Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
May serve as docking site to facilitate the association of other proteins to the plasma membrane.
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex, at least composed of CRR4 and CAF1 proteins.
Ubiquitous transcription factor required for a diverse set of processes. It is a component of the CCR4 complex involved in the control of gene expression.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
Belongs to the abscisic acid and water stress-induced protein family.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the cytosolic Fe-S scaffold complex. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via a FAD- and FMN-containing diflavin oxidoreductase. Together with the diflavin oxidoreductase, also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
The C-terminal domain binds 2 Fe-S clusters but is otherwise mostly in an intrinsically disordered conformation.
The N-terminal domain has structural similarity with S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, but does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine. It is required for correct assembly of the 2 Fe-S clusters.
The twin Cx2C motifs are involved in the recognition by the mitochondrial MIA40-ERV1 disulfide relay system. The formation of 2 disulfide bonds in the Cx2C motifs through dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions effectively traps the protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. phosphate:H(+) symporter (TC 2.A.1.9) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I3 (leguminous Kunitz-type inhibitor) family.
Belongs to the disease resistance NB-LRR family.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class I subfamily.
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. TBL subfamily.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidative cleavage of spermidine and the subsequent transfer of the butylamine moiety of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor protein to form the intermediate deoxyhypusine residue. Also able to produce homospermidine from putrescine (By similarity).
Expressed in open and senescing flowers, but barely detectable in flower buds. Very low in fruits, until they began to soften. Not detectable in cotyledons after 5 days of germination, but reached a peak by day 15 when the chlorophyll levels began to decline.
Up-regulated by osmotic stress and chilling.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 28 family.
Catalytic subunit of the polygalacturonase isozyme 1 and 2 (PG1 and PG2). Acts in concert with the pectinesterase, in the ripening process. Is involved in cell wall metabolism, specifically in polyuronide degradation. The depolymerization and solubilization of cell wall polyuronides mediated by PG2 during ripening seems to be limited by the beta subunit GP1, probably by recruiting PG2 to form PG1.
Expressed only in ripening fruits (at protein level).
Monomer PG2 (isoenzymes PG2A and PG2B). Also forms heterodimers called polygalacturonase 1 (PG1) with the beta subunit GP1.
N-glycosylated. PG2B isozyme has a greater degree of glycosylation than PG2A.
PG1 appears when fruits start to be coloured. When fruits are orange, both PG2 and PG1 are present. In fully ripe fruit, mostly PG2 is expressed.
The effect of PG can be neutralized by introducing an antisense PG gene by genetic manipulation. The Flavr Savr tomato produced by Calgene (Monsanto) in such a manner has a longer shelf life due to delayed ripening.
To avoid liquid rheology of tomato juice, temperature and pressure can be increased to inactivate selectively PG2 during the process.
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing.
Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Acts as a Mg(2+) transporter. Can also transport other divalent cations such as Fe(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+) but to a much less extent than Mg(2+).
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Belongs to the chorismate synthase family.
Catalyzes the last common step of the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, produced via the shikimic acid pathway.
Predominantly expressed in flowers and roots and, to a lesser extent, in stems, leaves, and cotyledons.
Belongs to the alternative oxidase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 14 family.
(Microbial infection) Binds, via an ATP bridge, to the tobamoviruses avirulent (Avr) replication proteins (large and small subunits, e.g. tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) AC P18339 and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) AC P89657) to inhibit their function after the translation of tobamoviruses RNA, but before the viral replication complex formation on the membrane surfaces; this interaction is not possible with resistance-breaking strains replication proteins.
Inhibitor of viral RNA replication which confers resistance to some tobamoviruses including tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), but not to tomato mosaic virus (ToMV strains L, ToMV0 and ToMV1-2) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (PubMed:17699618, PubMed:3686829, PubMed:17238011, PubMed:19423673, PubMed:24299004). Prevents tobamoviruses RNA replication by affecting the association of tobamoviruses replication proteins (large and small subunits) with host membrane-associated proteins (e.g. TOM1, TOM2A and ARL8), thus inhibiting the replication complex formation on the membranes and avoiding viral negative-strand RNA synthesis (PubMed:19423673).
The Tm-1 allele present in the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)-resistant tomato cv. Craigella isolate GCR237 (AC A7M6E7) confers resistance to ToMV but not the allele present in the ToMV-susceptible tomato cv. Craigella isolate GCR26 (AC A7M6E8).
Transgenic tobacco plants expressing tm-1 exhibit resistance to tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), tobamoviruses that cannot multiply in tomato.
Belongs to the SLAC1 S-type anion channel family.
Required for vacuole biogenesis and vacuole enlargment in dividing and expanding cells. Involved in the docking or fusion of prevacuolar vesicles.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate. Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants. May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf. Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation.
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bTHX family.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Belongs to the Casparian strip membrane proteins (CASP) family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunit H family.
Interacts with begomoviruses protein V2.
Required for post-transcriptional gene silencing and natural virus resistance.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues.
Contains at least one intrachain disulfide bond essential for its enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the aromatic acid exporter (TC 2.A.85) family.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
May be involved in both secretory and endocytic intracellular trafficking in the endosomal/prevacuolar compartments.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. RAD16 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at the specific target site 5'-[CT]CCTTp site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the pectinesterase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the PMEI family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
Belongs to the PpiC/parvulin rotamase family. PIN4 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase GT106 family.
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
P700 is a chlorophyll a/chlorophyll a' dimer, A0 is one or more chlorophyll a, A1 is one or both phylloquinones and FX is a shared 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur center.
PsaA and PsaB bind P700, the primary electron donor of photosystem I (PSI), as well as the electron acceptors A0, A1 and FX. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn. Oxidized P700 is reduced on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane by plastocyanin.
The PsaA/B heterodimer binds the P700 chlorophyll special pair and subsequent electron acceptors. PSI consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 77 family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Probably involved in the RNA silencing pathway and required for the generation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 79 family.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Ascorbate peroxidase subfamily.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Classical plant (class III) peroxidase subfamily.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Belongs to the RBR family. Ariadne subfamily.
Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase small subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. UDP-galactose:UMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.11) subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Binds to multiple calmodulin (CaM) in the presence of Ca(2+) and CaM-like proteins.
Belongs to the gamma-class carbonic anhydrase family.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Heat treatment increases expression 3-fold in mature leaves. Has little effect on developing shoot apices.
Increasing levels of expression observed in developing ovaries, floral shoots and roots. Levels decrease with maturation.
Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function (By similarity).
Most abundantly expressed in roots and apical shoots. Low expression in mature leaves.
The TPR repeat-binding motif mediates interaction with TPR repeat-containing proteins.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
The beta subunit is responsible for the synthesis of L-tryptophan from indole and L-serine.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Component of complex II composed of eight subunits in plants: four classical SDH subunits SDH1, SDH2, SDH3 and SDH4 (a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP), and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.), as well as four subunits unknown in mitochondria from bacteria and heterotrophic eukaryotes.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
Belongs to the NADH:flavin oxidoreductase/NADH oxidase family.
Constitutively expressed in roots, leaves, cotyledons, cells culture and to a lower extent in flowers.
Specifically cleaves olefinic bonds in alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls and may be involved in detoxification or modification of these reactive compounds. May be involved in the biosynthesis or metabolism of oxylipin signaling molecules. In vitro, reduces 9R,13R-12-oxophyodienoic acid (9R,13R-OPDA) to 9R,13R-OPC-8:0, but not 9S,13S-OPDA, the natural precursor of jasmonic acid. Also reduces N-ethylmaleimide and maleic acid.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. SpeA subfamily.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Argininosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35.5) family.
Magnesium transporter that may mediate the influx of magnesium.
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide (GPH) cation symporter transporter (TC 2.A.2.4) family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I13 (potato type I serine protease inhibitor) family.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
Putative gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase.
Belongs to the plant tobamovirus multiplication TOM1 protein family.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Bacterial/plant glycogen synthase subfamily.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Substrate-binding subunit of the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex. Binds unprenylated Rab proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Activates plants defense genes. Can confer resistance to Pseudomonas syringae tomato by potentiating the transcription of a set of pathogenesis related genes, downstream to a defense signaling pathway involving PTO and PRF, but probably independent of ethylene, jasmonate and salicylic acid.
The stronger expression mediated by Pseudomonas syringae tomato during an incompatible interaction (avirulent T1 avrPto strain) than during a compatible one (virulent T1 strain) requires the resistance PTO-R as well as the Pseudomonas resistance and fenthion sensitivity (PRF) gene products. This induction is independent of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and subsequent transcription of PTI5 does not require de novo protein synthesis. Also induced by Xanthomonas oryzae strain PXOA avrXa10, by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2-79, by PTO and by cycloheximide. Seems to not be influenced by abiotic stresses (ET, SA, JA and wounding).
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase family. DEMETER subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
Homooligomer. Interacts with ARC5 and FIS1B on peroxisomes.
Involved in peroxisomal proliferation. Promotes peroxisomal duplication, aggregation or elongation without fission.
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 41 family. O-GlcNAc transferase subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the leguminous lectin family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
NDH is composed of at least 16 different subunits, 5 of which are encoded in the nucleus.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
Adaptor protein complexes are heterotetramers composed of two large adaptins (beta-type subunit and alpha-type or delta-type or epsilon-type or gamma-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
The nitrogen atoms of the two glycine residues in the GGXR motif define the oxyanion hole, and stabilize the oxyanion that forms during the nucleophilic attack by the catalytic serine during substrate cleavage.
Belongs to the plant dirigent protein family.
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol in the biosynthesis of lignans, flavonolignans, and alkaloids and thus plays a central role in plant secondary metabolism.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class IV subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase TRM13 family.
tRNA methylase which 2'-O-methylates cytidine(4) in tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Gly)(GCC), and adenosine(4) in tRNA(His).
Belongs to the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase family.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC).
By gibberellins. Inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA).
Belongs to the fasciclin-like AGP family.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit.
The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CC-type subfamily.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs).
Expressed in ripening fruits from the 20th day after anthesis and increase during the ripening (at protein level).
Interacts with polygalacturonase-2 (isoenzymes PG2A and PG2B) to form heterodimers called polygalacturonase-1 (PG1).
Mostly expressed in fruit pericarp. Also detected at low levels in cell wall of roots, leaves and flowers (at protein level).
Non-catalytic subunit of the polygalacturonase isozyme 1 (PG1). Necessary and sufficient to convert the polygalacturonase from its monomeric form PG2 to its heterodimeric form PG1. Seems to limit the depolymerization and solubilization of cell wall polyuronides mediated by PG2 during ripening, probably by recruiting PG2 to form PG1.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
Belongs to the purine permeases (TC 2.A.7.14) family.
Component of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex, a translocon channel that specifically mediates the import of peroxisomal cargo proteins bound to PEX5 receptor. The PEX13-PEX14 docking complex forms a large import pore which can be opened to a diameter of about 9 nm. Mechanistically, PEX5 receptor along with cargo proteins associates with the PEX14 subunit of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex in the cytosol, leading to the insertion of the receptor into the organelle membrane with the concomitant translocation of the cargo into the peroxisome matrix.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Phi family.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CPYC subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 5 (cellulase A) family.
Involved in plant defense. Confers resistance to the fungal pathogen T.viride through recognition of the EIX elicitor protein.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Part of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system that transports large folded proteins containing a characteristic twin-arginine motif in their signal peptide across the thylakoid membrane. Involved in delta pH-dependent protein transport required for chloroplast development, especially thylakoid membrane formation. TATC and TATB mediate precursor recognition, whereas TATA facilitates translocation.
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family.
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the PPR family. PCMP-H subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 17 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family. COMT subfamily.
Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations.
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Belongs to the LOB domain-containing protein family.
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. Two pore calcium channel subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Belongs to the TALE/BELL homeobox family.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
In roots, stems, leaves and flowers but not in fruits.
Catalyzes the C6-oxidation step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:15710611). Converts 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) to castasterone (CS), and castasterone (CS) to brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:15710611).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
Protein S19 forms a complex with S13 that binds strongly to the 16S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the plant ACBP60 protein family.
Belongs to the drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) superfamily. Plant drug/metabolite exporter (P-DME) (TC 2.A.7.4) family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5C family.
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Erg6/SMT family.
Belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family.
Hydrolyzes acetyl esters in homogalacturonan regions of pectin. In type I primary cell wall, galacturonic acid residues of pectin can be acetylated at the O-2 and O-3 positions. Decreasing the degree of acetylation of pectin gels in vitro alters their physical properties.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
Probable UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH.
Involved in unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Catalyzes the dehydration of short chain beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs and long chain saturated and unsaturated beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-7 subfamily.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
May help in the organization of the PsaE and PsaF subunits.
Defense against chitin-containing fungal pathogens.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
Belongs to the biotin--protein ligase family.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations.
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio.
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsa subfamily.
Binds 3 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
Mostly expressed in roots, to a lower extent in flowers and, at low levels, in fruits.
Sesquiterpene synthase involved in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds (PubMed:21818683). Mediates the conversion of (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate ((EE)-FPP) into beta-bisabolene, and of (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate ((ZZ)-FPP) into alpha-bisabolene, but also smaller amounts of (Z)-gamma-bisabolene, (E)-gamma-bisabolene and nerolidol (PubMed:21813655).
The Asp-Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Asp/Glu (DDXXD/E) motif is important for the catalytic activity, presumably through binding to Mg(2+).
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class B subfamily.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S).
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
Belongs to the precorrin methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
Belongs to the HAK/KUP transporter (TC 2.A.72.3) family.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Acts as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) response.
Required for 60S pre-ribosomal subunits export to the cytoplasm.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) from chorismate and glutamine (PubMed:14745019). In the first step, a glutamine amidotransferase generates ammonia that is channelled between the binding sites of glutamine and chorismate and used along with chorismate in the second step, catalyzed by aminodeoxychorismate synthase, to produce ADC (PubMed:14745019). Required for the synthesis of 4-aminobenzoate (PABA), an important component in tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis (PubMed:14745019). Does not possess ADC lyase activity (PubMed:14745019).
During fruit development, expression is detected at mature green and breaker stages, and then drop dramatically beneath detection limit at ripe and red-ripe stages.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
The PABA component provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity.
The PABB component catalyzes the formation of ADC by binding chorismate and ammonia.
Belongs to the peptidase M10A family. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) subfamily.
Can bind about 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily.
Belongs to the acetolactate synthase small subunit family.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Protein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Plays a role in RNA processing and termination.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 9 (cellulase E) family.
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase involved in the omega-oxidation pathway of lipid degradation.
Oligomer of 24 subunits. There are two types of subunits: L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain. The major chain can be light or heavy, depending on the species and tissue type. The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble mineral iron core is deposited.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
Belongs to the CDI family. ICK/KRP subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family.
Flavonoid 7/4'-O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of polymethoxylated flavonoids natural products such as myricetin derivatives, aroma compounds possessing antioxidant properties and exhibiting pharmacological activities such as anti-carcinogen, anti-viral, anti-thrombotic, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-inflammatory effects (PubMed:22711283). Catalyzes S-adenosylmethionine-dependent regioselective 7/4'-O-methylation of flavonoids; active on various hydroxylated flavonoid substrates (PubMed:22711283).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling.
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-processing.
Homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 20 family.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Belongs to the acyl-ACP thioesterase family.
Plays an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis.
Catalyzes the C6-oxidation step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:15710611). Converts 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) to castasterone (CS) (PubMed:15710611, PubMed:9990098). May also convert 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) to teasterone (TE), 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo3DHT) to 3-dehydroteasterone (3DT, 3-DHT), and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY) to typhasterol (TY), but not castasterone (CS) to brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:15710611).
Expressed in sub-meristematic regions of shoot and root apexes, in zones undergoing lateral root formation, in fruits, and in all flower parts, with a high expression in young flower buds and at the joint in the pedicel.
Strong expression in the locular jelly during seed development.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
Possible role could be the docking of the LHC I antenna complex to the core complex.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the head domain of the 30S subunit.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA central domain where it helps coordinate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin A subfamily.
