'Ser-2' and 'Ser-5' of the heptapeptide repeat. The phosphorylation state is believed to result from the balanced action of site-specific CTD kinases and phosphatase, and a 'CTD code' that specifies the position of Pol II within the transcription cycle has been proposed.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
ETS transcription factor with a prominent role during development of the eye and the nervous system (PubMed:8223245, PubMed:8033205, PubMed:23757412, PubMed:28245922). Required for glial-neuronal cell interactions at the ventral midline which are necessary for the proper elaboration of commissures in the embryonic CNS (PubMed:8223245).
Embryonic lethal showing loss of photoreceptors (PubMed:8033205, PubMed:8223245, PubMed:23757412). In larvae, RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a transformation of type II neuroblasts into type I neuroblasts, elimination of intermediary neuronal progenitors (INP) and generation of extra type II neuroblasts; in the ventral nerve cord, results in increased numbers of type I neuroblasts (PubMed:27510969, PubMed:28899667, PubMed:27151950). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of the zinc-finger transcriptional repressor erm, the transcriptional repressor E(spl)mdelta-HLH or the transcriptional repressor dpn restore normal neuroblast numbers (PubMed:28899667). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of N partially restores normal neuroblast numbers and inhibits ectopic erm expression in the central brain and ventral nerve cord (PubMed:27151950).
Expressed in type II neuroblasts in larval brain (at protein level) (PubMed:27151950, PubMed:28245922). Expressed in a complex dynamic pattern in early embryos, including the midline and midline glial cells (PubMed:8223245, PubMed:1577186, PubMed:2834248). Expressed throughout development with lower levels during larval development (PubMed:1577186). Expressed in the eye imaginal disk in and posterior to the morphogenetic furrow (PubMed:8033205). Isoform P2: Detected in the precellular blastoderm stage localized at the anterior tip of the embryo (PubMed:8223245). Detected during gastrulation in the mesoderm (PubMed:8223245, PubMed:23757412). As the germband retracts (stage 12) detected in a few cells located at the dorsal roof at the midline of the CNS (PubMed:8223245). These cells correspond to the midline glial cells, in which expression continues until the end of embryogenesis (PubMed:8223245). Major isoform expressed in the eye imaginal disk in and posterior to the morphogenetic furrow (PubMed:8033205). Isoform P1: Expressed within the differentiated region of the disk including and posterior to the morphogenetic furrow in the proneural photoreceptor clusters (at protein level) (PubMed:23757412). Detected during the cellular blastoderm stage in two broad stripes in the lateral neurogenic region (PubMed:8223245). At the beginning of gastrulation detected in the dorsal edge of the neurogenic region (PubMed:8223245). During segmentation (stage 11), detected in the ventral ectoderm and in a group of cells surrounding the future tracheal pits, in the head region and the lateral body wall (PubMed:8223245). In the CNS, detected during germband retraction, in the glial cells and in the midline (PubMed:8223245). In larval brains, major neuroblast-specific isoform (PubMed:22143802).
Required for normal EGFR-induced photoreceptor development (PubMed:23757412). Following transcriptional activation by isoform P2, acts as a constitutive activator of transcription, leading to induction of target genes essential for photoreceptor development (PubMed:8033205, PubMed:23757412). In larval brains, involved in the maintenance of type II neuroblast self-renewal and identity together with brat, btd and pros; prevents intermediate neuronal progenitor (INP) dedifferentiation by regulating the expression of erm probably via Notch signaling; suppresses Ase expression in type II neuroblasts and promotes the generation of intermediate neuronal progenitors (PubMed:22143802, PubMed:27151950, PubMed:27510969, PubMed:28899667, PubMed:28245922).
Required for normal EGFR-induced photoreceptor development probably as a downstream effector of Ras85D (PubMed:8033205, PubMed:23757412). In larval eye imaginal disks, activated by MAPK phosphorylation following EGFR activation, induces transcription of isoform P1 which in turn activates transcription of target genes essential for photoreceptor development (PubMed:23757412).
Appears to bind 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate at substoichiometric levels.
Binds 1 FAD per subunit. The bound form of FAD in the inactive state of cry is oxidized FAD, not reduced. After activation by blue light the FAD is in an anionic radical state, which would be paramagnetic. Green light, which reduces levels of radical intermediate, has an antagonistic effect on function.
Blue light-dependent regulator that is the input of the circadian feedback loop. Has no photolyase activity for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or 6-4 photoproducts. Regulation of expression by light suggests a role in photoreception for locomotor activity rhythms. Functions, together with per, as a transcriptional repressor required for the oscillation of peripheral circadian clocks and for the correct specification of clock cells. Genes directly activated by the transcription factors Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc) are repressed by cry. Necessary for light-dependent magnetosensitivity, an intact circadian system is not required for the magnetoreception mechanism to operate. Required for both the naive and trained responses to magnetic field, consistent with the notion that cry is in the input pathway of magnetic sensing.
Expressed at higher levels in the head than in body and it is more expressed in antennae than in legs, wings and mouth appendages. Prominent expression is seen in cells of the lateral brain, which are close to or coincident with the clock neurons. Abundance oscillates in a circadian manner.
Expression is regulated by light and circadian rhythms. Under circadian regulation, expression is influenced by the clock pacemaker genes period, timeless, Clock and cycle.
FAD-binding region regulates cry stability, cry-tim interaction, and circadian photosensitivity.
Flies exhibit poor synchronization to light-dark cycles and show no response to brief light pulses. Mutant abolishes rhythmic tim and per expression in photoreceptor and glial cells, but not within certain pacemaker neurons of adult brain.
Interacts with tim and per; promoted by light conditions (PubMed:10417378, PubMed:11448767). Interaction with tim irreversibly commits tim to proteasomal degradation (PubMed:10417378). Interacts with l(1)G0136/CG8198 (PubMed:26569474).
Photolyase/cryptochrome alpha/beta domain is sufficient for light detection and phototransduction.
Unstable upon light exposure. Light induces the degradation of cry, likely due to conformational change in the photoreceptor leading to targeting to the proteasome.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Expressed in the dorsal organ cool cells (PubMed:27126188). In the antenna, expressed in approximately six neurons in the arista as well as five to ten neurons near the third chamber of the sacculus (PubMed:19135896).
Integral part of a neural sensory system in the antenna that provides the neural basis for the response to environmental changes in temperature (thermosensation) (PubMed:27126188, PubMed:27656904). Together with Ir25a and Ir93a, mediates the response of the dorsal organ cool cells, a trio of cool-responsive neurons, to cooling and is required for cool avoidance behavior (PubMed:27126188, PubMed:27656904).
Strong disruption of larval thermotaxis when exposed to a thermal gradient ranging from 13.5 to 21.5 degrees Celsius with mutants unable to navigate away from cooler temperatures and toward warmer temperatures (PubMed:27126188). Reduced response of dorsal organ cool cells to cooling (PubMed:27126188, PubMed:27656904). No effect on humidity preference (PubMed:27656904).
Detected in the head and body (at protein level).
Highly expressed during embryogenesis, weakly expressed during larval stages.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation (PubMed:33920774). 5 homodimers assemble to form a ring-like decamer (By similarity). Also exists as a monomer (PubMed:33920774).
Results in reduced resistance to oxidative stress (PubMed:26715182). Simultaneous knockout of Urm1 restores normal sensitivity to oxidative stress (PubMed:26715182).
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is provided by the other dimeric subunit to form an intersubunit disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin (By similarity). As a reducing substrate, thioredoxin 2 is preferred over thioredoxin 1 (PubMed:11877442).
The enzyme can be inactivated by further oxidation of the cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH) to sulphinic acid (C(P)-SO2H) instead of its condensation to a disulfide bond. It can be reactivated by forming a transient disulfide bond with sulfiredoxin SRXN1, which reduces the cysteine sulfinic acid in an ATP- and Mg-dependent manner.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. Might participate in the signaling cascades of growth factors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by regulating the intracellular concentrations of H(2)O(2) (By similarity). Reduces an intramolecular disulfide bond in GDPD5 that gates the ability to GDPD5 to drive postmitotic motor neuron differentiation (By similarity).
Expression in the embryo is primarily neural.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which can activate some, but not all, G-alpha proteins independently of G-protein coupled receptors. Acts by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Plays a key role in asymmetric spindle positioning, a step for asymmetric cell division that generates cell diversity during development by activating G(i) alpha protein independently of G-protein coupled receptors. In addition to its GEF activity, it plays an essential role in cortical subcellular localization of heterotrimeric G proteins, suggesting it acts as a facilitator of G-alpha function through control of its membrane targeting and/or assembling of associated components rather than a GEF. Required during gastrulation and sensory organ precursor (SOP) formation. Plays a role in positively regulating synapse number and neurotransmitter release (PubMed:25074811).
Interacts with GDP-bound G(i)-alpha protein G-i-alpha-65A. Does not interact with G-alpha proteins when they are in complex with subunits beta and gamma (PubMed:16228011, PubMed:16228012). Interacts with Frq2 in a Ca(2+)-independent manner but does not interact with Frq1 (PubMed:25074811).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a reduction in synapse number and reduced neurotransmitter release.
Co-chaperone that binds to numerous kinases and promotes their interaction with the Hsp90 complex, resulting in stabilization and promotion of their activity. Required for cytokinesis and chromosome segregation in mitosis and male meiosis.
Forms a complex with Hsp90. Interacts with a number of kinases such as Cdk1, sev and aurB.
Accessory component of the DNA polymerase delta complex and possibly the DNA polymerase zeta complex (By similarity). As a component of the delta complex, participates in high fidelity genome replication, including lagging strand synthesis, DNA recombination and repair (PubMed:22532806, PubMed:25826374, PubMed:31100062). Required to recruit the DNA polymerase delta complex to the nucleus of rapidly dividing embryonic cells, and as a consequence is essential for genome replication during the earliest cell cycles (PubMed:31100062, PubMed:25826374). Increases the efficiency and processivity of DNA synthesis of the DNA polymerases during mitotic DNA replication and repair (PubMed:22532806, PubMed:25826374, PubMed:31100062). During development this function is essential for preventing replication stress that results in the formation of chromosomal fragile sites (CFS) such as chromosomal breaks (PubMed:31100062, PubMed:25826374). Ensures genomic stability by promoting several types of DNA repair mechanisms including repairing broken dicentric chromosomes through homolog-dependent break-induced replication (BIR) (PubMed:22532806, PubMed:25826374, PubMed:31053594). During homologous recombination (HR) repair, required for maintaining the processivity of the delta complex during break-induced replication; a form of HR that requires extensive DNA synthesis such as the repair of large gaps (PubMed:25826374, PubMed:22532806). Able to suppress position effect variegation and may therefore have a role in the induction of chromatin state changes that likely include its activities in DNA replication and repair (PubMed:25826374).
Component of both the DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase zeta complexes (By similarity). The DNA polymerase delta complex consists of three subunits: the catalytic subunit PolD1 and two accessory subunits PolD2/Pol31 and PolD3/Pol32 (PubMed:31100062). Within the delta complex, interacts with both PolD1 and PolD2 (PubMed:31100062). Component of the DNA polymerase zeta complex consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolZ1 and three accessory subunits PolZ2/Rev7, PolD2/Pol31 and PolD3/Pol32 (By similarity).
Expressed in adult females and embryos (at the protein level).
Expressed in ovaries (at the protein level) (PubMed:31100062). Expressed in ovaries (PubMed:25826374).
Oocytes and embryos lacking maternal PolD3, show no nuclear localization of the delta complex members PolD1 and PolD2, resulting in limited genome replication during the earliest cell cycles and thus early developmental arrest (PubMed:31100062). Mutants, presumably with maternal but not zygotic PolD3, develop normally however adults display a variable degree of bristle loss or shortening, and females are sterile while males are fertile (PubMed:31100062). In larval salivary glands, the delta complex localizes normally to the nuclei and chromosomes display a significant decrease in homologous recombination repair (PubMed:31100062). Chromosomes also exhibit spontaneous double strand breaks that primarily result from defects in genomic replication and, to a lesser extent, in DNA repair synthesis (PubMed:31100062).
'Bang sensitive' phenotype; induction of paralysis with electrical stimulation results in a brief seizure, followed by a failure of the muscles to respond to giant fiber stimulation. This is due to an excitability defect caused by altered membrane phospholipid composition.
Belongs to the choline/ethanolamine kinase family.
Highly specific for ethanolamine phosphorylation. May be a rate-controlling step in phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. GTP-specific subunit beta subfamily.
GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The beta subunit determines specificity for GTP.
Autophosphorylated when activated by Cdc42.
Expressed in adult brain and eye. High levels detected in developing photoreceptor cells and future bristle cells, and lower levels in cone and pigment cells, as detected in third instar eye imaginal disks (at protein level).
In the adult brain of mutants, the calyx, peduncle and the lobe system of the mushroom bodies are reduced, along with other neuropil structures in the central brain. The Kenyon cell body layer above and behind the calyces is thinner. Additionally these mutants have a rough eye phenotype and bristle malformations.
Interacts tightly with GTP-bound but not GDP-bound Cdc42 and weakly with Rac1.
Involved in neurogenesis of the adult central nervous system, and together with Cdc42, regulates photoreceptor cell morphogenesis. Phosphorylates exogenous substrates when activated by Cdc42.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. DDX15/PRP43 sub-subfamily.
RNA helicase involved in mRNA processing and antiviral innate immunity (By similarity). Acts as an activator of the p38 MAPK cascade (PubMed:24782566).
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks and nicked Holliday junctions. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. May be required in meiosis for the repair of meiosis-specific double strand breaks subsequent to single-end invasion (SEI).
Expressed in embryo and larva with a sharp decline by the late third instar larval stage. Expression peaks 6 hours after puparium formation, drops and remains low until the second day of pupal development and then grows steadily during adult morphogenesis.
Interacts with Jra/jun; the interaction enhances the DNA-binding activity of Atf3.
Moderate expression in some regions of the larval nervous system, the ring gland and imaginal disks. High expression in larval gut, excretory malpighian tubules, salivary glands, and, to a lesser extent, the fat body where levels are approximately 2.5-fold less than the gut.
Mutants die soon after hatching and during all three larval stages with only 2% reaching the third instar larval stage and these die before metamorphosis (PubMed:20023169). Altered expression levels of a number of genes in third instar larvae and chronic inflammation and starvation responses in the larval gut epithelium with a predominance of extremely large lipid droplets and obesity but not hyperglycemia (PubMed:22851689).
Transcription factor which binds to the cAMP response element (CRE) (PubMed:20023169). Regulates metabolic and innate immune homeostasis, possibly by controlling appropriate expression of genes involved in peritrophic matrix composition and ensuring the normal digestive and immune function of the gut (PubMed:22851689). Required for the expression of odorant receptors Or43b and Or47b (PubMed:26848073).
Belongs to the neutral ceramidase family.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid at an optimal pH of 6.5-7.5. Acts as a key regulator of sphingolipid signaling metabolites by generating sphingosine at the cell surface. Regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis and trafficking by controlling presynaptic terminal sphingolipid composition.
Overexpression rescues retinal degeneration in arrestin and phospholipase C mutants, probably by facilitating membrane turnover and endocytosis of rhodopsin in photoreceptors.
Widely expressed in different tissues but enriched in neurons at all stages of development.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 26 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with MED6 and MED17.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for activated transcription of the MtnA gene.
Expressed strongly throughout the yolk. Later, zygotic expression is confined to the presumptive neurogenic regions. In the CNS, expressed in the ventral nerve cord. Expressed in the PNS including in the lateral chordotonal organs at stages 16-17, expressed in epidermal cells at stages 13-15, and expressed in heart cells at stages 13-17.
Homozygotes are viable and fertile, display no obvious abnormalities in the development of the CNS, PNS or muscles. However, they exhibit highly specific defects in the innervation pattern of muscle 12, but no obvious defects in the innervation of other muscles. Both loss and gain of function mutants display altered neuromuscular specificity.
Involved in the normal targeting of ventral muscle, muscle 12, by motoneurons. May function as an axon guidance molecule involved in neuromuscular specificity.
Eggs and embryos exhibit variable alterations along the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes. There is a reduction in the level of meiotic recombination and an increase in the frequency of non-disjunction. Larvae have increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation and MMS.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically at all stages of fly development.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with spn-A/Rad51.
Involved in mitotic DNA repair and meiotic recombination. Functions in the recombinational DNA repair pathway. Essential for interhomolog gene conversion (GC), but may have a less important role in intersister GC than spn-A/Rad51. In the presence of DNA, spn-A/Rad51 enhances the ATPase activity of okr/Rad54.
Expressed in the ectoderm of embryos (at protein level).
Probable GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Arf family proteins (Probable). Involved in Golgi apparatus organization by targeting Arf1 to the Golgi, which may be important for membrane trafficking during epithelial morphogenesis (PubMed:27535433). Regulates the positioning of interommatidial precursor cells during compound eye morphogenesis together with Arf6 and Cindr (PubMed:21976699). Required for cleavage furrow ingression in early embryonic cells (PubMed:27535433).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defective compound eye morphogenesis (PubMed:21976699). Maternal RNAi-mediated knockdown results in partial female infertility and, in early embryos, abnormal aggregation of Golgi apparatus and disrupted cleavage furrow ingression (PubMed:27535433).
Belongs to the pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of either pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) into pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP).
By bacterial and fungal infection (at protein level) (PubMed:14645501, PubMed:9736738, PubMed:32038657). Detected within 24 hours of bacterial infection (at protein level) (PubMed:14645501, PubMed:9736738). Induced by Gram-positive bacteria M.luteus (at protein level) (PubMed:32038657).
Belongs to the sulfatase-modifying factor family.
Belongs to the spliceosome where it is associated with snRNP U1. Interacts with the SMN complex.
Binds stem loop II of U1 snRNA. It is the first snRNP to interact with pre-mRNA. This interaction is required for the subsequent binding of U2 snRNP and the U4/U6/U5 tri-snRNP (By similarity). Plays a role in regulating sex-lethal splicing.
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for RhoA/Rho1 that plays an essential role in the stability of dorsal branches of mushroom body (MB) neurons. The MB neurons are the center for olfactory learning and memory. Acts by converting RhoA/Rho1 to an inactive GDP-bound state, leading to repress the RhoA/Rho1-Drok-MRLC signaling pathway thereby maintaining axon branch stability.
Negatively regulated by integrin, bsk and Src/Src64B.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase I which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors.
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
May contribute to neddylation of cullin components of SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity (By similarity).
Expression is controlled by homeobox transcription factors. At larval stages, induced by starvation, and mildly by hypoxia in midgut but not fat body.
Expression peaks 2-8 hours after egg laying. Expressed in the dorsal domains of gastrulation stage embryos. During mid-embryonic development, expressed in the central nervous system, the three thoracic segments and the cardiac precursor cells.
Inhibits cell growth by regulating the Tor pathway upstream of the Tsc1-Tsc2 complex and downstream of Akt1. Acts as cell death activator during head development.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein, possibly with da.
Expressed almost exclusively in the attachments sites of the somatic muscles to tendon cells in the epidermis.
Probably plays an important role in the differentiation of epidermal cells into the tendon cells that form the attachment sites for all muscles.
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
G-protein coupled receptor which is activated by the Trissin peptide in vitro, leading to increased intracellular calcium ion levels.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Calcium-activated (TC 1.A.1.3) subfamily. Slo sub-subfamily.
Expressed in muscle cells, neurons of the CNS and PNS, mushroom bodies, a limited number of cells in embryonic and larval midgut and in epithelial-derived tracheal cells. During pupariation and embryogenesis, it is expressed in muscles many hours prior to the appearance of functional channels.
Homotetramer; which constitutes the calcium-activated potassium channel (By similarity). Interacts with Slip1. Interacts with Slob, and, indirectly with 14-3-3-zeta via its interaction with Slob. Interacts with Pka-C1 and Src kinases, which can bind simultaneously to it.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation may be mediated by both PKA and SRC kinases, which activate the channel activity. Phosphorylation by PKA is however unclear. Indeed, although modulation of channel activity requires Pka-C1, it does not interact with the whole PKA holoenzyme. Moreover, modulation of activity does not depend upon phosphorylation of Ser-978.
Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential. Kinetics are determined by alternative splicing, phosphorylation status and its combination interaction with Slob and 14-3-3-zeta. While the interaction with Slob1 alone increases its activity, its interaction with both Slob1 and 14-3-3-zeta decreases its activity.
The RCK N-terminal domain mediates the homotetramerization, thereby promoting the assembly of monomers into functional potassium channel. It includes binding sites for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) (By similarity).
The S4 segment, which is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids at every third position, is part of the voltage-sensor.
The calcium bowl constitutes one of the Ca(2+) sensors and probably acts as a Ca(2+)-binding site.
The pore-forming domain (also referred as P region) is imbedded into the membrane, and forms the selectivity filter of the pore. It contains the signature sequence of potassium channels that displays selectivity to potassium (By similarity).
Expressed in rhabdomeres of the compound eyes and ocelli.
Interacts with the C-terminus of trp, and with norpA and inaC to form the inaD signaling complex. Interacts with Fkbp59, which together with trpl, rhodopsin and calmodulin may also be part of the inaD complex.
Involved in the negative feedback regulation of the light-activated signaling cascade in photoreceptors through a calcium-mediated process. Interacts with tetrapeptide ligand located in C-terminal sequence of 3 key components of the visual cascade, tethering them and forming a macromolecular signaling phototransduction complex.
Second PDZ domain is a type I PDZ domain that tethers type I PDZ ligand inaC by interaction with its C-terminus.
Plays a role in determining ER morphology.
The C4-type zinc finger motif is necessary both for its ER three-way tubular junction localization and formation.
Expressed from stage 4 in the embryonic termini and at stage 5/6 in the ectodermal stripes. Expressed in the invaginating tracheal pits at stage 11, and ubiquitously throughout the embryo from stage 13. Expressed in the highly proliferative region of the eye-head primordium. Expressed in the distal regions of leg and wing imaginal discs. Expressed predominantly in embryo and pupae.
May negatively regulate Notch-induced cell proliferation in the eye-head primordium. Required for development of the supraesophageal ganglion and ocelli. May act in leg and wing primordia to negatively regulate body-wall specifying genes and thereby promote appendage formation. Plays a role in tracheal development.
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Lethality caused by neurodegeneration and synaptic defects.
Mitochondrial transporter required for glutathione import into mitochondria.
Forms homooligomers (PubMed:26540204). Interacts with the dynein light chain ctp (PubMed:16540510). Interacts (via C-terminus) with IKKepsilon; this leads to phosphorylation of spn-F (PubMed:18796167, PubMed:26092846). Forms ternary complexes with ctp and IKKepsilon; this is required for spn-F redistribution from puncta in larval neurons and for dendrite pruning (PubMed:26092846, PubMed:26540204). Interacts with ctp and IKKepsilon through distinct regions (PubMed:26092846). Interacts (via C-terminus) with jvl (PubMed:24019068).
In pupal bristles, localizes to the bristle tip throughout the elongation period (at protein level).
Mutant females produce a ventralized eggshell. A fraction of eggs are fertilized and the resulting embryos have a variety of pattern abnormalities. In mutant ovaries, grk RNA is mislocalized during mid-oogenesis and grk protein levels are reduced. Defects in microtubule organization around the oocyte nucleus (PubMed:16540510). Bristles are considerably shorter and thicker than normal and have an altered morphology and growth direction (PubMed:16540510, PubMed:19917727, PubMed:26092846). Actin bundles are poorly oriented in mutant bristles (PubMed:19917727). Defective dendrite pruning in C4da sensory neurons with primary dendrites remaining connected to the cell body in contrast to wild-type neurons where dendrites are pruned by 18 hours after puparium formation (PubMed:26540204).
Phosphorylated by IKKepsilon (PubMed:18796167, PubMed:26540204). Phosphorylation is required for spn-F neuronal distribution and dendrite pruning and reduces spn-F homooligomerization (PubMed:26540204). It does not lead to spn-F degradation (PubMed:18796167).
Plays a role in oocyte axis determination and microtubule organization during oogenesis (PubMed:16540510, PubMed:24019068). Also required for polarized organization of the bristle (PubMed:19917727). Required, with jvl, for activation of the kinase IKKepsilon in the germ line (PubMed:24019068). Also required for localization of IKKepsilon to the distal tip of elongating bristles by acting as an adapter linking IKKepsilon and cytoplasmic dynein (PubMed:26092846). Involved in dendrite pruning in larval sensory neurons during metamorphosis (PubMed:26540204).
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+) (By similarity). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases (By similarity). In photoreceptor cells, light-induced Ca(2+) influx activates calmodulin, which in turn is likely to promote Crag activity in trafficking of newly synthesized ninaE (Rh1) from the trans-Golgi network to rhabdomere membranes (PubMed:23226104). Together with Akap200, regulates PKA activity and ethanol-induced sensitivity and tolerance (PubMed:10480937, PubMed:29444420).
Interacts with Crag (PubMed:18331716). Interacts with stac (PubMed:9813038). Interacts with Akap200; the interaction is calcium-dependent and is inhibited by PKC-mediated phosphorylation of Akap200 (PubMed:10480937).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the perineurial glia increases ethanol sedation resistance and decreases ethanol tolerance.
Trimethylation of Lys-116 observed in other calmodulins is absent here, but does occur at Lys-95 specifically in the compound eye.
Two alternative gene models exist that generate identical translations.
Hydrolase that deubiquitinates polyubiquitinated target proteins (PubMed:25027767). Required for preventing the activation of the Toll signaling cascades under unchallenged conditions (PubMed:25027767). Essential for bodily calcium homeostasis (PubMed:26756164).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with imd (via N-terminus). Interacts with Rpt6.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is pupal lethal (PubMed:24026097, PubMed:26756164). Pharate adults removed from their pupal cases display severe defects in head eversion, with head structures forming within the thoracic area (PubMed:24026097). Pupal lethality can be rescued by supplementing their diet with CaCl2 (PubMed:26756164). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body results in the activation of the Imd and Toll signaling pathways under unchallenged conditions, with constitutive expression of the Toll (Drs, IM1) and Imd (DptA, Def, Atta) antimicrobial peptides (PubMed:25027767). Flies infected with E.coli display enhanced expression of Atta and DptA compared to controls (PubMed:25027767). Double knockdown with imd prevents the enhanced expression of Atta and DptA in uninfected and infected flies (PubMed:25027767). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the clock neurons (tim) does not affect the free-running period of circadian rhythms under light-dark (LD) and constant dark (DD) conditions (PubMed:26756164).
Required for preventing the activation of the immune deficiency (Imd) signaling cascade under unchallenged conditions. Regulates the Imd pathway by specifically removing 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin from imd. Also promotes imd degradation probably by binding to imd and enhancing its association with the proteasome.
Dsx-dependent essential component of pheromone-driven courtship behavior (PubMed:12971900). Recognizes a female pheromone involved in the second step (tapping step) of the courtship display which is essential for efficient execution of the entire courtship sequence and timely mating (PubMed:12971900). Required for detection of the male sex pheromone CH503 which is transferred from males to females during mating and inhibits courtship behavior by other males (PubMed:26083710). Gr68a-expressing neurons in the male foreleg relay signals to the suboesophageal zone (SEZ) and courtship suppression is mediated by the release of the neuropeptide tachykinin from a cluster of 8-10 neurons in the SEZ (PubMed:26083710).
Expressed in chemosensory neurons of about 20 male-specific gustatory bristles in the forelegs (PubMed:12971900). No expression is seen in the mechanosensory neurons (PubMed:12971900). In larvae, expressed in the ventral pharyngeal sense organ (PubMed:22031876).
Mutant males display robust courtship behavior in the presence of CH503-perfumed females.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Death at pupal stage. Weaker mutants that live to adulthood exhibit reduced wing width.
Detected in embryo. Expression is very low in larvae, pupae or adults.
Interacts with the RNA polymerase II complex. May interact with the PAF1 complex.
Plays a role in transcription-coupled histone modification. Required for methylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3. Plays a role in regulation of transcription. Required for maximal induction of heat-shock genes. Plays a role in Notch signaling in the wing margins.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Catalyzes the exchange of an acyl for a long-chain alkyl group and the formation of the ether bond in the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids.
Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain.
Heterodimer of USP and ECR. Only the heterodimer is capable of high-affinity binding to ecdysone.
Receptor for ecdysone. May be an important modulator of insect metamorphosis. Plays an important part in embryonic and post-embryonic development. Binds to ecdysone response elements (ECRES) such as in the promoter region of s15 chorion gene.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Homodimer. Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, composed of more than 70 proteins and the RNA chaperone small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) U3.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent pseudouridine N(1)-methyltransferase that methylates a pseudouridine in 18S rRNA. Involved the biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi) conserved in eukaryotic 18S rRNA. Has also an essential role in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis independent on its methyltransferase activity, facilitating the incorporation of ribosomal protein S19 during the formation of pre-ribosomes.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent pseudouridine N(1)-methyltransferase that methylates pseudouridine at position in 18S rRNA. Involved the biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi) conserved in eukaryotic 18S rRNA. Is not able to methylate uridine at this position (By similarity). Has also an essential role in 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis independent on its methyltransferase activity, facilitating the incorporation of ribosomal protein S19 during the formation of pre-ribosomes (By similarity). Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome (By similarity).
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation by Mkk3.
At mid-embryogenesis, highest expression is seen in developing anterior and posterior midguts. Almost ubiquitous expression throughout all development.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-183 and Tyr-185, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in the embryo, expression seen in all developmental stages.
Kinase involved in dpp signal transduction pathway in the process of wing morphogenesis when the levels of dpp are enhanced or inhibited. May down-regulate insect immunity gene expression after prolonged infection.
Detected in the ovary but not in the testis (at protein level).
