Belongs to the 'GDSL' lipolytic enzyme family.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. BCS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT/PTR) (TC 2.A.17) family.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Chalcone/stilbene synthases family.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 2 family.
Converts stearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP by introduction of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of the acyl chain.
By abscisic acid (ABA), and drought and salt stresses. Down-regulated by jasmonate and wounding.
The jas domain (155-182) is required for interaction with COI1.
Ubiquitinated. Targeted for degradation by the SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase-proteasome pathway during jasmonate signaling.
Belongs to the plant dirigent protein family.
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol in the biosynthesis of lignans, flavonolignans, and alkaloids and thus plays a central role in plant secondary metabolism.
By gibberellin and brassinolide. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Dimer of alpha and beta chains. A typical microtubule is a hollow water-filled tube with an outer diameter of 25 nm and an inner diameter of 15 nM. Alpha-beta heterodimers associate head-to-tail to form protofilaments running lengthwise along the microtubule wall with the beta-tubulin subunit facing the microtubule plus end conferring a structural polarity. Microtubules usually have 13 protofilaments but different protofilament numbers can be found in some organisms and specialized cells.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths, and suspension cultured cells.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules, a cylinder consisting of laterally associated linear protofilaments composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers. Microtubules grow by the addition of GTP-tubulin dimers to the microtubule end, where a stabilizing cap forms. Below the cap, tubulin dimers are in GDP-bound state, owing to GTPase activity of alpha-tubulin.
Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 31 family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Phi family.
Belongs to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family.
Detected in the region of the apical meristem and cortical cells in the tip region and elongation zone of the roots.
Expressed in roots (PubMed:16120687). Expressed ubiquitously in various tissues (PubMed:19430792).
Slightly induced by NH(4)Cl, NaNO(3) and NH(4)NO(3) (PubMed:16120687). Induced in roots after nitrogen (N-deprivation) deprivation (PubMed:19430792).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS19 family.
During anther development highly expressed in tapetal cells at stages 6 and 7, and at lower levels in the pollen mother cells and meiocytes.
Functions in tapetum development during early meiosis. May play a role in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in the early stages of tapetum development in anthers. Seems to function after MSP1 and before UDT1.
Male sterility due to abnormal formation of the tapetum and development of pollen mother cells arrested at the early stages of meiotic prophase I.
Although related to the protein phosphatase 2C family, lacks 1 of the conserved residues that bind manganese, suggesting it has no phosphatase activity.
May play a role in plant defense. Probably has no oxalate oxidase activity even if the active site is conserved.
Oligomer (believed to be a pentamer but probably hexamer).
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
By heavy metals, abscisic acid (ABA) and infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea). Down-regulated by high temperature and UV-C.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-175 and Tyr-177, which activates the enzyme.
The TXY motif contains the threonine and tyrosine residues whose phosphorylation activates the MAP kinases.
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Probable component of the wybutosine biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA. Catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanine with 2 carbon atoms from pyruvate to form the tricyclic 4-demethylwyosine, an intermediate in wybutosine biosynthesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA repair enzymes AP/ExoA family.
Probably binds two magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Essential component of the PAM complex, a complex required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose. Trehalose accumulation in plant may improve abiotic stress tolerance (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL34 family.
Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS10 family.
Belongs to the ATPase alpha/beta chains family.
Non-catalytic subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Non-catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs).
Expressed in roots, culms, leaves and young panicles.
Interactions between auxin response factors (ARFs) and Aux/IAA proteins occur through their C-terminal dimerization domains III and IV.
Aquaporins contain two tandem repeats each containing three membrane-spanning domains and a pore-forming loop with the signature motif Asn-Pro-Ala (NPA).
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. NIP (TC 1.A.8.12) subfamily.
Belongs to the cysteine dioxygenase family.
Bifunctional enzyme. Involved in de novo dTMP biosynthesis. Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Can play two different roles depending on the source of dihydrofolate: de novo synthesis of tetrahydrofolate or recycling of the dihydrofolate released as one of the end products of the TS catalyzed reaction. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, DNA precursor synthesis, and for the conversion of dUMP to dTMP.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the thymidylate synthase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dihydrofolate reductase family.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths, anthers, and suspension cultured cells.
Acts in maintaining the cortical microtubules organization essential for anisotropic cell growth.