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Mostly expressed in leaves, to a lower extent in stems, trichomes, flowers and roots and, at low levels, in fruits.
Sesquiterpene synthase involved in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds (PubMed:21813655, PubMed:20431087, PubMed:21818683). Mediates the conversion of (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene and (-)-(E)-beta-caryophyllene, and of (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate ((ZZ)-FPP) into beta-bisabolene, gamma-curcumene and (Z)-gamma-bisabolene (PubMed:21813655, PubMed:20431087, PubMed:21818683). Can act with a low efficiency as a monoterpene synthase with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as substrate, thus producing beta-myrcene, (E)-beta-ocimene, limonene and terpinolene (PubMed:21818683).
Belongs to the VAMP-associated protein (VAP) (TC 9.B.17) family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Lower levels upon jasmonic acid treatment.
Mostly expressed in stem and trichomes, to a lower extent in leaves, flowers and roots and, at low levels, in fruits.
Sesquiterpene synthase involved in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds (PubMed:21818683). Mediates the conversion of (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into gamma-gurjunene, (E)-beta-farnesene and (+)-valencene, and of (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate ((ZZ)-FPP) into (E)-alpha-bergamotene and (Z)-gamma-bisabolene as well as beta-bisabolene, (Z)-alpha-bergamotene and (E)-gamma-bisabolene to a lower extent (PubMed:21818683). Can act with a low efficiency as a monoterpene synthase with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as substrate, thus producing beta-myrcene, (E)-beta-ocimene, limonene, terpinolene, gamma-terpinene and (Z)-beta-ocimene (PubMed:21818683).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
PSK-alpha is produced by endopeptidase digestion. PSK-beta is produced from PSK-alpha by exopeptidase digestion.
Promotes plant cell differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis as well as cell proliferation.
Sulfation is important for activity and for the binding to a putative membrane receptor.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class III subfamily.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. ERF subfamily.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Allosterically activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Clade 'Long' sub-subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase.
Tetramer of two alpha (regulatory) and two beta (catalytic) chains.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.
Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily.
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
Severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 34 family.
Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunits D/I family.
Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX.
Redox regulation; active in reducing conditions, inactive in oxidizing conditions.
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD, AND CHLH.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35) family.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks.
By salt-stress, mannitol or ABA in stems. By heat shock in seedlings.
Expressed during early steps of seed germination.
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins transfer phospholipids as well as galactolipids across membranes. May play a role in wax or cutin deposition in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase subfamily.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx5 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor.
Belongs to the non-repetitive/WGA-negative nucleoporin family.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of several aminoaldehydes (PubMed:23408433). Metabolizes and detoxifies aldehyde products of polyamine degradation to non-toxic amino acids (Probable). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-aminobutanal and 3-aminopropanal to 4-aminobutanoate and beta-alanine, respectively (PubMed:23408433). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-(trimethylamino)butanal and 4-guanidinobutanal to 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate and 4-guanidinobutanoate, respectively (PubMed:23408433).
Component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex at least composed of ATG18, SAC/FIG4, FAB1 and VAC14.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 10 (cellulase F) family.
As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis.
Induced by wounding (PubMed:8234334, PubMed:15231736). Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:15231736).
Presumably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins.
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
The PPC domain mediates interactions between AHL proteins.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
Functions as two-component phosphorelay mediators between cytokinin sensor histidine kinases and response regulators (B-type ARRs). Plays an important role in propagating cytokinin signal transduction.
Histidine-containing phosphotransfer domain (HPt) contains an active histidine that mediates the phosphotransfer.
Belongs to the methylthioribose kinase family.
A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase GyrB family.
Made up of two chains. The A chain is responsible for DNA breakage and rejoining; the B chain catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.
Belongs to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) protein family.
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated.
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Heterooctamer of 4 alpha and 4 beta chains.
Expressed in stem and leaf trichomes. Detected in roots, fruits and flowers.
Sesquiterpene synthase involved in the production of viridiflorene from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) (PubMed:21818683). Has no activity with (Z,Z)-FPP (PubMed:21818683). Can act with a low efficiency as a monoterpene synthase with geranyl diphosphate as substrate (PubMed:21818683).
Up-regulated by jasmonic acid treatment.
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family.
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 1 family.
Binds 1 Ca(2+) ion. Required for its activity.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Sesquiterpene synthase involved in the production of viridiflorene from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate. Can also use (Z,Z)-FPP to make several unidentified sesquiterpenes.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family. Galactosyltransferase subfamily.
Galactinol synthase involved in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) that function as osmoprotectants. May promote plant stress tolerance (By similarity).
Belongs to the TALE/KNOX homeobox family.
Belongs to the 2Fe2S plant-type ferredoxin family.
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions.
Belongs to the 11S seed storage protein (globulins) family.
Hexamer; each subunit is composed of an acidic and a basic chain derived from a single precursor and linked by a disulfide bond.
The primary product of this enzyme is 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed naringenin-chalcone or chalcone) which can under specific conditions spontaneously isomerize into naringenin.
Belongs to the PHD-associated homeobox family.
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Transiently phosphorylated on a His residue during the reaction cycle. Phosphorylation strongly increases the affinity for substrates and increases the rate of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide production. Dephosphorylation regenerates the low-affinity form of the enzyme, leading to product release.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. ATL subfamily.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Atypical ATP-dependent clade 'X' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Catalyzes the conversion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin.
Belongs to the NDH complex subunit M family.
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits. Component of the NDH subcomplex A, at least composed of ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK, ndhL, ndhM, ndhN and ndhO.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose. Trehalose accumulation in plant may improve abiotic stress tolerance.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Combining natural and engineered alleles of J2 and EJ2 provide a wide range of inflorescence complexity that allows breeding of higher yielding hybrids.
MADS-box transcription factor that acts redundantly with EJ2 to control meristem maturation and inflorescence architecture.
Stabilizes the interaction between PsaC and the PSI core, assists the docking of the ferredoxin to PSI and interacts with ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor.
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate.
Belongs to the PEP-utilizing enzyme family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. RsgA subfamily.
GTPase involved in pre-60S ribosomal subunit maturation.
Belongs to the transketolase family. DXPS subfamily.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Folate-biopterin transporter (TC 2.A.71) family.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Component of TORC1 complex, which is an essential cell growth regulator that controls plant development. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy.
The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is composed of at least RAPTOR, LST8 and TOR.
Belongs to the YSL (TC 2.A.67.2) family.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 92 family.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family. Non-receptor class dual specificity subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Belongs to the plant CAR protein family.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase MPG family.
Hydrolysis of the deoxyribose N-glycosidic bond to excise 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from the damaged DNA polymer formed by alkylation lesions.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Nitrate/nitrite porter (TC 2.A.1.8) family.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Probable transcription factor involved in regulating genes that determines stamen and carpel development in wild-type flowers.
Belongs to the plant rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) family.
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Histone-binding component that specifically recognizes H3 tails trimethylated on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3), which mark transcription start sites of virtually all active genes.
Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Probably involved in membrane trafficking.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Belongs to the plant homeotic and developmental regulators ALOG protein family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family.
Belongs to the SOFL plant protein family.
Component of light signal transduction machinery. Involved in fruit pigmentation and fruit nutritional quality. Acts as a negative regulator of fruit pigmentation. Probably acts by participating in the CDD complex, a complex probably required to regulate the activity of ubiquitin conjugating enzymes. Repression of photomorphogenesis is probably mediated by ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors such as HY5.
Probable component of the CDD complex, which probably also contains DET1.
The hp1 variant was originally discovered as a spontaneous mutant at the Campbell Soup company farms (Riverton, N.J.).
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ArgA subfamily.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Putative transcription activator involved in regulating light control of development.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs) (By similarity). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor (PubMed:26959229, PubMed:26716451, PubMed:27645097, PubMed:28167023). Involved in the control of fruit ripening process (PubMed:26959229, PubMed:26716451, PubMed:28167023). Regulates expression of a number of ripening regulators, transcription factors, and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling components (PubMed:26959229, PubMed:26716451). May act as a transcriptional repressor of auxin-responsive genes (PubMed:26716451). Regulates vegetative growth, lateral root formation and flower organ senescence, possibly partially by regulating gene expression of auxin and ethylene response factor (ERF) genes (PubMed:28167023). Plays a negative role in axillary shoot meristem formation (PubMed:27645097).
By tomato fruit ripening. Expression in tomato fruits is up-regulated by exogenous application of ethylene and down-regulated by inhibition of ethylene receptors with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) (PubMed:26959229, PubMed:26716451). Up-regulated by plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in tomato fruits (PubMed:26959229). Expression is not up-regulated by plant hormone auxin in tomato fruits (PubMed:26716451). Up-regulated by auxin and gibberellic acid (GA), and down-regulated by ethylene in seedlings (PubMed:28167023). Down-regulated during decapitation-induced axillary shoot development and by excision of immature leaves. Down-regulation is inhibited by the application of auxin on the cut surface (PubMed:27645097).
Expressed in root, leaf and flower (PubMed:26716451, PubMed:27645097, PubMed:28167023, PubMed:21735233). Expressed in flower buds about three days before opening including ovary, petal and sepal with the highest in stamen (PubMed:21735233). Expressed in stem (PubMed:26716451, PubMed:28167023, PubMed:21735233). Expressed in fruit (PubMed:26716451, PubMed:27645097, PubMed:28167023). Expressed in seeds (PubMed:27645097).
Expression increases at the orange (Or) and red (R) fruit stages. Expression is increased with ethylene at mature green (MG) stage, but only after six days post-treatment. Expression is increased three days post-treatment with plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) at the Or stage, but not at the MG or breaker (Br) stages. No change in expression level up to six days post-treatment with ABA at the MG fruit stage (PubMed:26959229). Expressed during floral development (PubMed:21735233, PubMed:28167023, PubMed:27645097). During bud-anthesis stages flowers exhibit dynamic expression pattern in sepal, stamen, ovary and petal (PubMed:28167023). Expressed during ovary development with the highest expression on the third day after the flower fully opened (PubMed:21735233). During seed germination, expressed in the cotyledon. Expressed strongly in the pollen grain. Expressed in the developing fruits, in which mainly expressed in the vascular tissues and seeds. During growth, strongly expressed in leaf, where mainly expressed in the trichome and in the root tip and lateral root formation sites. Expressed in the vascular tissue and the epicycle of the root. Also expressed in branch (PubMed:27645097).
Homodimers and heterodimers. Interacts with ASR1.
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated silencing of both ARF2A and ARF2B results in severe defects in tomato fruit ripening process (PubMed:26959229, PubMed:26716451). Plants form triple cotyledons and have enhanced root branching. Tomatoes have reduced pigment accumulation, enhanced fruit firmness, low climacteric ethylene production and inability to ripen upon exogenous application of ethylene (PubMed:26716451). The fruits are either parthenocarpic or contain only a few seeds, and the time from anthesis to breaker (Br) developmental stage is significantly extended compared to wild type fruit (PubMed:26959229). Altered expression of ethylene biosynthesis, signaling and ethylene response factor (ERF) genes and genes involved in the carotenoid pathway and ripening-related cell wall metabolism. Up-regulates auxin-responsive genes (PubMed:26716451). Down-regulated expression levels of ripening regulators, including RIN, AP2a, NOR, TAGL1, ETR3, ERF1 and CNR at the red (R) fruit stage. Expression levels of hormones such as abscisates, cytokinins and salicyclic acid are altered, and levels of carotenoids phytoene, phytofluene and lycopene are reduced in red fruits. Gibberellic acid (GA) and auxin expression levels are unchanged. Compounds normally reduced upon ripening show higher levels than wild type fruit as a result of simultaneous silencing of ARF2A and ARF2B (PubMed:26959229). RNAi-mediated silencing of ARF2A results in increased frequency of polycotyledons and significantly increased lateral organ development. Lateral shoot emergence occurs at the first leaf node compared to eighth leaf node in wild type. An unusual meristem appears in the mature leaf and lateral shoot development appears below the position of the cotyledon nodes. Unusual lateral branches also appear in the stem, which is located far from the leaf node. Epiderm is split along the axis at the site of the unusual meristem. Abnormally enlarged interfascicular cambia and phloem. Altered auxin distribution, and expression of auxin transporter PIN genes and ectopic axillary shoot-related transcriptional factors (PubMed:27645097).
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Belongs to the senescence regulator S40 family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
Belongs to the ADP/ATP translocase tlc family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL31 family.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins.
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Lys-52 undergoes hypusination, a unique post-translational modification that consists in the addition of a butylamino group from spermidine to lysine side chain, leading to the formation of the unusual amino acid hypusine. eIF-5As are the only known proteins to undergo this modification, which is essential for their function.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts (By similarity). Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome (By similarity). Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step (By similarity).
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of chloroplastic protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. LOG2 subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Interacts with HSP90 in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC2 subfamily.
In plastids the minimal PEP RNA polymerase catalytic core is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, beta', and beta''. When a (nuclear-encoded) sigma factor is associated with the core the holoenzyme is formed, which can initiate transcription.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Plays a positive role in wound-induced activation of jasmonate-responsive genes whose promoters are targeted by MYC2 (PubMed:30610166).
Interacts with MYC2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:30610166). MED25 competes with JAZ7 for binding to MYC2 (PubMed:30610166).
Belongs to the aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of activated sulfate.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin U/P subfamily.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
Catalytic subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate, the first committing step of glycolysis. Uses inorganic phosphate (PPi) as phosphoryl donor instead of ATP like common ATP-dependent phosphofructokinases (ATP-PFKs), which renders the reaction reversible, and can thus function both in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Expressed in the shoot apex, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and young and mature green fruits.
Responsible for the provision of inositol required for synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides.
Up-regulated by light and down-regulated by Li(+).
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I20 (potato type II proteinase inhibitor) family.
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family.
Catalyzes the last step of tRNA splicing, the transfer of the splice junction 2'-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD to produce ADP-ribose 1''-2'' cyclic phosphate.
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
P1 and P2 exist as dimers at the large ribosomal subunit.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
May be involved in environmental stress response.
Participates in electron transfer between P700 and the cytochrome b6-f complex in photosystem I.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has also ATPase activity.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase family.
Belongs to the ethylene receptor family.
May act early in the ethylene signal transduction pathway, possibly as an ethylene receptor, or as a regulator of the pathway.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. BSU subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngB GTPase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
Belongs to the ACC deaminase/D-cysteine desulfhydrase family.
May be involved in the transport of sterols.
Belongs to the oligopeptide OPT transporter (TC 2.A.67.1) family.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP21 (TC 1.B.29) family.
Voltage-dependent rectifying anion channel that facilitates the translocation between chloroplast and cytoplasm of phosphorylated carbohydrates such as triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) depending of ATP to triosephosphate ratio in the plastidial intermembrane space; in high triosephosphate/ATP conditions (e.g. photosynthesis), export of triosphosphate from chloroplast (outward rectifying channels), but in high ATP/triosephosphate conditions (e.g. dark phase), import of phosphosolutes (inward rectifying channels).
Belongs to the Cold-regulated 413 protein family.
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the IAA-amido conjugating enzyme family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
Cytochrome P450 of the CYP74A subfamily involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid from lipoxygenase-derived hydroperoxides of free fatty acids. Catalyzes the synthesis of unstable allene oxide, which is further converted spontaneously by hydrolysis or cyclization. Metabolizes 13- but not 9-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids. Can use 15S-hydroperoxy-11(Z),13(E),17(Z)-eicosatrienoic acid (15-HPET) and 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT) as substrates, but only 50% activity with 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD).
Expressed in flower buds, leaves, roots, stems, petioles and cotyledons (PubMed:10859201). Not detected in ripe fruits (PubMed:10859201). Expressed in sieve elements (PubMed:12826630).
Up-regulated by wounding in local and systemic leaves.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 19 family. Chitinase class I subfamily.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the direct activation pathway. Phosphoribohydrolase that converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Involved in the second step of GPI biosynthesis. De-N-acetylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetG is required for either the stability or assembly of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, PetD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are PetG, PetL, PetM and PetN. The complex functions as a dimer.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family.