Expressed during S phase, in a cell-cycle-dependent fashion. Expression levels are highest in embryos (0-4 hours old) and in the ovaries of adult females. Little to no expression in larvae and pupae (at protein level).
Hatch rate of embryos is less than one percent. Nuclear morphology of embryos is normal until the 10th nuclear cycle when the shape and size of nuclei becomes abnormal and surface nuclei also begin to exhibit an irregular distribution. The phosphorylation of Cdk1 at the mid-blastula transition (between 2 to 4 hours after egg deposition) is also severely delayed. Increased sensitivity to HU with reduced survival rates. In the eye disks from mutant third stage larvae treated with HU, there is a higher percentage of mitotic cells compared to untreated mutant larvae. Is insensitive to ionizing radiation; the percentage of mitotic cells is unaffected in the eye disks of larvae treated with IR, and IR-induced apoptosis in larvae also appears to be unaffected.
Phosphorylated in response to DNA damage by IR and HU treatment. Phosphorylation does not require mei-41 or tefu.
Required for checkpoint signaling in response to DNA replication stress; either resulting from normal embryogenesis or induced by the DNA synthesis inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU). It is not required for the G2 arrest resulting from DNA double strand breaks induced by ionizing irradiation (IR). Necessary for the timely phosphorylation of Cdk1 at the mid-blastula transition. May have a minor role in maintaining genomic stability in mitotic cells.
Expressed in 12-22 hours embryos. Expression peaks in larvae and declines in pupae and adults.
First detected from late stage 12 in the oenocytes, abdominal segments, hindgut and posterior spiracles, with expression increasing in stage 13 (PubMed:7593280) (at protein level). In stage 14, also becomes detectable in the foregut (PubMed:7593280) (at protein level). Stage 15 shows expression in the epidermis, dorsal longitudinal trunk, pharynx, esophagus and proventriculus, with the dorsal pharyngeal musculature showing expression in late stage 15 (PubMed:7593280) (at protein level). In stage 16 embryos, also detected in the exit glia with increasing expression in the somatic musculature (PubMed:7593280) (at protein level). Also detected in the visceral mesoderm but not in the midgut or central nervous system until the end of embryogenesis (PubMed:7593280) (at protein level). In third instar larvae, detectable at varying levels in all cell types (PubMed:7593280) (at protein level). Expressed in spermatocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:27402967).
Lamins are components of the nuclear lamina, a fibrous layer on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane, which is thought to provide a framework for the nuclear envelope and may also interact with chromatin (By similarity). In spermatocytes, regulates cytokinesis during meiosis (PubMed:27402967).
Expressed in somatic tissues, but not in the pole cells, which are the precursors of the germline.
Isoform 1 is embryo-specific. Isoform CM1 is male-specific. Isoforms MS3, MS11 and MS16 are female specific. Isoform 1 is expressed for a brief period during the syncytial blastoderm stage. Isoform MS11 is expressed in 4-7 hours embryo.
Part of a complex containing fl(2)d, Sxl and vir (PubMed:12444081). Interacts with nito (PubMed:26324914).
Sex determination switch protein which controls sexual development by sex-specific splicing. Regulates dosage compensation in females by suppressing hyperactivation of X-linked genes. Expression of the embryo-specific isoform is under the control of primary sex-determining signal, which depends on the ratio of X chromosomes relative to autosomes (X:A ratio). Expression occurs in 2X:2A cells, but not in X:2A cells. The X:A ratio seems to be signaled by the relative concentration of the X-linked transcription factors SIS-A and SIS-B. As a result, the embryo-specific product is expressed early only in female embryos and specifies female-adult specific splicing; in the male where it is not expressed, the default splicing gives rise to a truncated non-functional protein. The female-specific isoform specifies the splicing of its own transcript, thereby initiating a positive autoregulatory feedback loop leading to female development pathway. The female-specific isoform controls the sex-specific splicing of transformer (TRA); acts as a translational repressor for male-specific lethal-2 (MSL-2) and prevents male-less (MLE), MSL-1 and MSL-3 proteins from associating with the female X chromosome.
The Gly-Asn rich domain is required for the cooperative interaction with RNA and for regulating the splicing activity.
Component of the DREAM complex, a multiprotein complex that can both act as a transcription activator or repressor depending on the context. In follicle cells, the complex plays a central role in the site-specific DNA replication at the chorion loci. During development, the complex represses transcription of developmentally controlled E2F target genes.
Belongs to the importin beta family. Importin beta-1 subfamily.
Forms a complex with an importin alpha subunit (By similarity). Interacts with the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone receptor Met (PubMed:27979731).
Required for nuclear protein import and mediates docking of import substrate to distinct nucleoporins (PubMed:11102382). In Drosophila, may not function as a snRNP import receptor as it does not interact with components of the snRNP complex such as snRNP U1, U2, U4/U6 and Snup (PubMed:23885126).
Interacts with Ubc10 (PubMed:10880484). Interacts with park (PubMed:29689197). Interacts with ari-1 (PubMed:29689197).
Members of the RBR family are atypical E3 ligases. They interact with the E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2L3 and function like HECT-type E3 enzymes: they bind E2s via the first RING-type zinc finger, but require an obligate trans-thiolation step during the ubiquitin transfer, requiring a conserved active site Cys residue in the second RING-type zinc finger. The active site probably forms a thioester intermediate with ubiquitin taken from the active-site cysteine of the E2 before ultimately transferring it to a Lys residue on the substrate.
Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates.
Overexpression does not rescue clustering of muscle nuceli in ari-1 mutants.
Actin-myosin network stability during cellularization. Might be involved in increasing actin-actin interactions or membrane-to-cytoskeleton attachments. nullo together with Sry-a and bnk may provide auxiliary functions, by acting both to stabilize a large and dynamic microfilament structure and regulate its functions.
Appears first at nuclear cell cycle 11 and disappears rapidly as cellularization begins. During cycle 14, nullo protein levels are coupled to the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.
Blastoderm. Throughout the entire cortex of the embryo although the distribution is not uniform.
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily.
Contaminating sequence. E.coli genomic contaminant.
Intense staining in the glomeruli of the antennal lobes, the region of the nervous system containing terminals of antennal olfactory sensory neurons and mechanosensory neurons. Also a discrete group of neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis of the brain.
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover. May have a role in the processing of olfactory and mechanosensory signals; regulation of neurosecretion.
Expressed throughout the embryo, including the hindgut, posterior midgut and embryonic epidermis.
Has a dual role as a segment polarity protein and as a modulator of the Abd-B protein. Required for Abd-B to activate the transcription of genes (including ems, cut and sal) that are involved in posterior spiracle morphogenesis. Also required for Abd-B to form an eighth abdominal denticle belt. Acts in a hierarchy downstream of drm and upstream of bowl during foregut and hindgut patterning and morphogenesis. Involved in cell rearrangement during elongation of the embryonic hindgut. Required to regulate expression of embryonic hindgut patterning genes in order to establish the large intestine and at least some rectum, and to repress small intestine fate. Required for late wingless (wg)-dependent cell fate specification in the dorsal embryonic epidermis. Acts in concert with wg to regulate expression of wg itself and also to regulate wg-target genes. May have a role in ventral epidermal patterning, independent of wg signaling.
Receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Upon ligand binding, this G-protein-coupled receptor triggers activation of the phosphatidylinositol (IP3)-calcium-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway.
Expressed from the earliest stages of development, and is ubiquitous throughout embryonic development (PubMed:15700158). At stage 16, it is strongly up-regulated in the developing brain lobes, but not in the ventral nerve cord (PubMed:15700158). Also up-regulated in specific regions of the midgut (PubMed:15700158). Expressed during all subsequent developmental stages from first instar larvae through to adulthood (PubMed:15700158). In larvae, expressed in dendritic arborization (da) neurons, with highest levels of expression in class IV neurons compared to the other da classes (PubMed:19855018).
Involved in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of mitochondria (PubMed:19855018). Activity is required for maintaining the subcellular distribution, shape and activity of mitochondria in neurons and as a consequence has an important role in the development and maintenance of dendritic arbors (PubMed:19855018). Function may be particularly important in class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons (PubMed:19855018).
By bacterial infection. Detected within 24 hours of infection.
Adult neurodegeneration, with marked dilation of photoreceptor axons (PubMed:10373116, PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). Results in degeneration of lamina and retina, defects in the fenestrated basement membrane and ommatidial disarray (PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). The phenotype is exacerbated in constant light conditions and improves in total darkness (PubMed:29739804). Effects are probably due to elevated levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) (PubMed:10373116, PubMed:29739804). Feeding the fly mutant with glyceryl trioleate oil or medium-chain fatty acids, blocks the accumulation of excess VLCFAs as well as development of the pathology (PubMed:10373116, PubMed:29739804). Results in altered neuronal function, including altered sleep rebound following sleep deprivation (PubMed:25409104). Simultaneous knockout of hll results in enhanced retinal degeneration and altered fatty acids metabolism (PubMed:26893370).
Mediates activation of long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation (PubMed:10373116, PubMed:26893370, PubMed:29739804). Probably by regulating lipid storage and catabolism, plays a role in neuronal function (PubMed:25409104).
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. AMP is the best phosphate acceptor, and CMP is also a good substrate. All nucleoside triphosphates ATP, TTP, CTP, GTP, and UTP are accepted as phosphate donors. ATP is the best phosphate donor. May have a role in nuclear energy homeostasis.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways.
Serves as substrate adapter subunit in an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CG12084-cul-2-elongin BC. Targets substrates bearing N-terminal glycine degrons for proteasomal degradation.
'Malvolio' is a character in Shakespeare's twelfth night, who 'taste(d) with distempered appetite'.
Expressed in macrophages and in the nervous system.
Putative transporter required for normal taste behavior. May be a nitrite/nitrate transporter.
Required for differentiation of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte.
Detected in embryo, imaginal disks and pupal wings (at protein level) (PubMed:18804377). Enriched in the somatic musculature and gut throughout embryonic development (PubMed:18719403).
Interacts with Dlish (via N-terminus including SH3 domain 1); this leads to palmitoylation of Dlish by app. Interacts with ft; this is likely to interfere with the interaction between app and Dlish, reducing the ability of app to palmitoylate Dlish and tether it to the apical cell cortex.
Palmitoylates Dlish which is required for the apical cell cortex localization, total cellular level and full activity of dachs.
Semi-lethal in homozygotes and heterozygotes with adult escapers showing abdominal planar cell polarity defects and also extensive wing planar cell polarity defects, both proximally and in a distal region between the third and fourth longitudinal veins. Greatly reduced accumulation of dachs at the apical cell cortex.
A uniform expression is seen in unfertilized eggs, embryos, larvae, pupae and adult flies. Expression during embryogenesis is restricted to the CNS and the Garland cells, a small group of nephrocytes that takes up waste materials from the hemolymph by endocytosis. In post-embryonic stages, expression is seen in the larval salivary glands and the CNS, and in the adult CNS and reproductive systems.
May be involved in endocytic processes and/or other transport pathways mediated by vesicle trafficking. May interact functionally with ROP protein. Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity.
Catalyzes the exchange of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-bound GDP for GTP.
Complex of five different subunits; alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon.
Core component of the centrosome throughout spermatogenesis. May participate in mitotic spindle assembly and the mechanics of morphogenesis through an interaction with microtubules, either directly or indirectly. Is a target of several homeotic genes.
Developing visceral mesoderm of the midgut, the central and peripheral nervous system, and developing gonads. Isoform J: Expressed in ovaries, testis and embryos. Isoform A: Expressed in testis only.
'Wech' means 'detached' or 'gone' in German.
Expressed ubiquitously in all epithelial cells during early stages of embryogenesis. Specifically expressed at epidermal muscle attachment site.
Interacts with the head domain of rhea and the kinase domain of Ilk.
Muscle detachment in late-stage-16/early-stage-17 embryos.
Vital for larval development. Plays a role in tumor formation. A crucial component for the physical link between integrins and the cytoskeleton in the epidermal muscle attachment sites.
Expressed during ventral nerve cord development in the embryo and in larval imaginal disks. Expressed in a dorsal-ventral pattern in the eye-antennal disk.
Expressed in the adult nervous system. Expressed in the photoreceptor cells as well as in the lamina, medulla, and optic lobes of the brain.
May function in the removal and maintenance of calcium homeostasis during signaling in the adult and in signaling events during embryogenesis and patterning of imaginal disks. Transports one Ca(2+) and 1 K(+) in exchange for 4 Na(+).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in larval growth defects, strong larval lethality and strong reduction of ecdysteroid peak level required to proceed to pupal stage (PubMed:25628335). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the prothoracic gland results in larval growth defects and lethality at the third larval stage, with a complete lack of pupariation (PubMed:25628335).
One of the few identified sugar gustatory receptors identified so far and which promotes the starvation-induced increase of feeding motivation. Required in combination with Gr64f to detect sucrose, maltose, and glucose.
Forms a complex with Hsp83 and Hsp70aa (PubMed:11493638). Interacts with DNApol-alpha180; the interaction inhibits the activity of the DNA polymerase and occurs only in proliferating cells but not in quiescent cells (PubMed:11493638).
More abundant in young embryos, pupae and females and a lower level expression seen in late embryos, larvae and males.
Expressed maternally and zygotically. Expressed during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Expressed in larvae and pupae.
Expression in embryos at ectoderm/endoderm boundaries during gut organogenesis is induced by activation of the wg signaling cascade.
Female sterility. Only one third of the zygotic mutant embryos survive up to the first instar larval stage. These mutant larvae display a feeding defect most probably caused by a keyhole formation defect during proventriculus development. The feeding defect may result in larvae death by starvation. Zygotic mutant embryos display large holes in the head region and a variable spectrum of segment defects. In maternal and zygotic mutant embryos, epithelial tissues and organs are severely affected, the cuticle fails to form and extensive cell death occurs.
In ovary, expressed in inner germarial sheath cells, prefollicular cells, follicle cells, nurse cells and oocytes. Expressed in embryonic epithelial cells. Expressed in foregut and hindgut from stage 11-17, segmentally repeated tracheal placodes at stage 14, salivary gland at stage 16 and proventriculus at stage 16-17 (at protein level). During germband extension stage (stage 7), expressed in epidermal epithelial cells. Expressed in cephalic furrow. Repeating epidermal pattern emerges at stage 11, refines to one or two cells at each side of the segment borders by stage 13. Expressed in the imaginal wing disk. In pupae, expressed in the CNS and in primary, secondary and tertiary pigment cells of the retina. Expressed in optic lamina of the adult CNS.
Monomer and heterooligomer with ogre or Inx3 (via cytoplasmic C-terminal region). Interacts (via cytoplasmic loop) with shg (via cytoplasmic region). Interacts with arm.
Structural components of the gap junctions. Involved in gap junctional communication between germline and somatic cells which is essential for normal oogenesis. In embryonic epidermis, required for epithelial morphogenesis. Required for keyhole formation during early stages of proventriculus development in response to wg signaling. In follicle cells, promotes the formation of egg chambers in part through regulation of shg and baz at the boundary between germ cells and follicle cells. In inner germarial sheath cells, required for survival of early germ cells and for cyst formation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Interacts with Fmr1 to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex involved in translation regulation, other components of the complex are RpL5, Rm62, AGO2 and Dcr-1 (PubMed:12368261).
May be involved in N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Transiently down-regulated by microbial infection.
Expressed in ventral pits of larvae. In adults, it is not specifically expressed in chemosensory organs. Also expressed in stalk cells at the proximal tip of the wing disk.
During embryogenesis expression is restricted to developing Ch neurons and absent from other ciliated sensory neurons. In the pupal antenna, expressed exclusively in the Ch neurons of Johnston's organ.
Expression is dependent on the transcription factors that regulate motile cilia such as Rfx and Fd3F.
Plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility. May be involved in axonemal pre-assembly of inner and outer dynein arms (IDA and ODA, respectively) for proper axoneme building for cilia motility.
Sensory defects and loss of the axonemal dynein arms. Flies display defective proprioception as a result of malfunctioning Ch neurons caused by inner and outer dynein arms (IDA and ODA, respectively) defects. Males sterility due to immotile sperm.
Specifically expressed in cells with flagella and motile cilia: chordotonal sensory neurons and sperm.
Complex coexpression pattern of dib (disembodied) and sad (shade) in the early embryo that restricts to the prothoracic gland cells of the developing ring gland during late embryogenesis. In larvae and adult, coexpression is seen in prothoracic gland and follicle cells of the ovary. In adults, coexpression is seen in the follicle cells, sad only is expressed in nurse cells.
Required for CNS development: midline glial cells. Involved in the metabolism of insect hormones: responsible for ecdysteroid C2-hydroxylase activity. May be involved in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the formate--tetrahydrofolate ligase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase family.
This trifunctional enzyme consists of two major domains: a N-terminal part, containing the methylene-THF dehydrogenase and the methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase activities and a larger formyl-THF synthetase domain.
Component of the transition zone in primary cilia. Required for ciliogenesis.
Molecular chaperone. Seems to fulfill an ATP-independent, HSP70-like function in protein folding. May protect essential factors of cell proliferation during heat shock. No role in calpain activation.
Antenna. Mostly expressed in two types of sensory hairs, sensilla trichodea and small sensilla basiconica, in the ventro-lateral region of the third antennal segment (at protein level).
Involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in third instar larvae results in a significant reduction in survival in response to UV radiation.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Found in ovaries and abundant in early embryos. Also found in variable amounts at every stage of the life cycle.
Homodimer (via ZAD domain) in solution (PubMed:35580610). Binds DNA as a homodimer. N-terminal regions of the protein are required, in addition to the zinc fingers, for the specificity of chromatin-binding.
Predominantly localized to the sub- and supraesophagal ganglia and the ventral nerve cord in the embryo, after dorsal closure.
Transcriptional activator that controls bicoid gene expression during oogenesis. Found in transcriptionally active cells. Binds to specific sites on polytene chromosomes of third instar larvae. Binds to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-YTAGAGATGGRAA-3'.
Essential for the correct specification of ventral-dorsal patterns.
Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase subfamily.
Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). L-3-hydroxybutyrate (L-3-OHB) is also a substrate for HOT when using 2-KG as hydrogen acceptor, resulting in the formation of D-2-HG (By similarity).
Belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
By interacting with vestigial (vg), may control genes involved in DNA replication.
Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis (By similarity).
Expressed throughout embryogenesis (at protein level). First detected at stage 12 in the haemocytes and in the fat body at stage 13 (at protein level). High levels also detected in the anal pads of stage 16 embryos (at protein level).
Forms hydroxylysine residues in collagen type IV (By similarity). Required for the secretion of collagen type IV (vkg) from haemocytes, fat body and follicle cells (PubMed:23369713, PubMed:20888931).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in follicle cells results in round eggs. Collagen type IV protein vkg accumulates in the basal cytoplasm of the follicle cells and is likely to cause the distended ER region in the basal cytoplasm.
May have a role in assembling adherens junctions.
Beta-3 is a developmentally regulated isoform.
Neurotrophin which may function as a ligand to the Toll-related receptor Tollo. Involved in a Tollo and JNK signaling pathway that positively regulates neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth in presynaptic motorneurons. May function by activating Tollo to promote the phosphorylation of JNK.
RNAi-mediated knockdown has no effect on neuromuscular junction (NMJ) growth. However, conditional knockdown in the muscles results in a decrease in bouton number at the NMJs.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. Seems to control the nucleotide-dependent binding of mitochondrial HSP70 to substrate proteins (By similarity).
The MSL proteins are essential for elevating transcription of the single X chromosome in the male (X chromosome dosage compensation). Mle, msl-1 and msl-3 are colocalized on the X chromosome. Each of the MSL proteins requires all the other MSLs for wild-type X-chromosome binding.
Essential RNA-binding protein. May be required for circadian repression of eclosion. Also essential for nurse cell dumping during oogenesis, the process whereby the cytoplasmic contents of nurse cells are transferred to the oocyte late in it's development.
Expressed in the CNS and in CCAP neurons of the ventral nervous system (VNS), which control insect ecdysis.
Oscillates in abundance during the circadian cycle at the protein level; peaks during the subjective day.
Expressed maternally and zygotically in embryos.
Expressed predominantly in the germline. Expressed in the developing oocyte from stage 6 to the end of oogenesis and in the apical ends of follical cells from stage 10. Ubiquitous expression throughout embryogenesis with enhanced expression in mesoderm of early embryos and midgut of late embryos. In embryonic CNS, expression is seen in neuropil and developing brain and is enhanced in neuronal cell bodies. In embryonic PNS, expression is seen within the cell body. In third instar larvae, expression is uniform in the eye imaginal disk and is enhanced at the morphogenetic furrow. In pupal eyes, expression is seen in the cytoplasm of secondary and tertiary pigment cells, bristle precursor cells and rhabdomeres.
Interacts with Moe and arm at the adherens junction (PubMed:8666669). Forms a complex with Kibra and Ex (PubMed:20159598). Interacts (via FERM domain) with Sav (via FBM motif) (PubMed:20159598). Interacts with Schip1 (PubMed:26954546).
Regulator of the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein. Mer acts synergistically along with Ex and Kibra to regulate the Hippo signaling pathway.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically, low expression is present in males, larvae and pupae.
Expressed in all imaginal disks, higher level in wing disk.
Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase; maternally required for correct patterning in the posterior part of each embryonic metamere. May be involved in control of cell division during metamorphosis and ovarian development. May interact with costal-2.
Detected in oocyte border cells (BC), with increased expression at the front of the BC cluster.
During various developmental processes, regulates changes in cell morphology in response to extracellular signals (PubMed:7958857, PubMed:10323867, PubMed:24855950). During oogenesis, mediates signaling from the tyrosine kinase (RTK) chemoattractant receptors (Egfr and Pvr) to the guidance pathway that control the directional persistent collective migration of the border cell (BC) cluster through the nurse cells to the oocyte. Once activating by Pvr and Egfr, promotes the formation of forward-directed actin protrusions which stabilize the DE-cadherin (shg)-mediated adhesions. In turn, DE-mediated adhesion between the leader border cells and nurse cells further promotes Rac1 signaling creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the output of RTK activity and leads to higher Rac activity at the front, thus promoting polarization of the border cell cluster and directionally persistent migration (PubMed:24855950). Involved in axon outgrowth and myoblast fusion (PubMed:7958857). Plays a role in regulating dorsal closure during embryogenesis (PubMed:10323867). Involved in integrin alpha-PS3/beta-nu-mediated phagocytosis of Gram-positive S.aureus by hemocytes (PubMed:22547074).
Interacts with Cyfip. Interacts (via REM 1 repeats) with Pkn (via N-terminus). When GTP-bound, interacts with Pak (PubMed:8628256).
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
Antiapoptotic factor. Also known to efficiently suppress E2F1-induced apoptosis.
Mutants can't increase the size of their oocyte during oogenesis.
Required for endoplasmic reticulum organization and proper vesicular traffic during vitellogenesis. Required for oocyte and bristle growth.
Belongs to the SelWTH family. SELT subfamily.
Probably has thioredoxin reductase-like oxidoreductase activity.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
Binds chromatin; requires N-terminal regions to form protein-protein contacts, in addition to DNA specific recognition by the zinc fingers.
Binds to the consensus DNA sequence 5'-YCAGAGATGCGCA-3'.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Abundant in early embryos and present in very low amounts at every stage of the life-cycle.
Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an important precursor for the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (PubMed:7816135, PubMed:24603715). Required for the regeneration of the signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) from PA and maintenance of its steady supply during signaling thus playing an essential role during phospholipase C-mediated transduction (PubMed:7816135). In the salivary glands and possibly other adipose tissues, function is essential for regulating cell growth and neutral lipid storage by coordinating PtdIns metabolism and insulin pathway activity (PubMed:24603715). Acts by positively regulating activity of the insulin pathway through synthesis of PtdIns, and in turn the insulin pathway up-regulates the synthesis of CdsA (PubMed:24603715). This CdsA-insulin positive feedback loop may be one of the mechanisms for coordinating cell growth and fat storage; switching to fat storage when cells reach homeostasis or converting from growth to fat storage under nutrient-poor conditions (PubMed:24603715). Required for spermatid individualization by regulating lipid compositions and lipid-mediated signaling during spermatogenesis (PubMed:26791243).
In 3rd instar larvae, expressed in various tissues including the brain, salivary glands, fat body, proventriculus, hind gut, muscle, Malpighian tubules and tracheal tubes. Relatively low levels of expression in the brain compared to expression levels in the salivary gland, fat body and gut.
Lethal during the late embryonic to early larval stages (PubMed:24603715). Hypomorphic mutants are viable but male adults are sterile, whereas female adults remain fertile (PubMed:26791243). Impairs spermatid individualization showing abnormal mitochondria morphology and defects in lipid compositions and lipid-mediated signaling (PubMed:26791243). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in low insulin pathway activity and defective cell growth in certain tissues (PubMed:24603715). Various non-adipose tissues display excessive fat accumulation such as the salivary glands, proventriculus, hind gut, Malpighian tubules and trachea (PubMed:24603715). In addition gross reduction in cell size results in smaller salivary glands, imaginal disks and brains compared to controls (PubMed:24603715). RNAi-mediated knockdown in both the salivary glands and fat body, results in decreased levels of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) in the whole larvae and in the salivary glands (PubMed:24603715). Whole larvae also display decreased levels of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and increased levels of phosphatidic acid (PA) (PubMed:24603715). Larvae display low insulin pathway activity with reduced levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (Ptdinsp3), and decreased levels of 'S-505' phosphorylated Akt1 (PubMed:24603715). RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically in the fat body, results in a decrease in PtdIns levels but there is no effect on the growth and neutral lipid storage in the fat body (PubMed:24603715). This is likely due to unknown compensatory mechanisms as there is an increase in the levels of diphosphate diacylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine in the fat body (PubMed:24603715).
Retina. Localized to the photoreceptor neurons, both in the compound eyes and ocelli.
Plays an important role in centriole formation.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family.
Probable microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilium axoneme.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed of Blos1, Blos2, Blos3, Blos4, Dysb, Muted, Pldn and Snapin. Interacts with Pldn and Snapin.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol III is composed of mobile elements and RPC2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft (By similarity).
Belongs to the grh/CP2 family. CP2 subfamily.
GTP-binding protein which is required for the light-dependent internalization of the TRPL ion channel from the rhabdomere on the apical surface of photoreceptor cells to the cell body and for the recycling of TRPL back to the rhabdomere in the dark. Binds to 3-phosphoinositide (PtdIns(3)P) and phosphatic acid and so may interact with membranes, particularly the early endosome membrane where PtdIns(3)P is predominantly localized. Plays a role in preventing photoreceptor degeneration.
Isoform A: Expressed in the head. Isoform B: Expressed in the head.
Expressed in the fan-shaped body and the ellipsoid body, which are components of the locomotion center in the CNS (at protein level) (PubMed:23892553).
In embryos, expressed in the ventral neurons, motor neurons and in the longitudinal interneuron axons (at protein level) (PubMed:23892553). May also be expressed in the motor neuron dendrites or possibly the glia (at protein level) (PubMed:23892553). Expressed 48 hours after puparium formation in the lateral glomeruli of the anterior and central regions of the antennal lobe, including the DA1, VA1d and VA1v glomeruli (at protein level) (PubMed:25741726). Expressed zygotically (PubMed:12617819). High levels of expression in embryos and pupae, and relatively low levels of expression in larvae and adults (PubMed:10973475). At germ band extension, expressed as 14 stripes in the embryo (PubMed:12617819). At germ band retraction, expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS, the precursors of the leg imaginal disks and in the ventral epithelium of the large intestine (PubMed:12617819). Expressed in the posterior and anterior spiracles (PubMed:12617819). In stage 16 embryos, expression decreases and is mainly localized to the CNS (PubMed:12617819). Expressed in the proximal region of the wing imaginal disks, around the wing pouch and hinge regions (PubMed:21158756). Also expressed in the distal segments of the leg imaginal disks, with high levels of expression around the A-P border of the tarsal to tibia segments (PubMed:21158756). In larvae, detected in the fat body (PubMed:12617819).
Mistargeting of VA1d ORN axons to a medial position (PubMed:25741726). No effect on the immune response to septic injury using a mixture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; adults are able induce expression of antibacterial peptide genes (Drs, AttA, DptA and Mtk) and mount a proper innate immune response (PubMed:21158756). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in adults that are acutely sensitive to the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) (PubMed:22464169). Following infection with vsv adult survival is decreased, and adults show a dramatic increase in viral RNA production 6 days post vsv infection and viral replication 9 days post infection (PubMed:22464169). Reduced autophagy in adult fat body cells following vsv infection (PubMed:22464169). Starvation-induced autophagy is not affected (PubMed:22464169).
Toll-related receptor which binds to the neurotrophins NT1 and spz5 (PubMed:10973475, PubMed:23892553). Essential for antiviral autophagy, it detects and binds to the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) following infection (PubMed:22464169). This role is likely to be independent of the canonical Toll, immune deficiency, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways (PubMed:22464169). Functions in olfactory circuit assembly by promoting synaptic partner matching between olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) axons and projection neurons (PN) dendrites partners in the antennal lobe (PubMed:25741726). Function in the Va1d ORNs is necessary and sufficient for correct targeting to their partner PN dendrites (PubMed:25741726). Also involved in the targeting of other classes of ORN axons (PubMed:25741726). Functions with Toll-6 to regulate motor axon targeting and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:23892553). May be an upstream component of the NF-kappa-B (rel) regulatory cascade (PubMed:23892553).
Up-regulated during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection.
Expressed in the antennae of chordotonal neurons and male germ cells (at protein level).
Probable component of the tectonic-like complex (also named MKS complex), a complex localized at the transition zone of primary cilia (Probable). Required for ciliary structure and function (By similarity).