Expressed in stems, leaves, flowers and seeds.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL14 family.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class II subfamily.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaf sheaths and blades and panicles.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. PIP (TC 1.A.8.11) subfamily.
Can mediate sequestration of iron ions into vacuoles when expressed in the yeast ccc1 mutant (PubMed:22731699). Can mediate zinc ions sequestration into vacuoles when expressed in the yeast zrc1 mutant (PubMed:22731699).
Expressed in leaf sheaths and at lower level in leaf blades.
Homodimer. The dimeric interaction is mediated by both the transmembrane domains (TMDs) and the cytoplasmic metal binding domain (MBD).
Induced by treatment with iron in roots and shoots (PubMed:22731699). Down-regulated under iron deficiency in roots and shoots (PubMed:22731699). Down-regulated by treatment with zinc in roots and shoots (PubMed:22731699).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant embryos exhibit higher levels of iron and zinc, and leaf blades of mutant plants show decreased levels of iron and zinc.
The cytoplasmic metal binding domain (MBD) is located between transmembrane 2 (TM2) and transmembrane 3 (TM3).
Vacuolar iron transporter involved in the transfer of iron ions from the cytosol to the vacuole for intracellular iron storage (PubMed:22731699). Vacuolar iron storage is required for seed embryo and seedling development (Probable). May be involved in the regulation of iron translocation between flag leaves and seeds (Probable). Can transport zinc ions from the cytosol to the vacuole (PubMed:22731699).
Involved in the early part of the secretory pathway.
Lacks conserved residue(s) required for the propagation of feature annotation.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit.
The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
May play a role in auxin-induced cell growth by generating hydroxyl radicals, which tends to increase cell wall loosening.
Belongs to the serine/threonine dehydratase family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family.
Plant-specific protein that interact with microtubules.
Component of a prohibitin multimeric complex in mitochondrial membranes.
May be involved in fusion of retrograde transport vesicles derived from an endocytic compartment with the Golgi complex.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase RluA family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. PDR (TC 3.A.1.205) subfamily.
Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 3 family.
Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism.
Belongs to the multicopper oxidase family.
Lignin degradation and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin L subfamily.
Belongs to the GLUTAMINE DUMPER 1 (TC 9.B.60) family.
Belongs to the nonaspanin (TM9SF) (TC 9.A.2) family.
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Essential for the maintenance of cellular ATP levels and carbohydrate metabolism.
Binds 2 magnesium or manganese ions per subunit.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS4 family.
Belongs to the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase family.
Receptor kinase that may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell growth.
Reduced plant height, reduced panicle length and reduced seed set.
Belongs to the multi antimicrobial extrusion (MATE) (TC 2.A.66.1) family.
Belongs to the disease resistance NB-LRR family.
Involved in a dynamic process of vesicle-mediated thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Required for the normal organization of vesicles into mature thylakoid stacks and ultimately for leaf development (By similarity).
Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope.
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1.
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1. The whole complex, most stable and composed of importin alpha, importin beta and NLS substrate, is referred to as PTAC or pore targeting complex. Interacts with mungbean yellow mosaic virus capsid protein.
Functions in nuclear protein import. Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope.
Highly expressed in callus, followed by root and etiolated leaf. Low expression in green leaf.
In both etiolated and green leaves, down-regulated by light. In green leaf, increased by dark treatment.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup84/Nup107 family.
Functions as a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Belongs to the BPG-independent phosphoglycerate mutase family.
Positive regulator of hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. May be involved in potassium ion channel regulation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL14 family.
Belongs to the SOFL plant protein family.
Belongs to the LOB domain-containing protein family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the plant acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RsmB/NOP family.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase required for 60S ribosomal subunit synthesis. Involved in efficient pre-rRNA processing, predominantly at site A3, which is necessary for the normal formation of 25S and 5.8S rRNAs (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX5/DBP2 subfamily.
The Q motif is unique to and characteristic of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases and controls ATP binding and hydrolysis.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family.
Belongs to the glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide (GPH) cation symporter transporter (TC 2.A.2.4) family.
Expressed in developing caryopses from 1 to 7 days after flowering (DAF) and then declines to nearly undetectable levels by 20 DAF. Expressed in developing pollen from 7 to 0 day before anthesis.