Catalyzes the reaction from prephytoene diphosphate to phytoene.
In seedlings and in late stages of fruit ripening.
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with SGR1 (PubMed:23406468).
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class A subfamily.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters.
Interacts with polygalacturonase to form heterodimers.
Non-catalytic subunit of polygalacturonase.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin (TC 1.B.8.1) family.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. Cation/proton exchanger (CAX) subfamily.
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Involved in splicing regulation. Facilitates post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by limiting the degradation of transgene aberrant RNAs by the RNA quality control (RQC) machinery, thus favoring their entry into cytoplasmic siRNA bodies where they can trigger PTGS. Does not participate in the production of small RNAs.
Belongs to the 2H phosphoesterase superfamily. USB1 family.
Phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end processing. Acts as an exoribonuclease (RNase) responsible for trimming the poly(U) tract of the last nucleotides in the pre-U6 snRNA molecule, leading to the formation of mature U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL36 family.
Expressed in all of the floral organs examined apart from the sepals.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3.
Belongs to the ARR family. Type-B subfamily.
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. Purple acid phosphatase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-phytyl-1,4-beta-naphthoquinol to phylloquinol.
Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.
Functions in brassinosteroid signaling. May function as transcriptional repressor.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
Intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease (I-CLiP) that cleaves type II membrane signal peptides in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Proteoglycan that seems to be implicated in diverse developmental roles such as differentiation, cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death.
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.1) family.
May act as a component of the auxin efflux carrier.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC34 subfamily.
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis.
Involved in the 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl modification (mnm(5)s(2)U34) of the wobble uridine base in mitochondrial tRNAs.
Expressed in leaves, trichomes and flowers.
Sesquiterpene synthase involved in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds (PubMed:21818683). No activity detected with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as substrates (PubMed:21818683).
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Belongs to the disproportionating enzyme family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is replaced by L-serine.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity.
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Proton-conducting pore forming subunit of the membrane integral V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Relaxes both positive and negative superturns and exhibits a strong decatenase activity.
Homodimer. Heterotetramer of two TOP6A and two TOP6B subunits.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
Embryonic lethality due to embryo development arrest at globular stage.
Has a function in the early stage of chloroplast development and palisade cell morphogenesis (PubMed:8861949). Required for correct plastid ribosome assembly. Required for processing and maturation of 4.5S rRNA (PubMed:15010617).
Low expression in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and young and mature green fruits. Expressed in the stem/leaf junctions, below the shoot apex and on the abaxial side of the petiole of the first expanded leaflets.
Belongs to the NRAMP (TC 2.A.55) family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen-III to yield coproporphyrinogen-III.
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the membrane.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate to form hypusine, an essential post-translational modification only found in mature eIF-5A factor.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is responsible for E3 ligase activity.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpse subfamily.
Monoterpene synthase catalyzing the production of beta-phellandrene from neryl diphosphate. Produces also lower amounts of delta-2-carene, alpha-phellandrene and limonene. When incubated in vitro with geranyl diphosphate, catalyzes the formation of acyclic myrcene and ocimene as major products in addition to beta-phellandrene.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Involved in the synthesis of glucuronoxylan hemicellulose in secondary cell walls.
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Expressed in roots and to a lower extent in leaves and flowers.
Specifically cleaves olefinic bonds in cyclic enones. Involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and perhaps in biosynthesis or metabolism of other oxylipin signaling moleclules. It is required for the spatial and temporal regulation of JA levels during dehiscence of anthers, promoting the stomium degeneration program (By similarity). In vitro, reduces 9S,13S-12-oxophytodienoic acid (9S,13S-OPDA) and 9R,13R-OPDA to 9S,13S-OPC-8:0 and 9R,13R-OPC-8:0, respectively.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS9 subfamily.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding.
Belongs to the plant self-incompatibility (S1) protein family.
The jas domain is required for interaction with COI1.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
May be involved in modulation of pathogen defense and leaf cell death.
The C-terminus contains a calmodulin-binding domain, which binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecG subfamily.
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Involved in sporophytic self-incompatibility system (the inability of flowering plants to achieve self-fertilization).
Belongs to the SurE nucleotidase family.
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Implicated in the defense of plants against pathogens.
Maximum expression found during days 4 to 6 and days 4 to 14 after inoculation with an avirulent and a virulent pathogen respectively.
Upon infection by virulent and avirulent races of pathogens, for example fungal pathogen C.fulvum.
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Contains one covalently linked phytochromobilin chromophore.
Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reductase, rRNA, etc. It also controls the expression of its own gene(s) in a negative feedback fashion.
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 100 family.
Invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
Belongs to the bacterial/plant glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase family.
This protein plays a role in synthesis of starch. It catalyzes the synthesis of the activated glycosyl donor, ADP-glucose from Glc-1-P and ATP.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Performs the first committed step in the biosynthesis of isoprene-containing compounds such as sterols and terpenoids.
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the sn-1 position.
Mediates 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DX) phosphorylation in the cytoplasm prior to the translocation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into plastids. Can also phosphorylate D-xylulose (Xyl). Uses preferentially ATP as cosubstrate.
Altered morphology of type VI glandular trichomes (PubMed:30518626). Strong reduction of volatile terpene synthesis in trichomes (PubMed:30518626). Strong reduction of the expression of terpene synthase genes in trichomes (PubMed:30518626).
Contains a degenerate basic motif not likely to bind DNA.
Highly expressed in trichomes and at lower levels in leaves and flowers (PubMed:24884371). Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits (PubMed:15231736).
Induced by methyl jasmonate and wounding.
Transcriptional activator that binds to the G-box motif (5'-AACGTG-3') found in a number of promoters of jasmonate-induced genes (PubMed:15231736). Transcription activator involved in the transcriptional regulation of terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes (PubMed:24884371, PubMed:30518626). Binds to the promoter of the linalool synthase TPS5 and promotes TPS5 gene transactivation (PubMed:24884371). Acts synergistically with EOT1 in the transactivation of TPS5 (PubMed:24884371). Involved in type VI glandular trichome development (PubMed:30518626). Involved in the activation of terpene synthases required for volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes synthesis by the glandular cells of type VI trichomes (PubMed:30518626).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase subfamily.
Bifunctional enzyme involved in flavonoid metabolism.
Expressed in both leaf and hypocotyl tissues.
Catalyzes the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a direct precursor of ethylene in higher plants.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
Key component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates the incorporation of iron-sulfur cluster into apoproteins specifically involved in DNA metabolism and genomic integrity. In the CIA complex, MMS19 acts as an adapter between early-acting CIA components and a subset of cellular target iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the plant DMP1 protein family.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. SIP (TC 1.A.8.10) subfamily.
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Catalyzes cis-prenyl chain elongation to produce the polyprenyl backbone of dolichol, a glycosyl carrier-lipid required for the biosynthesis of several classes of glycoprotein.
Expressed in leaf trichomes and stem trichomes (PubMed:23134568). Expressed at low levels in young leaves, stems and old leaves (PubMed:23134568).
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthase family.
Binds cyclosporin A (CsA) (PubMed:1702215). CsA mediates some of its effects via an inhibitory action on PPIase (PubMed:1702215).
Expressed in leaves, floral buds, growing shoots and stamens at anthesis.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins (PubMed:1702215). It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (PubMed:1702215).
Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family.
Converts phytoene into zeta-carotene via the intermediary of phytofluene by the symmetrical introduction of two double bonds at the C-11 and C-11' positions of phytoene with a concomitant isomerization of two neighboring double bonds at the C9 and C9' positions from trans to cis.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL27 family.
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
Apoprotein for the two 4Fe-4S centers FA and FB of photosystem I (PSI); essential for photochemical activity. FB is the terminal electron acceptor of PSI, donating electrons to ferredoxin. The C-terminus interacts with PsaA/B/D and helps assemble the protein into the PSI complex. Required for binding of PsaD and PsaE to PSI. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Cluster 2 is most probably the spectroscopically characterized electron acceptor FA and cluster 1 is most probably FB.
The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which is involved in mRNA degradation.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape.
Component of the 30S ribosomal translation pre-initiation complex which assembles on the 30S ribosome in the order IF-2 and IF-3, IF-1 and N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet); mRNA recruitment can occur at any time during PIC assembly.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Stabilizes the binding of IF-2 and IF-3 on the 30S subunit to which N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) subsequently binds. Helps modulate mRNA selection, yielding the 30S pre-initiation complex (PIC). Upon addition of the 50S ribosomal subunit IF-1, IF-2 and IF-3 are released leaving the mature 70S translation initiation complex.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
May play a role during germination or early tube growth.
Binds 1 Fe cation per subunit. Iron is tightly bound.
Expressed in germinating seeds as well as in ripening fruit.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. It catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure.
Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family. 9-divinyl ether synthase subfamily.
Expressed in roots. Detected in stems, but not in flower buds, petioles, cotyledons or leaves.
Involved in the biosynthesis of the anti-fungal toxins colneleic acid and colnelenic acid. Can use (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-HPOD) and (10E,12Z,15Z)-(9S)-9-hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoic acid (9-HPOT) as substrates but has a very low activity with the corresponding 13-hydroperoxides.
Belongs to the terpene cyclase/mutase family.
Expressed in the leaves and in the epidermal cells but not in the inner tissues of the fruit.
Multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclase producing delta-amyrin (48%), alpha-amyrin (18%), beta-amyrin (13%) and 4 other minor triterpenes.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of several aminoaldehydes (PubMed:23408433). Metabolizes and detoxifies aldehyde products of polyamine degradation to non-toxic amino acids (Probable). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-aminobutanal and 3-aminopropanal to 4-aminobutanoate and beta-alanine, respectively (PubMed:23408433). Catalyzes the oxidation of 4-(trimethylamino)butanal and 4-guanidinobutanal to 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate and 4-guanidinobutanoate, respectively (PubMed:23408433). Catalyzes with low efficiency the oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine (PubMed:23408433).
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts.
May be involved in the degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
May be involved in the degradation process of specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the chalcone isomerase family.
Catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization of bicyclic chalcones into tricyclic (S)-flavanones. Responsible for the isomerization of 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed chalcone) into naringenin.
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress. These functions might be dependent on each isozyme/isoform in each plant tissue.
Suggested to catalyze the deposition of the aromatic residues of suberin on the cell wall and thus play a role in cell-suberization.
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl dipeptides and plays a significant role in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis.
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase GyrA/ParC subunit family.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily. OTCase family.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
In the central section; belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the phospholipase D family. C2-PLD subfamily.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Plant sucrose synthase subfamily.
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase Pus10 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL28 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Belongs to the glutamate synthase family.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3/UBA4 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3/UBA4 homolog.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme. E1 activates RUB1/NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a RUB1-ECR1 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers RUB1 to the catalytic cysteine of RCE1.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.
Involved in a reduction step in the biosynthesis of the plant steroid, brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:15993049). Can use progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione and campestenone as substrate (PubMed:15993049).
Mostly expressed in leaves and hypocotyls and, to a lower extent, in stems, cotyledons, roots, seeds and callus.
Repressed by steroid (4-MA, VG106, PD91, PD17, Finasteride) and non-steroid (AS601811, AFA27, AFA76, AFA131, AFA192) inhibitors; steroid inhibitors are generally more efficient.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta (1B-alpha=beta'), delta (1B-beta), and gamma (1B-gamma).
Binds at least 14 chlorophylls (8 Chl-a and 6 Chl-b) and carotenoids such as lutein and neoxanthin.
Photoregulated by reversible phosphorylation of its threonine residues.
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins.
The N-terminus of the protein extends into the stroma where it is involved with adhesion of granal membranes and post-translational modifications; both are believed to mediate the distribution of excitation energy between photosystems I and II.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate. The enzyme from chilling-resistant plants discriminates against non-fluid palmitic acid and selects oleic acid whereas the enzyme from sensitive plants accepts both fatty acids.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the phosphosulfolactate synthase family.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. RAV subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.7) family.
Is involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Binds unmodified and methylated histone H3.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsb subfamily.
Expressed in stem trichomes, green fruits and roots.
Monoterpene synthase that catalyzes the formation of camphene and tricyclene from geranyl diphosphate. Produces also lower amounts of limonene and beta-myrcene, and traces of several other monoterpenoids.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Ungrouped subfamily.
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with potyvirus viral genome-linked protein (VPg) in the nucleus; mostly potato virus Y (PVY-LYE84) and tobacco etch virus (TEV-HAT) VPg, but not with PVY-LYE90 and pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) VPg; these interactions are possible in susceptible hosts but impaired in resistant plants.
(Microbial infection) Susceptibility host factor required for viral infection (e.g. potato virus Y (PVY) and tobacco etch virus (TEV)) by recruiting viral RNAs to the host ribosomal complex via an interaction with viral genome-linked protein (VPg).
According to the redox status, the Cys-119-Cys-157 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (By similarity). Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (By similarity). Key component of recessive resistance to potyviruses (PubMed:27655175, PubMed:22242134, PubMed:26850324).
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions (By similarity). It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners (By similarity). In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F (By similarity). Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28 (By similarity).
Slightly impaired growth and fertility (PubMed:22242134). Plants lacking both eIF4E1 and eIF4E2 display pleiotropic effect on plant development but are resistant specifically to several potyviruses including potato virus Y (PVY, strains N605, LYE72, LYE90 and LYE84), tobacco etch virus (TEV, strains HAT, CAA10 and S103), pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Ecuadorian rocotto virus (ERV), pepper severe mosaic virus (PepSMV), pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV), and potato virus V (PVV) (PubMed:27655175, PubMed:22242134, PubMed:26850324). Plants lacking eIFiso4E, eIF4E1 and eIF4E2 exhibit a semi-dwarf phenotype (PubMed:22242134).
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.2) family.
Involved in cellular auxin homeostasis by regulating auxin metabolism. Regulates intracellular auxin accumulation at the endoplasmic reticulum and thus auxin availability for nuclear auxin signaling.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
May be involved in the regulation of photosystem II.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIIA subfamily.
Maximum expression found during days 4 to 8 and days 8 to 12 after inoculation with an avirulent and a virulent pathogen respectively.
Probably involved in the defense reaction of plants against pathogens.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 7 family.
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Type-7 methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity).
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 37 family.
May be involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
Associated with fruit ripening, but unresponsive to auxin treatment in vegetative tissue.
Probable ATPase of unknown function. Its presence in a non-photosynthetic plant (Epifagus virginiana) and experiments in tobacco indicate that it has an essential function which is probably not related to photosynthesis.
Very little protein is seen in green leaves, the proteins detected were 170, 140 and 110 kDa. 170, 68 and 59 kDa proteins are seen in immature fruit, while more mature fruit and flowers have only the 68 and 59 kDa proteins. It is not clear which parts of the protein are stably expressed.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (3-isopropylmalate) to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. The product decarboxylates to 4-methyl-2 oxopentanoate.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 15 family.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals.
Belongs to the small hydrophilic plant seed protein family.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
Has antifungal activity against P.betae and F.dahliae. May be involved in disease resistance in tomatoes and/or have a possible role in fruit development and ripening.
Highest levels of both isoforms found in the outer pericarp, with smaller amounts in the inner pericarp.
NP24 I is low in green tomatoes and it increased substantially during ripening, with the largest increase occurring between the pink and red stages. NP24 II is relatively high in green tomatoes and it increased somewhat as the fruit turned pink, but not during further ripening.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL12 family.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
tRNA nucleus export receptor which facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. TrmE GTPase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Plant (TC 1.A.1.4) subfamily.
The KHA domain (rich in hydrophobic and acidic residues) present in the C-terminal part is likely to be important for tetramerization.
The potassium channel is composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits.
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids. The pore-forming region H5 is enclosed by the transmembrane segments S5 and S6 in the Shaker-type (1P/6TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity.
Belongs to the glutamyl-tRNA reductase family.