The name 'dim gamma-tubulin 5' derives from the decreased gamma-tubulin staining of the spindle pole seen following RNAi-mediated knockdown of dgt5 in S2 cells.
Corepressor targeting diverse transcription regulators. Hairy-interacting protein required for embryonic segmentation and hairy-mediated transcriptional repression.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Zygotic expression is highest in pupae.
Homodimer. Interacts with hairy (hry), knirps (kni), snail (sna), and Enhancer of split m-delta (HLHm-delta). Complex may be involved in transcriptional repression. Interacts also with adenovirus E1A protein.
Receptor for the neuropeptide CAP-3/pyrokinin-1 (TGPSASSGLWFGPRL-amide) (PubMed:16054112). Also activated weakly by other neuropeptides terminating in the sequence PRL-amide including pyrokinin-2, Hug-gamma, and ecdysis-triggering-hormone-1 (PubMed:12177421, PubMed:16054112). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate a phosphatidyl-inositol-calcium second messenger system (PubMed:16054112).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EEF2KMT family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:15086791). Interacts with Nup54 (PubMed:33856346). Interacts (via C-terminus) with fs(1)Yb; this interaction occurs in a RNA-independent manner (PubMed:33856346). Interacts with sbr/nxf1 (PubMed:33856346). Interacts with Nxt1 (PubMed:33856346).
Component of the nuclear pore complex, a complex required for the trafficking across the nuclear membrane (PubMed:15086791). Together with Nup54, required for transposable element silencing regulation in ovarian follicle cells (PubMed:33856346). By interacting with the nuclear (Nxf1/Nxt1) and cytosolic (fs(1)Yb) components of the flamenco (flam) transcripts processing pathway, enables export and subsequent piRNA production (PubMed:33856346).
Expressed during embryonic development (at protein level).
O-glycosylated; contains O-GlcNAc (PubMed:15086791, PubMed:24706800). O-GlcNAcylation increases with increasing ambient temperature (PubMed:24706800).
In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ and of the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ.
Expressed in the amnioserosa during germ band elongation, shortening and heart morphogenesis. Expressed in midgut throughout embryogenesis.
Expressed in vesicular structures in spermatocytes and early spermatids (at protein level).
Inhibited by captopril and, to a lesser extent, by lisinopril, trandolaprilat, fosinoprilat and enalaprilat.
May be involved in the specific maturation or degradation of a number of bioactive peptides. May play a role in the contractions of the heart, gut and testes, and in spermatid differentiation.
More abundant in adult body than adult head.
Conditional CG14299 knockdown in fly larval fat bodies causes defects in the late steps of autophagy and a block in digestion of autolysosomes. Conditional down-regulation in adult fly retina reveals an incremental loss of neurons and of retina structure over time.
Involved in autophagy. Plays a role in late steps of autophagy.
Dioxygenase that can both act as a histone arginine demethylase and a lysyl-hydroxylase.
Component of the sperm acrosome membrane (PubMed:17092953). Required for breakdown of the sperm plasma membrane after sperm entry into the egg, which is an essential prerequisite for successful fertilization (PubMed:9630751, PubMed:17092953).
May be part of a complex that binds ubiquitinated proteins and that is necessary for the export of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by the proteasome.
Expressed in all germline cells and within the follicle cell.
Interacts with enc. However, given the cytoplasmic localization of enc, the relevance of such interaction is unclear.
Splicing factor that regulates oogenesis and controls both mitosis and mRNA localization in the germline by regulating mRNA splicing of a subset of genes within the ovary. Probably acts by regulating the alternative splice site selection of the otu transcript. Also regulates the alternative splicing of eIF4E1 and grk, while it is not involved in the splicing of par-1, sqd and psq.
The third RNA recognition motif, called PUMP domain in PubMed:10606266, is atypical and may rather mediate protein-protein interactions.
Binds to the plus end of microtubules and regulates microtubule dynamics and microtubule organization (PubMed:10477755, PubMed:11433295, PubMed:15530399, PubMed:16303556, PubMed:15775959, PubMed:26953351) (Probable). Function in neurons is essential for adult survival, and is important for climbing behavior and activity (PubMed:37041188). Promotes cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation and elongation (PubMed:16303556, PubMed:17889670). May act as a microtubule antipause factor that rapidly catalyzes the transition from pause to either growth or shrinkage (PubMed:15775959). Involved in mitotic spindle elongation (PubMed:16303556). Involved in the establishment of cell polarity and mitotic spindle orientation in neuroblasts (PubMed:26953351). Required for maintaining the bipolarity of acentrosomal meiotic spindles; the function is dependent on tacc and involves ncd (PubMed:11433295). Involved in oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization and bicoid mRNA localization (PubMed:15530399). Seems to be involved in elongation of kinetochore-derived microtubule fibers (PubMed:19836241).
Interacts with tacc, dgt6 (PubMed:11433295, PubMed:19836241). Interacts with mv (PubMed:33725482).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the neurons of adult males, significantly reduces survival to 53 percent (PubMed:37041188). Adult survival begins to decrease from approximately day 14 post eclosion (PubMed:37041188). Pan-neuronal or glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown decreases adult climbing behavior (PubMed:37041188). Glutamatergic neuron-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown also decreases activity (PubMed:37041188).
The TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) domains are arranged in a N-terminal pentameric array with each domain composed of six (for the most part non-canonical) HEAT repeats forming a oblong paddle-like structure. Intra-HEAT loops are positioned along a face of the TOG domain and bind to a single alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimer. The TOG domains in the array seem to be structurally and functionally polarized. Differential functions may range from microtubule (MT) lattice binding and/or free tubulin heterodimer binding to potentiating stable incorporation of tubulin into the MT lattice. TOG 1-2 show strong and TOG 3-4 weak tubulin binding; TOG 1-5 are required for full ability to promote MT polymerization.
Expressed during second and third larval instars, but not in the adult.
Component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.
Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
Belongs to the ammonium transporter (TC 2.A.49) family. Rh subfamily.
During embryogenesis, expressed in Malpighian tubule buds, and epithelia of foregut and hindgut.
Interacts with pim and Sse. Cleavage of thr contributes to inactivation of Sse.
Proteolytically cleaved after the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, C-terminal cleavage product is degraded. Cleavage can only proceed within complexes that contain active Sse.
Required specifically for chromosome disjunction during all mitoses; maternally provided protein is sufficient until mitosis 14 then zygotic protein is required. Involved in formation and/or maintenance of epithelial structures: bud extension during Malpighian tubule development, and foregut and hindgut morphogenesis.
(Microbial infection) Required for the initial stages of clathrin-mediated endocytic uptake of a diverse set of flaviviruses, including dengue and West Nile (PubMed:26056282). Not required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis (PubMed:26056282).
Cilium- and flagellum-specific protein that plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility (PubMed:24414207). Microtubule inner protein (MIP) part of the dynein-decorated doublet microtubules (DMTs) in cilia axoneme, which is required for motile cilia beating (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of the size and morphology of cilia. Required for sperm individualization, differentiation of the sperm flagellum and tubulin polyglycylation of axonemal microtubules.
Expressed in spermatocytes and chordotonal organs in sensory neurons of the antenna.
Flies are viable and develop until late pupal stages. Display defects in wing posture and inflation, in locomotion and climbing activities and have a reduced lifespan. Males produce immotile sperm and show defects in sperm individualization process within cysts. Display defects of polyglycylation incorporation in sperm axonemal microtubules.
Main cells of the accessory glands of males.
This protein may be a precursor of secreted proteins and peptide hormones.
Crystal structure of the ANK repeat domain shows that there are 7 repeats and the stabilizing C-terminal repeat enhances the protein stability by extending the ankyrin domain.
Essential signaling protein which has a major role in many developmental processes (PubMed:3935325). Functions as a receptor for membrane-bound ligands Delta and Serrate to regulate cell-fate determination (PubMed:10935637, PubMed:15620650, PubMed:12909620, PubMed:18243100). Upon ligand activation, and releasing from the cell membrane, the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) forms a transcriptional activator complex with Su(H) (Suppressor of hairless) and activates genes of the E(spl) complex (PubMed:7671825). Regulates oogenesis, the differentiation of the ectoderm and the development of the central and peripheral nervous system, eye, wing disk, muscles and segmental appendages such as antennae and legs, through lateral inhibition or induction (PubMed:11719214, PubMed:12369105, PubMed:3935325). Regulates neuroblast self-renewal, identity and proliferation through the regulation of bHLH-O proteins; in larval brains, involved in the maintenance of type II neuroblast self-renewal and identity by suppressing erm expression together with pnt; might also regulate dpn expression through the activation of the transcriptional regulator Su(H) (PubMed:27151950, PubMed:28899667, PubMed:20152183, PubMed:18342578, PubMed:23056424, PubMed:21262215).
Homomer. Interacts with Su(H) when activated. Interacts with Dx via its ANK repeats. Interacts with Delta via the EGF repeats and the Delta EGF repeats. Interacts with Nedd4 and Su(dx). Interacts with O-fut1; the interaction glycosylates N and transports N to early endosomes. Interacts with Akap200; the interaction stabilizes N/Notch protein levels by preventing Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent lysosomal degradation of N/Notch (PubMed:29309414).
O-glycosylated (PubMed:27268051). Three forms of O-glycosylation (O-fucosylation, O-glucosylation and O-GlcNAcylation) are detected (PubMed:27268051). O-fucosylated by O-fut1 and fng in the EGF repeat domain inhibits both Serrate/Ser- and Delta/Dl-binding (PubMed:12909620, PubMed:10935637). O-glucosylation by rumi in the endoplasmic reticulum is necessary for correct folding and signaling (PubMed:18243100).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the larval brain neuroblasts abolishes the expression of pnt, induces the ectopic expression of erm, results in the ectopic expression of Ase in type II neuroblasts (NBs) and their premature loss (PubMed:18342578, PubMed:23056424, PubMed:27151950). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of pnt partially restores normal neuroblast numbers and inhibits ectopic erm expression (PubMed:27151950).
Ubiquitinated by Nedd4; which promotes ligand-independent endocytosis and proteasomal degradation. May also be ubiquitinated by Su(dx) and Cbl.
Upon binding its ligands such as Delta or Serrate, it is cleaved (S2 cleavage) in its extracellular domain, close to the transmembrane domain. S2 cleavage is probably mediated by Kuz. It is then cleaved (S3 cleavage) downstream of its transmembrane domain, releasing it from the cell membrane. S3 cleavage requires Psn.
Golgi serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates secretory pathway proteins within Ser-x-Glu/pSer motifs.
In embryos, prominently expressed in midline glia, salivary gland, intestine and dorsal vessel (heart). Not associated with biomineralization.
Interacts with Wts via its WW domains. Interacts (via FBM motif) with Mer (via FERM domain). Interacts with Kibra. Interacts with Hpo (via SARAH domain). Interacts with jub.
Plays a key role in the Hippo/SWH (Sav/Wts/Hpo) signaling pathway, a signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein Hippo (Hpo), in complex with its regulatory protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts) in complex with its regulatory protein Mats, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) oncoprotein. The Hippo/SWH signaling pathway inhibits the activity of the transcriptional complex formed by Scalloped (sd) and Yki and the target genes of this pathway include cyclin-E (cycE), diap1 and bantam. Required for cell cycle exit in eye imaginal disk and hid-induced apoptotic cell deaths that are part of normal retinal development. Activation of Drice in eye imaginal disk by either Hid or Rpr is almost completely blocked by Sav expression.
Third instar larvae eye disk, expressed in a stripe in the morphogenetic furrow, decreases in the region of the second mitotic wave (SMW) and increases once again posterior to the SMW.
Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. The light chain may function in coupling of cargo to the heavy chain or in the modulation of its ATPase activity.
Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that play a role in organelle transport.
Oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
The light chain is composed of three structural domains: a large globular N-terminal domain which may be involved in binding to kinesin heavy chains, a central alpha-helical coiled-coil domain that mediates the light chain dimerization; and a small globular C-terminal which may play a role in regulating mechanochemical activity or attachment of kinesin to membrane-bound organelles.
Component of the DCX(DTL) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of Cul-4, pic/DDB1, l(2)dtl/CDT2 and Roc1a.
Detected at all developmental stages. The extremely high level of transcription detected in the early embryo and in adults is caused by maternal message.
Substrate-specific adapter of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex required for cell cycle control. The DCX(DTL) complex, also named CRL4(CDT2) complex, mediates the polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of E2f during S phase. E2f degradation is necessary to ensure proper development. Substrates require their interaction with PCNA for their polyubiquitination: substrates interact with PCNA via their PIP-box, leading to recruit the DCX(DTL) complex.
Ubiquitously expressed during embryogenesis with no sign of tissue specificity in expression up to stage 17.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein beta subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments. Forms, with CAPZB, the barbed end of the fast growing ends of actin filaments in the dynactin complex and stabilizes dynactin structure. The dynactin multiprotein complex activates the molecular motor dynein for ultra-processive transport along microtubules (By similarity).
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit (By similarity). Subunit of dynactin, a multiprotein complex part of a tripartite complex with dynein and a adapter, such as BICDL1, BICD2 or HOOK3 (By similarity).
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. HHAT subfamily.
Required in hedgehog (hh) expressing cells for production of appropriate signaling activity in embryos and in the imaginal precursors of adult tissues. Acts within the secretory pathway to catalyze N-terminal palmitoylation of Hh; this lipid modification is required for the embryonic and larval patterning activities of the Hh signal. Not required for Wg signaling.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons, labral sense organ and thorax. In larvae, is in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ as well as in the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ.
Interacts with H2AV (Probable). Component of the Tip60 chromatin-remodeling complex which contains the catalytic subunit Tip60 and the subunits Domino, Tra1, Brd8, E(Pc), DMAP1, Pontin, Reptin, Ing3, Act87E, BAP55, Mrg15, MrgBP, Gas41 and YL-1.
Monoubiquitinated by Fancl in response to ionising radiation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is lethal at the pupal stage of the life cycle (PubMed:16860002). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown specific to eyes, thorax, wings or nervous system gives no visible phenotype but increases local sensitivity to DNA cross-linking mutagens resulting in increased incidence of mutations and chromosomal aberrations (PubMed:16860002).
Together with Fancl, and probably FANCI, involved in DNA repair of damage caused by agents that induce interstrand cross-links but not agents that cause double strand breaks (PubMed:16860002, PubMed:20154706). Required for S phase checkpoint activation in response to ionizing radiation induced DNA damage (PubMed:16860002).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Ligand for the neuropeptide SIFamide receptor (PubMed:16378592). Modulates sexual behavior by negatively regulating female receptivity to male courtship and by playing a role in male sex discrimination (PubMed:17126293, PubMed:26469541). Also involved in promoting sleep (PubMed:24658384).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in SIFa-expressing neurons causes normal male sexual activity towards virgin females but also vigorous courtship directed at other males and also leads to female hyper-receptivity with a dramatic decrease in copulation time (PubMed:17126293). It also causes reduced sleep and shortened sleep bout length (PubMed:24658384).
Strongly expressed in two pairs of neurons in the pars intercerebralis (at protein level).
Native spectrin molecule is a tetramer composed of two antiparallel heterodimers joined head to head so that each end of the native molecule includes the C-terminus of the alpha subunit and the N-terminus of the beta subunit.
Spectrin is the major constituent of the cytoskeletal network underlying the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It associates with band 4.1 and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner.
Expressed during early development of the head. First expressed in a band around the anterior end of stage 5 blastoderm embryo, at 93% to 85% egg length. By gastrula stage, site of expression shifts to the dorsal-anterior region. At stage 12, expression is found in the clypeolabrum, the stomodaeum, and in ectoderm dorsal to the future supraesophageal ganglion.
May be involved in head or eye development; development of the clypeolabrum and several head sensory organs.
Expressed in the embryonic, pupal and adult stages, with little expression during the larval stages.
In 10-11 hours embryos, expression is abundant in a limited number of cells in the procephalic region and in the ventral nerve cord. Predominantly expressed in the adult nervous system and muscle: including compound eyes, brain cortex, fibrillar muscle, and tubular muscle.
Upon cell stimulation converts the second messenger diacylglycerol into phosphatidate, initiating the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositols and attenuating protein kinase C activity (By similarity). May have a role in the development of the embryonic nervous system and the function of the adult nervous system and muscle; regulating signal transduction in neurons.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Present throughout the preblastoderm and remains at a high level during syncytial divisions. From cellularization, expression decreases and at cellular blastoderm maternal expression has nearly completely disappeared.
The zygotic transcript but not the maternal transcript is moderately induced by forskolin and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to propyl acetate and anisole.
Expressed around gut lobes in embryonic stages 15-17.
Component of the NTC(Nineteen)/Prp19 complex composed of at least fand, Prp19,CG9667/ISY1 and Cdc5/CDC5L. Within the complex, interacts with Prp19 and ISY1/CG9667.
Expressed in adult ovaries and 0-3 hours embryos (at protein level).
Named 'fandango' after the Iberian folk dance to highlight the similarity of the blastoderm cellularization phenotype to the charleston/kuk phenotype (PubMed:24755291). The phenotype 'faint sausage (fas)', consisting of a poorly differentiated cuticle and head, was previously associated with the immunoglobulin domain protein CG17716 but is now known to be caused by mutations in the protein 'fandango' (PubMed:24755291).
Subunit of the NTC(Nineteen)/Prp19 complex, which is part of the spliceosome (PubMed:24755291, PubMed:28087625). The complex participates in spliceosome assembly, its remodeling and is required for efficient spliceosome activation (PubMed:24755291, PubMed:28087625). Essential for efficient pre-mRNA splicing (PubMed:24755291, PubMed:28087625). In embryos, efficient pre-mRNA splicing of zygotic transcripts is essential during dynamic cellular processes that require rapid division and/or dramatic changes in gene expression such as blastoderm cellularization, tracheal branching morphogenesis, Malpighian morphogenesis and epidermal development (PubMed:24755291, PubMed:28087625, PubMed:10502111). Part of its role in promoting embryo tracheal development is also due to specifically splicing bnl transcripts which results in the activation of the BNL-FGF pathway (PubMed:28087625).
Converts O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) required for selenoprotein biosynthesis.
Homotetramer formed by a catalytic dimer and a non-catalytic dimer serving as a binding platform that orients tRNASec for catalysis. Each tetramer binds the CCA ends of two tRNAs which point to the active sites of the catalytic dimer.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS26 family.
Insulator DNA-binding protein (PubMed:25342723). Recruits Cp190 and cooperatively binds to chromatin promoter regions to exert transcriptional regulator and chromatin insulator functions (PubMed:25342723). Chromatin insulators are regulatory elements that establish independent domains of transcriptional activity within eukaryotic genomes. Insulators are proposed to structure the chromatin fiber into independent domains of differing transcriptional potential by promoting the formation of distinct chromatin loops to form topologically associating domains (TADs). Chromatin binding sites often cluster with those of other insulator DNA-binding proteins such as pita, CTCF and BEAF-32, but not Su(Hw) (PubMed:25342723).
Interacts (via region between the ZAD domain and the first zinc finger domain) with Cp190 (via centrosomal targeting M domain); the interaction is direct (PubMed:25342723). Interacts with pita (PubMed:25342723).
Cytoplasmic protein involved in the delivery of the dynein machinery to the motile cilium. It is required for the assembly of the axonemal dynein inner and outer arms, two structures attached to the peripheral outer doublet A microtubule of the axoneme, that play a crucial role in cilium motility.
Expressed in chordonotal neurons during their differentiation, after neuronal specification but before cilium formation. Also expressed in the non-ciliated mesoderm of stage 12 embryos.
Homozygous deletion-mutant flies are not viable. The larvae are smaller but do not display obvious morphological phenotype. RNAi-mediated knockdown in sensory neurons affects flies movement coordination and impairs hearing. Testis-specific RNAi-mediated knockdown does not alter spermatogenesis and in particular the formation of sperm axonemes but it impairs sperm motility.
Component of the SET1 complex that specifically di- and trimethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 and of the MLL3/4 complex which also methylates histone H3 'Lys-4'. Inhibits MTF-1 transcription factor activity.
Expressed in larval brain, gonad, imaginal disk and salivary gland and in adult brain, testis, ovary and salivary gland.
Viable and fertile with no overt disruption of metal homeostasis.
The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
'Wingless-like' cuticular phenotype; reduced growth of imaginal disks and pattern defects.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans; hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. Required for wingless signaling in different tissues.
Dual specificity phosphatase; can dephosphorylate both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine or phosphothreonine residues. May suppress bsk/JNK activation during the immune response.
Inhibited by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium vanadate.
Interacts (via tyrosine-protein phosphatase domain) with bsk/JNK; the interaction dephosphorylates bsk.
Acts as one of several non-catalytic accessory components of the cytoplasmic dynein complex that are thought to be involved in linking dynein to cargos and to adapter proteins that regulate dynein function. Cytoplasmic dynein acts as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility of vesicles and organelles along microtubules. Required for spermatid differentiation. Is not required for polarized transport in rhabdomere development and appears to be a non-essential component of the cytoplasmic dynein complex.
The cytoplasmic dynein complex consists of two catalytic heavy chains (HCs) and a number of non-catalytic subunits presented by intermediate chains (ICs), light intermediate chains (LICs) and light chains (LCs).
Gudu is Chinese for 'alone without progeny' and refers to the male infertility phenotype.
Important for spermatogenesis where it may have a role in sperm individualization.
RNAi-mediated knockdown severely impairs male fertility. Morphology of the sperm individualization complex is highly abnormal. Seminal vesicles contain very few mature spermatozoa, which are often bundled together. Female fertility is not affected.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) composed of Blos1, Blos2, Blos3, Blos4, Dysb, Muted, Pldn and Snapin. Interacts with Blos2 and Dysb.
Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in pigment granule biogenesis (PubMed:20015953). May participate in the coupling of lysosomes to microtubule plus-end-directed kinesin motor (By similarity).
Belongs to the VEFS (VRN2-EMF2-FIS2-SU(Z)12) family.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. While PcG proteins are generally required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development, this protein is specifically required during the first 6 hours of embryogenesis to establish the repressed state. Component of the Esc/E(z) complex, which methylates 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) and 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene. The Esc/E(z) complex is necessary but not sufficient for the repression of homeotic target genes, suggesting that the recruitment of the distinct PRC1 complex is also required.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family. CDC42 subfamily.
Interacts with Frl (via GBD/FH3 domain); the interaction is stronger with the GTP bound form of Cdc42 (PubMed:26801180). The GTP-bound but not the GDP-bound form interacts with mbt and gek (PubMed:9371783, PubMed:12490550). When GTP-bound, interacts with Pak (PubMed:8628256).
Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state.
Regulates mbt kinase activity and is also required to recruit mbt to adherens junctions (PubMed:12490550). Together with mbt and Frl, regulates photoreceptor cell morphogenesis (PubMed:12490550, PubMed:26801180). Together with Frl, has a role in the neuronal development of mushroom bodies (PubMed:26801180).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
ATP-dependent annealing helicase that catalyzes the rewinding of the stably unwound DNA.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. SMARCAL1 subfamily.
Expression at 3-6 hours of embryogenesis. Strong re-expression in first-instar larvae.
Transcription factor involved in segmentation. May function primarily as a segment polarity gene. Different levels of slp activity seem to be required in different segments.
During postembryonic development, functions with endocytic adapter Eps-15 in neurons to restrain synaptic growth, by inhibiting BMP signaling, and to control synaptic endocytosis. Required presynaptically for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) neurotransmission. Inhibits neuronal BMP signaling by promoting endocytic internalization and subsequent endosomal trafficking of the BMP receptor wit. In this way, regulates the Fmr1 translational regulator controlling Futsch expression to modulate neuronal microtubule stability, which controls both synaptogenesis and neuronal survival.
Expressed in larval brain, ventral nerve cord and neuropil (at protein level).
Interacts with Eps-15 (via C-terminal region); the interaction is required for spartin localization to the NMJ presynaptic membrane.
Mutant larvae show an overgrowth of the third-instar NMJ, with an overall bouton number and satellite bouton number increase of 40% and 90%, respectively, compared with wild type. Mutant larvae also show a decrease in the amplitude of evoked excitatory junction currents (EJCs), but normal spontaneous miniature EJCs (mEJCs) and axonal transport. Adult mutants display reduced locomotor activity and progressive vacuolization in the brain, which is associated with neurodegeneration.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expression decreases during larval stages then rises during mid-pupal metamorphosis.
In the embryo, expression is restricted to the somatic, visceral, and pharyngeal muscles. Within the somatic musculature, MLP60 is distributed throughout the muscle fibers. There is no expression in cardiac mesoderm or in fat body.
Expressed at moderate levels throughout the life cycle.
Plays a key role in innate immunity by acting as a pattern recognition receptor for beta-1,3-glucan from fungi and lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:10827089). Upon recognition of invading microorganism-derived products, acts upstream of protease spz processing enzyme SPE to activate the Toll pathway and to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides drosomycin, cecropin and attacin (PubMed:10827089, PubMed:16399077).
Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA) to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. Involved in the breakdown of MTA, a major by-product of polyamine biosynthesis. Responsible for the first step in the methionine salvage pathway after MTA has been generated from S-adenosylmethionine. Has broad substrate specificity with 6-aminopurine nucleosides as preferred substrates.
In embryos, expressed in the fat body and visceral mesoderm.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
Binds promoter DNA and regulates initiation of transcription (By similarity). Regulator of mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis and translation that is essential for development (PubMed:16787637, PubMed:23300484). Required for normal mitochondrial transcription and translation (PubMed:16787637, PubMed:23300484). Required for assembly of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and normal mitochondrial function (PubMed:23300484). Maintains 16S rRNA levels and functions in mitochondrial ribosome assembly by regulating the biogenesis of the 39S ribosomal subunit (PubMed:23300484).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is pupal lethal. Larvae display a delay in development and a decrease in body size. Display progressive defects in mitochondrial respiratory chain capacity as well as a decrease in the enzyme activity of all mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Decrease in enzyme activity is particularly severe in complex I and IV which also display a decrease in the levels of their assembled complexes. Progressive reduction in 16S rRNA levels and impaired assembly of the large (39S) mitochondrial ribosomal subunit. Increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and impaired mitochondrial translation.
Belongs to the neutral sphingomyelinase family.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.
Belongs to the FIT family. FIT2 subfamily.
Fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) diphosphatase that hydrolyzes fatty acyl-CoA to yield acyl-4'-phosphopantetheine and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate (By similarity). Preferentially hydrolyzes unsaturated long-chain acyl-CoA substrates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen (By similarity). This catalytic activity is required for maintaining ER structure and for lipid droplets (LDs) biogenesis, which are lipid storage organelles involved in maintaining lipid and energy homeostasis (PubMed:28067622) (By similarity). May directly bind to diacylglycerol (DAGs) and triacylglycerol, which is also important for LD biogenesis (By similarity). May support directional budding of nacent LDs from the ER into the cytosol by reducing DAG levels at sites of LD formation (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (PubMed:28067622) (By similarity). Required for correct morphology of nociceptive multi-dendritic sensory neurons (PubMed:28067622). Required for normal mechanical amplification in hearing (PubMed:28067622).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in loss of auditory sensitivity (PubMed:28067622). In the whole body or specifically in muscle cells or fat body, results in locomotor impairment, uncontrolled and uncoordinated wing movements leading to flightless phenotype (PubMed:28067622). In nociceptive dorsal class IV dendritic arborization C (ddaC) neurons results in altered branching and dendritic field coverage in third instar larvae (PubMed:28067622). In fat body reduces lipid droplet size with aging (PubMed:28067622). In all neurons does not show any of the phenotypes above (PubMed:28067622).
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 11 subunits. The complex is composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein UQCRFS1, 2 core protein subunits UQCRC1/QCR1 and UQCRC2/QCR2, and 6 low-molecular weight protein subunits UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and subunit 9, the cleavage product of Rieske protein UQCRFS1. The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)). Interacts with UQCC6.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. PAN2 subfamily.
Binds 2 metal cations per subunit in the catalytic exonuclease domain.
Catalytic subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenlyation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1.
Catalytic subunit of the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex, one of two cytoplasmic mRNA deadenylases involved in general and miRNA-mediated mRNA turnover. PAN specifically shortens poly(A) tails of RNA and the activity is stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). PAN deadenylation is followed by rapid degradation of the shortened mRNA tails by the CCR4-NOT complex. Deadenylated mRNAs are then degraded by two alternative mechanisms, namely exosome-mediated 3'-5' exonucleolytic degradation, or deadenylation-dependent mRNA decaping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1.
Contains a pseudo-UCH domain. This ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH)-like or ubiquitin specific protease (USP)-like domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive because it lacks the active site catalytic triad characteristic of thiol proteases, with residues at the equivalent structural positions that are incompatible with catalysis, and it cannot bind ubiquitin. It functions as a structural scaffold for intra- and intermolecular interactions in the complex.
Forms a heterotrimer with an asymmetric homodimer of the regulatory subunit PAN3 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex (By similarity) (PubMed:23932717). Interacts with Gyf (PubMed:31114929).
Forms a heterotrimer with an asymmetric homodimer of the regulatory subunit PAN3 to form the poly(A)-nuclease (PAN) deadenylation complex.
Positively regulated by the regulatory subunit PAN3.
The linker, or PAN3 interaction domain (PID), between the WD40 repeats and the pseudo-UCH domain mediates interaction with PAN3.
Prenyltransferase that mediates the formation of menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a vitamin K2 isoform, thereby acting as a mitochondrial electron carrier. Mediates the conversion of phylloquinone (PK) into MK-4, probably by cleaving the side chain of phylloquinone (PK) to release 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione; K3) and then prenylating it with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) to form MK-4. MK-4 acts as a membrane electron carrier downstream of a electron transport chain complex, improving mitochondrial oxygen consumption.