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). May also transport other glucosides (By similarity).
Widely expressed. Highest expression in sink leaves and lowest in germinating seeds.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 17 family.
By auxin under light or dark conditions and gravitropic stimulation of coleptile.
Homodimers and heterodimers (By similarity). Interacts with CRL1.
May be due to competing acceptor splice site.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; modulates vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin B subfamily.
May cause loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found. May be required for rapid internodal elongation in deepwater rice during submergence (By similarity).
May cause loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found. May be required for rapid internodal elongation in deepwater rice during submergence.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS25 family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sugar transporter (TC 2.A.1.1) family.
Activation probably requires a transfer of a phosphate group between a His in the transmitter domain and an Asp of the receiver domain.
Cytokinin receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Functions as a histidine kinase and transmits the stress signal to a downstream MAPK cascade.
Highly expressed in young leaves and at lower levels in roots, mature leaves, stems and spikelets.
Histidine-containing phosphotransfer domain (HPt) contains an active histidine that mediates the phosphotransfer.
Slightly induced by cis-zeatin (cZ) and dihydrozeatin (DHZ) (PubMed:22642989).
Ubiquitin-like protein involved in cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt) and autophagy vesicles formation. Conjugation with ATG5 through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system is essential for its function. ATG12/ATG5 conjugate has an essential role in plant nutrient recycling (By similarity).
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. CDKAL1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the methylthiolation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A), leading to the formation of 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms(2)t(6)A) at position 37 in tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein P1/P2 family.
P1 and P2 exist as dimers at the large ribosomal subunit.
Plays an important role in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Belongs to the chalcone isomerase family.
Belongs to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) family.
Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Expressed in the growing regions of roots, coleoptiles, and internodes.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. SpeA subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaves and stems (at protein level).
Belongs to the plant thionin (TC 1.C.44) family.
Thionins are small plant proteins which are toxic to animal cells. They seem to exert their toxic effect at the level of the cell membrane. Their precise function is not known.
Belongs to the senescence regulator S40 family.
Essential for recycling GMP and indirectly, cGMP.
Plants silencing GK1 have no visible phenotype.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like A subfamily.
Probable mannan synthase which consists of a 4-beta-mannosyltransferase activity on mannan using GDP-mannose. The beta-1,4-mannan product is the backbone for galactomannan synthesis by galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Galactomannan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 43 family.
Involved in the synthesis of glucuronoxylan hemicellulose in secondary cell walls.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class IV subfamily.
The PPC domain mediates interactions between AHL proteins.
Transcription factor that specifically binds AT-rich DNA sequences related to the nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 47 family.
May be involved in modulation of pathogen defense and leaf cell death.
The C-terminus contains a calmodulin-binding domain, which binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion.
Expressed in roots, tiller buds, stems, leaves, lamina joints and the young husks (PubMed:17888111). Expressed in embryos, coleoptiles, radicles, leaf pulvinus, ligules, panicles, palea and lemma, anthers, and the internode of the peduncles (PubMed:25754802). Expressed in young leaves, root meristems, florescence meristems and young spikelets (PubMed:25754802).
In 5-day-old seedling, expressed in the maturation zone of roots, and later in the whole root tip. In 9- to 13-day-old plants, expressed mainly in the elongation zone of roots. In 14-day-old plants, expressed in the whole root tip, the apex and base of lateral roots, the lateral root primordia and crown roots.
The NAC domain includes a DNA binding domain and a dimerization domain.