Catalyzes the C-6 beta-hydroxylation of beta-amyrin to form daturadiol (PubMed:28194155). Catalyzes the C-6 beta-hydroxylation of alpha-amyrin to form 6-beta-hydroxy-alpha-amyrin (PubMed:28194155).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. gTMT family.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface and is required for correct PSII assembly and/or dimerization.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
The initiator methionine is created by RNA editing.
Belongs to the PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptor family.
Belongs to the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Belongs to the S1FA transcription factor family.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes a negative element (S1F) within the RPS1 promoter.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate (By similarity).
Binds 2 divalent ions per subunit. The metal ions interact primarily with the substrate (By similarity). Can utilize magnesium, manganese or cobalt (in vitro) (By similarity).
By salt stress, ABA, and mannitol in roots. Repressed in leaves by the same treatments.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
Belongs to the carboxylate-amine ligase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase type 2 subfamily.
Homodimer or monomer when oxidized or reduced, respectively.
The Cys-187-Cys-407 disulfide bridge is known to modulate the enzyme activity according to the redox status. The oxidized form constitutes the active enzyme (By similarity).
Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 21 family.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. HemL subfamily.
Belongs to the serine/threonine dehydratase family.
Constitutively expressed. Not induced in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or mechanical wounding.
Expressed constitutively in all tissues examined including root, stem, petiole, leaf, immature flower bud, unopened flower and opened flower with the highest expression in opened flower and lowest in leaf.
Has a housekeeping role in isoleucine biosynthesis (Probable).
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Attenuated Mi-1-mediated resistance against potato aphid (e.g. M.euphorbiae) and root-knot nematode (e.g. M.javanica).
Induced in response to potato aphid (e.g. M.euphorbiae) infestation and root-knot nematode (e.g. M.javanica) inoculation. Up-regulated by salicylic acid (SA) and suppressed by methyl jasmonate (MeJA).
Transcription factor involved in senescence, biotic and abiotic stress responses by modulating various phytohormones signaling pathways (By similarity). Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (By similarity). Required for the resistance (R) gene Mi-1-mediated resistance to potato aphid (e.g. M.euphorbiae) and root-knot nematode (e.g. M.javanica) (PubMed:21898085).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL27 family.
DNA-binding protein that specifically binds heat shock promoter elements (HSE) and activates transcription.
Exhibits temperature-dependent phosphorylation.
Belongs to the class-II DAHP synthase family.
Binds 1 divalent cation per subunit. The enzyme is active with manganese, cobalt or cadmium ions.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG (By similarity).
Causes an allergic reaction in human. Binds to IgE. This is a food allergen.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 3 family.
Might be needed during pollen development and tube growth.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration. This is a prerequisite for the S-specific NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase to allow the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX.
Catalyzes the synthesis of the hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) moiety of thiamine from aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) in a radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent reaction.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Expressed in seedlings, flowers, young and matures green fruits. Detected in roots and stems.
Belongs to the WIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Polyamine:cation symporter (PHS) (TC 2.A.3.12) family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class II subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
This protein is a component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase complex; first, biotin carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein and then the transcarboxylase transfers the carboxyl group to form malonyl-CoA.
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains arranged as a dimer of alpha/beta heterodimers.
Involved in nucleotide metabolism via production of dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides, and decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA.
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate).
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Catalyzes the reversible reaction in which hydroxymethyl group from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is transferred onto alpha-ketoisovalerate to form ketopantoate.
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Accumulates strongly after pollination in whole ovaries. Induced by auxin (4-Cl-IAA) treatment and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19322584). First transiently repressed (1 day after treatment) and later induced (2 days after treatment) by abscisic acid (ABA) and dehydration (PubMed:25039074).
Expressed in ovaries (specifically in ovules and placenta), sepals, petals and pedicels.
In unpollinated ovaries, present in the placenta, but not in ovules and pericarp. In pollinated ovaries, accumulates mostly in the placenta and ovules and, at low levels, in the pericarp.
Involved in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid, especially in pollinated ovaries.
By salt stress, ABA, and mannitol in roots and leaves.
Belongs to the XRCC4-XLF family. XRCC4 subfamily.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC1 subfamily.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination during meiosis.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.
O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway.
Transcriptional activator that binds specific DNA sequence.
Activated by linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA).
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-5 (PP-T) subfamily.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Interacts with PHYA and PHYB, mostly when they are phosphorylated and in Pfr forms.
Isoform 2 dephosphorylates phosphorylated phytochromes, with a preference toward Pfr forms, and enhances phytochrome-mediated photoresponses (By similarity). Can use para-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) and phosphorylated casein as substrate at pH 7.5 and 5.0.
Partial isoform 2 (148-485) lacking TPR repeats exhibits enhanced activity at pH 7.5 but not at pH 5.0 with phosphocasein as substrate. This partial protein is in addition inhibited by okadaic acid.
TPR repeats are required for the binding with phytochromes.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
ATPase component of the INO80 complex which remodels chromatin by shifting nucleosomes and is involved in DNA repair.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
Component of the INO80 chromatin-remodeling complex.
The DBINO region is involved in binding to DNA.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the DHPS family.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 43 family.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Bifunctional DNA N-glycosylase with associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase function that catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER), the primary repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases the damaged DNA base from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP site. The AP lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination. Primarily recognizes and repairs oxidative base damage of pyrimidines.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster does not appear to play a role in catalysis, but is probably involved in the proper positioning of the enzyme along the DNA strand.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the long-chain O-acyltransferase family.
May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-12 subfamily.
Catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
Belongs to the class-II pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS33 family.
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
Divalent metal ions. Mg(2+) is the most effective.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Belongs to the alpha-IPM synthase/homocitrate synthase family. LeuA type 1 subfamily.
May be involved in the synthesis of minor phospholipids and in modulation of IP3-mediated signal transduction.
Requires a divalent cation for activity.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
May be involved in proton extrusion. Indirectly promotes efficient inorganic carbon uptake into chloroplasts.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Involved in the regulation of the G1/S transition. Increases the DNA binding activity of E2F proteins after heterodimerization.
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism.
Confers resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) races carrying the avirulence gene Avr1. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth.
High-conductance voltage-dependent solute channel with a slight selectivity for cations transporting triosephosphates, dicarboxylic acids, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), sugars, and positively or negatively charged amino acids.
Homooligomers form large rather nonselective pores in plastidial outer membranes.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX21/DDX50 subfamily.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 12 family.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family. Azg-like subfamily.
F(1)F(0) ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton or sodium gradient. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM4 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates elongation factor 1-alpha.
Catalyzes two activities which are involved in the cyclic version of arginine biosynthesis: the synthesis of acetylglutamate from glutamate and acetyl-CoA, and of ornithine by transacetylation between acetylornithine and glutamate.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain.
May play an important role in maintaining the flux of carbon towards starch formation.
Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family. CrtISO subfamily.
Carotene cis-trans-isomerase that converts 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene to 9'-cis-neurosporene and 7,9,9',7'-tetra-cis-lycopene (also known as prolycopene) into all-trans-lycopene. Isomerization requires redox-active components, suggesting that isomerization is achieved by a reversible redox reaction acting at specific double bonds. Isomerizes adjacent cis-double bonds at C7 and C9 pairwise into the trans-configuration, but is incapable of isomerizing single cis-double bonds at C9 and C9'.
Expressed in fruits, with a strong expression during the breaker stage of fruit ripening.
Plants display fruits with orange color due to an accumulation of prolycopene, explaining the tangerine mutant name.
Belongs to the endoribonuclease YbeY family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Belongs to the early nodulin-like (ENODL) family.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Belongs to the geranylgeranyl reductase family. ChlP subfamily.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CGFS subfamily.
Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand.
Belongs to the chloroplast-specific ribosomal protein cS23 family.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically recognizes RNAs polyuridylated at their 3' end and mediates their degradation. Component of an exosome-independent RNA degradation pathway that mediates degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs that have been deadenylated and subsequently uridylated at their 3'.
Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. DIS3L2 subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX54/DBP10 subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRB family specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Pectinesterase may play a role in cell wall metabolism during fruit growth and development prior to ripening and may be required for preparing cell walls for softening by polygalacturonase during fruit ripening.
The PMEI region may act as an autoinhibitory domain and prevent untimely PME activity during transport.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and several low-molecular weight protein subunits. The complex exists as an obligatory dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV).
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Belongs to the CcmF/CycK/Ccl1/NrfE/CcsA family.
Required during biogenesis of c-type cytochromes (cytochrome c6 and cytochrome f) at the step of heme attachment.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
Catalyzes the condensation of (S)-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] and pyruvate to 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA).
Catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate, the precursor for the synthesis of GDP-mannose. GDP-mannose is an essential sugar nucleotide for the synthesis of D-mannose-containing cell wall polysaccharides (galactomannans and glucomannans), glycolipids, glycoproteins and the antioxidant L-ascorbate.
The QLQ domain and WRC domain may be involved in protein-protein interaction and DNA-binding, respectively.
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Inositol phosphate kinase with a broad substrate specificity.
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-I subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 32 family.
Belongs to the oxygen-dependent FAD-linked oxidoreductase family.
Acetyltransferase enzyme. Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex with RFC1.
Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.
Besides the signal peptide, the N-terminal 32 AA may contain a propeptide sequence.
May play a defensive role against insect attacks.
Present at very high levels during anthesis in ovaries, decreases rapidly during fruit development.
The MCPI RNA, but not its protein, is highly induced by wounding the leaves.
The presence of a 'disulfide through disulfide knot' structurally defines this protein as a knottin.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 64 family.
Belongs to the beta-class carbonic anhydrase family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Belongs to the plant egg cell-secreted peptide family.
Involved in the regulation of gamete interactions during the double fertilization and to prevent multiple-pollen tube attraction; mediates the redistribution of the gamete fusogen HAP2/GCS1 to the cell surface after secretion upon sperm arrival.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Belongs to the mandelate racemase/muconate lactonizing enzyme family.
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase family.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 independent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine resulting in methionine formation.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL34 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Belongs to the truncated hemoglobin family. Group II subfamily.
Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
Involved in transport of proteins into the mitochondrion.
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
Probable component of the CDD complex, which probably also contains DDB1.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH1 subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the PRA-PH family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the PRA-CH family.
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. FabH family.
Belongs to the EARLY FLOWERING 4 family.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family.
Can be acetylated to form H2BK6ac, H2BK33ac and H2BK34ac.
Monoubiquitinated to form H2BK143ub1; may give a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-33; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-34; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-138.
Ubiquitous. Highest level in shoots, fruits and young flower buds, including petals, anthers and ovules.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts (By similarity). Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome (By similarity). Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts. Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type II sub-subfamily.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
The C2 domains have an essential, but non-catalytic function. They may facilitate interactions with other proteins and are required for lipid transport function.
Involved in the biosynthesis of germacrene C, one of the most abundant sesquiterpene in the leaf oil of tomato (PubMed:11090225). Produces mainly germacrene C, but also smaller amounts of germacrene A, B and D when used with farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as substrate; able to use both (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate ((EE)-FPP) and (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate ((ZZ)-FPP) (PubMed:9482865, PubMed:21818683). No or low activity with geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) (PubMed:9482865). Can act with a low efficiency as a monoterpene synthase with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as substrate, thus producing beta-myrcene, limonene and terpinolene (PubMed:21818683, PubMed:9482865).
It is unclear whether AAC39431 and AAC39432 represent different alleles or different products derived from two germacrene C synthase loci.
Mostly expressed in stem and trichomes, to a lower extent in roots, leaves and flowers and, at low levels, in fruits.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31.3) family.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Belongs to the ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of subunit A (variable subunit) and subunit B (catalytic subunit). Heterodimeric FTR forms a complex with ferredoxin and thioredoxin.
Variable subunit of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyzes the two-electron reduction of thioredoxins by the electrons provided by reduced ferredoxin.
Interacts with the 40S ribosomal subunit.
The SUI1 domain may be involved in RNA binding.
Cytochrome P450 of the CYP74A subfamily involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid from lipoxygenase-derived hydroperoxides of free fatty acids. Catalyzes the synthesis of unstable allene oxide, which is further converted spontaneously by hydrolysis or cyclization. Can use 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT) and 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD) as substrates.
Expressed in flowers. Detected in stems and roots, but not in leaves and fruits under non-inducing conditions.
Up-regulated by wounding, elicitors, methyl jasmonate or 12-oxophytodienoic acid (PDA).
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds to GA-rich elements (GAGA-repeats) present in regulatory sequences of genes involved in developmental processes.
Expressed in leaf trichomes and stem trichomes.
Uses geranylgeranyl diphosphate to catalyze the cis-prenyl chain elongation and produce polyprenyl diphosphate with a chain of 35 carbons.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
Belongs to the MurCDEF family. MurE subfamily.
Probable MADS-box transcription factor that functions with J2 and EJ2 in meristem maturation.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the maturation of rRNA and in the biogenesis of ribosomal subunits.
Highly expressed in young fruits and plant tops (PubMed:17440821). Expressed in flower buds and trichomes of petioles and stems (PubMed:17440821). Expressed at low levels in young leaves, stems, petioles, sepals and petals (PubMed:17440821).
Induced by spider mite feeding, wounding and jasmonate (JA).
Involved in monoterpene (C10) biosynthesis in glandular trichomes (PubMed:17440821). Converts geranyl diphosphate to linalool in glandular trichomes in response to jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:17440821). Can convert farnesyl diphosphate to nerolidol in vitro (PubMed:17440821).
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Expressed during fruit ripening, but not during fruit development (PubMed:18359841, Ref.3). Expressed during leaf senescence, but not during leaf development (Ref.3).
Induced by drougt stress in leaves and stems.
Plants silencing SGR1 exhibit a stay-green leaf phenotype during leaf senescence, and a red-brown fruit phenotype in mature fruit (Ref.3, PubMed:23406468). Plants silencing SGR1 exhibit altered development of fruit pericarp cells (PubMed:23406468).
Required to trigger chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence and fruit ripening (PubMed:18359841, Ref.3, PubMed:23406468). Binds directly PSY1 to regulate the accumulation of lycopene and beta-carotene in the maturing fruits (PubMed:23406468).
Essential for the assembly of the photosystem I (PSI) complex. May act as a chaperone-like factor to guide the assembly of the PSI subunits.
Seems to be required for the assembly of the photosystem I complex.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Belongs to the MORC ATPase protein family.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Belongs to the SIS family. GutQ/KpsF subfamily.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Belongs to the dienelactone hydrolase family.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbB subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). It binds chlorophyll and helps catalyze the primary light-induced photochemical processes of PSII. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
A serine-threonine kinase involved in the hypersensitive response (HR)-mediated signaling cascade.
Autophosphorylated at threonine residues and to a lesser extent at serine residues. Phosphorylated in vitro by PTO at threonine residues and to a lesser extent at serine residues.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Biotin synthase family.
Binds 1 [2Fe-2S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and 1 arginine.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner.
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
The globular domain of the protein is located near the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit, while an extended beta-hairpin is found that lines the wall of the exit tunnel in the center of the 70S ribosome.
This protein binds specifically to 23S rRNA.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
P5CS plays a key role in proline biosynthesis, leading to osmoregulation in plants.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS6 family.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine, a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the 2-oxoadipate dioxygenase/decarboxylase family.
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. CASD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 18 family.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (main components: subunits A, B, C, D, E, and F) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (main component: the proteolipid protein; which is present as a hexamer that forms the proton-conducting pore).
Belongs to the nucleoporin NSP1/NUP62 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. mRNA cap 0 methyltransferase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dsDNA virus mRNA guanylyltransferase family.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant CITRX-type subfamily.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may play a role in proper chloroplast development.
The article has been retracted, because it has become clear that the thioredoxin that interacts in yeast 2-hybrid with the Cf-9 C-terminus is in fact localized in the chloroplast, rendering a role in Cf-9 signaling unlikely. All the authors agree that this paper should be withdrawn from the scientific literature.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) family.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 19 family. Chitinase class II subfamily.
Accumulates during age-dependent and dark-induced leaf senescence. Induced by abscisic acid (ABA).