Belongs to the WD repeat BOP1/ERB1 family.
Expressed throughout the developmental stages in both head and body from males and females.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity (By similarity).
TFIIA is a heterodimer of the large unprocessed subunit 1 and a small subunit gamma. It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha (p30), a beta (p20) and a gamma (p14) subunit (By similarity).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric Uba3-APP-BP1 E1 enzyme. E1 activates Nedd8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a Nedd8-Uba3 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers Nedd8 to the catalytic cysteine of UbcE2M. Required for Cul1 and Cul3 neddylation. Negatively regulates full-length ci stability and hedgehog signaling.
Heterodimer of Uba3 and APP-BP1. Interacts with Nedd8 and UbcE2M.
Activation is generally mediated by a guanine exchange factor (GEF), while inactivation through hydrolysis of bound GTP is catalyzed by a GTPase activating protein (GAP) (By similarity). May be activated by Efa6 (PubMed:28607459).
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus (By similarity). Promotes cell movement and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during compound eye morphogenesis (PubMed:21976699). Required for normal ethanol-induced tolerance and preference (PubMed:28607459). Probably after Efa6-mediated activation, counteracts ethanol-induced sedation (PubMed:28607459).
Results in enhances preference and sensitivity to alcohol (PubMed:28607459). Fails to develop tolerance to repeated ethanol exposures (PubMed:28607459). Conditional RNAi-mediated knockdown in the eye results in aberrant compound eye morphogenesis, with defective cell intercalation patterns associated with altered actin dynamics (PubMed:21976699).
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. The magnesium ions interact primarily with the substrate.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Expressed throughout development with highest levels at adult stages.
Required for the retention of luminal endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Determines the specificity of the luminal ER protein retention system. Also required for normal vesicular traffic through the Golgi (By similarity).
Required for protein translocation and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Functions as a nucleotide exchange factor for an ER lumenal chaperone of HSP70 family (By similarity).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S10 family.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. RPB4 and RPB7 form a subcomplex that protrudes from the 10-subunit Pol II core complex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
Cell adhesion protein involved in target recognition during neuromuscular development. Mediates homophilic cellular adhesion.
Predominantly expressed in abdominal and thoracic segment muscle and motorneuron cells.
Present only in a small number of hairs scattered over the surface of the funiculus.
Belongs to the non-repetitive/WGA-negative nucleoporin family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:17410542). Has a role in the organization of the inner nuclear membrane proteins at the nuclear envelope (PubMed:22718353). In germ cells, plays a role in the nuclear localization of components of the dpp signaling pathways, such as Medea and phosphorylated Mad (PubMed:21696798). Binds to chromatin, and together with Nup62 and Nup93-1, contributes to karyosome morphology and chromatin organization including attachment to the nuclear envelope in oocytes and nurse cells (PubMed:22718353, PubMed:26341556). Has a role in female fertility including egg chamber development; in nurse cells, has a role in the organization of F-actin in subcortical and cytoplasmic actin filaments important for the transfer of cytoplasm from nurse cells to the growing oocytes (PubMed:9732281, PubMed:10511559, PubMed:17410542, PubMed:17277377). Has a role in male spermatogenesis and fertility (PubMed:9732281, PubMed:10511559). Has a role in germ line cell proliferation (PubMed:21696798).
Embryonic lethal (PubMed:10511559). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in failed nuclear import of phosphorylated Mad in response to activation of the dpp signaling cascade (PubMed:21696798). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in altered karyosome morphology, in the reduction of Nup62 association with the nuclear envelope and its accumulation in the cytoplasm (PubMed:26341556). RNAi-mediated knockdown of Nup62 in combination with Nup154 rescues the phenotype of the Nup62 knockdown restablishing correct kariosome morphology and chromatin detachment from the nuclear envelope (PubMed:26341556).
Expressed in embryo (at protein level) (PubMed:9732281). Expressed in ovaries; more specifically in the germarium and throughout egg chamber development both in germ line and nurse cells (at protein level) (PubMed:9732281, PubMed:17410542, PubMed:17277377). Expressed in spermatocytes (at protein level) (PubMed:9732281). In embryos, detected during germ-band elongation and in the developing mesoderm (PubMed:10511559). At stage 11, mostly prominent in the central nervous system and gut (PubMed:10511559). By stage 14, detected in the brain and dorsal vessel (PubMed:10511559). At the end of embryogenesis restricted to lymph glands (hematopoietic organ), gonadal germline and specific neurons in the brain (PubMed:10511559). In larvae, detected in the imaginal disks, certain regions of the brain and all tissues containing dividing cells (PubMed:10511559). In larval, detected in testes and in all germline cells up through the meiotic stages (PubMed:10511559). In adult, detected in testes, ovaries in germanium region 2 and throughout later stage of oogenesis (PubMed:10511559).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with Nup93-1 (PubMed:22718353). Interacts with Nup35 (PubMed:22718353). Interacts with cup (PubMed:17277377).
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the behavioral responses to butanol and 2-heptanone.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments (By similarity).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 20 family.
Forms homo- and heterooligomeric complexes. Binds the TPR motif-containing C-terminal of kinesin light chain, Klc. Pre-assembled syd scaffolding complexes are then transported as a cargo of kinesin, to the required subcellular location.
The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates JNK-signaling by aggregating specific components of the MAPK cascade to form a functional JNK signaling module. May function as a regulator of vesicle transport, through interactions with the JNK-signaling components and motor proteins. Syd is required for efficient kinesin-I mediated axonal transport.
Belongs to the apolipoprotein O/MICOS complex subunit Mic27 family.
Expressed in a segmentally repeating pattern to define the polarity of embryonic segments.
Expressed in a single-segment repeat in the neurectoderm during germ-band extension and later in single neurons during neuronal differentiation.
Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.
Active in presence of diverse metals including Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+) (By similarity). Binds two metal cations in two adjacent alpha and beta metal-binding pockets (By similarity).
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit.
Cleaves the 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage at the branch point of lariat intron pre-mRNAs after splicing and converts them into linear molecules that are subsequently degraded. It thereby facilitates ribonucleotide turnover.
Catalyzes the attachment of the cognate amino acid to the corresponding tRNA in a two-step reaction: the amino acid is first activated by ATP to form a covalent intermediate with AMP and is then transferred to the acceptor end of the cognate tRNA.
Component of the multisynthetase complex which is comprised of a bifunctional glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase, the monospecific isoleucyl, leucyl, glutaminyl, methionyl, lysyl, arginyl, and aspartyl-tRNA synthetases as well as three auxiliary proteins, p18, p48 and p43.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 2 subfamily.
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export.
Catalyzes one step in the degradation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Plays an important role in sociosexual interactions since its enhances courtship in a pheromone-dependent manner.
DNA-binding zinc finger protein that recruits chromo domain protein rhino/rhi to specific chromatin regions enriched in H3K9me2/3 histone methylation, mediating piRNA (piwi-interacting RNA) biogenesis (PubMed:36193674). May bind to GC rich DNA sequences including a 5'-GRGGN-3' sequence motif (PubMed:36193674). Nucleates rhi/rhino accumulation and stabilizes its expansion (PubMed:36193674). Involved in piRNA transposon repression, particularly in the female ovary during oogenesis (PubMed:36193674).
Homodimer; mediated by the ZAD domain (PubMed:36193674). Interacts (via C2H2 type zinc finger 4) with rhi/rhino (via Chromo domain) (PubMed:36193674). Dimerization is required for association with DNA and interaction with rhi/rhino (PubMed:36193674).
Kipferl is the Austrian name of a traditional breakfast yeasted bread roll common in central and eastern European countries. Its crescent shape is reminiscent of the redistribution pattern of rhino protein in the nuclei of kipf mutant nurse cells.
Possesses 2 arrays of C2H2 type zinc fingers (PubMed:36193674). The first, consisting of zinc-fingers 1-4, plays a major role in DNA binding, while the second, consisting of zinc fingers 5-7, only has a minor contribution (PubMed:36193674). C2H2 type zinc finger 4 is required and sufficient for interaction with rhi/rhino but is not required for DNA binding (PubMed:36193674).
Primarily expressed in ovaries and absent from testes (PubMed:36193674). In ovaries very low levels in germline stem cells and cystoblasts but abundant in developing cysts and polyploid nurse cells (PubMed:36193674).
Severe reduction in female fertility (PubMed:36193674). In nurse cells, altered distribution of rhi/rhino, relocalizing to pericentromeric Rsp and 1.688 satellite DNA arrays (PubMed:36193674). This results in increased levels of Rsp and 1.688 satellite piRNAs, reduced levels of transposon-targeting piRNAs and increased stability of transposable element transcripts (PubMed:36193674). Rhi/rhino accumulates near the nuclear envelope in a process dependent on the nxf3 driven piRNA precursor nuclear export pathway (PubMed:36193674). In ovaries, reduced production of piRNA from germline specific rhi/rhino-dependent clusters such as 80F and to a lesser extent 38C and 42AB (PubMed:36193674).
The ZAD domain is required for dimerization.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIF26 subfamily.
At embryonic stage 9, expression is seen in the mesodermal layer and midgut primordia. The mesoderm-specific expression persists in later stages of development and at its highest level is detected in midgut, hindgut, and differentiating somatic muscle fibers. Coexpressed with Taf10 in the lateral epidermis and anal plate.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). The N-terminus interacts with the histone fold of Taf8.
In embryos, strongly expressed in the nervous system.
Required in cholinergic neurons, but not in motor neurons, for normal neurotransmitter release by motor neurons. Involved in muscle growth.
Substrate adapter for ufmylation, the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like modifier UFM1 to substrate proteins.
Expressed throughout development with the highest expression in embryos from 4 to 12 h. Expressed in the salivary glands from stage 11, when the placodes are being specified.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the membrane.
Catalyzes the glutathione dependent oxygenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid in vitro. Has no glutathione thioltransferase activity with 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), adrenochrome, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid ((5S)-HpETE), prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) or 2-hydroxyethyldisulfide (HED).
At stage 9 detected in centrally located anterior polar cells, and in border cells before and as they migrate (at protein level). At stage 10, detected in centripetal cells and levels decrease in border cells as they finish migrating (at protein level).
Belongs to the bZIP family. C/EBP subfamily.
Binds DNA as a dimer and can form stable heterodimers (PubMed:1459454). Interacts with trbl (PubMed:23305818).
Required for the expression of gene products mediating border cell migration (PubMed:1459454, PubMed:10949024, PubMed:23305818). Among the DNA sequences that this protein binds with high affinity is a conserved site within the promoter of its gene (PubMed:1459454).
Ubiquitination/deubiquitination regulates border cell migration. Ubiquitination is stimulated by trbl, which leads to proteasomal degradation and inhibits border cell migration. Deubiquitination by Usp47, leads to its stabilization and promotes border cell migration.
Interacts with Rel. Interacts with akirin and Bap55.
Involved in transcription repression and activation (By similarity). Required for larvae and pupal development, and for normal innate immune responses (PubMed:24947515). Involved in modulating the activation of the immune deficiency pathway (Imd), acting either downstream of, or at the level of, the NF-kappa-B factor Rel (PubMed:24947515). Possibly functions with akirin to regulate Rel, and its interaction with the Brahma complex protein Bap55 suggests that it may regulate the IMD pathway at the level of chromatin remodeling (PubMed:24947515).
RNAi-mediated knockdown is larval or pupal lethal. RNAi-mediated knockdown in adults results in reduced expression of the antimicrobial peptide genes DptA and Dro in response to septic injury with Gram-negative bacteria E.coli. Adults infected with the Gram-positive bacteria M.luteus display increased expression of the antimicrobial peptide gene Drs.
Flies exhibit abnormal cysts, they contain an excess number of cells that cannot differentiate into gametes.
In cystoblasts and/or very early cystocytes in ovary and testis.
Required to initiate both male and female gametogenesis. May regulate cystoblast cell divisions.
Belongs to the SOS response-associated peptidase family.
Expressed in nurse cells at stages 9-10 of oogenesis and exported to the oocyte.
Part of the small subunit (SSU) processome, first precursor of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit. During the assembly of the SSU processome in the nucleolus, many ribosome biogenesis factors, an RNA chaperone and ribosomal proteins associate with the nascent pre-rRNA and work in concert to generate RNA folding, modifications, rearrangements and cleavage as well as targeted degradation of pre-ribosomal RNA by the RNA exosome.
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Specifically hydrolyzes 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m(7)GMP) to 7-methylguanosine and inorganic phosphate (PubMed:23223233, PubMed:24603684). Also able to mediate hydrolysis of diphosphate (m(7)GDP) to 7-methylguanosine and 2 inorganic phosphate with lower activity (PubMed:23223233). The specific activity for m(7)GMP may protect cells against undesired salvage of m(7)GMP and its incorporation into nucleic acids (PubMed:23223233). Also has weak activity for CMP (PubMed:23223233, PubMed:24603684). UMP and purine nucleotides are poor substrates (PubMed:23223233, PubMed:24603684).
Component of the RNA exosome complex (PubMed:12490954). Specifically part of the catalytically inactive RNA exosome core complex (By similarity).
Non-catalytic component of the RNA exosome complex which has 3'->5' exoribonuclease activity and participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events (By similarity). In the nucleus, the RNA exosome complex is involved in proper maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, in the elimination of RNA processing by-products and non-coding 'pervasive' transcripts such as antisense RNA species, and of mRNAs with processing defects, thereby limiting or excluding their export to the cytoplasm (By similarity). In the cytoplasm, the RNA exosome complex is involved in general mRNA turnover and specifically degrades inherently unstable mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) within their 3' untranslated regions, and in RNA surveillance pathways, preventing translation of aberrant mRNAs (By similarity). The catalytic inactive RNA exosome core complex of 9 subunits is proposed to play a pivotal role in the binding and presentation of RNA for ribonucleolysis, and to serve as a scaffold for the association with catalytic subunits and accessory proteins or complexes (By similarity). Required generally for normal embryonic and neuronal development (PubMed:32645003). Also plays a critical role in the maintenance of neuronal function in mature flies by controlling the levels of specific mRNAs such as the synaptic regulator Arc1 (PubMed:32645003).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the whole body, neurons, glia or muscles is lethal (PubMed:32645003). RNAi-mediated knockdown in mushroom bodies affects the morphology of the alpha- and beta-lobes as well as ellipsoid bodies (PubMed:32645003). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing pouch results in severe wing development phenotypes and increase of miR-252-5p expression (PubMed:25892215).
Catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis.
Homodimer. The active form is probably a hexamer composed of 3 homodimers.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.
Involved in the chorion hardening process, through protein cross-linking mediated by the formation of di- and tri-tyrosine bonds.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
By axon injury which results in up-regulation on severed axons with levels reaching a peak between 12 and 24 hours after injury (at protein level) (PubMed:16772169). By ecdysone (PubMed:16772168). By detection of apoptotic cells (PubMed:34860835).
Dephosphorylated by csw which is required for the inhibition of glial cell engulfment of axonal debris produced following axonal injury.
Embryos show no defects in early central nervous system (CNS) development but display defective CNS cell corpse engulfment (PubMed:12765609). Increased number and volume of apoptotic particles in the nerve cord (PubMed:18455990). Suppression of glial engulfment of larval axons which results in defective axon pruning with most larval axons remaining in the mushroom body dorsal lobe at 18 hours after puparium formation in contrast to the wild-type where most of the larval axons are pruned by this time (PubMed:16772168, PubMed:16772170). Failure of glia to respond to axon injury, resulting in severed axons not being cleared from the CNS (PubMed:16772169). Impaired clearance of degenerating dendrites (PubMed:24412417). Highly abnormal neuromuscular junctions characterized by reduced synaptic growth, the accumulation of presynaptic debris and pruned ghost boutons, and reduced larval mobility (PubMed:19707574). Significant defects in germ cell engulfment by follicle cells (PubMed:22992958). Defective larval salivary gland death with persistance of salivary gland material in 98% of mutants 24 hours after puparium formation (PubMed:20577216). Reduced hemocyte phagocytosis of S.aureus following infection with infected flies dying earlier than controls (PubMed:19890048). Following wounding, impaired migration of macrophages to wound sites (PubMed:26028435). Reduced lifespan (PubMed:25111228, Ref.27). Reduced climbing performance and impaired motor function with mutants displaying abnormal positioning of the legs and a rapid age-dependent decline in locomotor activity from 3 days to 7-10 days of adult life (PubMed:25111228). In 30-40 day old flies, pathological changes in thoracic skeletal muscle, such as loss of striation, variability in fiber size and vacuolization, that mainly affect the tergal depressor of the trochanter.(PubMed:25111228) Marked degeneration and vacuolization of the nervous system including brain and thoracic ventral ganglia, and degeneration of the retina and optic ganglia (PubMed:25111228). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in greatly reduced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (PubMed:15342648). RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons does not affect clearance of axon fragments resulting from developmental axon pruning but RNAi-mediated knockdown in glial cells results in defective clearance of axon fragments (PubMed:16772170). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the mesoderm or in adult precursor muscle cells results in impaired locomotor activity which is not seen following RNAi-mediated knockdown in neurons or glia (PubMed:25111228).
Expressed in adult head (at protein level) (PubMed:22426252). Expressed in glia, macrophages and ectoderm (at protein level) (PubMed:18455990). Detected in glia around the mushroom body dorsal lobe and in glial processes infiltrating the medial lobe (at protein level) (PubMed:16772168). Expressed in adult brain glia including antennal lobe glia (at protein level) (PubMed:16772169). Expressed in the larval fat body (at protein level) (PubMed:20577216). Expressed in the ovary (at protein level) (PubMed:22992958). Isoform B: Predominant isoform in adult glia (PubMed:22426252).
In glial cells around the mushroom body dorsal lobe, expression is weak in wandering larvae and pupae at 12 hours after puparium formation (APF) and is elevated in pupae at 6 hours APF (PubMed:16772168). In naive stage 11 macrophages, expressed at low levels with increased levels seen following apoptotic cell corpse uptake and a further increase observed by stage 15 (PubMed:27212238). Isoform A: Selectively expressed in adults (PubMed:22426252).
Interacts (via the cytoplasmic domain) with shark; this is required for the recruitment of drpr and glial cells to severed axons and for the phagocytosis of axonal debris by glial cells following axon injury (PubMed:18432193). Interacts with ced-6 (PubMed:16772168).
Interacts with csw; this results in dephosphorylation of drpr isoform A which is required for the inhibition of glial cell engulfment of axonal debris produced following axonal injury (PubMed:22426252).
Isoform B: The intracellular domain is required for glial engulfment activity. Isoform A: The intracellular domain contains an 11-residue insertion compared to isoform B and is incapable of promoting glial engulfment.
Phosphorylated on tyrosine residues (PubMed:18432193, PubMed:19927123, PubMed:23337816, PubMed:23420848). Phosphorylation is induced by binding to prtp (PubMed:19927123). It is also induced by binding to the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PubMed:23420848). Phosphorylation may be mediated directly or indirectly by Src42a and is required for interaction with shark (PubMed:18432193).
Potently inhibits glial cell engulfment of axonal debris produced following axonal injury.
Promotes engulfment of axonal debris by glial cells following axonal injury.
Receptor which is involved in the phagocytosis of a variety of cells including apoptotic cells, severed and pruned axons, degenerating dendrites, salivary gland cells, germline cells and bacteria (PubMed:15342648, PubMed:16772168, PubMed:16772169, PubMed:18984163, PubMed:20577216, PubMed:22992958, PubMed:24412417). Binds to the ligand prtp which relocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface during apoptosis (PubMed:19927123, PubMed:23337816). Ligand-binding may promote tyrosine phosphorylation mediated by Src42a, interaction with shark and subsequent activation of phagocytosis (PubMed:18432193). Also binds to the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine which is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells (PubMed:23420848). Required for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages (PubMed:15342648). Also required for the phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons by glial cells in the embryonic nervous system (PubMed:12765609). Acts downstream of NimC4/simu in the glial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons (PubMed:18455990). Plays a role in the glial engulfment of larval axons as part of programmed axon pruning during metamorphosis (PubMed:16772168, PubMed:16772170). Also mediates glial cell clearance of severed axons following axonal injury (PubMed:16772169, PubMed:27498858). Required for the engulfment of degenerating dendrites by epidermal cells (PubMed:24412417). Required in the ovary for the engulfment and subsequent processing of dying germline cells by follicular epithelial cells through activation of the JNK/bsk pathway (PubMed:22992958, PubMed:27347682). Plays a role in neuromuscular junction development by mediating the clearance of presynaptic debris and immature boutons which are shed by growing synapses (PubMed:19707574). Required for larval salivary gland cell death which occurs following a rise in steroid levels after puparium formation (PubMed:20577216). Also involved in bacterial phagocytosis (PubMed:18984163). Required for hemocyte phagocytosis of the Gram-positive bacterium S.aureus (PubMed:19890048). Lipoteichoic acid, synthesized by the S.aureus lipoteichoic acid synthase ltaS, acts as a ligand for drpr in this process (PubMed:19890048). Together with Src42a and shark, promotes the migration of macrophages to sites of wounding as part of a signaling cascade where Scr42a detects production of hydrogen peroxide at wound sites which triggers phosphorylation of drpr and subsequent recruitment and activation of shark (PubMed:26028435). Also required for macrophage priming which occurs following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and ensures that macrophages develop a form of molecular memory that allows them to later mount an inflammatory response to tissue damage and bacterial infection (PubMed:27212238). Is also an essential factor in the regulation of muscle development and myogenesis, and as a consequence is required for normal locomotion (PubMed:12765609, PubMed:25111228, Ref.27). Likely to control the balance between skeletal muscle satellite cells proliferation and differentiation through regulation of the notch signaling pathway (PubMed:25111228, PubMed:30802937, Ref.27).
During embryogenesis it first appears in the extracellular matrix during gastrulation and early mesoderm development at sites where basement membranes do not subsequently form. Later, migrating hemocytes prominently produce it together with other ECM components, in basement membranes that underlie epithelia and envelop muscles and emerging organs. At various life stages, it can be synthesized by other cells, such as those of the fat body, and it also occurs in a few, circumscribed regions of relatively amorphous ECM. Isoform E is specifically expressed in ECM of heart and proventriculus. Isoform C is a major component of transitory ECM deposit in the early embryo. Isoform F is a major component of the basement membrane during embryogenesis.
Essential extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that influences cell rearrangements. May act by modulating metalloproteinases action during organogenesis. Able to non-competitively inhibit procollagen N-proteinase, an ADAMTS metalloproteinase.
Expressed throughout development and is prominent in adult basement membranes. Appears after 4 hours of embryogenesis, peaks at 8-12 hours and remains thereafter.
Associates with the cytoplasmic domain of a variety of cadherins. The association of catenins to cadherins produces a complex which is linked to the actin filament network, and which seems to be of primary importance for cadherins cell-adhesion properties.
Mutants die at a late embryonic stage with severe defects in head morphogenesis (PubMed:25653389). In embryos, RNAi-mediated knockdown in the hemocytes has no effect on their developmental migration during stages 10-14 of embryogenesis (PubMed:25739458).
Present at all stages, but reached the highest levels during early to mid-embryogenesis.
Rapidly phosphorylated by CK2 and more slowly by CK1.
Amino-acid starvation stabilizes protein level (PubMed:21847093). Up-regulated upon impaired ribosome biogenesis and starvation (PubMed:25393288).
Atypical MAPK protein that regulates protein secretion in a kinase activity-dependent manner (PubMed:21847093, PubMed:25393288). In response to starvation regulates protein secretion by mediating transitional endoplasmic reticulum site disassembly (PubMed:21847093). Mediates inhibition of insulin-like peptide secretion upon disturbed ribosome biogenesis and acts as a downstream effector of TP53 (PubMed:25393288).
Component of the nuclear pore complex (PubMed:28366641, PubMed:29773558). Binds to transcriptionally active chromatin including regulatory regions (PubMed:28366641, PubMed:31784359).
Expressed in larval brains (at protein level).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase II subunit 5-mediating protein family.
Embryos hatch normally but first instar larvae show very little locomotion or feeding and die soon after hatching. Embryos show transcriptional defects with reduced expression of ebony and Ass. Somatically-rescued mutant larvae show defective germ line cell viability and differentiation with damaged DNA.
Inhibits the activity of serine/threonine-protein phosphatases flw/PP1beta9C and Pp1-87B. Required for germ line cell viability and differentiation, normal transcriptional activity and maintenance of DNA integrity.
Interacts with serine/threonine-protein phosphatases flw/PP1beta9C and Pp1-87B with higher affinity for Pp1-87B.
Most abundant in early embryo, pupa and adult gonads (at protein level). In testis, expressed in mitotically proliferating spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes with levels decreasing as spermatocytes mature and no expression in postmitotic stages.
This protein binds cations of several transition elements. It is thought to be involved in detoxification processes.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. NDST subfamily.
Essential bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the N-deacetylation and the N-sulfation of glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycosaminoglycan in heparan sulfate. Modifies the GlcNAc-GlcA disaccharide repeating sugar backbone to make N-sulfated heparosan, a prerequisite substrate for later modifications in heparin biosynthesis. Plays a role in diffusion of morphogen wingless (wg) via its role in heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) biosynthesis, HSPGs being required for movement of wg morphogens. Required for wg signaling during both embryonic and imaginal disk development. Also required for FGF receptor signaling.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-154 is the initiator.
Activated in response of some unknown stimulus (PubMed:29924997). Not activated in response to L-monocytogenes infection (PubMed:29924997).
Flies display a normal antiviral immune response.
Probable nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of cyclic dinucleotide second messenger in response to some unknown stimulus (By similarity). Does not catalyze the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP from ATP and GTP (PubMed:34261128).
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase ssh which activates tsr.
Exhibits F-actin depolymerizing activity and regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics (PubMed:21205790). Required for cytokinesis in both mitotic and meiotic cells and for aster migration and separation (PubMed:8522587). Promotes cell motility during ovary development and oogenesis (PubMed:11175754). During larval development, required for the cell rearrangement needed for formation of terminal filaments which are stacks of somatic cells that are important for the initiation of ovarioles (PubMed:11175754). Also required for border cell migration during oogenesis (PubMed:11175754). During border cell migration, required for actin turnover and lamellipodial protrusion (PubMed:21205790). Required for the establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP) where cells adopt a uniform orientation within the plane of an epithelium (PubMed:16571634). During establishment of PCP, required for the redistribution of the PCP core proteins fz and stan/fmi to the proximodistal cell boundary (PubMed:16571634). During pupal development, required for elongation of the retinal cell body and for rhabdomere morphogenesis (PubMed:18423434). Required for mushroom body neuroblast proliferation and axon growth (PubMed:15572110). Plays a role in the positive regulation of protein secretion (PubMed:20026655). Plays a role in the regulation of nuclear localization of actin (PubMed:22323606). Required for the maintenance of epithelial integrity by controlling cell junctions and is also necessary for cell survival and tissue growth through regulation of JNK and yki signaling (PubMed:27041568).
Expressed during all stages of development and peaks in late larval and pupal stages. Expressed in both male and female adults.
Late larval or pupal lethality with mutants showing defects in cytokinesis in both mitotic and meiotic cells, abnormal accumulation of F-actin in mature primary spermatocytes, and defective aster migration where the asters remain in close proximity to each other rather than separating from each other and migrating around the periphery of the nuclear envelope as in the wild type (PubMed:8522587). Failure of terminal filament formation in the ovary at the third larval instar at 25 degrees Celsius but formation occurs at 18 degrees Celsius (PubMed:11175754). Significantly thinner retina than controls, significantly increased F-actin levels in pupal eye disks and defective rhabdomere morphogenesis (PubMed:18423434). Defective mushroom body neuroblast proliferation with newly hatched larvae containing significantly fewer neurons than controls and severe axon growth defects with mutants failing to extend axons beyond the peduncle (PubMed:15572110). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the wing results in increased F-actin levels, altered subcellular location of the transcriptional coactivator yki, strong expression of the yki target genes wg and ex, cell extrusion from the basement membrane, reduced levels of the junction proteins dlg1, arm and shg, up-regulation of Rho1, apoptosis and JNK signaling (PubMed:27041568).
Phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase LIMK1 (PubMed:20026655). Phosphorylation is required for inactivation of tsr and for cell proliferation and axon growth (PubMed:15572110). Phosphorylation is negatively regulated by the panthothenate kinase fbl which catalyzes the first step in the conversion of panthothenic acid to coenzyme A (PubMed:22912811).
The name 'twinstar' derives from the characteristic aberrant arrangement of asters seen in mutants.
(Microbial infection) Plays a role in mycobacterial infection. Mediates infection by M.fortuitum and uptake of M.smegmatis.
(Microbial infection) RNAi-mediated knockdown blocks infection by M.fortuitum and uptake of M.smegmatis.
Detected in all examined tissues of L3 instar larvae. Expression in the ring gland and anterior spiracles increases during development. In the ovaries it is predominantly expressed in one pole, and in the anterior spiracles it is mostly expressed in the spiracular gland. Ubiquitously expressed throughout the testis and alimentary tract.
The name 'peste' means plague in Latin and derives from its role in bacterial infection.