The gain-of-function mutant plants Ostil1 (T-DNA activation tagging) exhibit increased tiller number, enlarged tiller angle and semidwarf phenotype (PubMed:17888111). Overexpression of NAC4 shortens plant height (PubMed:25754802). Plants overexpressing NAC4 exhibit early leaf senescence (PubMed:28500268).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of tiller bud outgrowth, but does not seem to regulate tiller bud initiation (PubMed:17888111). Possesses transactivation activity in yeast (PubMed:17888111). Involved in the regulation of plant architecture and grain yield (PubMed:29365136). Acts as negative regulator of plant height and flowering time (PubMed:25754802). Regulates directly key genes of the gibberellin (GA) pathway by binding to their promoters (PubMed:25754802). Positively regulates leaf senescence in an age-dependent manner (PubMed:28500268). Activates directly the expression of the chlorophyll degradation genes SGR and NYC3 (PubMed:28500268). Regulates positively the level of abscisic acid (ABA) by directly up-regulating the expression of the ABA biosynthetic genes NCED3 and ZEP, and down-regulating the ABA catabolic gene CYP707A5/ABA8OX1 (PubMed:28500268). Promotes salt-induced cell death accompanied by the loss of plasma membrane integrity, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and changes of caspase-like activity (PubMed:29436050). Targets genes that encoded a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger COX11 and a caspase-like protease AP37 (PubMed:29436050). Activates the potassium efflux channels GORK and SKOR (PubMed:29436050). Acts as positive regulator of drought and salt tolerance through ABA-mediated pathways (PubMed:31637532). Acts as negative regulator of root growth (PubMed:31389120). Functions as an upstream integrator of auxin and cytokinin signals that affect CROWN ROOTLESS (CRL) and cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) genes to regulate cell division during root development (PubMed:31389120). Binds directly to the promoters of the auxin inactivation-related genes GH3.6 and GH3.8, the auxin signaling-related gene ARF25, and the cytokinin oxidase gene CKX4 (PubMed:31389120). Activates directly the expressions of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase genes ACO1 and ACO3, enhancing ethylene synthesis, and then retarding seedling establishment (PubMed:34367219).
Up-regulated during leaf senescence (PubMed:28500268). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:29436050).
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Ascorbate peroxidase subfamily.
Belongs to the peroxidase family. Classical plant (class III) peroxidase subfamily.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit.
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress.
Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) (By similarity).
May be involved in both secretory and endocytic intracellular trafficking in the endosomal/prevacuolar compartments.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the pectinesterase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the PMEI family.
Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of both DNA and RNA at the 5' position of the phosphodiester bond.
Belongs to the SurE nucleotidase family.
Belongs to the 'GDXG' lipolytic enzyme family.
Functions as soluble gibberellin (GA) receptor. GA is an essential hormone that regulates growth and development in plants. Binds with high affinity the biologically active GAs such as GA1, GA3 and GA4, but has low or no affinity for the biologically inactive GAs. Upon GA-binding, it interacts with the DELLA protein SLR1, a repressor of GA signaling. This leads to SLR1 degradation by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway.
Interacts with the DELLA protein SLR1 in a GA-dependent manner, resulting in subsequent SLR1 degradation.
Severe dwarf phenotype with wide and dark-green leaf blades. Plants insensitive to gibberellic acid (GA).
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions.
Belongs to the Casparian strip membrane proteins (CASP) family.
Regulates membrane-cell wall junctions and localized cell wall deposition. Required for establishment of the Casparian strip membrane domain (CSD) and the subsequent formation of Casparian strips, a cell wall modification of the root endodermis that determines an apoplastic barrier between the intraorganismal apoplasm and the extraorganismal apoplasm and prevents lateral diffusion (By similarity).
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins transfer phospholipids as well as galactolipids across membranes. May play a role in wax or cutin deposition in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues.
Transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development.
Catalyzes the condensation of (S)-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] and pyruvate to 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA).
Belongs to the NADH:flavin oxidoreductase/NADH oxidase family.
Putative oxophytodienoate reductase that may be involved in the biosynthesis or metabolism of oxylipin signaling molecules.
Belongs to the shaker potassium channel beta subunit family.
Down-regulated in late-developed leaves when grown on potassium-deficient soil (at protein level).
Expressed in late-developed leaves with the highest expression in the flag leaf (at protein level).
Forms heteromultimeric complexes with potassium channel alpha subunits.
In vitro, interacts with the N-terminal part of A.thaliana KAT1, a voltage-gated potassium channel alpha subunit.
Probable accessory potassium channel protein which modulates the activity of the pore-forming alpha subunit.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CC-type subfamily.
Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. TBL subfamily.
Probable xylan acetyltransferase required for 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylosyl residues in xylan (PubMed:29569182). Possesses extremely low activity in vitro (PubMed:29569182).
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family.
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase that plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL4 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL20 family.
Catalyzes the 3-beta-hydroxylation of 2S-flavanones to 2R,3R-dihydroflavonols which are intermediates in the biosynthesis of flavonols, anthocyanidins, catechins and proanthocyanidins in plants. Converts (2S)-eriodictyol to (+)-taxifolin and (2S)-naringenin to (+)-(2R/3R)-dihydrokaempferol in vitro.