Delayed leaf senescence (including delayed leaf yellowing phenotype under darkness or after ABA treatment) but enhanced fruit yield and sugar content, likely due to prolonged leaf photosynthesis in aging plants; these phenotypes are increased in plants lacking both NAP1 and NAP2.
Expressed in roots, stem, flowers, and leaves.
The NAC domain includes a DNA binding domain and a dimerization domain.
Transcription factor that binds DNA motifs 5'-CGT[AG](5N)NACG[ACT][AC][AT][ACG][ACT]-3' and 5'-CACG[ACT][AC][AT][AGT][CT]-3' in target genes promoters. Promotes leaf senescence (developmental, light-induced and ABA-induced senescence) and regulates fruit yield and sugar content, probably by establishing abscisic acid (ABA) homeostasis. Activates the expression of senescence and ABA associated genes including NCED1, ABCG40, CYP707A2, SAG113, SGR1 and PAO, by directly binding to their promoters.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles, suggesting that it is involved in the minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly.
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released.
Belongs to the threonine synthase family.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA).
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. PIP (TC 1.A.8.11) subfamily.
Roots, ripening fruit and senescing leaves.
Cytochrome P450 of the CYP74B subfamily involved in the biosynthesis of traumatin and C6 aldehydes (PubMed:10923789, PubMed:10859201). Metabolizes 13- but not 9-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids (PubMed:10923789, PubMed:10859201). Can use 15S-hydroperoxy-11(Z),13(E),17(Z)-eicosatrienoic acid (15-HPET) and 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT) as substrates, but only 5% activity with 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPOD) (PubMed:10859201). Produces n-hexanal and 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecanoic acid from 13-HPOD (PubMed:10923789).
Highly expressed in developing flowers and in young leaves. Detected in stems and immature green fruits, but not in mature green and red fruits.
Reversibly inhibited by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and irreversibly by salicylic acid.
Belongs to the OXA1/ALB3/YidC (TC 2.A.9.2) family.
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (By similarity).
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also possess a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. Functions in DNA mismatch repair.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. EXO1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Cytochrome P450 metabolizing both 13- and 9-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids, but with a marked preference for 9-hydroperoxy fatty acids (PubMed:12351632, PubMed:18780387). Has no activity toward 13S-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT) (PubMed:18780387). Catalyzes not only the synthesis of allene oxide, but also its hydrolysis and cyclization (PubMed:18780387). The first step is the synthesis of (12Z)-9,10-epoxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (9,10-EOD) and the final products are (9R)-alpha-ketol and the racemic cis-10-oxo-11-phytoenoic acid (PubMed:18780387). The cyclase activity possesses regiospecificity and (9Z)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (12,13-EOD) is significantly less efficient as a substrate for cyclopentenone production than 9,10-EOD (PubMed:18780387). Has no hydroperoxide lyase activity (PubMed:12351632). May play a defensive role against soil-borne pests that affect roots or juvenile tissues as they emerge from the germinating seed (PubMed:12351632).
Expressed early after seed germination, when the radical has just emerged from the seed coat.
Expressed in roots. Not detected in aerial tissues, including cotyledons, leaves, stems and flower buds.
Not induced in wounded or jasmonate-treated leaves.
Involved in intercistronic processing of primary transcripts from chloroplast operons. The endonucleolytic activity of the enzyme depends on the number of phosphates at the 5' end, is inhibited by structured RNA, and preferentially cleaves A/U-rich sequences.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine). Catalysis occurs through a double-displacement mechanism. The nucleophile active site attacks the C1' of nucleotide 34 to detach the guanine base from the RNA, forming a covalent enzyme-RNA intermediate. The proton acceptor active site deprotonates the incoming queuine, allowing a nucleophilic attack on the C1' of the ribose to form the product.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and an accessory subunit.
Belongs to the 2S seed storage albumins family.
Induced by wounding, feeding with herbivorous insects, infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000.
Transcription factor that negatively regulates jasmonate (JA) signaling (PubMed:30610166). Negatively regulates JA-dependent response to wounding, JA-induced expression of defense genes, JA-dependent responses against herbivorous insects, and JA-dependent resistance against Botrytis cinerea infection (PubMed:30610166). Plays a positive role in resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PubMed:30610166).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Belongs to the isochorismate synthase family.
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
Belongs to the squalene monooxygenase family.
IF-3 binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and shifts the equilibrum between 70S ribosomes and their 50S and 30S subunits in favor of the free subunits, thus enhancing the availability of 30S subunits on which protein synthesis initiation begins.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the diaminopimelate epimerase family.
Belongs to the MPDU1 (TC 2.A.43.3) family.
3-fold in leaves and 2-fold in roots 1 day after exposure to high sodium chloride.
9-fold higher level in roots compared with leaves.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIA subfamily.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to an endomembrane compartment.
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP).
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Homotetramer.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Uses neryl diphosphate and geranyl diphosphate to catalyze the cis-prenyl chain elongation and produce polyprenyl diphosphate with a chain of 55 carbons.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
May not function as an oxygen storage or transport protein, but might act as an oxygen sensor or play a role in electron transfer, possibly to a bound oxygen molecule.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. RarA/MGS1/WRNIP1 subfamily.
Belongs to the UPL family. K-HECT subfamily.
Acts as a component of a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Component of the SCF-type E3 ligase complex.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEMT/PEM2 methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the second two steps of the methylation pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, the SAM-dependent methylation of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME) to phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME) and of PDME to phosphatidylcholine (PC).
2 of the reaction center chlorophylls (ChlD1 and ChlD2) are entirely coordinated by water.
Belongs to the reaction center PufL/M/PsbA/D family.
C-terminally processed by CTPA; processing is essential to allow assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex and thus photosynthetic growth.
Herbicides such as atrazine, BNT, diuron or ioxynil bind in the Q(B) binding site and block subsequent electron transfer.
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. D1 provides most of the ligands for the Mn4-Ca-O5 cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Tyr-161 forms a radical intermediate that is referred to as redox-active TyrZ, YZ or Y-Z.
Has an important function as a repair enzyme for proteins that have been inactivated by oxidation. Catalyzes the reversible oxidation-reduction of methionine sulfoxide in proteins to methionine (By similarity).
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. CMP-Sialate:CMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.12) subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
This b-type cytochrome is tightly associated with the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
With its partner (PsbE) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule. PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to cysteines occuring in specific C-terminal amino acid sequences.
Mg(2+) is required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. PDR (TC 3.A.1.205) subfamily.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. In the homodimer, two zinc ions are bound between subunits.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
Enone oxidoreductase involved in the biosynthesis of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF or furaneol). Can use both NADH and NADPH as the electron donor.
Belongs to the GLUTAMINE DUMPER 1 (TC 9.B.60) family.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Component of the molybdopterin synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. In the complex, serves as sulfur donor by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. After interaction with MOCS2B, the sulfur is then transferred to precursor Z to form molybdopterin.
Belongs to the MoaD family. MOCS2A subfamily.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (MOCS2A) and 2 large (MOCS2B) subunits.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
Activation of RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39) involves the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine leading to a carbamate structure.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. IF-2 subfamily.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Protects formylmethionyl-tRNA from spontaneous hydrolysis and promotes its binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits. Also involved in the hydrolysis of GTP during the formation of the 70S ribosomal complex.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit to the ER.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
This is a key enzyme of plant metabolism catalyzing the first reaction in the biosynthesis from L-phenylalanine of a wide variety of natural products based on the phenylpropane skeleton.
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
During the catalytic reaction, a sulfide is transferred from Cys-221 to a reaction intermediate, generating a dehydroalanine residue.
Involved in biosynthesis of the thiamine precursor thiazole. Catalyzes the conversion of NAD and glycine to adenosine diphosphate 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid (ADT), an adenylated thiazole intermediate. The reaction includes an iron-dependent sulfide transfer from a conserved cysteine residue of the protein to a thiazole intermediate. The enzyme can only undergo a single turnover, which suggests it is a suicide enzyme. May have additional roles in adaptation to various stress conditions and in DNA damage tolerance.
Flavonoid 3-O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of polymethoxylated flavonoids natural products such as myricetin derivatives, aroma compounds possessing antioxidant properties and exhibiting pharmacological activities such as anti-carcinogen, anti-viral, anti-thrombotic, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-inflammatory effects (PubMed:25128240). Catalyzes S-adenosylmethionine-dependent regioselective 3-O-methylation of flavonoids; active on various hydroxylated flavonoid substrates (PubMed:25128240, PubMed:22711283). Active with myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, 4'-methyl kaempferol (kaempferide), 3'-methyl quercetin (isorhamnetin), 7-methyl quercetin (rhamnetin), 3',4',5'-trimethyl myricetin, 3'-methyl myricetin (laricitrin) and 3',5'-dimethyl myricetin (syringetin), thus producing 3-methyl myricetin, 3-methyl quercetin, 3-methyl kaempferol, 4',3-methyl kaempferol, 3',3-methyl quercetin, 7,3-dimethyl quercetin, 3',4',5',3-tetramethyl myricetin, 3',3-dimethyl myricetin and 3',5',3-dimethyl myricetin, respectively (PubMed:22711283). Inactive with flavonol substrates methylated at the 3-hydroxyl position such as 3-O-methyl quercetin (PubMed:22711283).
Probably involved in plant phosphate-starvation rescue system.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains.
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
Belongs to the exonuclease superfamily. TREX family.
Belongs to the CRT-like transporter family.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress.
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the glutaminase PdxT/SNO family.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-28; H2BK34ac = acetylated Lys-29; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-136.
Belongs to the bifunctional nuclease family.
Bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities. Involved in basal defense response. Participates in abscisic acid-derived callose deposition following infection by a necrotrophic pathogen.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit.
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity (By similarity).
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity.
With S5 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy.
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Belongs to the RuBisCO small chain family.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large and 8 small subunits.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site. Although the small subunit is not catalytic it is essential for maximal activity.
The basic functional RuBisCO is composed of a large chain homodimer in a 'head-to-tail' conformation. In form I RuBisCO this homodimer is arranged in a barrel-like tetramer with the small subunits forming a tetrameric 'cap' on each end of the 'barrel'.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 63 family.
Cleaves the distal alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue from the Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor.
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the intron maturase 2 family. MatK subfamily.
Usually encoded in the trnK tRNA gene intron. Probably assists in splicing its own and other chloroplast group II introns.
Accumulates during age-dependent and dark-induced leaf senescence.
In plants lacking both NAP1 and NAP2, delayed leaf senescence but enhanced fruit yield and sugar content, likely due to prolonged leaf photosynthesis in aging plants.
Transcription factor that binds DNA motifs 5'-CGT[AG](5N)NACG[ACT][AC][AT][ACG][ACT]-3' and 5'-CACG[ACT][AC][AT][AGT][CT]-3' in target genes promoters. Promotes leaf senescence and reduces fruit yield and sugar content, probably by establishing abscisic acid (ABA) homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Belongs to the nitrate reductase family.
Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in plants, fungi and bacteria.
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase II family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the DHBP synthase family.
Component of the peroxisomal and mitochondrial division machineries. Plays a role in promoting the fission of mitochondria and peroxisomes.
The C-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal targeting, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal fission.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbC subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls and provides some of the ligands for the Ca-4Mn-5O cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex. It may also provide a ligand for a Cl- that is required for oxygen evolution. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a, b, b' and c.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The alpha chain is a regulatory subunit.
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII), required for its stability and/or assembly. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 81 family.
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetD subfamily.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, petD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are petG, petL, petM and petN. The complex functions as a dimer (By similarity).
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Expressed at high levels in leaves and is inducible in roots subjected to salt stress.
Required for vacuolar assembly and vacuolar traffic.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes.
Belongs to the GPI inositol-deacylase family.
Involved in inositol deacylation of GPI-anchored proteins which plays important roles in the quality control and ER-associated degradation of GPI-anchored proteins.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
U1 snRNP is composed of the 7 core Sm proteins B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins U1-70K, U1-A and U1-C. U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. POR subfamily.
Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide).
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
(Microbial infection) Binds to tobamovirus movement protein; this interaction seems required for viral systemic movement.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site. Although the small subunit is not catalytic it is essential for maximal activity. Involved in antiviral defenses (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the control of DNA replication and the maintenance of replication fork stability.
This enzyme is involved in nucleotide metabolism: it produces dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides and it decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA. It may have as well a metabolic role in merismatic cells.
Vegetative and floral merismatic cells and provascular and vascular merismatic derivatives.
Belongs to the prenylcysteine oxidase family.
Belongs to the NhaD Na(+)/H(+) (TC 2.A.62) antiporter family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Required for replication-independent chromatin assembly and for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 85 family.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Belongs to the sucrose phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the final step of sucrose synthesis.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MPBQ/MBSQ MT family.
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks and nicked Holliday junctions. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. May be required in meiosis for the repair of meiosis-specific double strand breaks subsequent to single-end invasion (SEI).
During the pre-organogenesis stage of the floral primordium, expressed in scattered islands of cells in the central parenchymatous pith region and in the peripheral ground parenchyma. Upon sepal buttresses emergence, expressed in all parenchyma mesophyll cells accumulating in a continous pattern in the central pith cells of the floral primordia, but not expressed in the future epidermal cells. As the mesophyll and vascular tissues elongate and differentiate, highly expressed in the abaxial mesophyll cells of sepals, but down-regulated in the adaxial cell layers. At anthesis, down-regulated expression in all mesophyll cells of the sepal. In petals, expressed in all mesophyll cells throughout development.
Expressed in floral buds, 8-9 mm long flowers 1 to 2 days before anthesis, open flowers and floral organs including sepals, petals, stamens and carpels of 8-9 mm flowers (at protein level) (PubMed:7550377). Expressed in very early floral meristems of the anantha. Over 500-fold expression in mature flowers compared to leaves (PubMed:2011578). Expressed in sepals, petals, stamens and carpels of the mature flower. In sepals, mostly expressed in the abaxial mesophyll cells and in petals in parenchymal cells. Not expressed in epidermal or vascular tissues of sepals and petals. In stamens, expressed in parenchymal cells of the connective and lobes, but not expressed in differentiated tissues such as tapetum (TP), stomium (SM), or pollen grains (PG) (PubMed:2011578, PubMed:7550377). Not expressed in roots or seeds (PubMed:2011578). High level of expression in immature flower buds, unopened flowers and opened flowers (PubMed:17416643, PubMed:7550377). Not expressed in unstressed leaves, root, stem or petiole (PubMed:17416643).
Expression is induced in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and locally and systemically in response to mechanical wounding (PubMed:17416643). Parenchyma-specific induction of expression in flowers and leaves by MeJA. No induction of expression by MeJA in epidermal, vascular or sporogenous tissues (PubMed:7550377). Caterpillar (Helicoverpa zea) labial saliva induces expression in leaves damaged by herbivory (PubMed:23065106).
Involved in defense against lepidopteran, but not coleopteran herbivore insects (PubMed:21436043, PubMed:17416643). Acts in the insect gut to degrade threonine, which is an essential and limiting nutrient for the growth of lepidopteran larvae (Probable). Active against both L-threonine and L-serine (PubMed:17416643).
Not required for normal growth and development of the plant (PubMed:21436043).
Proteolytically cleaved by a chymotrypsin-like digestive protease in the midgut of the lepidopteran insects to remove the C-terminal regulatory domain, which allows efficient metabolizing of threonine in the presence of high isoleucine levels in the gut.
Threonine dehydratase 2 biosynthetic, chloroplastic: Strongly inhibited by 1 mM isoleucine (PubMed:21436043). Processed threonine dehydratase 2: Not inhibited by isoleucine (PubMed:21436043, PubMed:17416643).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. Plant myosin class XI subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
Transcribed and spliced in green leaves.
Associated with the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II.
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Activation probably requires a transfer of a phosphate group between a His in the transmitter domain and an Asp of the receiver domain.
Induced in imbibing seeds prior to germination and down-regulated in elongating seedlings and senescing leaf petioles.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class C subfamily.
At the opposite of its homolog Cf-9 found in S.pimpinellifolium, was not able to confer resistance to the fungal pathogen C.fulvum.