Functions with the transcription factor TfAP-2 to regulate octopamine neuronal signaling pathways that control behaviors such as male aggression, male mating, and the initiation of feeding (PubMed:30231996, PubMed:24142897, PubMed:25187989). Required for TfAP-2 transcriptional activity in octopaminergic neurons (PubMed:24142897, PubMed:25187989). Functions with TfAP-2 to regulate expression of genes which are involved in promoting octopamine production and secretion from octopaminergic neurons, such as Tbh and Vmat (PubMed:24142897, PubMed:25187989). Octopamine then modulates feeding and male aggression by regulating the expression of the satiation hormone Dsk in insulin-producing cells (IPCs) (PubMed:24142897, PubMed:25187989). Functions with octopamine and Dsk as part of a negative feedback loop to prevent overeating; acts with TfAP-2 to regulate octopamine signaling pathways that initiate feeding, then octopamine activates expression of Dsk which inhibits consummatory behavior (PubMed:25187989). May also be involved in negatively regulating nociception in larvae to prevent spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia (PubMed:30231996).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in adult octopaminergic neurons, disrupts TfAP-2 expression resulting in behavioral abnormalities such as increased male aggression, reduced walking pace and overeating (PubMed:24142897, PubMed:25187989). Males display an increase in low-intensity fighting, with males performing more wing flicks and shoves during a 20 min fighting bout (PubMed:24142897). Males also display increased courtship behaviors, such as singing, circling and abdomen bends, towards males and virgin females (PubMed:24142897). Adults also eat significantly more over a 24 hr period and some overeat after starvation (PubMed:25187989). Inhibits expression of TfAP-2 in adults fed a normal diet, and inhibits the up-regulation of TfAP-2 in adults fed a low calorie diet or undergoing starvation (PubMed:25187989). Adults display decreased expression of the octopamine synthesis genes Tbh and Vmat, and the octopmaine signaling gene Dsk (PubMed:24142897). RNAi-mediated knockdown in class I, II, III, and IV md neurons, results in hypersensitive nociception behaviors, with larvae displaying reduced nocifensive escape locomotion (NEL) response latency to a 42 degrees Celsius heat probe (PubMed:30231996).
Up-regulated in adults by starvation for 48 hours, whereas no up-regulation was detected at 24 hours.
'Linotte' used in the colloquial sentence 'Tete de linotte' literally means 'Scatterbrain' in French.
Detected in embryos, pupae, and adults but not larvae.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. HEN1 family.
Methyltransferase that adds a 2'-O-methyl group at the 3'-end of selected small RNAs. Mediates 2'-O-methylation of piRNAs, single-stranded siRNAs and long hairpin RNA genes (hpRNAs). Methylation protects the 3'-end of small RNAs from tailing and trimming and could constitute a recognition signal for appropriate argonaute machineries.
Catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline producing nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body (PubMed:7568075, PubMed:12804606). Truncated isoforms (isoform 3-isoform 6) are able to form intracellular complexes with the full-length protein and serve as dominant negative inhibitors of the enzyme activity.
Isoform 3 is expressed in larvae only. Isoform 4, isoform 5, isoform 6 and isoform 10 are expressed throughout development from embryos to adults.
Low expression in first to third instar larvae salivary glands.
During embryogenesis, first detected in the tracheal placodes at stage 8, and expression continues throughout embryonic and larval development. In the developing salivary gland, expression is observed in the entire gland at stage 9 and by stage 12, expression is confined to the salivary ducts.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Heterodimer with tgo.
Readthrough of the terminator UGA may occur between the codons for 958-Ser and 960-Val.
Ser-673 phosphorylation by PKB/Akt1 is required for nuclear targeting and transcriptional activity.
Trachea, salivary gland ducts, posterior spiracles (Filzkoeper primordia) and a subset of cells in the CNS.
Transcription factor, master regulator of tracheal cell fates in the embryo, necessary for the development of the salivary gland duct, Malpighian tubules and the posterior spiracles (PubMed:8557189, PubMed:8557198, PubMed:9374395, PubMed:10502111). It may induce a general fate of branched tubular structures of epithelial origin (PubMed:8557189, PubMed:8557198, PubMed:10502111). Functions with tgo to regulate expression of btl (PubMed:9374395).
Tube-forming cells of the salivary gland, trachea, and filzkorper fail to invaginate to form tubes and remain on the embryo surface (PubMed:8557189). In embryo Malpighian tubules, cell rearrangement is incomplete and the resulting tubules are wider than normal (PubMed:10502111).
Expressed in parts of the adult male brain associated with the courtship song and steps of the male courtship. Also expressed in the larval and pupal male mushroom body and optic lobe. Expressed in pupal female optic lobe.
Mutant males exhibit bisexual behavior; they court females but are behaviorally sterile so fail to mate and they exhibit vigorous courtship with other fru mutant males.
Probably acts as a transcriptional regulator. Part of the somatic sex determination hierarchy; sex determination genes transformer (tra) and transformer-2 (tra-2) switch fru splicing from the male-specific pattern to the female-specific pattern through activation of the female-specific fru 5'-splice site. Vital for the development of males and females. Controls the development of the male specific abdominal muscle of Lawrence. Plays a role in male courtship behavior and sexual orientation. Enhances male-specific expression of takeout in brain-associated fat body.
Binds selectively to the HSP27 20E response element.
Highest expression in third-instar larvae and prepupae.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFC2 subunit family.
Uridylyltransferase which mediates terminal uridylation of miRNAs, leading to their degradation. Has high specificity for splicing-derived miRNAs (mirtrons) and other miRNA substrates containing a 3'-G terminal nucleotide. Appears to be a major suppressor of mirtron biogenesis.
Viable. Fertility is significantly reduced.
Acts at least in part as component of the WASH complex which may regulate wash nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) activity and is required for its membrane targeting during endosomal sorting.
Highly enriched in the peripheral nervous system but is absent from the central nervous system (PubMed:21368042). Expressed in neurons with more than one dendrite including da neurons, bd neurons and the dmd1 neuron but undetectable in neurons with single dendrites such as external sensory organ neurons and chodonotal neurons (PubMed:26490864).
Severely reduced growth of microtubule-based dendritic branches and elevated levels of microtubule-severing protein spas (PubMed:21368042). Gradual conversion of multipolar neurons into the bipolar or unipolar morphology (PubMed:26490864).
Transcriptional regulator which promotes dendrite growth by suppressing, either directly or indirectly, the expression of the microtubule-severing protein spas (PubMed:21368042). Determines multipolar neuron morphology in postmitotic neurons by positively regulating the expression of genes involved in nuclear positioning including several dynein genes and the nuclear migration protein nudC (PubMed:26490864).
Belongs to the syndecan proteoglycan family.
Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate. Required for axonal and myotube guidance, is a necessary component of slit/robo signaling and is required in the slit target cells.
Flies exhibit aberrant midline guidance of axons and establishment of muscle pattern.
In 13-16 hours embryos, expressed in lymph glands, peripheral and central nervous system and basal surfaces of gut epithelia. Sdc and robo are coexpressed in domains adjacent to slit; in tracheal pits and midline glia cells.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class 1 subfamily.
Expressed during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Isoform A and isoform B are expressed in distinct patterns. Isoform B is expressed in the mesoderm and neuroblast layer during germband extension and later in the gut epithelia. Isoform A accumulates in 16 segmentally repeated stripes in the ectoderm during germband extension. These stripes are flanked by, and adjacent to, the domains of engrailed and wingless gene expression in the anterior/posterior axis. In stage 10 embryos, isoform A colocalizes with the area lateral to the denticle belts that will give rise to naked cuticle. Isoform A is also expressed later in embryogenesis in the central nervous system.
Non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase required for maintaining Dock in its non-phosphorylated state.
Component of the class 1 Sin3A-histone deacetylase (HDAC1/Rpd3) complex (HDAC). Appears to be a non-essential subunit of this complex which is not required for cell cycle regulation of progression through the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Component of the class 1 Sin3A-histone deacetylase (HDAC1/Rpd3) complex (HDAC). Not essential for stability of the complex, recruitment of the complex to some promoters, or the deacetylase activity of the complex.
Does not cause cell morphology changes, cell growth defects, cell cycle phenotypes, or loss of Smr/SMRTER protein from the Sin3A-histone deacetylase (HDAC1/Rpd3) complex.
Activity inhibited by leptomycin B, which disrupts interaction with the NES and RanGTP.
Expressed in the larva (at protein level) (PubMed:14638854). Highly expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:10924475).
High expression observed in the developing embryonic brain, hind gut and posterior spiracles shortly before dorsal closure; and in the ventral nerve cord, midgut and somatic musculature shortly after dorsal closure. Expression increases when the tissue is well developed.
Interacts with Clbn (via its N-terminus) (PubMed:16103875). Associates with the nuclear pore complex via interaction with mbo and Nup214 (PubMed:14638854, PubMed:17032737). Interacts with target proteins containing NES sequences such as actin and dl (PubMed:10924475, PubMed:14638854, PubMed:17032737).
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in defects in nuclear export resulting in accumulation of RpS2 and pre-40S ribosome in the nucleus (PubMed:25858587). During oogenesis, mislocalizes Nup358-containing granules to nurse cells and abolishes the formation of annulate lamellae (PubMed:31626769).
Receptor for the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) (PubMed:10636888, PubMed:14638854, PubMed:16103875). Binds cooperatively to the NES on its target protein and to the small GTPase Ran in its active GTP-bound form (PubMed:10636888, PubMed:14638854). Involved in the export of dl, RpS2 and the pre-40S ribosome from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (PubMed:14638854, PubMed:25858587, PubMed:17032737). Plays an important role in nuclear pore assembly by mediating nucleoporin condensation and biogenesis of annulate lamellae (PubMed:31626769). Required for the function or maintenance of certain tissues such as brain and gut (PubMed:10924475).
Acts as a negative regulator of entry into mitosis (G2 to M transition) (PubMed:8573790, PubMed:15581871). This kinase specifically phosphorylates and inactivates cyclin B1-complexed CDC2 (PubMed:8573790, PubMed:15581871).
Expressed both maternally and zygotically during postblastoderm divisions of embryogenesis.
Expressed in embryos; expression remains high in the proliferating cells of the central nervous system well after cells in the rest of the embryo have ceased dividing.
Negatively regulated by phosphorylation in the M-phase.
Belongs to the CISD protein family. CISD2 subfamily.
Acts via the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons. Directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated sequence elements. Associates predominantly with sense piRNAs that contain adenine at nucleotide 10, but shows no preference for uridine at the 5' end. In testis, however, associates with Su(Ste) and AT-chX-1 piRNAs mostly produced from antisense precursors. Shows RNA cleavage activity. In the germline, acts to amplify pools of antisense piRNAs, among others Su(Ste), AT-chX-1 and roo, and to limit sense piRNA accumulation. Forms a complex with smg, twin, aub and specific piRNAs that targets nos mRNA (and probably other maternal mRNAS) for deadenylation promoting its decay during early embryogenesis. Involved in transposon silencing in the adult brain.
Contaminating sequence. Sequence of unknown origin in the C-terminal part.
Expressed maternally. Expression is high in early embryos but gradually decreases as development proceeds (at protein level).
Female sterility. Male semi-sterility accompanied by production of Ste protein crystals in primary spermatocytes. Mutant males fail to maintain germline stem cells.
Has been given the gene name AGO3 by FlyBase based on the literature but is more similar to members of the Piwi subfamily.
In ovary, expressed in germline stem cells, germline cyst cells, nurse cells and oocytes during early stages. Also found in the somatic cap cells of the germarium. In testis, expressed in germline stem cells, primary gonial cells and early spermatocytes. No expression detected in the somatic hub cells at the apical tip of the testis (at protein level). Expressed in neurons throughout the adult brain and in the mushroom body subdivision in the peduncle. In the mushroom body, expressed only in gamma and core alpha-beta neurons.
Interacts with aub (PubMed:19959991). Interacts (when methylated on arginine residues) with tud (PubMed:19959991). Forms a complex with smg, twin, aub, nos mRNA and piRNAs that target the nos 3'-untranslated region, in early embryos (PubMed:20953170). Interacts (via the N-terminal region when symmetrically methylated on arginine residues) with papi (via C-terminus); this interaction is RNA-independent and may be required for AGO3 localization to the nuage (PubMed:21447556). Interacts with TER94 and tral (PubMed:21447556).
Symmetrically dimethylated on Arg-4, Arg-68 and Arg-70, most likely by csul.
Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Contactin family.
Expressed in ectodermally derived epithelial cells from stage 12. All these tissues, such as epidermis, hindgut, foregut, salivary glands and trachea, which contain pleated septate junctions. Expressed by ectodermally derived epithelial cells and along peripheral nerves. Not present in midline glial cells. Expressed in epithelial cells and glial cells of peripheral nerves.
Forms a complex with Nrg and Nrx (PubMed:15459097). Forms a complex composed of septa junction proteins Nrx-IV/Nrx, Tsf2/MTf, Cont and Nrg during late embryogenesis (PubMed:20935638).
Required for organization of septate junctions and paracellular barrier functions. Septate junctions, which are the equivalent of vertebrates tight junctions, are characterized by regular arrays of transverse structures that span the intermembrane space and form a physical barrier to diffusion.
During cytokinesis in male meiotic cells, required for completion of cleavage furrow ingression possibly in conjunction with Zw10. Required for maintenance of Golgi stack number and morphology. Essential for acroblast assembly.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Required for segmental identity of the second through eighth abdominal segments. Once a pattern of abd-A expression is turned on in a given parasegment, it remains on the more posterior parasegment, so that the complex pattern of expression is built up in the successive parasegments. Appears to repress expression of Ubx whenever they appear in the same cell, but abd-A is repressed by Abd-B only in the eight and ninth abdominal segments.
Expressed in the larval middle mid-gut; predominantly in the copper cell region with lower levels of expression in the interstitial cells.
Proton-conducting pore forming subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons (By similarity). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment (PubMed:32269334). In enterocytes, acts as part of a pHCl-2 sensory pathway which mediates Tor-dependent larval growth and metabolism in response to zinc availability (PubMed:32269334). Likely acts in maintaining enterocyte lysosomal acidification which consequently promotes Tor activation at the lysosome membrane (PubMed:32269334).
RNAi-mediated knockdown specifically in pHCl-2 expressing enterocytes delays pupariation (PubMed:32269334). Knockdown in the intestinal copper cell region decreases intestinal acidity (PubMed:32269334).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
Belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family. FKBP1 subfamily.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Binds to ligand-free TGF beta type I receptor, from which it is released upon a ligand-induced, type II receptor mediated phosphorylation of the type I receptor. Binding is inhibitory to the signaling pathways of the TGF beta family ligands.
Expressed in the adult body, head and leg. Highly expressed in the embryonic nervous system.
Faintly expressed in embryos at 9-12 hours. Expression increases rapidly as the nervous system matures, peaking just prior to hatching. A second peak is observed in late pupal stages around 73-108 hours postpuparium.
It is uncertain whether Met-1, Met-494, Met-539, Met-544 or Met-553 is the initiator.
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. Encodes a dihydropyridine- and diltiazem-sensitive current in larval body wall muscle. Vital for embryonic development.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
As part of the augmin complex, plays a role in centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules. The complex is required for mitotic spindle assembly through its involvement in localizing gamma-tubulin to spindle microtubules.
Component of the augmin complex composed of dgt2, dgt3, dgt4, dgt5, dgt6, msd1, msd5 and wac (PubMed:19369198). The complex interacts directly or indirectly with microtubules and is required for centrosome-independent generation of spindle microtubules.
Neuropeptides RYamide-1 and RYamide-2 are ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor RYa-R (PubMed:21843505, PubMed:21704020). May suppress feeding behavior (PubMed:21704020).
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Isozyme gamma is first detected during late embryogenesis, is present through larval stages, declines in abundance during pupal stages and is maximum at eclosion. Isozyme beta is abundant during the earliest stages of embryogenesis, declines in amount and increases prior to hatching. Isozyme alpha is found only during the adult stage. Expression correlates to dietary behavior: high dietary activity in the larvae and adults causes active glycolysis and high expression levels. Isozyme alpha-beta is detected in the pupae and adults and isozyme beta-gamma in the adult.
Isozyme gamma is mainly expressed in the heads and partly in the thoraxes of adult flies. Isozyme alpha is expressed in all adult tissues. Isozyme beta is mainly expressed in adult abdominal regions and is also expressed in lesser amounts in other parts of the body and in earlier developmental stages. Isozyme alpha-beta shows strong expression in the abdomens of adults. Isozyme beta-gamma is expressed in adult heads.
May take part in developmental stage-specific or tissue -specific sugar-phosphate metabolisms. Protein acts on two substrates fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate (like other class I aldolases).
G-beta-like protein involved in cell signal transduction (By similarity).
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
Larvae infected with Gram-negative bacteria fail to activate tracheal expression of the antibacterial peptide gene Drs (PubMed:22022271). Ectopic bristles develop on the dorsocentral, scutellar and lateral regions of the noctum, with one or more ectopic bristles per hemi-notum (PubMed:18000549).
Phosphorylated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated I-kappa-B kinase complex before being cleaved. Rel-p110 subunit is cleaved within seconds of an immune challenge into Rel-p49 subunit and Rel-p68 subunit. Rel-p110 subunit reappears after 45 minutes.
Rel-p68 subunit interacts with Dredd (PubMed:11269502). Interacts with DMAP1 (PubMed:24947515). Interacts with akirin; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent; activates selected rel target gene promoters (PubMed:25180232).
Transcription factor that plays a key role in the humoral immune response as part of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (IMD) signaling pathway (PubMed:10619029, PubMed:8816802, PubMed:11269501, PubMed:11872802, PubMed:22022271, PubMed:29924997). Rel-p68 subunit translocates to the nucleus where it binds to the promoter of the Cecropin A1 gene and probably other antimicrobial peptide genes (PubMed:11269501, PubMed:29924997). I-kappa-B kinase complex (IKKbeta and key) and PGRP-LC are essential signaling components in transmitting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal leading to cact degradation for NF-kappa-B (rel) activation (PubMed:11018014, PubMed:11872802). Part of a Toll-related receptor pathway that functions in the apoptosis of unfit cells during cell competition (PubMed:25477468). Also part of some antiviral immunity: activated downstream of Sting signaling, which detects double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from viruses, and promotes expression of antiviral effector genes (PubMed:29934091, PubMed:30119996, PubMed:33262294, PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). May be part of a NF-kappa-B and Tollo signaling cascade that regulates development of the peripheral nervous system (PubMed:18000549). Possibly post-transcriptionally regulates the neuron-specific genes sc and ase, by promoting the rapid turnover of their transcripts in the wing imaginal disk (PubMed:18000549).
Transcriptional regulator that specifies poly-innervated organs (chemosensory bristle). Also controls the number of neurons.
Expressed in the hemolymph of larvae and adults.
Probable glutamate transporter which transports extracellular glutamate into the cells. Regulates the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) probably by controlling the synthesis of antioxidant glutathione. By regulating ROS production in blood cells, required for maintaining bacteria phagocytosis following infection with S.aureus and possibly E.coli.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in adult blood cells results in decreased survival following infection with S.aureus. Adults infected with S.aureus display decreased phagocytosis, increased bacterial load and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hemolymph. Phagocytosis of latex beads is normal, however flies pre-injected with S.aureus display a significant decrease in subsequent bead phagocytosis. Increased survival following infection with L.monocytogenes. Increased extracellular glutamate in the hemolymph. No effect on motor functions, adult weight and no increase in susceptibility to wounding. Induction of the antimicrobial peptides Drs and DptA in response to S.aureus or E.coli infection is not affected.
The name 'polyphemus' derives from the Cyclops in Greek mythology that failed to guard against Odysseus as mutants are unable to defend against microbial infection.
Component of the spliceosome C complex (PubMed:18981222). Interacts with Mfap1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:18765666).
Detected in all germal and follicle cells.
RNAi-mediated knockdown has no visible phenotype.
Specifically expressed in cornea (at protein level) (PubMed:18828839). Detected in retina and cortex (PubMed:2105491).
Displays apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease and 3'-5' exonuclease activities in vitro.
Male-specific peptide with moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
Alpha-PS2/beta-PS is a receptor for Tig, wb and Ten-m. Involved in the function and/or development of the olfactory system.
Expressed throughout embryonic and larval development with peaks of expression during mid-embryogenesis and at third larval instar (at protein level). The relative ratio of isoform 1/PS2C and isoform 2/PS2M8 varies widely during development.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit is composed of a heavy and a light chain linked by a disulfide bond. Alpha-PS2 associates with beta-PS.
In ovaries, highly expressed in follicle cells. At syncytial blastoderm stage, expressed in the embryonic mesodermal precursors but not in the ectoderm. At embryonic stages 7 and 10, expression is restricted to the mesoderm. At stage 12, expressed in the gonadal sheath and the interstitial cells of the gonad. In stage 16 embryos, expressed in the somatic and visceral muscles where localizes to sites of attachment between adjacent muscles. In third larval instar wing imaginal disk, expressed in the ventral compartment and in a subset of adepithelial and peripodial cells (at protein level).
The heavy-light chain cleavage site is either in 1230-1231, or 1233-1234, or 1243-1244.
Has a dual function as a transcriptional activator and a repressor of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway. The full-length ci form (ciFL), acts as an activator (ciA) while ciR, its C-terminally truncated form, acts as a repressor. Involved in segment polarity. Required for the normal development of the posterior half of each embryonic segment. Engrailed protein directly represses ci expression in posterior compartment cells. Essential component of a hh-signaling pathway which regulates the Duox-dependent gut immune response to bacterial uracil; required to activate Cad99C-dependent endosome formation, norpA-dependent Ca2+ mobilization and p38 MAPK, which are essential steps in the Duox-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to intestinal bacterial infection (PubMed:25639794).
In embryos, expressed uniformly throughout the blastoderm stage and gastrulation (from stage 5). During stage 10, ci is eliminated from the posterior compartment of each segment forming 15 segmentally repeating stripes at the end of the short phase of germ-band extension.
Interacts with RDX (PubMed:16740475). Interacts with cos (PubMed:9244298, PubMed:15691767). Interacts with slmb; the interaction is enhanced by phosphorylation by CkIalpha and dco (PubMed:16326393).
Phosphorylated on multiple sites by protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylation by PKA primes further phosphorylation by CK1 and GSK3. Phosphorylation is essential for its proteolytic processing. cos recruits multiple kinases to promote efficient phosphorylation of ci while Hh signaling inhibits phosphorylation by restricting the accessibility of ci to the kinases (PubMed:15691767). Phosphorylation by CkIalpha and dco enhances binding to Slmb, the F-box recognition component of the SCF(slmb) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for ci processing (PubMed:16326393).
Polyubiquitinated by RDX in the presence of CUL3, which results in proteasomal degradation.
Transcriptional repressor ciR, a C-terminally truncated form, is generated from the full-length ci (ciFL/ci-155) through proteolytic processing. Hh suppresses the formation of ci75 and promotes the conversion of ci155 into a transcriptional activator (ci155A).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 9 family.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-2 is the initiator.
Expressed throughout development, highest expression being in adult heads.
Flies exhibit defects in vesicular transport to lysosomes and therefore can alter eye color.
Has a role in the biogenesis of eye pigment granules. Eye pigment granules are specialized forms of late endosomes or lysosomes. Biogenesis of pigment granules in the eye requires molecular components required for protein delivery to lysosomes.
Pink was the second eye color gene identified by Morgan and colleagues, mutant flies were isolated in June 1910 just 2 months after isolation of the first white mutant allele. Another mutant allele of pink, peach, was isolated by Bridges in 1913, and according to a review published by Bridges and Morgan 10 years later, these alleles represented the first case of multiple allelomorphs described for an autosomal gene in Drosophila.
Acts via the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711). Required for transcriptional silencing of transposons targeted by piwi and confers its effects by interacting with nascent RNA transcripts (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711). Likely to be recruited to nascent transcripts cotranscriptionally by piwi and to recruit additional factors involved in transcriptional silencing (PubMed:26472911). In the ovaries, forms a complex with nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 which acts as effectors of cotranscriptional transposon silencing (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31384064). The interaction with nxf2 stabilizes the nuclear protein complex (PubMed:31384064).
In the ovaries, part of a complex composed of at least Panx, nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). The complex is knowns as Panx-induced cotranscriptional silencing (PICTS) complex, Panx-nxf2-dependent TAP/p15 silencing (Pandas complex), SFiNX (silencing factor interacting nuclear export variant) or piwi-Panx-nxf2-p15 (PPNP) complex (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064). Interacts (via NIR region) with nxf2 (via TAP-C domain); the interaction is direct (PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31384064).
Mutants are viable but show oogenesis defects (PubMed:26494711). They also display up-regulation of transposable elements with loss of transposon H3K9 methylation and sterility in female flies (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711). No effect on the abundance or content of piRNA populations or on the nuclear localization of piwi (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the germline increases transposon expression and impairs nuclear localization of nxf2 in nurse cells by reducing its stability (PubMed:31570835, PubMed:31219034).
N-terminal region is necessary and sufficient to enforce silencing of an artificial reporter gene.
The name 'panoramix' derives from the mentor who empowers the French comic book character Asterix to perform his feats of strength.
Expressed during later stages of embryogenesis.
May play an important role not only in the regulation of Adh expression but also in the transcription of other genes.
O-glycosylated; contains N-acetylglucosamine side chains.
Cleaved into 2 chains by furin protease. However, prevention of cleavage does not impair its function (By similarity).
Constitutes the major component of lipophorin, which mediates transport for various types of lipids in hemolymph. Acts by forming lipoprotein particles that bind lipoproteins and lipids. Also involved in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like juvenile hormones, pheromone hydrocarbons and carotenoids. Required for morphogens wingless (wg) and hedgehog (hh) function, probably by acting as vehicles for the movement of wg and hh, explaining how covalently lipidated wg and hh can spread over long distances. May also be involved in transport and/or metabolism of heme.
During stage 12, it is highly present throughout the yolk sac. By late stage 14, it localizes in the lateral fat body cells. Starting at stage 14, it localizes to the apodemes. Component of hemolymph clots (at protein level). Expressed in the amniosera. Expressed in rhabdomere of photoreceptor cells in retina (at protein level) (PubMed:23352167).
Expressed in rhabdomere of photoreceptor cells in retina (at protein level).
Expressed in simper cells as well as interphotoreceptor matrix (at protein level).
Interacts with Nrx-1 (via cytoplasmic domain); the interaction supports apolpp/ApoLI protein stability.
May be modified covalently by lipidation.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis; first appears at 8-10 hours. Detected in larval and pupal stages (at protein level). Transcripts are first detected at 6-8 hours of development, expression peaks at 12-14 hours and then declines by the end of embryogenesis.
Functions as a ligand for integrin alpha-PS2/beta-PS. Required in larvae for proper muscle structure and function. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion during wing development.
In embryos, expressed in the apodemes (muscle attachment sites) of the major longitudinal muscles 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13 and the wide dorsal oblique muscles 9 and 10, in hemocytes, in fat body cells, in basement membranes surrounding the gut and in the commissures of the ventral nerve cord. Expressed in larval imaginal wing disk and in pupal wing. In adult flies, expressed in the jump muscle (at protein level).
O-glycosylation by pgant3 is required for proper secretion and localization to the basal cell layer interface during wing development.
Pupal lethal with about 1% escapers. In mutant larvae, muscles 6 and 7 appear stringy and not anchored to other muscles or the epidermis, often these muscles are missing or unrecognizable. Sites where muscles 3, 4, 5, 8 and 16 come together are rarely recognizable and large gaps between muscles 9 and 10 can be observed. Muscle contraction waves that transverse the length of the larvae and are responsible for locomotion are much slower in mutant larvae. Mutant pupae are longer than wild type pupae. Mutant adult flies present elongated abdomen and wings with altered shapes and sizes.
During embryonic stages 10 and 11, expression was observed in four neuroblasts, NB2-4, NB3-3, NB6-4 and NB7-3. Except for NB6-4, expression reaches a maximum at the very beginning of expression or in the period of neuroblast delamination. Weak expression is also observed in a few putative progeny of NB7-3 during late embryonic stage 11 and 12. All eagle expression in abdominal segments disappears by stage 13.
EG cells fail to acquire the neural fate or underwent an extremely delayed differentiation, while EW neurons produced neurites in abnormal directions.
May play a critical role in development of the progeny of eagle-positive neuroblasts.
Interacts with the transcriptional repressors hairy (hry) and deadpan (dpn); via basic domains. Associates with the Esc/E(z) histone methyltransferase complex. Interacts directly with E(z) and HDAC1/Rpd3.
NAD-dependent histone deacetylase involved in heterochromatic silencing. Mildly suppresses the heterochromatin-mediated silencing phenomenon known as position-effect variegation (PEV). Required for epigenetic silencing of the polycomb group proteins. Has histone H4 deacetylase activity in vitro. Required maternally for establishing proper segmentation of the embryo. Involved in sex determination. May be involved in the regulation of life span.
Embryonic visceral mesoderm and primordia of somatic musculature.
Endosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates the recycling endosome pathway (PubMed:23353890). May play an indirect role in regulation of gene expression during embryonic mesoderm formation (PubMed:8462875).
Interacts with KATNA1. This interaction enhances the microtubule binding and severing activity of KATNA1 and also targets this activity to the centrosome.
Participates in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. May act to target the enzymatic subunit of this complex to sites of action such as the centrosome. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation.
Expressed ubiquitously in the nervous system, in neurons not glia.
Flies exhibit defective responses to environmental stressors, such as heat and the free-radical-generating agent paraquat.
Required for normal development of ethanol tolerance. Relies on two distinct molecular pathways: a cellular stress pathway defined by hang, and a parallel pathway requiring octopamine.
Stress, at both the cellular and systemic levels, contributes to drug- and addiction-related behaviors in mammals. Function of hang suggests that this role may be conserved across evolution.
At the cellular blastoderm stage, expression accumulates in the ventrally located mesoderm primordium. At germ band extension, mesoderm expression is seen as stripes of strong expression. A very strong signal is also detected in the invaginating gut. As the germ band retracts, mesodermal expression decays and becomes restricted to somatic muscle precursors.
Death during development, the few adult escapers exhibit clockwise rotation of the abdomen.