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, stems and seeds.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. Sedlin subfamily.
Belongs to the bile acid:sodium symporter (BASS) (TC 2.A.28) family.
May function as sodium-coupled metabolite transporter across the chloroplast envelope.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 20 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.
Important for breakdown of endosperm starch during germination.
May function in brassinosteroid signaling.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated in response to hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, fungal elicitor and infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea).
By hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), fungal elicitor, infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea) and wounding.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-249 and Tyr-251, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Phosphorylated on tyrosine residue.
May be involved in defense signaling pathway. Phosphorylates EREBP1 transcriptional activator in vitro. Enhances DNA-binding activity of EREBP1 to the GCC box element of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene promoters.
Belongs to the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family.
May modulate chromatin structure by regulation of nucleosome assembly/disassembly.
The acidic domain is probably involved in the interaction with histones.
Belongs to the phospholipase D family. C2-PLD subfamily.
C2 domain is a calcium-binding fold, and the binding promotes the protein association with membranes. A lower affinity toward calcium can be anticipated for PLD alpha due to the absence of two potential calcium ligands.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond. Plays an important role in various cellular processes.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. NOA1 subfamily.
Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule involved in hormonal signaling and defense responses in plant.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
Catalyzes the first oxidative step of the phenylpropanoid pathway in higher plants by transforming trans-cinnamate into p-coumarate (By similarity). The compounds formed by this pathway are essential components for lignification, pollination, and defense against ultraviolet light, predators and pathogens (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Involved in lignin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers. Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of coniferaldehyde, 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, 4-coumaraldehyde and caffeyl aldehyde to their respective alcohols.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Folate-biopterin transporter (TC 2.A.71) family.
Belongs to the heat shock protein 90 family.
Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function.
The TPR repeat-binding motif mediates interaction with TPR repeat-containing proteins.
Can be acetylated to form H2BK6ac and H2BK33ac.
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Monoubiquitinated by BRE1 to form H2BK143ub1 and deubiquitinated by UBP26. Required for heterochromatic histone H3 di- and trimethylation at H3K4me. May give a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (By similarity).
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-37; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-149.
Transcription elongation factor implicated in the maintenance of proper chromatin structure in actively transcribed regions.
Dwarf phenotype and shriveled infertile grains.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and panicles.
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway (By similarity). Required for plant growth and seed development (PubMed:35665185).
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Tau family.
Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Belongs to the purine permeases (TC 2.A.7.14) family.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetG is required for either the stability or assembly of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, PetD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are PetG, PetL, PetM and PetN. The complex functions as a dimer.
Belongs to the plant cysteine rich small secretory peptide family. Epidermal patterning factor subfamily.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.
DNA helicase that acts as an essential component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (By similarity). Plays an indispensable role in the development of seed endosperm (PubMed:25327517). Is required to secure sister chromosome separation during endosperm syncytial mitosis, which involves extremely rapid free nuclear cycles (PubMed:25327517).
Expressed in ovaries, roots, shoots and leaves.
Lack of seed endosperm, alteration of ovary and embryo shape, reduced root and plant growth, but fertile plants.
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the CLV3/ESR signal peptide family.
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.1) family.
May act as a component of the auxin efflux carrier.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. EngB GTPase family.
Belongs to the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family.
Belongs to the plant homeotic and developmental regulators ALOG protein family.
Expressed in lemma, palea, rachis branches, flag leaves and young embryos (PubMed:22203474). Highly expressed in lemmas and paleas of young spikelets (Ref.9, PubMed:23526395, PubMed:26486996). Expressed in stamens, pistil and leaf sheaths (Ref.9).
Transcription factor required for lateral development of the lemma and palea (PubMed:22203474, Ref.9, PubMed:23526395, PubMed:25224972, PubMed:26486996, PubMed:29057928, PubMed:30725309). Involved in the regulation of grain hull development (PubMed:23526395). Possesses transactivation activity in yeast, and may determine grain shape and size by modifying gene expression in the grain hull (PubMed:23526395). Regulates the expression of cell proliferation and expansion related genes (PubMed:26486996). Acts as transcriptional repressor and regulates cell expansion during the lateral development of spikelet (PubMed:29057928). May act upstream of hormone-related genes and starch and sucrose metabolism-related genes, which may be responsible for lemma and palea development, and grain filling, respectively (PubMed:30725309). Does not seem to function at stages of floral-organ initiation and patterning (Ref.9).