The extracellular leucine-rich repeats are required for the specificity of the elicitor protein recognition.
Belongs to the TrkH potassium transport family. HKT (TC 2.A.38.3) subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of queuosine 5'-phosphate, releasing the nucleobase queuine (q). Is required for salvage of queuine from exogenous queuosine (Q) that is imported and then converted to queuosine 5'-phosphate intracellularly.
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
Although plant and algal NBP35 proteins lack the characteristic CXXC motif in the C-terminus, thought to be required for Fe-S cluster binding, they can bind a [4Fe-4S] cluster in the C-terminus. Also, in this linage, no CFD1 partner protein homolog as found in other eukaryotes can be found.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters per homodimer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini and one labile, bridging cluster between subunits of the homodimer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Functions as Fe-S scaffold, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins. Essential for embryo development.
Homodimer and homotetramer. Predominantly homodimeric.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase required for the biosynthesis of delta-4-unsaturated sphingolipids and derivatives.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Belongs to the histidinol dehydrogenase family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of mono- and o-diphenols to o-diquinones.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-X family.
DNA polymerase that functions in several pathways of DNA repair. Involved in base excision repair (BER) responsible for repair of lesions that give rise to abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Also contributes to DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. Has both template-dependent and template-independent (terminal transferase) DNA polymerase activities. Has also a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. BUD32 family.
Accumulates in developing seeds during dry weight deposition and desiccation tolerance acquisition. Disappears after germination.
Declines within 8 hours of imbibition in a gibberellin-dependent manner. Induced by dehydration but not by cold in germinating seeds, and induced by both dehydration and cold in leaves.
Expressed in seeds, mostly in radicle tips.
Galactinol synthase involved in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) that function as osmoprotectants. May promote plant stress tolerance.
Belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
Heterotetramer consisting of two non-identical subunits: a beta subunit and a large alpha subunit.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 4 family.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP.
Mostly expressed in roots. Also present in stems and leaves.
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) enzymes catalyze the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) into 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a direct precursor of ethylene.
Homodimer and heterodimer. In vivo, the relevance of heterodimerization with other ACS enzymes is however unsure.
Hormones, such as auxin, environmental factors, such as mechanical wounding and a number of chemicals.
Phosphorylated on Ser 460; phosphorylation may regulate its turnover.
The stability of ACS proteins, and the regulation of such stability, play a central role in ethylene biosynthesis.
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS20 family.
Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there are one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either eL40 or eS31) or to an ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
May regulate transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. May enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may in turn facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose. Necessary for the biosynthesis of the core tetrasaccharide in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.
Belongs to the nitrite and sulfite reductase 4Fe-4S domain family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, a phosphorylated glycolipid that in bacteria anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane of the cell. Lipid A-like molecules in plants may serve as structural components of the outer membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, or may be involved in signal transduction or plant defense responses.
Constitutively expressed and accumulation not affected by ethylene, silver ions or auxin.
Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of polyamine biosynthesis that converts ornithine into putrescine, which is the precursor for the polyamines, spermidine and spermine. Polyamines are essential for cell proliferation and are implicated in cellular processes, ranging from DNA replication to apoptosis.
High expression in roots, shoot tips and whole flowers at anthesis. Lower expression in stems and the lowest in adult leaves.
Homodimer. Only the dimer is catalytically active, as the active sites are constructed of residues from both monomers.
Inhibited by antizyme (AZ) in response to polyamine levels. AZ inhibits the assembly of the functional homodimer by binding to ODC monomers and targeting them for ubiquitin-independent proteolytic destruction by the 26S proteasome.
Transient induction at 8 days post-anthesis. ODC activity seems to be related to active cell division.
Binds 1 thiamine pyrophosphate per subunit.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
Homodimer (By similarity). The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
3-hydroxyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] (3-hydroxyl-ACP) dehydratase required for mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) (PubMed:35640121). Essential for photorespiration, tomato morphogenesis and plant development, probably by influencing mitochondrial membrane lipid composition and other lipid metabolic pathways, and by contributing to energy supply and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis (PubMed:35640121).
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Expressed in roots, stems, flowers, leaves and fruits.
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and nucleotide specificity is provided by the beta subunit.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
Belongs to the ketol-acid reductoisomerase family.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Belongs to the CND2 H2 (condensin-2 subunit 2) family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the UPRTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the uridine kinase family.
The histidine box domains are involved in binding the catalytic metal ions.
Belongs to the RNA cytidine acetyltransferase family. NAT10 subfamily.
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires a tRNA-binding adapter protein for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation.
Catalyzes the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine by condensation of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. This is the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of SPT16 and SSRP1.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Probably involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Ubiquitin-protein ligase which is mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.
Belongs to the BIG GRAIN 1 (BG1) plant protein family.
Involved in auxin transport. Regulator of the auxin signaling pathway.
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
May participate in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Expressed in guard cells of the epidermis.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), dehydration and wounding.
Plants silencing JA2 exhibit a dwarf phenotype.
Transcription factor involved in abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure (PubMed:25005917). Regulates the expression of NCED1, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:25005917). Required for the stomatal closure induced by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000, but not for stomatal reopening (PubMed:25005917).
Stabilizes the manganese cluster which is the primary site of water splitting.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily.
As many as 6 to 8 closely related genes may encode other isoforms of plasma membrane ATPase in tomato, like the LHA2 gene product which is 96% identical to the LHA1 gene product.
Possibly exists as a homodimer or a homotrimer.
The plasma membrane ATPase of plants and fungi is a hydrogen ion pump. The proton gradient it generates drives the active transport of nutrients by H(+)-symport. The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. IspE subfamily.
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily.
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-14 subfamily.
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates.
Constitutively interacts with CASP4; required for the localization of procaspase 4 to the ER.
Critical mediator, in cooperation with CASP4, of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced apoptosis. Required or the activation of CASP4 following endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Belongs to the RuBisCO large chain family. Type I subfamily.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large chains and 8 small chains; disulfide-linked. The disulfide link is formed within the large subunit homodimers (By similarity).
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large chains and 8 small chains; disulfide-linked. The disulfide link is formed within the large subunit homodimers.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate in the photorespiration process. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site.
The basic functional RuBisCO is composed of a large chain homodimer in a 'head-to-tail' conformation. In form I RuBisCO this homodimer is arranged in a barrel-like tetramer with the small subunits forming a tetrameric 'cap' on each end of the 'barrel' (By similarity).
The disulfide bond which can form in the large chain dimeric partners within the hexadecamer appears to be associated with oxidative stress and protein turnover.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB, XPD, TFB1/GTF2H1, GTF2H2/P44, TFB4/GTF2H3, TFB2/GTF2H4 and TFB5/GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CYCH1/cyclin H1, CDKD and MAT1/At4g30820 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Underwinds duplex DNA (By similarity).
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
(Microbial infection) Fails to interact with the tobamovirus mouvement protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
Potential inhibitor of viral mouvements which may confer resistance to some tobamoviruses but not to the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
The Tm-2, Tm-2(2) and Tm-2nv alleles present in the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV/TMV)-resistant tomato cv. Craigella isolates GCR236 (AC Q71BH0), cv. Craigella GCR267 (AC Q71BG9) and cv. Yukang 2 (AC Q5MLE9), respectively confers resistance to ToMV but not the tm-2 allele present in the ToMV-susceptible tomato cv. Craigella isolate GCR26 (AC Q71BH1).
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Non-catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000.
Interacts with MYC2 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:28733419, PubMed:30610166). JAZ7 competes with MED25 for binding to MYC2 (PubMed:30610166). Interacts with MTB1 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:30610166).
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. FDH subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. Involved in the cell stress response.
EF-1 is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Probably plays a role in anchoring the complex to other cellular components.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
Belongs to the VEFS (VRN2-EMF2-FIS2-SU(Z)12) family.
Belongs to the neutral ceramidase family.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
Seems to be involved in non-photochemical quenching, a process maintains the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
Mediates resistance to sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs) by restoring the sphingolipid biosynthesis. Could salvage the transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in ceramides-depleted cells after SAM exposure (By similarity).
MADS-box transcription factor that acts redundantly with J2 to control meristem maturation and inflorescence architecture.
DNA polymerase II participates in chromosomal DNA replication.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Mainly expressed in flowers and first leaves.
TAFs are components of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with potyvirus viral genome-linked protein (VPg); mostly with tobacco etch virus (TEV-HAT) VPg and, to a lower extent, with potato virus Y (PVY-LYE84 and PVY-LYE90) and pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) VPg.
(Microbial infection) Susceptibility host factor required for viral infection (e.g. potato virus Y (PVY), pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) and tobacco etch virus (TEV)) by recruiting viral RNAs to the host ribosomal complex via an interaction with viral genome-linked protein (VPg).
According to the redox status, the Cys-129-Cys-167 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (PubMed:20593023, PubMed:26850324). Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (PubMed:26850324). Key component of recessive resistance to potyviruses (PubMed:15971038, PubMed:20593023, PubMed:27655175, PubMed:22242134, PubMed:26850324, PubMed:32849681).
Displayed sequence is cv. Mospomorist and cv. M82, and confers susceptibility to potyviruses (e.g. potato virus Y (PVY) and tobacco etch virus (TEV)).
Impaired mRNA capping activity (PubMed:26850324). Slightly impaired growth and fertility (PubMed:22242134). Increased resistance to pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) and potato virus Y (PVY) strain LYE90 but not to PVY strains N605, LYE72, SON41 and LYE84 and to tobacco etch virus (TEV) strains HAT, CAA10 and S103 (PubMed:26850324). Plants lacking both eIF4E1 and eIF4E2 display pleiotropic effect on plant development but are resistant specifically to several potyviruses including potato virus Y (PVY, strains N605, LYE72, LYE90 and LYE84), tobacco etch virus (TEV, strains HAT, CAA10 and S103), pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Ecuadorian rocotto virus (ERV), pepper severe mosaic virus (PepSMV), pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV), and potato virus V (PVV) (PubMed:27655175, PubMed:22242134, PubMed:26850324). Plants lacking eIFiso4E, eIF4E1 and eIF4E2 exhibit a semi-dwarf phenotype (PubMed:22242134).
Variant present in the allele pot-1 is associated with a functionnal mRNA capping activity and normal susceptibility to potyviruses (e.g. pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), potato virus Y (PVY) and tobacco etch virus (TEV)).
Variant present in the allele pot1(2), haplotypes 1 and 4, is associated with an increased resistance to potato virus Y (PVY) isolate N605.
Appears to be involved in meristem formation and in the regulation of leaf morphology. Misexpression makes the leaf more compound which is always associated with growth retardation and loss of apical dominance, resulting in dwarfed, bushy plants. Probably binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3'.
Expressed in the apical meristems, in the newly emerged lateral primordia in the floral bud, in their vascular bundles and in the cortex parenchyma of the floral pedicle. Also present in the lateral tips of leaf primordia.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 2 family.
Introduction of a cis double bond between carbons of the acyl chain.
Exerts its effect at some terminal stage of cytochrome c oxidase synthesis, probably by being involved in the insertion of the copper B into subunit I.
Catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate, which is further processed to form (S)-allantoin.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. DIT1 subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes chloroplast protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes.
Predominantly expressed in the petals and the stigma and style.
Belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase I family.
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 is the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to folic acid.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two nickel ions.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. DHAR family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(9-12).
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The catalytic sites are hosted primarily by the beta subunits.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family. UBA4 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Also essential during biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. Acts by mediating the C-terminal thiocarboxylation of sulfur carriers URM1 and MOCS2A. Its N-terminus first activates URM1 and MOCS2A as acyl-adenylates (-COAMP), then the persulfide sulfur on the catalytic cysteine is transferred to URM1 and MOCS2A to form thiocarboxylation (-COSH) of their C-terminus. The reaction probably involves hydrogen sulfide that is generated from the persulfide intermediate and that acts as nucleophile towards URM1 and MOCS2A. Subsequently, a transient disulfide bond is formed. Does not use thiosulfate as sulfur donor; NFS1 probably acting as a sulfur donor for thiocarboxylation reactions.
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
Adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. In the Pelota-HBS1L complex, pelo recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel.
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Participates in efficiency of electron transfer from plastocyanin to P700 (or cytochrome c553 in algae and cyanobacteria). This plastocyanin-docking protein contributes to the specific association of plastocyanin to PSI.
Predominantly expressed in stem and root.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 51 family.
Involved in cell wall degradation. Degrades polysaccharides containing beta-(1-->4)-linked galactans, acting as an exo-(1-->4)-beta-D-galactanase.
Component of LSM protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing.
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-II subfamily.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family.
Converts zeaxanthin into antheraxanthin and subsequently violaxanthin.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-5/BimC subfamily.
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen.
According to PubMed:12445129, no association with a flavin cofactor is detected. Does not reduce 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) nor any other alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl tested.
May be involved in the biosynthesis or metabolism of oxylipin signaling molecules.
Was named OAX2 but it does correspond to Arabidopsis OAX2 protein.
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase family.
Divalent metal cations. Probably Zn(2+).
P0 forms a pentameric complex by interaction with dimers of P1 and P2.
Belongs to the dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) family.
Catalyzes the double cyclization reaction which converts lycopene to beta-carotene and neurosporene to beta-zeacarotene.
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Pale yellow flowers. Absence of neoxanthin and reduction by half of xanthophyll levels in petals.
Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Is necessary but not sufficient for neoxanthin synthesis. Seems not required for abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in response to drought stress.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the anamorsin/DRE2 homolog, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins.
Catalyzes the carboxylation of beta-amyrin at the C-28 position to form oleanolate (PubMed:28194155). Catalyzes the carboxylation of alpha-amyrin at the C-28 position to form ursolate (PubMed:28194155).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolases 36 family.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes. Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA. Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA. SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA (By similarity).
The M domain binds the 7SL RNA in presence of SRP19 and binds the signal sequence of presecretory proteins.
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which binds GTP and forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA. The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another. SRP receptor compaction upon binding with cargo-loaded SRP and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER.
Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family.
Adenosylhomocysteine is a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyl transferase reactions; therefore adenosylhomocysteinase may play a key role in the control of methylations via regulation of the intracellular concentration of adenosylhomocysteine.
Belongs to the adenosylhomocysteinase family.
A 68 amino acid island between the 20th and the 21st LRR is essential for the binding of brassinosteroids.
BRI1 is almost identical to SR160, a systemin receptor identified in Lycopersicon peruvianum. Competition experiments indicate that brassinosteroid and systemin are probably perceived by different regions of the receptor.
Receptor with a serine/threonine-protein kinase activity. Regulates, in response to brassinosteroid binding, a signaling cascade involved in plant development, including expression of light- and stress-regulated genes, promotion of cell elongation, normal leaf and chloroplast senescence, and flowering. May be involved in a feedback regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. May be also involved in the perception of systemin, a peptide hormone responsible for the systemic activation of defense genes in leaves of wounded plants (By similarity).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in chloroplasts and mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the amidase family. GatA subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A, B and C subunits.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix. Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the DODA-type extradiol aromatic ring-opening dioxygenase family.
Binds 16S rRNA, required for the assembly of 30S particles.
Homodimer; in free form. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex which is a heteropentamer containing 2 copies of SUPV3L1 and 3 copies of PNPT1.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E1-like enzyme which specifically catalyzes the second step in ufmylation. Ufmylation is involved in reticulophagy (also called ER-phagy) induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
Belongs to the NADH dehydrogenase family.
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagic vesicle formation.
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the synthesis of mevalonate. The specific precursor of all isoprenoid compounds present in plants.
Activates a lipid-based signal transduction pathway in which linolenic acid is converted to jasmonic acid, a potent activator of defense gene transcription, including proteinase inhibitor.
All organs except the roots. Transported out of wounds to distal tissues.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class I subfamily.
Converts the prephenate produced from the shikimate-chorismate pathway into phenylalanine.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Expressed during early seedling development in the micropylar endosperm as well as in the developing root. Also expressed in the mature root system, particularly at the junction between primary and lateral roots. Expressed in the shoot vasculature in both external and internal phloem including sieve elements and companion cells, and also in the vascular (xylem and phloem) parenchyma in 3-week old plants.