Expressed throughout development; expression peaks at embryonic stages 8-16.
Transfers mannose from Dol-P-mannose to Ser or Thr residues on proteins.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Detected at low levels throughout development. Highest expression levels are seen in embryos.
Probable serine/threonine protein kinase.
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism. Also hydrolyzes 3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA.
After germ band retraction, high levels of zygotic expression are observed in a distinct subset of peripheral tracheal cells distributed throughout the embryo and low levels in somatic muscle. Expressed in the future intervein tissue of the wing imaginal disk from the third instar larvae until eclosion of the adult fly (at protein level).
Required for the formation of intervein tissue of the wing. Acts in a dosage-dependent manner to suppress wing vein formation and promote development of intervein cells. Might play a role in the proper formation and maintenance of the trachea.
Required for terminal differentiation of photoreceptor cells. Vital for embryonic development.
Released extracellularly via exosomes, it is a ligand of the natural killer/NK cells receptor NCR3 and stimulates NK cells cytotoxicity. It may thereby trigger NK cells cytotoxicity against neighboring tumor cells and immature myeloid dendritic cells (DC).
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage at the 15,15'-double bond of carotenoids and the simultaneous all-trans to 11-cis isomerization of one cleavage product. Carotenoids like 11-cis retinal can promote visual pigment biogenesis in the dark. Essential for the biosynthesis of the 3-hydroxyretinal chromophore of rhodopsin from zeaxanthin and for proper photoreceptor development. Also essential for larval light perception.
Expression follows organogenesis of the larval Bolwig's organ (BO), which mediates larval photophobic behavior. In the adult, expression is restricted exclusively to the brain. Expressed in both neuronal cells and glia cells. Not active within photoreceptors. Active within neuronal cells within the central nervous system.
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons and labral sense organ. Expressed in neurons of the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ of larvae.
Important for normal assembly of actin bundles during bristle formation.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in abnormal bristle morphology. The bristle ridges are shallower than wild-type and become nonparallel and disorganized near the tip. The tip of the bristle is swollen giving it a javelin-like appearance. In 13% of animals the posterior scutellar bristles are fused.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP2/CFD1 subfamily.
Adiponectin receptor. In insulin-producing cells, regulates insulin secretion and controls glucose and lipid metabolism.
Expressed throughout development and in adult.
In larval and adult brain, expressed in insulin-producing cells and in neurons of the subesophageal region. Also expressed in lateral neurons of the adult brain (at protein level). In third instar larvae, expressed in central nervous system (CNS), imaginal disk, salivary gland, fat body, gut and malphigian tubules.
Detected during embryogenesis (at protein level) (PubMed:16139213). Maternally contributed, after which its levels fall slightly in embryo but increase again through development and in adult (PubMed:16139214, PubMed:16203113).
Expressed in the head and testis (at protein level) (PubMed:16139213). Ubiquitously expressed at constant levels (PubMed:16139214).
Oxidation of Cys-45 and Cys-104 in response to oxidative stress (PubMed:16894167, PubMed:22515803). Levels of oxidation increase with age (PubMed:16894167).
Plays an important role in cell protection against oxidative stress and cell death by acting as a oxidative stress sensor (PubMed:16139214, PubMed:16203113, PubMed:16894167, PubMed:20457924). Does not play a role in methylglyoxal detoxification (PubMed:27903648). Plays a role in mitochondrial function together with Pink1 (PubMed:20457924). In motor neurons regulates structural synaptic plasticity of locomotor behavior as part of the PTEN-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in response to oxygen species (ROS) levels (PubMed:30540251).
Viable and fertile (PubMed:16203113). Larvae develop normally but show increased oxidative stress-induced cell death (PubMed:23593018, PubMed:30540251). Larvae show structurally normal neuromuscular junctions, however they fail to show structural synaptic plasticity in response to oxygen species (ROS) levels (PubMed:30540251). Adult flies show severe defects in locomotor ability without loss of dopaminergic neurons and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress (PubMed:16139214, PubMed:16203113, PubMed:23593018). Results in altered subcellular localization of Daxx (PubMed:23593018). Does not show more elevated levels of methylglyoxal adducts than controls (PubMed:27903648). Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha is viable but with reduced male fertility (PubMed:16139213, PubMed:20457924). Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha is more sensitive to chemical agents that induce oxidative stress (PubMed:16139213). Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha shows reduced lifespan and decreased spontaneous movement over time (PubMed:20457924). Double knockouts for dj-1beta and dj-1alpha spermatozoa are morphologically normal but immotile with abnormal vacuoles in the Nebenkern, abnormal mitochondria and aberrant separation of investment cones during sperm individualization (PubMed:20457924). Double knockouts for DJ-1beta and Daxx restore normal number of dopaminergic neurons, locomotor activity and sensitivity to oxidative stress and UV-induced damage (PubMed:23593018).
Expression is controlled by homeobox transcription factors. At larval stages, induced by starvation, and by hypoxia in midgut and fat body.
Expression peaks 2-8 hours after egg laying. Expressed in the dorsal domains of gastrulation stage embryos. During mid-embryonic developmental stages, expressed in the central nervous system, the three thoracic segments and the cardiac precursor cells.
At the midline of developing CNS at the time of commissure formation and in different subsets of neurons, muscles, and epidermal patches.
Netrins control guidance of CNS commissural axons at the midline and peripheral motor axons to their target muscles.
Embryonic developmental protein (PubMed:2598266, PubMed:10072776). The lateral or ventral identity of a cell depends upon the concentration of this protein in its nucleus during the blastoderm stage (PubMed:2598266). A morphogenetic protein that specifically binds to the kappa B-related consensus sequence 5'-GRGAAAANCC-3', located in the enhancer region of zygotic genes such as Zen, Twist, Snail and Decapentaplegic. Mediates an immune response in larvae (PubMed:10072776). Part of a signaling pathway involving NF-kappa-B and Toll-related receptors, that functions in the apoptosis of unfit cells during cell competition (PubMed:25477468). May be part of a NF-kappa-B and Tollo signaling cascade that regulates development of the peripheral nervous system (PubMed:18000549).
In unchallenged larvae, expression of both isoforms is seen in fat body and gut (isoform A is more abundant). After immune challenge levels of both isoforms are enhanced.
Interacts with tamo via the nuclear localization signal (PubMed:12653959). Interacts with emb, a component of the nuclear export complex (PubMed:14638854, PubMed:17032737).
Isoform A is expressed maternally and both isoforms are expressed zygotically from 6-9 hours embryos through to adulthood.
Nuclear localization signal at positions 335-340.
Belongs to the TFIID complex which is composed of TATA binding protein (Tbp) and a number of TBP-associated factors (Tafs). TFIIA is a heterodimer of a unprocessed large subunit 1 and a small subunit gamma. It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha (p30), a beta (p20) and a gamma subunit (p14). Interacts with Tbp. Taf4 interacts with TFIIA-L when TFIIA-L is in complex with Tbp.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity.
The precursor form (48 kDa) is cleaved to give rise to the alpha (30 kDa) and beta (20 kDa) subunits.
Primarily detected in the embryonic central nervous system.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 85 family.
Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Unc-4 subfamily.
During embryonic and third instar larval stages, expressed in subsets of postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the developing epidermis with a segmentally repeated pattern.
Transcription factor that regulates synaptic specificity.
At 24 hr after puparium formation (APF), detected in the most anterior (oldest) L3, L4 and L5 lamina neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:29513217). At 48 hr APF, expressed in all L3, L4 and L5 neurons with slightly higher expression in the L3 neurons (at protein level) (PubMed:29513217). At the midline of developing CNS and in different subsets of neurons, muscles, and epidermal patches (PubMed:8780645, PubMed:8780646).
Netrins control guidance of CNS commissural axons and peripheral motor axons (PubMed:8780645, PubMed:8780646, PubMed:11719202). Its association with either fra or unc-5 receptors will lead to axon attraction or repulsion, respectively (PubMed:11719202). While short-range repulsion requires both fra and unc-5 receptors, long-range repulsion only requires unc-5 (PubMed:11719202).
Cleaved at Lys-117 by Semp1 to generate CP3-N and CP3-C (PubMed:3142802, PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947, PubMed:24514904). Cleavage appears to take place in the mated female genital tract (PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947).
Cleaved at Lys-67 by Semp1 to generate CP2-N and CP2-C (PubMed:3142802, PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947, PubMed:24514904). Cleavage appears to take place in the mated female genital tract (PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947).
Male seminal peptide which is able to enhance ovulation in female Drosophila.
Male seminal protein which enhances ovulation in female Drosophila by stimulating the release of oocytes by the ovary following mating (PubMed:7479736, PubMed:15640356, PubMed:24101486, PubMed:10662669). Acts by increasing octopamine (OA) neuronal signaling in the female genital tract leading to the postmating relaxation of the oviduct muscles (PubMed:24101486). This activation of the OA signaling pathway is likely to indirectly contribute to the mating-dependent increase in the number of OA synaptic sites in the female reproductive tract (PubMed:24101486).
Produced in the male accessory glands and secreted into seminal fluid (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947, PubMed:7479736, PubMed:3142802, PubMed:10612039). Detected in the main cells and secondary cells of the accessory glands of 1 day old males (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947, PubMed:7479736, PubMed:20138215, PubMed:24514904). In 5 day old males, confined to the secondary cells and only reappears in the main cells after mating (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979). Produced in adult males 3-4 hr after eclosion, levels increase reaching a peak at day 3-5 which is maintained until at least day 10 of adulthood (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979). In unmated male adults, levels are maintained for the first 6 days of adulthood and then gradually decrease for at least the next 8 days (PubMed:2257979). In mated females, detected in the genital tract 3 minutes after the start of mating (ASM) and is secreted into the female hemolymph via the posterior vaginal wall 5 minutes ASM (at protein level) (PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947, PubMed:10612039).
Undergoes several cleavages as it is secreted and is further processed in the recipient female (PubMed:3142802, PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947, PubMed:24514904, PubMed:10612039). The precursor molecule is proteolytically cleaved by the seminal metalloprotease Semp1 at Lys-48 to produce CP1-N and CP1-C (PubMed:3142802, PubMed:2257979, PubMed:7556947, PubMed:24514904).
Heterodimer of E2f and Dp. Cooperates to give sequence-specific DNA binding and optimal trans-activation. Interacts with PCNA.
Segmentally repeated expression throughout early embryos is restricted to the ventral nerve cord in later embryos.
The PIP-box K+4 motif mediates both the interaction with PCNA and the recruitment of the DCX(DTL) complex: while the PIP-box interacts with PCNA, the presence of the K+4 submotif, recruits the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its ubiquitination.
Transcriptional activator that binds to E2f sites. Required for wild-type growth in mitotic and polytene tissues, Contributes to the expression of replication genes at the G1-S transition and Cyclin E. Activates cell proliferation in wing imaginal disk, which requires expression of vg.
Ubiquitinated by the DCX(DTL) complex, also named CRL4(CDT2) complex, leading to its degradation during S phase. Ubiquitination by the DCX(DTL) complex is essential for cell cycle control and is PCNA-dependent: interacts with PCNA via its PIP-box, while the presence of the containing the 'K+4' motif in the PIP box, recruit the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its degradation.
Acts as a mediator between the cap-binding complex (CBC) and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi). Involved in innate immunity via the short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processing machinery by restricting the viral RNA production. Also involved microRNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing by contributing to the stability and delivery of primary miRNA transcripts to the primary miRNA processing complex containing drosha and pasha.
Interacts with UBC9, RAN, RBM8A, eIF-1A and PAX6.
By homology to other fibrillarins, some or all of the N-terminal domain arginines are modified to asymmetric dimethylarginine (DMA).
Component of box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) particles. It is associated with the U3, U8 and U13 small nuclear RNAs.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that has the ability to methylate both RNAs and proteins. Involved in pre-rRNA processing. Utilizes the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine to catalyze the site-specific 2'-hydroxyl methylation of ribose moieties in pre-ribosomal RNA. Site specificity is provided by a guide RNA that base pairs with the substrate. Methylation occurs at a characteristic distance from the sequence involved in base pairing with the guide RNA. Also acts as a protein methyltransferase by mediating methylation of 'Gln-105' of histone H2A (H2AQ105me), a modification that impairs binding of the FACT complex and is specifically present at 35S ribosomal DNA locus (By similarity).
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Component of the molybdopterin synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. In the complex, serves as sulfur donor by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. After interaction with Mocs2B, the sulfur is then transferred to precursor Z to form molybdopterin.
Belongs to the MoaD family. MOCS2A subfamily.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (Mocs2A) and 2 large (Mocs2B) subunits.
This protein is produced by a bicistronic gene which also produces the large subunit (Mocs2B).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the free cytosolic methylated adenosine nucleotide N(6)-methyl-AMP (N6-mAMP) to produce inositol monophosphate (IMP) and methylamine. Is required for the catabolism of cytosolic N6-mAMP, which is derived from the degradation of mRNA containing N6-methylated adenine (m6A).
Expression limited to post-meiotic male germ cells. Expressed in elongated spermatids during individualization and in finally elongated nuclei of spermatids. After completion of nuclear shaping it is no longer expressed in the sperm heads with the onset of individualization.
May be involved in the final steps of mitochondrial differentiation within the flagellum.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(12) subfamily.
Expressed throughout oogenesis. In early embryos, expression drops during cellularization, remains low throughout gastrulation and increases once germband extension has begun.
In ovary, expressed in nurse cells and oocyte. In early embryos, distributed uniformly. At the extended germband stage, accumulates in the mesoderm.
May play a role in a signal transduction pathway used during gastrulation. Required specifically for the ventral furrow and posterior midgut invaginations, where it is necessary for coordinating cell shape changes.
Expressed in antenna, mostly on the medial and posterior surface of the third antennal segment.
Functions as a ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase. Negatively regulates the transcriptional repressor hairy/hry by promoting its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Also directs the nuclear organization of the gypsy chromatin insulator. Chromatin insulators are regulatory elements which establish independent domains of transcriptional activity within eukaryotic genomes. Insulators have two defining properties; they can block the communication between an enhancer and a promoter when placed between them, and can also buffer transgenes from position effect variegation (PEV). Insulators are proposed to structure the chromatin fiber into independent domains of differing transcriptional potential by promoting the formation of distinct chromatin loops. This chromatin looping may require the formation of insulator bodies, where homotypic interactions between individual subunits of the insulator complex could promote the clustering of widely spaced insulators at the nuclear periphery. Within the gypsy insulator complex, this protein may promote formation of nuclear insulator bodies by recruiting individual insulator complexes to the nuclear lamina.
Interacts with hairy/hry, p53 and Top1. Interacts with the gypsy chromatin insulator complex, composed of Cp190, mod(mdg4) and su(Hw); interacts directly with mod(mdg4) and su(Hw). Interacts with Lam/lamin.
Expressed from 14 hours embryos through to adulthood. There is a weak maternal contribution to early embryos.
In 14 hours embryos expression is seen in the foregut/midgut boundary.
Essential subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch. It probably represents a stabilizing cofactor required for the assembly of the gamma-secretase complex.
RNAi-mediated knockdown is pupal lethal (PubMed:24173801). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the dorsal part of the larval wing disk results in adult wings displaying an upward curvature possibly due to cells on the dorsal side being relatively smaller than cells on the ventral side (PubMed:24173801). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body results in the activation of the Imd and Toll signaling pathways under unchallenged conditions, with constitutive expression of Toll (Drs, IM1) and Imd (DptA, Def, Atta) antimicrobial peptides (PubMed:25027767). Flies infected with E.coli display enhanced expression of Atta compared to controls, whereas expression levels of DptA and Def are decreased (PubMed:25027767). Flies infected with M.luteus display increased expression of Drs, IM1 and also Atta 3 hours after infection, whereas 24 hours after infection increased expression is only maintained in Atta and IM1 (PubMed:25027767). Double knockdown with imd prevents the enhanced expression of Atta and DptA in uninfected and infected flies (PubMed:25027767). RNAi-mediated knockdown in third instar larvae results in reduced survival in response to UV radiation (PubMed:35393473).
The name 'Puffyeye' derives from its role in regulating the Myc-dependent rough eye phenotype.
Ubiquitin hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from target proteins and polyubiquitin chains (PubMed:24173801). Essential for Myc-mediated cell growth and proliferation in developing eyes and wings (PubMed:24173801). In the wing and eye, the deubiquitinating activity acts as an antagonist to the SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase member archipelago (ago) to regulate Myc and CycE stability and thus control cell growth and proliferation (PubMed:24173801). Also appears to regulate ago by modulating its induction by Myc (PubMed:24173801). May also promote cell apoptosis in the wing imaginal disk, acting in an apoptotic pathway that appears to be largely independent of Myc (PubMed:24173801). Required for preventing the activation of the immune deficiency (Imd) and Toll signaling cascades under unchallenged conditions (PubMed:25027767). Also appears to be involved in modulating the differential expression of certain antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in response to infection by either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:25027767).Involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair pathways, including euchromatic site-specific double strand break (DSB) repair (PubMed:35393473).
Expressed in the ventral nerve cord, larval brain, motor neuron axons, imaginal disks, and muscles (at protein level).
Forms a complex including sicily, ND-42 and Hsp83; the complex is necessary to chaperone ND-42 in the cytoplasm before mitochondrial import; the interaction between sicily and ND-42 is direct and occurs preferably between the unprocessed forms in the cytoplasm; the interaction with Hsp83 is direct (PubMed:23509070). Interacts with ND-30; interaction is stronger between the unprocessed forms in the cytoplasm (PubMed:23509070).
Involved in the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (Complex I) at early stages (PubMed:23509070). Interacts with cytosolic Hsp90 to chaperone the Complex I subunit ND-42 in the cytoplasm (PubMed:23509070).
Expressed in all postembryonic pericardial cells, but not in cardioblasts. Also expressed in Garland cells in third instar larvae (at protein level).
Has been proposed to contain 7 WD repeats. This prediction could not be reproduced.
Not expressed during embryonic development and first instar larvae. Expression detected from second instar larval stage into adulthood (at protein level).
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein in the hematopoietic system and pericardial cells causes a decrease in macropinocytic uptake by pericardial cells.
Regulates macropinocytosis in pericardial cells.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 16 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Interacts with Dif.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for activated transcription of the MtnA, MtnB and MtnD genes. Required for transcriptional activation in response to lipopolysacchardie (LPS).
Probably causes a marked increase in hemolymph carbohydrate.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Transient high expression in pole cells during embryonic stages 8-11.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. SLC35E subfamily.
Expressed 24 hours after initiation of photoreceptor cell differentiation, persists through development to adulthood.
Expressed in photoreceptor cells and their axons in the adult retina, the ocellus and larval photoreceptor organ.
Required for photoreceptor cell morphogenesis. Mediates homophilic cellular adhesion.
Component of nuclear coiled bodies, also known as Cajal bodies or CBs, which are involved in the modification and assembly of nucleoplasmic snRNPs (PubMed:19846657). Required for Cajal body formation (PubMed:19158395, PubMed:19846657).
In egg chambers expressed in the follicle cells, nurse cells and oocyte. Expressed in the larval brain, salivary glands, fat bodies and in the somatic hub cells at the tip of the testis. Expressed in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and in the adult ejaculatory duct (at protein level). Expressed in the adult Malpighian tubules.
Viable and fertile with no obvious phenotype (PubMed:19158395). Loss of Cajal bodies (CBs) in the nurse cells, spermatocytes, ejaculatory ducts (PubMed:19158395). Loss of CBs in the adult Malpighian tubule cells (PubMed:19158395, PubMed:19846657). Histone locus bodies (HLBs) in the same cell types are present and not affected (PubMed:19158395). In stage 8-9 oocytes, the single CB present in the germinal vesicle is unaffected (PubMed:19158395).
RNA chaperone that plays a key role in Cajal body formation (PubMed:24149844). Specifically recognizes and binds the Cajal body box (CAB box) present in both small Cajal body RNAs (scaRNAs) (PubMed:19285445). Probably acts by mediating localization of scaRNAs to Cajal bodies (PubMed:24149844).
Segmentation polarity protein. Acts as a receptor for the hedgehog protein (HH). Associates with the smoothened protein (SMO) to transduce the hedgehog signal leading to the activation of wingless, decapentaplegic and patched itself. Participates in cell interactions that establish pattern within the segment and the imaginal disks during development. In the absence of HH, represses the constitutive signaling activity of smo through fused (FU).
In adults, expression is higher in the head than in the body.
Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. UBP8 subfamily.
Component of the SAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex, at least composed of Ada2b, not/nonstop, Pcaf/Gcn5, Sgf11 and Spt3.
Expressed in the optic lobe and central brain. Highly expressed in the lamina precursor cells but not in differentiated lamina neurons. Also expressed in marginal, epithelial and medulla glial cells adjacent to the lamina plexus.
Histone deubiquitinating component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA. Catalyzes the deubiquitination of histone H2B, thereby acting as a coactivator in a large subset of genes. Required to counteract heterochromatin silencing. Controls the development of neuronal connectivity in visual system by being required for accurate axon targeting in the optic lobe. Required for expression of ecdysone-induced genes such as br/broad.
Required for the export of polyadenylated mRNAs from the nucleu; binds to polyadenylated mRNA, and is involved in the regulation of mRNA polyadenylation.
The C-terminal region is required for nuclear mRNA export.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically binds poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins and mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation.
The WWE domain mediates non-covalent poly(ADP-ribose)-binding.
By viral infection with Drosophila C virus (DCV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), Sindbis virus (SINV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Strongest induction occurs with SINV and VSV. Highest levels of induction occur 6-24 hours after infection with levels declining steadily until 96 hours after infection. Induction requires the dorsal-related immunity factor Dif but does not require the myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (PubMed:26739560). By muscle tissue stress (PubMed:30036358).
Contains two subdomains, SD1 and SD2. SD1 is composed of an antiparallel beta-sheet covered by an alpha-helix and displays a ferredoxin-like fold. SD2 displays a new protein fold made of loops connected by four disulfide bridges.
Cytokine which promotes survival following infection by Sindbis virus by suppressing the immune deficiency pathway (PubMed:26739560). Following infection by the enteropathogenic bacteria E.carotovora limits intestinal stem cells proliferation (PubMed:30036358). When secreted from muscle or adipose tissue, can attenuate age-related intestinal tissue degeneration by inhibiting apoptosis (PubMed:30036358).
Detected in hemolymph (at protein level). Also expressed in the fat body and is probably synthesized in the fat body and secreted into the hemolymph.
Expressed in muscle and fat body with levels increasing in the adult stage.
Mutants have a shortened lifespan and succumb more rapidly than controls to SINV infection (PubMed:26739560). RNAi-mediated knockdown in fat body leads to accelerated aging of the intestine with intestinal stem cell hyperproliferation, epithelial dysplasia and accelerated induction of apoptosis in the aging midgut (PubMed:30036358). RNAi-mediated knockdown in muscle had no impact on systemic intestinal tissue aging (PubMed:30036358).
The name 'Diedel' is the German translation of Tweedle and is based on the fictional Lewis Carroll characters Tweedledum and Tweedledee due to the presence of two subdomains within the protein.
Expressed in the adult labellar chemosensory neurons and in abdominal ganglions. In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the dorsal and posterior pharyngeal sense organs.
Probable gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates (By similarity). Has also atypical sensory function in organ not limited to conventional taste sensing like abdominal ganglions.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. MTG1 subfamily.
Plays a role in the regulation of the mitochondrial ribosome assembly and of translational activity (By similarity). Displays mitochondrial GTPase activity (By similarity).
Contains multiple repeats consisting of single amino acids (e.g. Gly, Ser, His, and Asn) and pairs of amino acids (e.g. Gly-Val).
Expressed from early embryonic stages through to late pupation.
Expressed in the anterior region of the embryo before cellularization and becomes localized to the procephalic head region following gastrulation. These cells correspond to the mesectoderm or midline neuroepithelium and will generate a mixed population of neurons and glia. Expressed in photoreceptors in pupae and adults.
In embryos, formation of an abnormal neuropil and the disappearance of the horizontal commissures associated with the midline of the CNS. In pupae, misshapen, duplicated, and shortened rhabdomeres within the eye. In adults, deletion of the ocelli.
Transcriptional regulator involved in pattern formation and cell determination in the embryonic CNS and larval imaginal disks. Also later in development to coordinate the expression of regulatory and structural genes required for photoreceptor cell fate in the ocelli. Has a dual role in the terminal differentiation of subtypes of photoreceptors by regulating rhodopsin (rh) expression: essential for establishing the expression of rh genes in the pale subset of ommatidia as well as repressing Rh6 in outer photoreceptors.
Putative ferric-chelate reductases reduce Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) before its transport from the endosome to the cytoplasm.
The cytochrome b561 domain lacks the conserved His residue that binds iron in the heme. The reductase activity is therefore unsure in vivo.
Expressed throughout embryogenesis. During oogenesis, it is expressed strongly in the nurse cells of the germline. Maternally expressed at the syncytial blastoderm stage. Zygotically expressed, from after germ-band elongation in the invaginating salivary gland placodes. Remains expressed predominantly in this tissue throughout embryogenesis, but low-level expression may also be present throughout the embryo.
Flies display defects in wingless (wg) and hedgehog (hh) signaling, probably due to the lack of sulfation of glycosaminoglycans by sulfotransferases such as sfl.
Mediates the transport of adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), from cytosol into Golgi. PAPS is a universal sulfuryl donor for sulfation events that take place in the Golgi. Required for the dorsoventral patterning, suggesting that it mediates the transport of the sulfate donor required for the sulfotransferase activity of pip (pipe).
May play a role in the trafficking of a subset of G-protein coupled receptors.
Binds with high affinity to importin-alpha only in the presence of RanGTP.
Export receptor for importin alpha. Mediates importin-alpha re-export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after import substrates have been released into the nucleoplasm (By similarity).
Belongs to the chorion protein S16 family.
Belongs to the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family.
Expressed during embryogenesis (at protein level). Isoform A is expressed in ovaries and 0-1 hour embryos. After 2-3 hours unphosphorylated zygotic protein is expressed. Between 4-8 hours phosphorylated zygotic protein is expressed. After 12 hours the amount of unphosphorylated zygotic protein increases until, by the end of embryogenesis, it is the most abundant form of cactus.
Involved in the formation of the dorsoventral pattern. It inhibits nuclear translocation of the dorsal morphogen in the dorsal region of the embryo. Acts as a negative regulator of the NF-kappa-B (rel) signaling pathway. Cact is degraded by IKKbeta, this is essential for NF-kappa-B (rel) activation.
Phosphorylated isoform A binds to dorsal (dl); inhibits dl translocation to the nucleus and therefore from binding to DNA. In vitro, interacts with IKKbeta. Interacts with cactin and kappa-B-Ras.
Cation-independent electroneutral transporter (not associated with membrane depolarization) of a variety of tricarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates. There is also small, but detectable, transport of monocarboxylics. Transport is through the epithelium of the gut and across the plasma membranes of organs involved in intermediary metabolism and storage (By similarity).
Displays phosphatase activity for serine/threonine residues, and dephosphorylates and activates Pk92B kinase. Has apparently no phosphoglycerate mutase activity.
Female are sterile and lay eggs that display only dorsal structures.
This protein is a component of ribonucleosomes. Could be needed to organize a concentration gradient of a dorsalizing morphogen (Dm) originating in the germinal vesicle. At least one of the isoforms is essential in somatic tissues.
Caspase-mediated cleavage is required for activation and function; upon immune stimulation, peptidoglycans (PGN) induce proteolytic cleavage by caspases such as Dredd leading to its ubiquitination.
Essential for the imd/NF-kappa-B (Imd) humoral and epithelial immune response to Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:7568155, PubMed:8808632, PubMed:11266367, PubMed:12433364). Functions as an adapter protein that transduces immunity signals from the activation of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) by bacterial infection to the Imd signaling pathway (PubMed:7568155, PubMed:11269502, PubMed:11703941, PubMed:12433364, PubMed:20122400). Binding of diaminopimelic acid-type (DAP-type) bacterial peptidoglycans (PGN) causes multimerization or clustering of PGRP receptors which activate the Imd cascade probably by recruiting imd, Fadd and Dredd to the receptor complex (PubMed:11269502, PubMed:12433364, PubMed:20122400). Once in proximity, Dredd cleaves imd in a Fadd-dependent manner to enable its association and activation by the ubiquitin E3-ligase DIAP2 (PubMed:20122400). The activated form of imd recruits and activates the Tab2/Tak1 complex thus acting upstream of the IKK complex (ird5 and key) to activate Rel and induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides such as Def, Dpt and Cecropin (PubMed:7568155, PubMed:8808632, PubMed:11703941, PubMed:12433364, PubMed:19837371, PubMed:20122400, PubMed:11266367). Also able to inhibit the viral replication of the Sindbis virus (PubMed:19763182). Involved in promoting the polyubiquitination and stability of faf which in turn, regulates the Imd pathway by controlling imd polyubiquitination and/or stability; they may therefore form a regulatory feedback mechanism within the Imd pathway (PubMed:23919485). Not required for the cuticle melanization immune response to bacterial challenge (PubMed:11266367).
Interacts with Fadd (PubMed:12433364). Interacts with faf (PubMed:23919485). Interacts with Rpt6 (PubMed:25027767). Interacts (via N-terminus) with Usp2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:25027767). Interacts (via N-terminus) with scny (via C-terminus) (PubMed:19837371). The N-terminally cleaved form interacts (via IAP-Binding motif) with Diap2 (via the BIR2 and BIR3 domains); the interaction promotes ubiquitination by Diap2 and the E2 ligases Uev1A, ben and Ubc5 (PubMed:20122400).
RNAi-mediated knockdown in the fat body results in reduced expression of the antimicrobial peptide gene Dpt following infection with E.coli.
Ubiquitination is essential for function; after PGN-induced caspase-mediated cleavage the N-terminally cleaved imd interacts with the E3 ligase Diap2 leading to polyubiquitination of 'Lys-63'-linked chains involving the E2 complex members Uev1A, ben and Ubc5 (PubMed:20122400). These 'Lys-63' chains stabilize imd and may serve as scaffolds to recruit and activate the key kinases TAK1 and IKK (PubMed:20122400). Under normal unchallenged conditions, scny deubiquitinates the activating 'Lys-63'-linked chains to prevent signal transduction and this is also likely to promote the polyubiquitination of 'Lys-48'-linked chains which act as 'tags' for proteasomal degradation (PubMed:19837371). Usp2 then deubiquitinates the 'Lys-48'-linked chains and this promotes degradation of imd probably by allowing interaction between imd and the proteasome (PubMed:25027767).
In embryo, expressed during the initial stages of germ band exclusively within the neuroectoderm, both in the territory of the trunk and in cephalic regions. During stage 9, expressed within the procephalic lobe and the ventral ectoderm.
RNAi-mediated knockdown of the protein in the type II neuroblasts lineage results in an increase in the number of type II neuroblasts. Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of the ETS protein pnt restores normal neuroblast numbers.
Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription (By similarity). May serve as a transcriptional regulator of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C) genes (PubMed:1528887). Contributes to the neural-epidermal lineage decision during early neurogenesis (PubMed:1427040). As part of the Notch signaling pathway, required to maintain the self-renewal and identity of type II neuroblasts by regulating the expression of the transcriptional repressor erm (PubMed:28899667).
Part of the AP-3 complex, an adaptor-related complex which is not clathrin-associated. The complex is associated with the Golgi region as well as more peripheral structures. It facilitates the budding of vesicles from the Golgi membrane and may be directly involved in trafficking to lysosomes. In concert with the BLOC-1 complex, AP-3 is required to target cargos into vesicles assembled at cell bodies for delivery into neurites and nerve terminals.
The N-terminus is composed of the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, a short linker region and the RING-type zinc finger. The PTB domain, which is also called TKB (tyrosine kinase binding) domain, is composed of three different subdomains: a four-helix bundle (4H), a calcium-binding EF hand and a divergent SH2 domain.
In embryo, expressed in the labial and anterior prothoracic segments and the extreme posterior of the maxillary segment. In adult, expressed in the maxillary analgen of the eye and antennal imaginal disk and the labial and T1 leg imaginal disks.
Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. Controls the segmental transformation of the first to the second thoracic segment (prothorax to mesothorax) and of the labial palps into maxillary palps. In embryo, required for fusion of labial lobes and development of the T1 denticle belt. In adult, expression in the head is necessary for proper development of the labium. In the first thoracic segment of the adult, required for proper development of the sex comb and to suppress improper prothoracic wing development.
All isoforms are required for patterning of the embryonic cuticle. Acts with exd to delimit the eye field and prevent inappropriate eye development. Isoforms that carry the homeodomain are required for proper localization of chordotonal organs within the peripheral nervous system and antennal identity; required to activate antennal-specific genes, such as sal and to repress the leg-like expression of dac. Necessary for the nuclear localization of the essential HOX cofactor, extradenticle (exd). Both necessary and sufficient for inner photoreceptors to adopt the polarization-sensitive 'dorsal rim area' (DRA) of the eye fate instead of the color-sensitive default state. This occurs by increasing rhabdomere size and uncoupling R7-R8 communication to allow both cells to express the same opsin rather than different ones as required for color vision.
Belongs to the TALE/MEIS homeobox family.
In the wing disk, the expression is present in the regions corresponding to notum, wing hinge and ventral pleura. In the leg disk, the expression is in the periphery region, corresponding to the proximal segments of the legs. In the antennal disk, the expression is in all but the arista region. In the eye disk, the expression is strong in the anterior region surrounding the eye field, including the regions corresponding to ptilinum, ocellus and head capsules, and weak in the posterior and lateral margins of the eye disk. Expressed specifically in maturating inner photoreceptors of the DRA and maintained through adulthood.
Interacts with exd; required for nuclear translocation of exd.
Isoform C, isoform E and isoform F have very similar expression patterns during embryonic and larval stages, suggesting coexpression in the same tissues.
Protein lacks the homeodomain but is still capable of interacting with exd.
Severe head defects, including a failure of head involution and transformation of the thoracic and abdominal segments into a more posterior identity.
Plays a role in mediating Ca(2+) influx following depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
According to some authors (PubMed:14759510) it does not bind to ethanol. They suggest that the avoidance triggered by high concentration of alcohols may be due to impurities, such as phthalates or structurally related compounds, present as contaminants in the ethanol used. They conclude that it may be directly and strictly required for the perception of an odorant, rather than being involved only in modulating the response to ethanol.
Odorant-binding protein required for olfactory behavior and for activity of pheromone-sensitive neurons. Binds to alcohols and mediates avoidance behavior to high concentrations of alcohols, the alcohol-binding possibly resulting in activation of receptors on T2B neurons, the activation of these receptors inhibiting these neurons. Acts in concert with Snmp and lush to capture cVA molecules on the surface of Or67d expressing olfactory dendrites and facilitate their transfer to the odorant-receptor Orco complex. Required for cVA response, probably by binding to VA. May act by serving as an adapter that bridges the presence of gaseous pheromone molecules, cVA, to activation of specific neuronal receptors expressed on T1 olfactory neurons, possibly via a specific conformational change induced by cVA that in turn activates T1 receptors. T1 neurons are excited by the pheromone VA, while T2 neurons are inhibited by alcohols. Also binds to phthalates.
Specifically expressed in chemosensory system in both males and females. Expressed in a subset of trichoid chemosensory sensilla located on the ventral-lateral surface of the third antennal segment. Secreted from non-neuronal support cells into the sensillum lymph that bathes the olfactory neurons within these sensilla.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of glycine to the 3'-end of its cognate tRNA, via the formation of an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate (Gly-AMP). Also produces diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct condensation of 2 ATPs. Thereby, may play a special role in Ap4A homeostasis (By similarity). Required for terminal arborization of both dendrites and axons during development (PubMed:17529987).
Induces disassembly of actin filaments in conjunction with ADF/cofilin family proteins (PubMed:17565945). Together with GMF, promotes Arp2/3-nucleated actin filament array disassembly (PubMed:25308079). Essential for organismal and cell viability (PubMed:17565945). Required for the development of normal wing cell planar polarity (PubMed:17565945). In egg chambers and together with GMF, plays an important role in directional migration of border cell clusters (PubMed:25308079).
Pupals exhibit grossly abnormal epidermal hairs on wings, an abnormal accumulation of F-actin and microtubules, and disruption of the frizzled-based planar cell polarity system (PubMed:17565945). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in F-actin accumulation and moderate border cell migration delays in stage 10 egg chambers (PubMed:25308079). RNAi-mediated knockdown in border cells results in accumulation of F-actin dots, enriched with Arpc1 and GMF (PubMed:25308079). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown of GMF and flr results in an accumulation of F-actin in follicular epithelium of developing egg chambers, and in deformation of bristles in the thorax (PubMed:25308079). Simultaneous RNAi-mediated knockdown in border cells of GMF and flr enhances the accumulation of F-actin foci (PubMed:25308079).
Cytoskeletal linker which probably functions in axonemal and non-axonemal dynein regulation. May play a role in the spermatozoa motility (By similarity).
Accumulates almost exclusively in larval muscles.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate. Helps prevent cellular oxidative stress via its role in NAD biosynthesis.
Transiently phosphorylated on a His residue during the reaction cycle. Phosphorylation strongly increases the affinity for substrates and increases the rate of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide production. Dephosphorylation regenerates the low-affinity form of the enzyme, leading to product release.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site (By similarity).
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically (PubMed:2449285, PubMed:1879347, PubMed:12617819). Maternal Tl increases in syncytial embryos, reaching a peak at the syncytial blastoderm stage and then decreases and is almost undetectable by the time of ventral furrow formation at gastrulation (at protein level) (PubMed:1879347). Expressed throughout development, with highest levels of expression in the embryo (PubMed:10973475). Expressed in all embryonic central nervous system axons (PubMed:19018662). In larvae, detected in the blood cells and fat body (PubMed:12617819).
In early embryos, concentrated in the pseudocleavage furrows that form transiently between nuclei before cellularization and in the cleavage furrows during cellularization (at protein level) (PubMed:1879347). Later, found on cells in the mesectoderm, stomodeum, proctodeum, anterior and posterior midguts, splanchnopleura, salivary gland placode and adjacent to the segmentally repeated tracheal placodes (at protein level) (PubMed:1879347). During and after germ band shortening, localized in a number of cell types, including the salivary gland, foregut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules and epidermis (at protein level) (PubMed:1879347). In embryos, high expression in M13 with comparatively low expression in M12 (PubMed:20504957).
In the absence of ligand, forms a low-affinity disulfide-linked homodimer (PubMed:24733933). In the presence of ligand, crystal structures show one Tl molecule bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24282309, PubMed:24733933). However, the active complex probably consists of two Tl molecules bound to a spaetzle C-106 homodimer (PubMed:24282309, PubMed:24733933). This is supported by in vitro experiments which also show binding of the spaetzle C-106 dimer to 2 Tl receptors (PubMed:12872120). Ligand binding induces conformational changes in the extracellular domain of Tl (PubMed:24282309). This may enable a secondary homodimerization interface at the C-terminus of the Tl extracellular domain (PubMed:24282309).
Receptor for the cleaved activated form of spz, spaetzle C-106 (PubMed:12872120). Binding to spaetzle C-106 activates the Toll signaling pathway and induces expression of the antifungal peptide drosomycin (PubMed:12872120, PubMed:8808632, PubMed:10973475). Component of the extracellular signaling pathway that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity in the embryo (PubMed:3931919). Promotes heterophilic cellular adhesion (PubMed:2124970). Involved in synaptic targeting of motoneurons RP5 and V to muscle 12 (M12); functions as a repulsive cue inhibiting motoneuron synapse formation on muscle 13 (M13) to guide RP5 and V to the neighboring M12, where its expression is repressed by tey (PubMed:20504957). May also function in embryonic neuronal survival and the synaptic targeting of SNa motoneurons (PubMed:19018662).
Binds to both apoptotic cells and phagocytes and promotes Drpr-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
In the blastoderm embryo, expression starts at the anterior and posterior poles and later appears as broad stripes. Following gastrulation, expressed in midline precursor cells and the posterior head with low levels present throughout the embryo. During germ band extension, weak dorsoventral stripes of expression are evident. Midline expression begins and is retained throughout embryogenesis in clusters of cells in each segment in the central nervous system. At least some of the midline expression occurs in VUM neurons.
Interacts with Drpr (via extracellular region).
Reduced levels of phagocytosis. Loss of both CaBP1 and Prtp does not cause a further decrease in the reduced level of phagocytosis seen in either CaBP1-lacking or Prtp-lacking embryos.
Abundantly expressed in all adult tissues. Lower levels found in larvae and early embryos. Barely detectable in late embryos.
Probably involved in the control of the cell cycle. Interacts with D1 and D3-type G1 cyclins. Possible regulator of neuronal differentiation and/or development (By similarity).
Required for normal deposition of neutral lipids in the oocyte.
Interacts (via cytoplasmic region) with ILK.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
Belongs to the glutamate synthase family.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Present throughout embryogenesis and larval stages.
Phosphorylation by polo-like kinase (PLK) on Thr-331 antagonizes cohesive function. Phosphorylation on Thr-331 at the metaphase anaphase transition leads to its dissociation from centromeres. In contrast, phosphorylation by aurB/ial on either Ser-124, Ser-125 or Ser-126 is required for association with centromeres.
Plays a central role in chromosome cohesion during meiosis and mitosis by preventing premature dissociation of cohesin complex from centromeres after prophase, when most of cohesin complex dissociates from chromosomes arms. May act by protecting or Rad21 from cleavage by Sse/separase. Required during meiosis in both males and females.
DNA damage checkpoint protein required for chromosome break repair and for genomic stability during development.
Highly expressed in the oocyte and nurse cells from stage 5 onward and in embryos prior to during nuclear division 14. Then, it decreases to background levels during interphase 14. Weakly or not expressed in stage embryos and imaginal disks.
The EEXXXDDL motif is required for the interaction with ATR/mei-41.
Aminocarboxypropyltransferase that catalyzes the aminocarboxypropyl transfer on pseudouridine in 18S rRNA. It constitutes the last step in biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi).
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. TSR3 family.
Heterooligomeric complex of flotillins 1 and 2.
May play a role in axon growth and regeneration. May be involved in epidermal cell adhesion and epidermal structure and function.
Flies exhibit 3 distinct syndromes of myofibrillar abnormalities; elimination of thin filaments except where they are bound by electron-dense material presumed to be Z-disk proteins, degeneration of muscles and reduction in the diameter of the myofibril lattice.
Isoform 3 is expressed in the hypoderm. Isoform 8 is expressed in the dorsal vessel. Isoform 6 is expressed in adult TDT muscle and isoform 9 in adult IFM, flight and jump muscles.
Some glutamate residues are polyglycylated by TTLL3B. This modification occurs exclusively on glutamate residues and results in polyglycine chains on the gamma-carboxyl group.
Troponin T is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of troponin, the thin filament regulatory complex which confers calcium-sensitivity to striated muscle actomyosin ATPase activity.
Component of SCF E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes consisting of Skpa, Cul1, Roc1a and an F-box protein. In larval neuroblast self renewal and asymmetric division, as well as ddaC dendrite and mushroom body axon pruning, the complex contains the F-box protein slmb (SCF-slmb) (PubMed:24068890, PubMed:24413555). In caspase activation during sperm differentiation, the complex contains the F-box protein ntc (PubMed:20392747). Interacts directly with Roc1a (PubMed:11500045). Interacts with Fsn (PubMed:20123973). Interacts with Dlish (PubMed:27692068). Interacts with Cad99C (via the cytoplasmic domain) (PubMed:27331610). Interacts with Sans (PubMed:27331610).
Core component of multiple SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. In the SCF complex, serves as a rigid scaffold that organizes the SKP1-F-box protein and RBX1 subunits. May contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. During early metamorphosis, part of the SCF-slmb complex that negatively regulates the InR/PI3K/TOR pathway to activate the pruning of unnecessary larval ddaC dendrites and mushroom body axons (PubMed:24068890). The SCF-slmb complex also regulates asymmetrical division of neuroblasts and inhibits ectopic neuroblast formation partly through SAK and Akt1 (PubMed:24413555). Also part of an SCF complex required for caspase activation during sperm differentiation (PubMed:20392747). Necessary for auditory transduction: plays a role in Johnston's organ organization by acting in the regulation of zip and ck function in scolopidial apical attachment (PubMed:27331610). May function by acting in a Ubr3-mediated pathway that negatively regulates the ubiquitination of zip, consequently affecting its interaction with ck (PubMed:27331610).
Neddylated (PubMed:12183637, PubMed:18493598). Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex (PubMed:12183637).
Severe dendrite pruning defects in ddaC neurons at 16 hours after puparium formation (APF) and axon pruning defects in mushroom body gamma neurons at 24 hours APF. RNAi-mediated knockdown results in a significant increase in Akt1 protein levels and activity in ddaC somas (PubMed:24068890). In the larval brain there is a large increase in the number of neuroblasts, 40% of which show a spindle misorientation at metaphase (PubMed:24413555). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in apical detachment of scolopidial cells in Johnston's organ (PubMed:27331610).
During late embryogenesis (stages 11-15), expressed in the brain and in a specific subset of neurons in each neuromere of the developing ventral ganglion. Expressed in the cortex of the adult brain, which contains the neuronal cell bodies.
Expressed throughout development and in the adult. Highest level of expression observed during late embryogenesis.
Expressed in the surface glial cells of the nerve cords at the larval stage (at protein level). Expressed primarily in embryos and pupae.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site. Interacts (via GDP- or GTP-bound forms) with loco (via GoLoco and RGS domains). Interacts with raps/pins.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Plays a role in glial cell differentiation during embryogenesis; loco, Galphao and the G-protein coupled receptor, moody, are required in the surface glia to achieve effective insulation of the nerve cord.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate to form hypusine, an essential post-translational modification only found in mature eIF-5A factor (By similarity). Essential for organismal viability and plays a role in a wide number of important processes such as cell growth and proliferation, and regulates induction of autophagy and protein synthesis. Has a role in eIF-5A-mediated translational control.
Lethality. Mutant clones exhibit bristle loss as well as very small bristles on the thorax. Mutations affect cell and organ size, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and autophagy.
Expressed in ai2A olfactory sensory neurons in the antenna.
Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Involved in the preference for citrus fruits for oviposition, especially through the response to valencene, the primary ligand of Or19a. Larvae growing on citrus fruits suffer a reduced risk of parasitism since endoparasitoid wasps that parasitize larvae are strongly repelled by the smell of citrus, as well as by valencene.
Expressed in the optic neuropils in the lamina and in distinct cells at the distal border of the medulla cortex (at protein level) (PubMed:9852943, PubMed:12205712, PubMed:17678856, PubMed:19715698). Expressed in the protocerebrum and thoracic ganglia (at protein level) (PubMed:17678856). Expressed in antennal lobes, antennal nerves and subesophagic ganglion (at protein level) (PubMed:19715698). Specifically, expressed in epithelial glial cells of the medulla that surround the synaptic cleft of photoreceptor axonal endings (at protein level) (PubMed:12205712, PubMed:17678856, PubMed:19715698). Expressed in some cells in the cuticle (PubMed:9852943).
Expression begins in embryos at stage 13 in two cells of each of the abdominal segments 1 to 7 (at protein level) (PubMed:12205712). Expressed at the third larval instars in the glia (at protein level) (PubMed:12205712, PubMed:17678856). Transiently expressed in the integument of late embryos at stage 14-15 (at protein level) (PubMed:19715698). Expressed in embryonic trachea from stage 11 until stage 15 (at protein level) (PubMed:19715698). In the second and third larval instars, expressed at the periphery and in cells within the brain hemispheres arranged in a crescent-shaped structure (at protein level) (PubMed:9852943, PubMed:12205712, PubMed:25229196). In the ventral ganglion, expressed in cells arranged in two rows: one on each side of the ventral nerve cord (at protein level) (PubMed:9852943, PubMed:12205712). Also expressed in the anterior and posterior spiracles (at protein level) (PubMed:12205712). During pupal stages, no expression between 24 and 60 hours after puparium formation (at protein level) (PubMed:11934851, PubMed:12205712). Expression resumes 60 hours after puparium formation in the lamina neuropil, in single cells at the distal border of the medulla and in some cells of the deeper lobula and lobula plate neuropils (at protein level) (PubMed:12205712). In pharate adults, just before eclosion, expressed in epidermal cells; expression levels are similar in all cells that secrete the abdominal tergites (at protein level) (PubMed:11934851). In pharate adults, expressed in the esophagus epidermis and in the ommatidia lens cuticle (at protein level) (PubMed:19715698).
In the brain, expressed with a circadian rhythm with high levels at the beginning of day and low levels at night (at protein level).
Nonribosomal peptide synthase which is required for the regulation of histamine and dopamine levels in various tissues through their condensation with beta-alanine (PubMed:12900414, PubMed:19715698, PubMed:25229196, PubMed:30705105). In epithelial glial cells, plays an essential role in the inactivation of histamine, the main neurotransmitter in the optical nerve system, by catalyzing the conversion of histamine into carcinine (PubMed:5782111, PubMed:12486147, PubMed:12900414, PubMed:25229196, PubMed:30705105). In the cuticle, catalyzes the condensation of beta-alanine with dopamine to form beta-alanyl-dopamine (NBAD), a metabolite involved in the pigmentation and sclerotization of the insect cuticle (PubMed:8580497, PubMed:11934851). Also, regulates the cuticular hydrocarbon composition in females (PubMed:31118901). Acts downstream of the body clock to regulate circadian behavioral rhythms (PubMed:17678856). Can also condense beta-alanine with biogenic amines tyramine, octopamine, and serotonin in vitro (PubMed:12900414, PubMed:19715698).
Reduced histamine levels in the head; specifically, in the central brain, beneath the basement membrane and in proximity to the lamina neuropil (PubMed:12486147). Fewer synaptic vesicles in the terminals of R1-R6 photoreceptors (PubMed:12486147). Loss of carcinine production in the head (PubMed:12486147). Photoreceptor response to light is abnormal (PubMed:5782111). Electroretinogram (ERG) recordings lack 'on' and 'off' transients probably due to an impaired synaptic transmission to postsynaptic cells (PubMed:5782111). Induces a darker pigmentation of the body (PubMed:11934851, PubMed:31118901). The pigment stripe near the posterior edge of each abdominal tergite is darker compared to wild type (PubMed:11934851). Ectopic pigmentation in the thorax and in the wings (PubMed:11934851). In newly emerged female imagoes and fly frass, beta-alanyl-dopamine (NBAD) levels are reduced and dopamine levels are elevated about 2-fold (PubMed:8580497). Females have lower levels of short chain hydrocarbons (CHC) (less than 25C) and higher levels of long chain CHCs (more than 25C) (PubMed:31118901). RNAi-mediated knockdown in oenocytes has no effect on the length of CHC (PubMed:31118901).
The nonribosomal peptide synthase is composed of three domains. The adenylation (A) domain is responsible for the adenylation and activation of beta-alanine using ATP (PubMed:12900414, PubMed:25229196). The thiolation (T) or peptidyl carrier protein domain (PCP) contains the prosthetic group 4'-phosphopantetheine, which activated beta-alanyl-AMP is transferred to via thiolation (PubMed:12900414, PubMed:25229196). The condensation (C) domain both performs the selection of the amine substrate, dopamine or histamine, and the condensation of these amines with beta-alanine via an amide bond (PubMed:12900414, PubMed:25229196, PubMed:30705105).
e/ebony expression levels vary across D.melanogaster population in the wild, affecting both pigmentation and chain hydrocarbon length profiles.
Involved in nucleotide metabolism via production of dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides, and decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA.
A segment polarity gene required for wingless (wg)-dependent patterning processes, acting in both wg-sending cells and wg-target cells. In non-neuronal cells wls directs wg secretion. The wls traffic loop encompasses the Golgi, the cell surface, an endocytic compartment and a retrograde route leading back to the Golgi, and involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis and the retromer complex (a conserved protein complex consisting of Vps35 and Vps26). In neuronal cells (the larval motorneuron NMJ), the wg signal moves across the synapse via the release of wls-containing exosome-like vesicles. Postsynaptic wls is required for the trafficking of fz2 through the fz2-interacting protein Grip.
Interacts with wg; in the Golgi. Interacts with Vps35, a component of the retromer complex; wls stability is regulated by Vps35.
Segment polarity phenotype (cuticles are smaller and lack the alternate naked regions) and wing margin defects (a reduced number of posterior wing-margin bristles and the even bristles distribution is interrupted). Heterozygotes die as pharate adults with appendage malformations, such as lack of arista and antennal segments, rudimentary legs and wing-to-notum transformations.
Ubiquitously expressed in the wing imaginal disk, increased expression is observed in a stripe at the dorso-ventral boundary and other regions of the wing disk that express wg. Also expresses in the leg imaginal disk. During larval development, expression is seen in both motorneurons and muscle.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft.
It is unclear whether the potential membrane spanning region near the N-terminus is present as a transmembrane domain in the native protein or serves as a cleaved signal sequence.
May form a complex with drk and Sos. Binds the phosphotyrosine interaction domain (PID) of Dab.
Receptor for an extracellular signal required to instruct a cell to differentiate into an R7 photoreceptor. The ligand for sev is the boss (bride of sevenless) protein on the surface of the neighboring R8 cell.
Component of a ciliary transition zone (TZ)-localized complex composed of DZIP1, Fam92 and Cby (PubMed:31821146). Interacts directly with Cby (PubMed:31821146).
Component of the DZIP1-Fam92-Cby complex which promotes ciliogenesis in sensory neurons and spermatocytes by acting downstream of Cep290 to initiate early ciliary membrane formation and thus transition zone (TZ) assembly (PubMed:31821146). During spermatogenesis, also regulates distal elongation of the basal-body and their docking (anchoring) to the plasma membrane and as a consequence, regulates the initiation and proper elongation of axonemal microtubules (PubMed:31821146). Within the complex, required to recruit or stabilize Cby at the distal basal body of cilia to promote DZIP1-mediated early ciliary membrane formation and initiate TZ assembly (PubMed:31821146, PubMed:33370260). May also act with Dzip1 to restrict Cep290 localization to the proximal part of the TZ (PubMed:31821146). May also be involved in recruitment or stabilization of Mks1 at the TZ (PubMed:31821146).
Viable but displays adherent transition zone (TZ) assembly in sensory neurons and spermatocytes (PubMed:31821146). Consequently, adults display phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction and disorganization, such as reduced geotaxis response and decreased male fertility (PubMed:31821146). Some mutants also display, reduced scolopidia cilia number, deformed axonemes, excess accumulation of material beneath the ciliary membrane and deformation of the ciliary membrane (PubMed:31821146). In spermatocytes, some centrioles are undocked and display irregular distal ends or microtubules extending from the distal ends (PubMed:31821146). Dzip expression is slightly reduced and in spermatocytes, Mks1 is lost or reduced at the cilliary transition zone and Cby is completely lost at the tip of the centrioles (PubMed:31821146).
Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to exogenous insulin.
Autophosphorylation activates the kinase activity.
Expressed throughout development. Embryonic expression is most prominent 8 to 12 hours after egg laying.
Has a ligand-stimulated tyrosine-protein kinase activity. Required for cell survival. Regulates body size and organ size by altering cell number and cell size in a cell-autonomous manner. Involved in the development of the embryonic nervous system, and is necessary for axon guidance and targeting in the visual system. Also plays a role in life-span determination.
Phosphorylation of Tyr-1354 is required for Chico-binding.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked by disulfide bonds. The alpha chains contribute to the formation of the ligand-binding domain, while the beta chains carry the kinase domain. When autophosphorylated, the beta-subunit binds the SH2 and SH3 domains of the adapter protein Dock. The beta subunit also binds and tyrosine phosphorylates the insulin receptor substrate Chico.
The 280 kDa proreceptor is proteolytically processed to form a 120 kDa alpha subunit and a 170 kDa beta subunit. The beta subunit undergoes cell-specific cleavage to generate a 90 kDa beta subunit and a free 60 kDa C-terminal subunit. Both the 90 kDa and the 170 kDa beta subunits can assemble with the alpha subunits to form mature receptors.
Widely distributed throughout the embryo. Expressed at high levels in the embryonic nervous system. Larval expression is limited to the nervous system and all imaginal disks. Expressed at high levels in the adult nervous system and ovaries.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family.
Binds to the intracellular domain of tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor. The binding domain of TRAP1 and TRAP2 resides outside the death domain of TNFR1.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex.
In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL52 family.
During embryogenesis, expressed in neuroblasts derived from procephalic region, ventral nervous system, thoracic sensory neurons and brain cells.
Expressed at very low levels during embryogenesis.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 1 may preferentially bind zinc ions.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Site 2 has a preference for magnesium ions.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes (PubMed:15673286). Required for male fertility and male mating behavior (PubMed:20551439).
Expressed in the head (at protein level) (PubMed:15673286). Expressed in Malpighian tubules (PubMed:15673286). Expressed in neurons in the brain and ventral ganglia with male flies having higher levels of expression in the abdominal ganglia compared to female flies (PubMed:20551439).
Type I PDE are activated by the binding of calmodulin in the presence of Ca(2+) (PubMed:15673286). Inhibited by zaprinast and sildenafil (PubMed:15673286).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain.
Defects in mitotic chromosome cohesion and condensation due to aberrant checkpoint control in response to DNA replication inhibition or damage to chromosomes; premature chromosome condensation and precocious sister chromatid separation figures.
Heteropentamer of subunits of 140/145, 40, 38, 37, and 36.5 kDa that forms a complex with PCNA in the presence of ATP.
The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activator 1. Subunit 2 binds ATP.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 15 family.
'Sturkopf' means 'stubborn person' in German (PubMed:30917324). The name originates from mutant larvae which do not adjust their developmental timing to their nutritional conditions (PubMed:30917324).
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. LDAH family.
Expressed maternally and zygotically (PubMed:23525007). During embryonic stages 12-13, becomes restricted to the salivary glands (PubMed:23525007).
Interacts with the juvenile hormone hydrolase enzymes Jheh1 and Jheh2 (PubMed:30917324). Also interacts with Hmu, Cpr, Gp93 and Pvr (PubMed:30917324).
Probable serine lipid hydrolase associated with lipid droplets (By similarity). Appears to lack cholesterol esterase activity (PubMed:27836991). Appears to lack triglyceride lipase activity (PubMed:23525007, PubMed:27836991). Involved in negatively regulating juvenile hormone (JH) and possibly, insulin signaling activities such as triacylglycerols (TAG) storage, and thereby plays a role in the endocrine regulation of organismal growth and survival (PubMed:30917324). Likely functions by enhancing the activity of the JH hydrolase enzymes Jheh1 and Jheh2 (PubMed:30917324). Required for lipid droplet positioning and fat storage (PubMed:23525007).
The catalytic activity is unsure despite catalytic sites being conserved (PubMed:23525007, PubMed:27836991). Lacks cholesterol esterase activity when overexpressed in S2 cells (PubMed:27836991). Lack lipolytic activity towards trioleoylglycerol, dioleoylglycerol or monooleoylglycerol when overexpressed in COS-7 cells or S2 cells (PubMed:23525007, PubMed:27836991).