Expressed in flowers, cotyledons and leaves with the highest expression in roots.
Expressed in response to mechanical wounding and insect herbivory in leaves. Not expressed in uninjured leaves.
Has the potential to be used as an additive in laundry and dishwashing detergents, because it is a calcium-free thermostable subtilase alternative.
Inhibited by 1 mM 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), a general inhibitor of serine proteinases, but not by the more selective serine protease inhibitors N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysinyl-chloromethylketone (TLCK), N-tosyl-L-phenylalaninyl-chloromethylketone (TPCK), leupeptin, aprotinin or benzamidine (PubMed:19332543). Its proteolytic activity is autoinhibited by the non-covalent binding of the propeptide to the catalytic domain (PubMed:27451395). No effect on activity by the addition of CaCl(2) or calcium chelators (PubMed:19805099).
Propeptide is internally cleaved at Asn-38 and Asp-52 in a pH-dependent manner leading to the dissociation of the propeptide from the catalytic domain and resulting in the release of the active subtilase. Cleavage occurs at pH 5.7 and to a stronger extent at pH 5.2.
RNAi-mediated knockdown results in partial loss of resistance against M.sexta larvae, impaired systemic induction of late wound response genes and in reduced levels of cell wall homogalacturonan (HG) and pectin methylesterification (DM).
Serine protease (PubMed:19332543, PubMed:19407393, PubMed:19805099, PubMed:27451395, PubMed:27259555). Has preference for Gln in the P1 position and Lys in the P2 position of oligopeptide substrates. Active also with His in the P1 position (PubMed:19332543). Involved in resistance against insects partly by regulating expression of systemic wound response genes and possibly by its post-ingestive activity in the insect gut. Apart from the role in defense, may be involved in regulation of pectin methylesterases (PMEs) activity and pectin methylesterification of the cell wall (PubMed:27259555).
The mature polypeptide has three domains: The catalytic domain, an interposed protease-associated (PA) domain required for homodimerization and a C-terminal seven-stranded jelly-roll fibronectin (Fn) III-like domain.
The propeptide is required as an intramolecular chaperone for zymogen maturation and secretion.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. May be part of an intermediate translocation complex acting as a protein-conducting channel at the inner envelope.
There is a partial copy of the N-terminus (positions 1-379) of ycf1 in the inverted repeat (CAJ32441).
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins.
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Forms homodimers and heterodimers with LRP1.
Transcription activator involved in the transcriptional regulation of terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes (PubMed:24884371, PubMed:24142382). Binds to the promoter of the linalool synthase TPS5 and promotes TPS5 gene transactivation (PubMed:24884371, PubMed:24142382). Acts synergistically with MYC1 in the transactivation of TPS5 (PubMed:24884371).
Expressed in source leaves. Lower levels of expression in fruits and stems.
Its sequence is related to the DnaJ family but lacks the J domain. The CR-type-like region is similar to CR-type zinc-fingers and was shown to bind zinc.
Participates in determining harvest index (HI) by affecting source-sink carbon distribution. Up-regulates the conversion of fixed carbon to exportable sugars.
Mediates resistance to sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs) by restoring the sphingolipid biosynthesis. Could salvage the transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in ceramides-depleted cells after SAM exposure.
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors. D2 is needed for assembly of a stable PSII complex.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface.
Accumulates in developing seeds and drought-stressed leaves.
With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits (By similarity).
With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a heterohexamer composed of biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and 2 subunits each of ACCase subunit alpha and ACCase plastid-coded subunit beta (accD).
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a heterohexamer composed of biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and two subunits each of ACCase subunit alpha and ACCase plastid-coded subunit beta (accD).
Component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) complex. Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyzes the carboxylation of biotin on its carrier protein (BCCP) and then the CO(2) group is transferred by the transcarboxylase to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA (By similarity). Is up-regulated upon chromoplast differentiation, presumably for fatty acid biosynthesis.
Component of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) complex. Biotin carboxylase (BC) catalyzes the carboxylation of biotin on its carrier protein (BCCP) and then the CO(2) group is transferred by the transcarboxylase to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA.
Expressed in leaves, ripening and mature fruit.
Transcription is reduced upon fruit development; as fruit ripens and chloroplasts differentiate into chromoplasts transcripts increase again. Protein levels also increase in chromoplasts (at protein level).
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
Expressed in flowers (PubMed:29632966). Expressed in developing and ripening fruits (PubMed:22345638, PubMed:22108525).
Expressed in the meristem during gametogenesis and mainly in ovule, stigma, anther/pollen and vascular tissues during flower development. In flower buds, present in petal primordium and apical meristem. Later expressed in stamen primordium and pistil meristem after petal formation. Accumulates in stamen, pistil and vascular tissues of the bud base. Highly expressed in sporogenous cells in anther, pistil stigma, ovules, pollen grains, anther walls, and basal vascular bundle. In anthers, first present at high levels, then declines rapidly from stage 13 (when microspores transform into vacuolated pollen grains after mitotic divisions) to stage 16 (when the sepals are better separated, and the faint yellow petals are clearer) to a very low level (PubMed:29632966). In fruits, expressed at high levels at the immature stage and then declined continually through all stages of fruit development (PubMed:22345638, PubMed:22108525, PubMed:25039074).
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid (ABA) biosynthesis from carotenoids.
Induced by abscisic-acid (ABA) and dehydration.
Essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC159 subfamily.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 divalent ions per subunit. The metal ions interact primarily with the substrate. Can utilize magnesium, manganese or cobalt (in vitro).
Oxidosqualene cyclase converting oxidosqualene into beta-amyrin, generating five rings and eight asymmetric centers in a single transformation.
Belongs to the class II aldolase/RraA-like family.
Catalyzes the aldol cleavage of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate (HMG) into 2 molecules of pyruvate. Also contains a secondary oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase activity due to the common pyruvate enolate transition state formed following C-C bond cleavage in the retro-aldol and decarboxylation reactions.
Belongs to the pantothenate synthetase family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
Belongs to the DVL/RTFL small polypeptides family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. Class II DHOase subfamily.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. FabI subfamily.
Belongs to the plant organ size related (OSR) protein family.
Belongs to the ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase beta subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyzes the two-electron reduction of thioredoxins by the electrons provided by reduced ferredoxin.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Belongs to the folylpolyglutamate synthase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. Nitrilase family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Component of the PAQosome complex which is responsible for the biogenesis of several protein complexes and which consists of R2TP complex members RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RPAP3 and PIH1D1, URI complex members PFDN2, PFDN6, PDRG1, UXT and URI1 as well as ASDURF, POLR2E and DNAAF10/WDR92.
May play a role in chaperone-mediated protein folding.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family.
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family. XTH group 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues (By similarity).
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Uses dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate to catalyze the cis-prenyl chain elongation and produce the 10 carbon product neryl diphosphate.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
In association with WRKY72A, contributes to basal defense against root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and potato aphids, as well as Mi-1-mediated gene-for-gene resistance to these pests (PubMed:20409007). Both WRKY72A and WRKY72B are not required for gene-for-gene resistance mediated by Pto, another tomato R gene (PubMed:20409007).
Induced by infection with the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita and potato aphids.
Plants silencing WRKY72A show a reduction of the R gene Mi-1-mediated resistance as well as basal defense against root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and potato aphids.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Belongs to the selenoprotein M/F family.
Belongs to the alpha-IPM synthase/homocitrate synthase family.
Controls the interaction of photosystem II (PSII) cores with the light-harvesting antenna.
May control the interaction of photosystem II (PSII) cores with the light-harvesting antenna, regulates electron flow through the 2 photosystem reaction centers. PSII is a light-driven water plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Expressed in developing and ripening fruits (PubMed:22345638, PubMed:22108525). Highly expressed in pulp (PubMed:25039074). Observed in unpollinated ovaries (e.g. ovules, placenta and pericarp) (PubMed:19322584). Expressed in flowers (PubMed:29632966).
Expressed in the meristem during gametogenesis and mainly in ovule, stigma, anther/pollen and vascular tissues during flower development. In flower buds, present in petal primordium and apical meristem. Later expressed in stamen primordium and pistil meristem after petal formation. Accumulates in stamen, pistil and vascular tissues of the bud base. Highly expressed in sporogenous cells in anther, pistil stigma, ovules, pollen grains, anther walls, and basal vascular bundle. In anthers, first present at low levels, then increases rapidly to reach a peak at stages 13-14 (when microspores transform into vacuolated pollen grains after mitotic divisions) before declines gradually (PubMed:29632966). In fruits, levels decline from the immature stage to the mature green stage and then rapidly increase to a peak at the turning stage (PubMed:22345638, PubMed:22108525, PubMed:25039074). Highly expressed in fruits at the onset of ripening when the abscisic-acid (ABA) content becomes high (PubMed:19246595, PubMed:22345638, PubMed:22108525). Progressive level reduction in ovaries (e.g. ovules, placenta and pericarp) after pollination (PubMed:19322584).
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid (ABA) biosynthesis from carotenoids. Required for ABA accumulation upon drought (Ref.2). Required for ABA-mediated regulation of anther/pollen development, including metabolism, cell wall modification and transcription level (PubMed:29632966). Positive regulator of fruit ripening involved in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA); initiates ABA biosynthesis at the onset of fruit ripening (PubMed:19246595, PubMed:22108525, PubMed:25039074). Modulates the degree of pigmentation and carotenoid composition as well as pectin catabolism during ripening and may regulate the ethylene production and action in climacteric tomato fruit (PubMed:22345638, PubMed:22108525).
Induced by drought (Ref.1, Ref.2, PubMed:25039074). Accumulates in dehydration-treated fruits (PubMed:19246595). Repressed after pollination. Inhibited by gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and auxin (4-Cl-IAA) treatments (PubMed:19322584). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19322584, PubMed:25039074). Up-regulated by salicylic acid (SA) in roots; this accumulation is repressed by salt stress (NaCl) with high SA treatment but with low SA (PubMed:25039074). Regulated by the NAC transcription factor NAP2 (PubMed:29760199).
Interfering with NCED1 expression in fruits increases shelf life and reduces seed number, but increases viscosity of juices and modifies fruit texture.
The mutant notabilis (not) is abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient (including in response to dehydration) and exhibits a reduced growth and lower ethylene levels (Ref.2). Abnormal development of anther/pollen leading to serious pollen deterioration (PubMed:29632966). Fruit-specific suppression leads to reduced ABA accumulation resulting in an increase in ethylene levels, by increasing the transcription of genes related to the synthesis of ethylene during ripening. Deep red fruits which accumulate higher levels of lycopene and beta-carotene probably due to the metabolism of 'backlogged' carbon as a result of disturbed ABA signaling (PubMed:22345638). When disrupted in fruits, altered expression of genes involved in ABA metabolism and signaling and disturbed expression of pectin catabolism family genes are observed (PubMed:22108525, PubMed:25039074). In addition, fruits are smaller, but in a slightly higher number, with a longer shelf life; they are firmer and more flexible during the ripening stages after the mature green stage with considerably fewer seeds, greater viscosity of juices, higher ethylene release and a deep red color (PubMed:22108525). Silenced plants fruits have a slow/suppressed ripening with abnormal orange color and associated with lower ABA levels. In fruits exposed to water deprivation, water loss of the sepal is enhanced (PubMed:25039074).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the homoserine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aspartokinase family.
IGPS catalyzes the conversion of PRFAR and glutamine to IGP, AICAR and glutamate. The glutaminase domain produces the ammonia necessary for the cyclase domain to produce IGP and AICAR from PRFAR. The ammonia is channeled to the active site of the cyclase domain.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HisA/HisF family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.
The helical domain (69-189) is required for self-activation.
The helical domain is required for self-activation.
Catalyzes the dehydration of the S-form of NAD(P)HX at the expense of ATP, which is converted to ADP. Together with NAD(P)HX epimerase, which catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms, the enzyme allows the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration.
Belongs to the dus family. Dus3 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, trichomes and fruits.
Transcription activator involved in the transcriptional regulation of terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes (PubMed:24884371). Binds to the promoter of the linalool synthase TPS5 and promotes TPS5 gene transactivation (PubMed:24884371). In association with WRKY72B, contributes to basal defense against root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and potato aphids, as well as Mi-1-mediated gene-for-gene resistance to these pests (PubMed:20409007). Both WRKY72A and WRKY72B are not required for gene-for-gene resistance mediated by Pto, another tomato R gene (PubMed:20409007).
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 4 family.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Belongs to the CLV3/ESR signal peptide family.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase alpha chain family.
The N-terminal domain is essential for RNAP assembly and basal transcription, whereas the C-terminal domain is involved in interaction with transcriptional regulators and with upstream promoter elements.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins (alpha-type and beta-type subunits), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Subunit of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2). Adaptor protein complexes function in protein transport via transport vesicles in different membrane traffic pathways. Adaptor protein complexes are vesicle coat components and appear to be involved in cargo selection and vesicle formation. AP-2 is involved in clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which cargo proteins are incorporated into vesicles surrounded by clathrin (clathrin-coated vesicles, CCVs) which are destined for fusion with the early endosome.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. LYRM9 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the anaerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family. HemW subfamily.
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione.
Belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family. Tig subfamily.
Belongs to the zeta carotene desaturase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of zeta-carotene to lycopene via the intermediary of neurosporene. It carries out two consecutive desaturations (introduction of double bonds) at positions C-7 and C-7'.
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
Expressed in young tomato leaves, young fruits, and flowers (at protein level).
Interacts with WAP through its WPP domain. Binds to MFP1 and FPP proteins.
The WPP domain is required for the nuclear envelope localization.
Belongs to the GRAS family. DELLA subfamily.
Expressed in both vegetative and reproductive tissues.
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway (By similarity). Its degradation is not essential for germination.
The DELLA motif is required for its GA-induced degradation.
Ubiquitinated. Upon GA application it is ubiquitinated, leading to its subsequent degradation (By similarity).
Ammonium transporter that may be involved in ammonium transport throughout the plant.
Belongs to the threonine aldolase family.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family.
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
This protein is sulfur-rich (Met and Cys rich).
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated MOCS2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. MiaB subfamily.
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) acts as a functional antenna for the photoreduction of FAD.
Binds 1 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) per subunit.
Circadian-regulation showing peaks at dawn and at dusk.
Expressed in the endosperm and embryo 96 hours after seed imbibition. In the embryo, detected in the root meristem, the root cap, the shoot apical meristem and the epidermis of cotyledons. In adult plants, detcted in roots, the whole leaf lamina, the stem and in glandular trichomes.
May have a photoreceptor function and might bind ss- and ds-DNA in a sequence non-specific manner. Lacks photolyase activity. Has a potential role in detecting the dawn and dusk transitions and, consequently, in circadian input pathways.
Belongs to the ParA family. MinD subfamily.
Highest levels seen in the roots and lower levels seen in the stems and flowers. Is undetectable in the leaves and cotyledons.
Involved in maintaining the supply of chorismate for the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids and other chorismate-derived metabolites.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Belongs to the sugar phosphate cyclases superfamily. Dehydroquinate synthase family.
Catalyzes the second step in the shikimate pathway.
Highly expressed in roots. Lower expression in stems, flowers and cotyledons. Barely detected in leaves.
PsaD can form complexes with ferredoxin and ferredoxin-oxidoreductase in photosystem I (PS I) reaction center. PSAD may encode the ferredoxin-docking protein.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with ribosomal protein S21.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Catalyzes the specific phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of shikimic acid using ATP as a cosubstrate.
First transiently repressed (1 day after treatment) and later induced (2 days after treatment) by abscisic acid (ABA) and dehydration.
Fluctuant expression pattern with four peaks during development, and then it increased rapidly during ripening.
Negative regulator of fruit ripening involved in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid (ABA).
Silenced plants fruits have a rapid ripening with a quick colouring and associated with higher abscisic acid (ABA) levels. When disrupted in fruits, altered expression of ABA-responsive and ripening-related genes.