Viable and fertile but displays phenotypes that appear to be the result of increased juvenile hormone (JH) and insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS) signaling (PubMed:30917324). For example, under nutritional stress shows reduced male survival, sensitivity toward oxidative stress, decreased locomotor activity, altered cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) composition and desiccation protection, increased nuclear foxo levels and larvae are unable to adjust their developmental timing to their nutritional condition (PubMed:30917324). Six day old adults also display a significant reduction in triacylglycerol (TAG) storage levels (PubMed:30917324). In contrast, TAG levels in embryos and third-instar larvae are unaffected (PubMed:30917324).
Contributes to nuclear envelope stiffness in germ cells (PubMed:32923640). Required for male and female fertility (PubMed:32923640).
Expressed in both germline and somatic cells in the larval testis and prepupal ovary (at protein level) (PubMed:32923640). Also detected in the larval eye and larval wing disk (at protein level) (PubMed:32923640).
~40% pupal lethality (PubMed:32923640). Male and female sterility with males showing extremely small testes and females showing extremely small ovaries (PubMed:32923640). Somatic and germline cells initiate differentiation but subsequent development is disrupted (PubMed:32923640). Adult testes contain spermatocytes but rarely contain elongated haploid spermatids (PubMed:32923640). In ovaries, most of the germline cells degenerate at the prepupal stage and the remaining germline cells do not complete oogenesis (PubMed:32923640). Defects in nuclear shape due to a markedly distorted nuclear envelope which is highly convoluted with regions of blebbing and deep invaginations (PubMed:32923640).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that functions as an activator of the pre-mRNA 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation processing required for the maturation of pre-mRNA into functional mRNAs. CFIm contributes to the recruitment of multiprotein complexes on specific sequences on the pre-mRNA 3'-end, so called cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals). Most pre-mRNAs contain multiple pA signals, resulting in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) producing mRNAs with variable 3'-end formation. The CFIm complex acts as a key regulator of cleavage and polyadenylation site choice during APA through its binding to 5'-UGUA-3' elements localized in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) for a huge number of pre-mRNAs.
Homodimer (via N- and C-terminus); binds RNA as homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Self-assembles into virion-like capsids that encapsulate RNAs and mediate intercellular RNA transfer. Arc2 protein is released from cells in extracellular vesicles that mediate the transfer of mRNA into neighboring cells.
The protein is evolutionarily related to retrotransposon Gag proteins. It contains structural elements found within viral Gag polyproteins originated from the Ty3/gypsy retrotransposon family and retains the ability to form virion-like capsid structures that can mediate mRNA transfer between cells. Tetrapod and fly Arc protein-coding genes originated independently from distinct lineages of Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein. Homodimer. Interacts with akirin (PubMed:22396663).
Embryos fail to form the ventral furrow at gastrulation and lack mesoderm and all internal organs.
Expressed in embryonic abdomen; a single cell ventrally, pairs of cells laterally and three cells dorsally in each hemisegment. In the thorax, there are patches of cells associated with the imaginal disks. During larval development, cells proliferate and, in the abdomen, they form ventral, lateral and dorsal clusters, which are the precursors of the adult abdominal muscles. In the thorax, they form populations of cells in the imaginal disks that correspond to the adepithelial cells.
Involved in the establishment and dorsoventral patterning of germ layers in the embryo.
Interacts with and activates trc, also interacts with wts.
Required for the normal morphogenesis of a variety of polarized outgrowths including epidermal hairs, bristles, arista laterals, and dendrites.
Component of the gypsy chromatin insulator complex, composed of Cp190, mod(mdg4) and su(Hw) (PubMed:15574329). The gypsy chromatin insulator complex interacts with Topors via mod(mdg4) and su(Hw) (PubMed:15574329). Interacts with Cp60 and microtubules (PubMed:8590797, PubMed:9700165, PubMed:8491775, PubMed:8522588, PubMed:14996941). Interacts with inv (PubMed:25561495). Interacts with Nup98 (PubMed:28366641). Interacts (via BTB domain) with pita (via region between the ZAD domain and the first zinc finger domain); the interaction is direct (PubMed:25342723, PubMed:33752739). Interacts with ZIPIC (via region between the ZAD domain and the first Zinc finger domain); the interaction is direct (PubMed:25342723).
Expressed in 0-12 hour old embryos and 3rd instar larvae (at protein level) (PubMed:25342723). Localizes to the centrosome throughout the nuclear division cycle in early syncytial embryos. Localization to the interphase nucleus is seen from nuclear cycle 9 onwards.
Expressed in spermatids but not in mature spermatozoa. Localizes within the spermatids to a sheath of microtubules around the nucleus and to microtubules within the tail.
Plays a central role in chromatin domain organization and boundary function through recruitment by a range of insulator DNA-binding proteins, including ZIPIC, pita, CTCF, su(Hw) and others (PubMed:25342723, PubMed:33752739). Together with pita and CTCF cooperatively binds to and regulates the activity of the Miscadastral pigmentation (MCP) insulator (PubMed:25342723). Recruitment of Cp190 together with Chro/chromator induces chromatin decondensation (PubMed:33752739). Component of the gypsy chromatin insulator complex which is required for the function of the gypsy chromatin insulator and other endogenous chromatin insulators (PubMed:15574329). Chromatin insulators are regulatory elements that establish independent domains of transcriptional activity within eukaryotic genomes. Insulators have two defining properties; they can block the communication between an enhancer and a promoter when placed between them and can also buffer transgenes from position effect variegation (PEV). Insulators are proposed to structure the chromatin fiber into independent domains of differing transcriptional potential by promoting the formation of distinct chromatin loops to form topologically associating domains (TADs). This chromatin looping may involve the formation of insulator bodies, where homotypic interactions between individual subunits of the insulator complex could promote the clustering of widely spaced insulators at the nuclear periphery. Within the gypsy insulator complex, this protein may directly bind to insulator DNA at sites distinct from those recognized by su(Hw) (PubMed:15574329). Required during embryogenesis for axial expansion, an actin/myosin dependent process that distributes the dividing nuclei along the anterior-posterior axis of the syncytial embryo (PubMed:16051175). Localizes to centrosomes and recruits CP60 during mitosis but does not appear to play a crucial role in organizing centrosomal microtubules (PubMed:14996941, PubMed:16051175).
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family. Para subfamily.
Isoform exonb and isoform D are seen in embryos and adults. Isoform A, isoform F24 and isoform F30 are predominant in embryos and isoform C and isoform E predominant in adults.
Partially edited. Further sites are edited by Adar. Positions 1455 and 1587 show minimal editing from embryos through to third larval instar, then a 40-fold increase at pupation. Position 471 has slightly higher levels during early development with only a four-fold increase at pupation.
During gastrulation, expression is highest in the invaginating posterior midgut primordium (PMG), high expression is also observed in the cephalic furrow and ventral ectodermal neurogenic region. In stage 10-11 embryos, expression is high in the pole cells present in the pocket formed by the PMG. During germ band retraction, expression appears to reinitiate in many tissues, especially the gut and nervous system. After dorsal closure, expression is detectable at low levels throughout the embryo.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically. Embryonic expression is highest at 0-8 hours.
Involved in DNA excision repair. May play a part in DNA damage recognition and/or in altering chromatin structure to allow access by damage-processing enzymes (By similarity).
Involved in nucleotide excision repair of DNA damaged with UV light, bulky adducts, or cross-linking agents.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 49 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL53 family.
Interacts with Nipped-B to form the cohesin loading complex.
Required for association of the cohesin complex with chromatin during interphase. Plays a role in sister chromatid cohesion and normal progression through prometaphase (By similarity).
In larvae, is expressed in neurons of the terminal external chemosensory organ as well as in the dorsal pharyngeal sense organ.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Required for normal assembly of the mitotic spindle (PubMed:24255106). May be involved in both centrosome-dependent and centrosome-independent spindle assembly programs (PubMed:24255106). Acts as TP53 repressor, preventing TP53 stabilization and cell cycle arrest (PubMed:20308539, PubMed:35413237).
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Coordinates cell shape changes during formation of the ventral furrow and invagination of the posterior midgut primordium, by inducing apical constriction of cells in spatially and temporally defined manners. Could function as a secreted signal to initiate apical constriction by acting as a ligand for an unidentified G protein-coupled receptor, which in turn activates the G protein alpha subunit encoded by concertina, in neighboring cells. Such an intracellular pathway would ultimately induce contraction of the apical actin-myosin network. In the ventral furrow, fog appears to ensure that all the cells initiate constriction within several minutes of each other. In the posterior midgut invagination, fog appears to direct the ordered progression of constriction initiations out from a central region and also to delimit the peripheral extent of this spreading.
Expressed in the invagination primordia in a pattern that precisely precedes the pattern of constrictions.
Maternal transcripts are deposited into the egg and uniformly distributed throughout the cortex of cleavage stage and syncytial blastoderm embryos. Zygotic transcription is first found in the ventral furrow primordium during the beginning of cellularization, about 30 min before the start of constrictions also expressed about 30 min before the start of constrictions in the posterior midgut primordium. The ventral-most cells are last to express fog.
May be highly O-glycosylated in its Ser/Thr-rich C-terminal part.
Intron retention. These sequences are incomplete at 3' end and extensively differ from that shown at positions 105-153.
Probably not activated by nitric oxide (NO). Heterodimer also exhibits some stimulation, some compounds (SIN-1 and two of the NONOates) that were ineffective at stimulating Gyc-88E alone did stimulate the heterodimer.
Interacts with Bin1; in vitro and yeast cells. Interacts with bin3.
Maternal expression is an anterior cap concentrated in the cortical cytoplasm.
Segment polarity protein that provides positional cues for the development of head and thoracic segments. Regulates the expression of zygotic genes, possibly through its homeodomain, and inhibits the activity of other maternal gene products. May also bind RNA. Interacts with Bin1 to repress transcription of bicoid target genes in the anterior tip of the embryo; a process known as retraction.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ATZ/TRZ family.
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia. Also has 7,8-dihydropterin deaminase activity, which plays a role in synthesis of the red eye pigment aurodrosopterin.
Peak dihydropterin deaminase activity is observed in late pupae and newly eclosed adults, which correlates with the time of eye pigment formation.
Strongly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB). Potassium cyanide (KCN) strongly inhibits activity towards 7,8-dihydropterin but has almost no effect on activity towards guanine. Pterin inhibits activity towards guanine but has little effect on activity towards 7,8-dihydropterin.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Phosphotriesterase family.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF3 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A) polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition. Has endonuclease activity and functions as mRNA 3'-end-processing endonuclease. Required for the cotranscriptional processing of 3'-ends of polyadenylated and histone pre-mRNA.
Component of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex, composed of at least Clp, Cpsf73, Cpsf100 and Cpsf160. Interacts with Sym and Cpsf100 forming a core cleavage factor required for both polyadenylated and histone mRNA processing. Interacts with Slbp and Lsm11.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). The elongator complex catalyzes the formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of the STAT pathway (Ref.4).
Folds into a two seven-bladed beta-propeller structure which is required for elongator complex assembly.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Expressed throughout development; highest in embryos and at equal levels in males and females.
Required in males for dosage compensation of X chromosome linked genes. Mle, msl-1 and msl-3 are colocalized on X chromosome. Each of the msl proteins requires all the other msls for wild-type X-chromosome binding. Probably unwinds double-stranded DNA and RNA in a 3' to 5' direction.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (28S, 5.8S and 5S).
Essential for oogenesis; required for late follicle cell development.
Flies exhibit disappearance of the follicular cells of the ovary and abnormalities of the associated germline derivatives, leading to failure of egg production.
Ubiquitously expressed in stage 8 embryos. During oogenesis, expression is located basally in somatic follicular epithelium and in the oocyte at the later stages.
Component of the WMM complex, a N6-methyltransferase complex composed of a catalytic subcomplex, named MAC, and of an associated subcomplex, named MACOM (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:28675155, PubMed:29555755). The MAC subcomplex is composed of Ime4/Mettl3 and Mettl14 (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:28675155, PubMed:29555755). The MACOM subcomplex is composed of fl(2)d, Flacc/Xio, Hakai, vir, and, in some cases of nito (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). Interacts with Sxl (PubMed:26324914). Interacts with Hipk; leading to phosphorylation (PubMed:25040100).
Female flies show stem cell tumors in the female germ line as well as female-to-male somatic transformations (PubMed:26324914).
Phosphorylated by Hipk at Ser-23, Ser-25 and/or Ser-27; the precise position if phosphorylation sites is unknown (PubMed:25040100).
RNA-binding protein that acts as an associated component of the WMM complex, a complex that mediates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of mRNAs (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). M6a modification plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing and is required for sex determination (PubMed:27919077, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). In the WMM complex, may act by binding target RNAs and recruiting the WMM complex (PubMed:29535189). Required for sex determination and dosage compensation via Sxl alternative splicing: m6A methylation acts as a key regulator of Sxl pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy (PubMed:26324914, PubMed:29535189, PubMed:29555755). M6A methylation is also required for neuronal functions (PubMed:27919077). Acts as a positive regulator of canonical Wg signaling during wing disk and eye development (PubMed:16547102, PubMed:18174108).
Widely expressed (PubMed:18174108, PubMed:25040100). Shows some enrichment in the central nervous system (PubMed:25040100).
Localized primarily to fat bodies in third instar larvae.
The polymorphisms show clinal variations. There are 2 common electrophoretic variants, Pgm-A and Pgm-B, which differ in their kinetic and stability parameters. Variations in Pgm are associated with differences in enzyme activity and glycogen content.
This enzyme participates in both the breakdown and synthesis of glucose.
Expressed both maternally and zygotically in embryos, pupae and adults. Expression is highest in embryos.
Expressed in adult female oocytes, anal plates of stage 12 embryos and in cells around the central nervous system in later embryos.
Plays a fundamental role in organizing chromatin on a global scale (PubMed:12183365). Autoregulates Parp transcription by influencing the chromatin structure of its heterochromatic environment (PubMed:12183365).
Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins and plays a key role in DNA repair (PubMed:17827147). Mediates glutamate, aspartate or serine ADP-ribosylation of proteins: the ADP-D-ribosyl group of NAD(+) is transferred to the acceptor carboxyl group of target residues and further ADP-ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2'-position of the terminal adenosine moiety, building up a polymer with an average chain length of 20-30 units (By similarity). Mainly mediates glutamate and aspartate ADP-ribosylation of target proteins in absence of CG1218/HPF1 (By similarity). Following interaction with CG1218/HPF1, catalyzes serine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins; CG1218/HPF1 conferring serine specificity by completing the Parp active site (By similarity).
Initially localized to segmentally repeated clusters of mesodermal cells, and subsequently in at least a subset of growing muscle precursors and mature muscle fibers that exhibit distinct segmental differences.
May play an important role in the early development of muscle.
Expressed at the time when separation of neural and epidermal precursors cells occurs. Mesectodermal expression appears shortly before the onset of gastrulation.
Detected at all developmental stages after mid-embryogenesis.
Identified in a complex with Syt1 and nwk.
Mutants show no obvious defects in brain morphology and no striking qualitative changes in behavior are observed. Quantitative differenes are seen: mutants show faster habituation of an olfactory jump response, enhanced ethanol tolerance, and significant defects in learning and memory as measured using three different paradigms.
Plays a significant role in nervous system function, which is subtle at the cellular level but manifests itself in complex behavior.
Readthrough of the terminator UGA may occur between the codons for 581-Met and 583-Glu.
Widely expressed in the embryonic and adult nervous system synaptic terminals.
In larvae, it is mainly expressed in fat body. Also expressed in uninduced hemocytes and mbn-2 cells.
Peptidoglycan-recognition protein that plays a key role in innate immunity by binding to peptidoglycans (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria and activating the Toll pathway. Has no activity against on Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Shows some partial redundancy with PRPGP-SA in Gram-positive bacteria recognition. May act by activating the proteolytic cleavage of Spatzle and the subsequent activation of Toll pathway. Recognizes S.aureus PGN.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
Belongs to the POU transcription factor family. Class-4 subfamily.
Coexpressed with vvl in overlapping subsets of neurons in the embryonic central nervous system. Expressed in olfactory neurons.
Modulates gene transcription; simultaneously generates both a specific activator and an inhibitor of gene transcription, capable of modulating two distinct regulatory programs during neural development. Has a role in olfactory behavior.
Was originally thought that the I-POU homeobox is unable to bind DNA because it lacks two N-terminal basic residues.
Was originally thought to interact with vvl.
Expressed in the antenna and in a subset of 18 olfactory receptor neurons in the maxillary palp.
Homozygous knockout flies show defective wing morphology. Mutant embryos show guidance phenotypes in ventral oblique muscle 5 (VO5), ventral oblique muscle 6 (VO6) and ventral acute muscle 3 (VA3). The affected muscles bypass their normal ventral attachment sites and mistarget toward or crossing the ventral midline. Mutant embryos exhibit additional muscle phenotypes, such as increase in lateral transverse (LT) muscles and VA3 numbers and defective lateral oblique muscle 1 (LO1) and ventral oblique muscle 1 (VO1) shape.
Interacts with activated, GTP-bound Cdc42 and Rac1 (PubMed:8628256). Forms a complex with pix and Git; the interaction with Git may be mediated by pix (PubMed:18996366).
Protein kinase involved in intracellular signaling pathways downstream of integrins and receptor-type kinases that plays an important role in cytoskeleton dynamics, in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, mitosis, and in vesicle-mediated transport processes. May be required for the formation of dendritic spines and excitatory synapses (By similarity). During muscle embryogenesis, promotes proper muscle morphogenesis, as well as guidance and targeting of subsets of myotubes (PubMed:18996366).
Widely expressed throughout embryonic development, with some cells showing increased levels (at protein level). Such an increased level is observed in stage 11 in the epidermal cells immediately flanking the amnioserosa. This increase is particularly pronounced in stage 14 embryos around the time of dorsal closure initiation. Dorsal epidermal cells in the first row of cells adjacent to the amnioserosa show increased expression levels relative to the rest of the epidermis, with at least two cells flanking each segment border having particularly high levels. During dorsal closure, accumulates in the cells of the leading edge (at protein level). Expression is also higher in the abdominal segments than in the thorax, but in later embryos increased RNA levels are seen in the thorax and in more ventrally located epidermal cells flanking the segment borders. Following the completion of dorsal closure, high expression levels were detected in the dorsal vessel, in the central nervous system and in the epidermal cells at 3 thoracic muscle attachment sites in the epidermis. At the end of embryogenesis, elevated transcript levels are seen in muscle attachment sites throughout the epidermis.
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis (PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898, PubMed:7592543). During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA polymerase alpha complex (composed of a catalytic subunit PolA1, an accessory subunit PolA2 and two primase subunits, the catalytic subunit Prim1 and the regulatory subunit Prim2) is recruited to DNA at the replicative forks (By similarity). The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands. These primers are initially extended by the polymerase alpha catalytic subunit and subsequently transferred to polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon for processive synthesis on the lagging and leading strand, respectively (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family.
Component of the alpha DNA polymerase complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolA1, the regulatory subunit PolA2, and the primase complex subunits Prim1 and Prim2 respectively (PubMed:6773966, PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898). PolA1 associates with the DNA primase complex before association with PolA2 (PubMed:6409898).
Phosphorylated in embryos until cycle 13.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Tyrosine phosphatase thought to play a role in transcription regulation during organogenesis through its intrinsic protein phosphatase activity (PubMed:14628052, PubMed:14628053). The phosphatase activity was shown in vitro. Appears to function together with So and Dac in eye development (PubMed:9428512, PubMed:9428513). Required for the survival of eye progenitor cells at a critical stage in morphogenesis (PubMed:8431945).
Guanine-nucleotide-releasing protein that acts on members of the sec4/ypt1/rab subfamily such as Rab8. During egg development, essential for establishing and maintaining epithelial cell polarity by regulating the correct polarized deposition of basal membrane (BM) proteins such as trol/Pcan and vkg/Coll IV to the basal surface of follicular epithelial (FE) cells. Likely to function by restricting the activity of the vesicle transport regulator Rab8 to the basal membrane, and thus directs BM protein-containing vesicles to the basal side of the FE cells. This function is independent of the Crag/Rab10 regulation of polarized BM protein secretion in the FE.
RNAi-mediated knockdown in follicle cells results in the apical localization of the basal membrane (BM) proteins trol and vkg. Results in the apical secretion of vkg, which associates with the apical plasma membrane with an adherent organization. No effect of the localization of proteins involved in intracellular trafficking such as aPKC, dlg and arm.
The name stratum (strat) refers to the geological term for a layer of rock as mutants accumulate basal membrane proteins as a continuous apical sheet/layer. The name also highlights the similarity of the mislocalization phenotype to Crag mutant cells, as both names are based upon geological descriptions of rock formations.
Adult flies are morphologically wild-type but exhibit extreme behavioral defects including temperature-sensitive paralysis, locomotor uncoordination, and tremors which increase in severity with age.
Expressed in embryonic nervous system; late stage 13 sees ventral nerve cord expression which spreads to brain by stage 16. Expression is maintained through to adulthood.
Expressed throughout development, highest expression is during pupal stage. Isoforms A, C and D have lowest expression levels.
Has A-to-I RNA editing activity on extended dsRNA: edits RNA-binding protein Rnp4F. A-to-I editing of pre-mRNAs acts predominantly through nervous system targets to affect adult nervous system integrity, function and behavior. Essential for adaptation to environmental stresses, such as oxygen deprivation, and for the prevention of premature neuronal degeneration, through the editing of ion channels as targets.
Partially edited. Editing is low in embryos and pupae and increases dramatically upon eclosion.
Produced by alternative initiation at Met-8 of isoform C.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 29 family.
Component of the Mediator complex (By similarity). Self-associates. Interacts with dsx.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for female somatic sexual development.
May function in the removal and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Transports one Ca(2+) and 1 K(+) in exchange for 4 Na(+) (By similarity).
Belongs to the potassium channel family. B (Shab) (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Shab sub-subfamily.
In the ovary, detected in germline stem cells and their progeny. Also detected in the somatic follicular epithelium.
Larval lethal. Conditional knockdown in the ovary results in progressive loss of undifferentiated germline stem cells.
Required during oogenesis to promote self-renewal of germline stem cells, probably by enhancing BMP signaling activity.
Engrailed (en) and invected (inv) are functionally redundant transcription factors in neuronal precursor cell NB5-3 specification. Inv is unable to substitute for en in other regulatory processes such as maintaining gsb expression in the neuroectoderm after stage 10 of embryogenesis. Maintenance of gsb expression in row 5 of the neuroectoderm involves an as yet unidentified short range signaling molecule.
Expressed in row 6/7 of the embryonic neuroectoderm.
Causes mitochondria to cluster within cells.
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria.
Forms a nucleosome-like histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, cid and H4 assembled in one cid-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers (By similarity). The cid-H4 heterotetramer is more compact and structurally more rigid than corresponding H3-H4 heterotetramers (By similarity). Interacts with the condensin subunit Cap-G (PubMed:15592865). Interacts with Chrac-14 (PubMed:24703848).
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore (PubMed:11483958, PubMed:16839185). Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation (PubMed:24703848, PubMed:11483958, PubMed:16839185). May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division (PubMed:11483958, PubMed:16839185).
More highly expressed in DDT-susceptible strains (Canton-S and 91-C) as compared to the DDT-resistant strains (91-R and Wisconsin).
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity). Plays a role in the control of synaptic bouton expansion (PubMed:20626565). Required for larval development (PubMed:21288872).
Pronounced larval developmental delay and death at the pupal stage with delayed and reduced ecdysone-induced transcription, developmental of melanotic nodules and up-regulation of stress-induced genes (PubMed:21288872). RNAi-mediated knockdown results in lethality at the late pupal stage (PubMed:20626565). RNAi-mediated knockdown in the central nervous system results in a hyperactive phenotype, sleep loss in adult females, a significant expansion in synaptic bouton number in the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), increased larval NMJ axonal length and branching, and misregulation of genes known to be involved in these processes with a marked increase in Hsc70-3 and Syb mRNA levels and a marked decrease in qvr/sss mRNA levels (PubMed:20626565). RNAi-mediated knockdown in hemocytes results in reduced hemocyte numbers and hemocyte aggregation (PubMed:21288872).
Acts as a receptor for egr. Plays a role in activation of JNK signaling and is required for egr-induced apoptosis. May also play an egr-independent role in cell proliferation.
Interacts with egr, Traf6/TRAF2 and veli (via PDZ domain).
The name 'grindelwald' comes from the village at the foot of the Eiger mountain in Switzerland after which the egr gene is named.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS9 subfamily.
Belongs to the multiprotein complex Integrator, at least composed of IntS1, IntS2, IntS3, IntS4, omd/IntS5, IntS6, defl/IntS7, IntS8, IntS9, IntS10, IntS11, IntS12, asun/IntS13 and IntS14 (PubMed:23097424). Within the complex, interacts with IntS1 and IntS12 (PubMed:23288851).
Expressed in neurons of the developing nervous system.
Autoreceptor for octopamine (OA), which is a neurotransmitter, neurohormone, and neuromodulator in invertebrates (PubMed:15998303, PubMed:21186359). Essential for ovulation and fertilization (PubMed:25099506, PubMed:25353988). During ovulation it mediates the OA-induced relaxation of the oviduct visceral muscles, by increasing cAMP levels and activating effectors such as calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathways (PubMed:25353988). Positively regulates synaptic growth; an action that is antagonized by Octbeta1R (PubMed:21186359, PubMed:22553037).
Expressed in adult, pupae and third instar larvae. Levels peak at the late embryonic and late larvae stages. Relatively low expression in the pupal stage, with a slight increase in the adult.
In the adult, expressed in the superior protocerebrum and the optic lobe medulla of the central nervous system, nurse cells of egg chambers in the ovary at oogenic stages 1-10, and spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the testis (PubMed:22303848). Expressed in the oviduct epithelium (PubMed:25099506). Also expressed in the spermatheca (PubMed:25353988). Expressed in embryonic and larval ventral nerve cord and brain lobe, embryonic and larval salivary glands and larval imaginal disk and midgut (PubMed:22303848). Also expressed in larval synaptic boutons (PubMed:21186359).
Males appear viable and fertile whereas females are sterile (PubMed:25099506, PubMed:25353988). Female pre- and post-mating behaviors, such as courtship and post-mating rejection, are not affected and sperm storage appears normal (PubMed:25099506, PubMed:25353988). However, ovulation and egg-laying is severely impaired and females display a strong delay in copulation rates (PubMed:25099506, PubMed:25353988). Ovaries are enlarged due to a higher number of retained eggs and the small number of eggs that are laid are not fertilized (PubMed:25353988). Larvae fail to respond to starvation by increasing locomotor activity (PubMed:21186359). Reduced growth of octopaminergic and glutamatergic (type I and type II) neuromuscular junctions (PubMed:21186359). Decrease in the number of terminal type I and type II boutons and in the motile filopodia-like extensions (synaptopods) which form during the expansion of type II terminals in developing larvae (PubMed:21186359).
Contains a remarkable run of alternating Gly-Thr residues which is polymorphic in length. At least three types of Gly-Thr length exist in the natural population, (Gly-Thr)23 (shown here), and two major variants (Gly-Thr)17 and (Gly-Thr)20. This Gly-Thr stretch is implicated in the maintenance of circadian period at different temperatures. Deletion of the repeat leads to a shortening of the courtship song cycle period, and thus could be important for determining features of species-specific mating behavior.
Essential for biological clock functions. Determines the period length of circadian and ultradian rhythms; an increase in PER dosage leads to shortened circadian rhythms and a decrease leads to lengthened circadian rhythms. Essential for the circadian rhythmicity of locomotor activity, eclosion behavior, and for the rhythmic component of the male courtship song that originates in the thoracic nervous system. The biological cycle depends on the rhythmic formation and nuclear localization of the TIM-PER complex. Light induces the degradation of TIM, which promotes elimination of PER. Nuclear activity of the heterodimer coordinatively regulates PER and TIM transcription through a negative feedback loop. Behaves as a negative element in circadian transcriptional loop. Does not appear to bind DNA, suggesting indirect transcriptional inhibition. Required for binding of cwo to the E box regions in the promoters of target genes of the transcriptional activator Clock, probably by binding to Clock-cycle heterodimers, reducing their affinity for E box binding and allowing cwo to bind instead (PubMed:27814361).
Expressed in neural tissues and in several nonneural tissues of the abdomen. Malpighian tubules contain a circadian pacemaker that functions independently of the brain. Expression oscillates in all tissues studied except for the ovary. PER-A isoforms are mainly expressed in adult's head.
Expression is sensitive to temperature but not to light.
Forms a heterodimer with timeless (TIM); the complex then translocates into the nucleus. A proportion of the protein exists as homodimer.
Mutations in the PAS domain result in longer circadian rhythms and courtship song (PERL mutation) or makes the flies arrhythmic (PER01 mutation).
Phosphorylated with a circadian rhythmicity, probably by the double-time protein (dbt). Phosphorylation could be implicated in the stability of per monomer and in the formation of heterodimer per-tim.
Rhythmic changes in CCHa1 expression in the brain controlled by the circadian clock are lost.
Expressed in chordotonal neurons in the antennae (at protein level) (PubMed:27646273). Expressed in spermatids (at protein level) (PubMed:27646273, PubMed:25447994, PubMed:27577095).
Viable and fertile. Minor defects in sensory cilia function probably due to lack of localization of the tectonic-like module proteins, namely tcnt, B9d1, B9d2 and TMEM216, to the transition zone. Does not affect the recruitment of Cep290 (PubMed:27577095). In sensory cells associated with the notum hair socket, results in structural defects including axonemes with abnormal microtubule connections to the basal body (BB); results in subtle defects in the localization of intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins and an increase in the ratio of cilium volume to inner membrane volume (PubMed:27577095).