Induced by jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:25005917, PubMed:28733419, PubMed:30610166). Induced by wounding (PubMed:28733419, PubMed:25005917). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28733419). Induced by coronatine (PubMed:25005917).
Plants silencing JA2L exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Transcription factor that acts downstream of MYC2 in the jasmonate-mediated response to Botrytis cinerea infection (PubMed:28733419). With MYC2 forms a transcription module that regulates wounding-responsive genes (PubMed:28733419). Involved in jasmonate- and coronatine-mediated stomatal reopening in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 infection (PubMed:25005917). Regulates the expression of threonine deaminase 2 (TD2) through promoter binding (PubMed:28733419).
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Belongs to the 7S seed storage protein family.
Belongs to the CcmH/CycL/Ccl2/NrfF family.
Belongs to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase type 1 family.
Maximum levels are found during anthesis.
May have a role in the development of the transmitting tissue of the style and/or in the events related to pollination such as some aspect in the facilitation of compatible pollen tube growth.
Predominantly found in the pistil where it is found in the outer five layers of the strands of transmitting tissue within the upper two-thirds of the style. Found at much lower levels in the anthers and vegetative organs.
May be present in two forms, a 70 kDa monomer and a heterodimer of the 30 kDa and 38 kDa subunits. The ratio of the levels of the two forms within cells appears to be regulated developmentally (By similarity).
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC1 subfamily.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
Induced by wounding and infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Transcription activator that binds to the GCC-box cis-acting elements found in the promoter regions of ethylene-responsive genes (PubMed:23057995). Acts downstream of MYC2 in the jasmonate-mediated response to Botrytis cinerea infection (PubMed:28733419). With MYC2 forms a transcription module that regulates pathogen-responsive genes (PubMed:28733419).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL41 family.
A unique gene in the tomato genome is described to encode for a protein with either a lycopene beta-cyclase activity or an exclusive neoxanthin synthase activity with no apparent lycopene beta-cyclase activity. According to a report, has lycopene beta-cyclase activity (PubMed:10995464). According to another report, displays exclusive neoxanthin synthase activity with no apparent lycopene beta-cyclase activity (PubMed:11029576). This discrepancy might be due to the differences in the cultivars used for the gene cloning and/or in the methods used to determine the enzymatic activities, in vitro assay or molecular analysis of mutants.
Expressed at the breaker stage during fruit ripening.
Expressed exclusively in chromoplast-containing tissues of flowers and fruits (PubMed:10995464). Expressed in preanthesis flowers (PubMed:10995464).
Involved in the synthesis of neoxanthin, the last product of carotenoid synthesis and a precursor of abscisic acid (PubMed:11029576). Involved in the beta-carotene biosynthesis (PubMed:10995464).
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family. A-PGAM subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate.
May help in the organization of the PsaL subunit.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-I family.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, F(1) - the catalytic core - and F(0) - the membrane proton channel. F(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). F(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(10-14). The alpha and beta chains form an alternating ring which encloses part of the gamma chain. F(1) is attached to F(0) by a central stalk formed by the gamma and epsilon chains, while a peripheral stalk is formed by the delta, b and b' chains.
In plastids the F-type ATPase is also known as CF(1)CF(0).
Key component of the F(0) channel; it plays a direct role in translocation across the membrane. A homomeric c-ring of between 10-14 subunits forms the central stalk rotor element with the F(1) delta and epsilon subunits.
This protein is one of the chains of the nonenzymatic membrane component (F0) of mitochondrial ATPase.
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Can also form homotetramers.
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Chloroplast-localized elongation factor EF-G involved in protein synthesis in plastids. Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
Belongs to the cystatin family. Phytocystatin subfamily.
Activates ubiquitin by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a ubiquitin-E1 thioester and free AMP.
By stress conditions such as salt stress, water deficit, or treatment with abscisic acid.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetB subfamily.
Binds 2 heme b groups non-covalently with two histidine residues as axial ligands.
Binds one heme group covalently by a single cysteine link with no axial amino acid ligand. This heme was named heme ci.
Heme 1 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm, and heme 2 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm.
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Mediates high-affinity intracellular uptake of the rare oligo-element molybdenum.
Belongs to the phosphoribulokinase family.
Belongs to the nicotianamine synthase (NAS)-like family.
Expression independent of the iron status.
Synthesizes nicotianamine, a polyamine that serves as a sensor for the physiological iron status within the plant, and/or might be involved in the transport of iron.
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs) (By similarity). Could act as transcriptional activator or repressor. Involved in the control of fruit ripening process. Regulates expression of a number of ripening regulators, transcription factors, and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling components (PubMed:26716451, PubMed:26959229). May act as a transcriptional repressor of auxin-responsive genes (PubMed:26716451).
By tomato fruit ripening. Expression is up-regulated by plant hormone auxin in tomato fruits.
Expressed in root, leaf and stem (PubMed:26716451, PubMed:21735233). Also expressed in flower and fruit (PubMed:26716451). Expressed in flower buds about three days before opening including stamen, petal and sepal with the highest in ovary (PubMed:21735233).
Expression increases during floral development. Expressed during ovary development with the highest expression on the third day after the flower fully opened.
Simultaneous RNAi-mediated silencing of both ARF2A and ARF2B results in severe defects in tomato fruit ripening process (PubMed:26959229, PubMed:26716451). Plants form triple cotyledons and have enhanced root branching. Tomatoes have reduced pigment accumulation, enhanced fruit firmness, low climacteric ethylene production and inability to ripen upon exogenous application of ethylene (PubMed:26716451). The fruits are either parthenocarpic or contain only a few seeds, and the time from anthesis to breaker (Br) developmental stage is significantly extended compared to wild type fruit (PubMed:26959229). Altered expression of ethylene biosynthesis, signaling and ethylene response factor (ERF) genes and genes involved in the carotenoid pathway and ripening-related cell wall metabolism. Up-regulates auxin-responsive genes (PubMed:26716451). Down-regulated expression levels of ripening regulators, including RIN, AP2a, NOR, TAGL1, ETR3, ERF1 and CNR at the red (R) fruit stage. Expression levels of hormones such as abscisates, cytokinins and salicyclic acid are altered, and levels of carotenoids phytoene, phytofluene and lycopene are reduced in red fruits. Gibberellic acid (GA) and auxin expression levels are unchanged. Compounds normally reduced upon ripening show higher levels than wild type fruit as a result of simultaneous silencing of ARF2A and ARF2B (PubMed:26959229).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
(Microbial infection) Interacts with viral genome-linked protein (VPg); this interaction is possible in susceptible hosts but impaired in resistant plants.
(Microbial infection) Susceptibility host factor required for viral infection by recruiting viral RNAs to the host ribosomal complex via an interaction with viral genome-linked protein (VPg).
According to the redox status, the Cys-99-Cys-138 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (By similarity). Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (By similarity). Key component of recessive resistance to potyviruses (Ref.1).
Displayed sequence is from cv. Heinz 1706 and cv. Ailsa Craig, and is associated with susceptibility to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and plum pox virus (PPV).
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners. In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F. Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28.
Mostly expressed in roots and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in stems, flowers and immature green fruits.
No obvious growth defects (PubMed:22242134). Plants lacking eIFiso4E, eIF4E1 and eIF4E2 exhibit a semi-dwarf phenotype (PubMed:22242134).
Variant present in strain cv. Zhongshu 5, confers an increased resistance to potyvirus cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tolerance to plum pox virus (PPV).
Component of the F(0) channel, it forms part of the peripheral stalk, linking F(1) to F(0).
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, numerous small proteins, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Phosphorylation is a light-dependent reaction catalyzed by a membrane-bound kinase; phosphorylation occurs on Thr residue(s) in the N-terminus of the protein.
Expressed in flowers and fruit pericarp.
Possesses endo-beta-mannanase and mannan transglycosylase activities. May be involved in cell wall degradation during fruit ripening.
Expressed in the central zone of the active shoot meristem.
Transcription factor that plays a central role during developmental processes such as early embryogenesis and flowering, probably by regulating expression of specific genes. Required to specify stem cell identity in meristems, such as shoot apical meristem (SAM). May induce shoot stem cells activity in order to maintain the stem cell identity (By similarity).
With its partner (PsbF) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Involved in the biosynthesis of pyridine alkaloid natural products, leading mainly to the production of anabasine, anatabine, nicotine and nornicotine, effective deterrents against herbivores with antiparasitic and pesticide properties (neurotoxins); nornicotine serves as the precursor in the synthesis of the carcinogen compound N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) (Probable) (PubMed:31276744). Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetL is important for photoautotrophic growth as well as for electron transfer efficiency and stability of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
Component of a prohibitin multimeric complex in mitochondrial membranes.
DNA-binding protein that binds to both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA without significant sequence specificity to reversibly repress the transcriptional activity of chloroplast nucleoids by promoting DNA compaction and possibly regulate DNA replication.
Essential protein with sulfite reductase activity required in assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway during both primary and secondary metabolism and thus involved in development and growth.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
By high temperature but not by drought or anaerobic conditions.
Contains one SPKK motif which may interact with the minor groove of A/T-rich DNA sites. Phosphorylation of this motif may regulate DNA binding. This motif is reiterated in both termini of histone H1 and in the N-terminus of sea urchin histones H2B, but its presence in the C-terminus seems to be unique to plant H2A.
Expressed during fruit development, showing a maximum at 4 to 10 days postanthesis.
High expression in meristematic tissues, in cells of the root pericycle and in shoot cortical cells undergoing endoduplication of their DNA.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Subunit of the V0 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Plant protein-lysine LSMT methyltransferase family.
The 4-hydroxyproline residues are not glycosylated in this plant vacuolar protein.
Forms a heterodimer with the catalytic subunit.
Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. In the complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit.
Found at the monomer-monomer interface of the photosystem II (PS II) dimer, plays a role in assembly and dimerization of PSII. PSII is a light-driven water plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
Seems to play a role in the dimerization of PSII.
Key component of the proton channel; it plays a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS38 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis in the light and positively regulates fruit pigmentation and fruit nutritional quality. Probably acts downstream of the light receptor network and directly affects transcription of light-induced genes.
Ubiquitinated by COP1. Ubiquitination takes place in darkness and leads to its subsequent degradation, thereby preventing to activate photomorphogenesis signals (By similarity).
When it is down-regulated, plants exhibit defects in light responses, including inhibited seedling photomorphogenesis, loss of thylakoid organization, and reduced carotenoid accumulation.
Belongs to the imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase family.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Specifically methylates the cytosine at position 967 (m5C967) of 16S rRNA.
Does not correspond to the procera gene.
Probable O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) involved in various processes such as gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. OGTs catalyze the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars directly onto the polypeptide through O-glycosidic linkage with the hydroxyl of serine or threonine. Probably acts by adding O-linked sugars to yet unknown proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pantothenate the first step in CoA biosynthesis. May play a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two divalent metal cations.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup133 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.
Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:15231736, PubMed:28733419). Induced by wounding (PubMed:15231736). Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28733419). Induced in fruit by storage in cold (PubMed:29528226). Induced by hydrogen peroxide and infection with root-knot nematodes (PubMed:30576511).
Interacts (via N-terminus) with MED25 (PubMed:30610166). Interacts (via N-terminus) with JAZ7 (PubMed:28733419, PubMed:30610166). MED25 and JAZ7 compete with each other to bind to MYC2 (PubMed:30610166). Interacts (via N-terminus) with MTB1 (PubMed:30610166). MTB1 and MED25 compete with each other to bind to MYC2 (PubMed:30610166).
Plants over-expressing MYC2 exhibit increased number of branches with reduced internode distance (PubMed:24483714). Plants silencing MYC2 exhibit increased susceptibility to infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (PubMed:28733419). Plants silencing MYC2 show decreased susceptibility to infection by root-knot nematodes (PubMed:30576511).
Transcriptional activator that binds to the G-box motif (5'-AACGTG-3') found in the promoter of the jasmonate-induced gene LAPA1 (PubMed:15231736). Acts as negative regulator of blue light-mediated photomorphogenesis and positively regulates root growth (PubMed:24483714). Promotes growth in response to the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:24483714). Binds to the G-box motif (5'-CACGTG-3') of the RBCS-3A gene promoter (PubMed:24483714). Acts downstream of the jasmonate (JA) receptor to orchestrate JA-mediated activation of plant responses (PubMed:28733419). Positively regulates both wound-responsive and pathogen-responsive genes through MYC2-targeted transcription factors (MTFs) involved in early response to JA (PubMed:28733419). With JA2L forms a transcription module that regulates wounding-responsive genes (PubMed:28733419). With ERF.C3 forms a transcription module that regulates pathogen-responsive genes (PubMed:28733419). Plays a critical role in orchestrating JA-mediated defense gene expression during Botrytis cinerea infection (PubMed:28733419). Regulates negatively defense responses to root-knot nematodes, potentially by mediating crosstalk among the hormones strigolactones, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:30576511). Regulates the termination of JA-mediated defense responses by specifically binding the G-box (5'-CACATG-3') motifs in the promoters of MTB1, MTB2 and MTB3, which are transcription factors that negatively regulates JA signaling (PubMed:30610166). May be involved in JA-induced chilling tolerance, possibly by ameliorating the antioxidant enzyme system of fruit and increasing proline and lycopene levels (PubMed:29528226).
Expressed in the stigma and the upper section of the style.
Interacts with PRK1 and PRK2 (via extracellular domain).
Promotes pollen tube growth (PubMed:15255864, PubMed:24938288). A C-terminal peptide is cleaved from the propeptide in the stigmatic exudate and represent the major form of STIG1 (PubMed:24938288). Binds phosphoinositol lipids (PubMed:24938288). The binding of external phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) and PRK2 by STIG1 induces a rapid intracellular reactive oxygen species elevation (PubMed:24938288).
Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks.
Expressed in anthers and pollen of unopened bud and opening flowers, but not in fully opened flowers.
Expressed specifically in the endosperm cap before radicle emergence.
May be involved in weakening of anther wall during pollen development.
Possesses endo-beta-mannanase activity in vitro. May be involved in seed germination by weakening the endosperm cap prior to radicle emergence.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Required for endonucleolytic cleavage during polyadenylation-dependent pre-mRNA 3'-end formation.
Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).
The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits (By similarity).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. SDE3 subfamily.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class II subfamily.
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues.
Belongs to the truncated hemoglobin family. Group I subfamily.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-arginine N-methyltransferase that methylates the delta-nitrogen atom of arginine residues to form N5-methylarginine (type IV) in target proteins. Monomethylates ribosomal protein L12.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ZNG1 subfamily.
Acts as a transcriptional activator. Binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element. Activates the defense genes of plants.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Activates a lipid-based signal transduction pathway in which linolenic acid is converted to jasmonic acid, a potent activator of defense gene transcription. Induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors I and II in leaves when supplied through cut stems.
By wounding and methyl jasmonate in leaves.
O-glycosylated; contains pentose side chains.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Continuous expression during the fruit development.
Expressed in leaves, roots, stems, flowers and fruits.
Transaminase that degrades gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and uses pyruvate or glyoxylate as amino-group acceptor. Cannot use beta-alanine, ornithine, acetylornithine, serine, glycine, asparagine, glutamine, glutamate, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, arginine, aspartate, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, or cysteine as amino donors. Acts predominantly in vegetative tissues.
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. In the eIF-3 complex, eif3d specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Expressed very early in lateral root development.
Accumulates during early fruit ripening and then declines.
Ripe fruits; not detected in leaves and unripe fruit.
Involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus trafficking at a very early stage.
May play a role in photosystem I and II biogenesis.
Originally thought to be a component of PSII; based on experiments in Synechocystis, N.tabacum and barley, and its absence from PSII in T.elongatus and T.vulcanus, this is probably not true.
Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope. Seems to act as a cytosolic receptor for both simple and bipartite NLS motifs (By similarity).
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. MOCOS subfamily.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form.
Essential component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Essential for the SPC catalytic activity, possibly by stabilizing and positioning the active center of the complex close to the lumenal surface.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Belongs to the fluoride channel Fluc/FEX (TC 1.A.43) family.
Fluoride channel required for the rapid expulsion of cytoplasmic fluoride.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.