Triangular hull with tortuous lemma and palea (PubMed:22203474, PubMed:29057928). Defects in development of lemma and palea, which have a beak-like form (Ref.9, PubMed:25224972, PubMed:30725309). Beak-shaped grains of decreased width, thickness and weight with a loosely interlocked lemma and palea that are unable to close tightly (PubMed:23526395, PubMed:26486996, PubMed:29057928). Poor grain filling (PubMed:22203474, Ref.9, PubMed:23526395, PubMed:25224972, PubMed:26486996, PubMed:29057928, PubMed:30725309).
Binds 1 heme c group covalently per subunit.
Catalyzes the synthesis of activated sulfate.
Might be activated by XA21 in the nucleus upon pathogen infection (PubMed:19825552). Induced by biotic elicitors (e.g. fungal chitin oligosaccharide) (PubMed:23462973). Induced by pathogen infection (e.g. M.grisea and X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)) (PubMed:16528562, PubMed:24093634). Accumulates after treatment with benzothiadiazole (BTH) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:17601827, PubMed:16528562, PubMed:24093634). Transactivated by WRKY45 (PubMed:24093634).
The WRKY domain is required to bind DNA.
Transcription repressor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Regulates, probably indirectly, the activation of defense-related genes during defense response (By similarity). Regulates negatively basal innate immunity and XA21-mediated defense against X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (PubMed:19825552, PubMed:21961049).
Seed storage protein; serves as a source of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur for the young developing seedling.
Expressed in coleoptiles, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and root tips of young seedlings (PubMed:31701152). Expressed in vascular bundles of mature leaf blades (PubMed:31701152). Expressed in developing culms and nodes (PubMed:31701152).
Involved in the regulation of shoot development and salicylic acid (SA) homeostasis.
Plants overexpressing SLC1 are infertile and exhibit defects in shoot development characterized by slender and crinkly leaves.
Albino leaves with little, if any, plastid rRNA.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Acts on subgroup IIB introns. The substrates of the subgroup IIB also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2, with a simultaneous binding of CFM3 and CAF1 or CAF2 (PubMed:18799595). May influence the biogenesis of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit (By similarity).
Interacts with RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein particles that contain CAF1 and/or CAF2, and RNC1.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
(Microbial infection) During infection by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo), THI1 interacts with the type III effector virulence factor xadA from Xoo, which is an adhesin-like outer membrane protein (PubMed:24019919). This probably attenuates the function of THI1 in defense response (Probable).
During the catalytic reaction, a sulfide is transferred from Cys-218 to a reaction intermediate, generating a dehydroalanine residue.
Involved in biosynthesis of the thiamine precursor thiazole. Catalyzes the conversion of NAD and glycine to adenosine diphosphate 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole-2-carboxylic acid (ADT), an adenylated thiazole intermediate. The reaction includes an iron-dependent sulfide transfer from a conserved cysteine residue of the protein to a thiazole intermediate. The enzyme can only undergo a single turnover, which suggests it is a suicide enzyme. May have additional roles in adaptation to various stress conditions and in DNA damage tolerance (By similarity). Required fot thiamine accumulation and disease resistance toward the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:16514565). During infection by Xoo, functions positively in the defense pathway initiated by the resistance genes XA3 and XA26 by promoting thiamine synthesis (PubMed:16514565, PubMed:30158116). May function upstream of the defense-related proteins peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-lyases and pathogenesis-related proteins (PubMed:16514565, PubMed:27052628).
Plant silencing THI1 exhibit reduced levels of thiamine and decreased resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
Belongs to the acyl-ACP thioesterase family.
Plays an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis.
Belongs to the calcium channel alpha-1 subunit (TC 1.A.1.11) family. Two pore calcium channel subfamily.
Each of the two internal repeats contains five hydrophobic transmembrane segments (S1, S2, S3, S5, S6) and one positively charged transmembrane segment (S4). S4 segments probably represent the voltage-sensor and are characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids (By similarity).
Expressed in shoot, mature leaf, cultured cells, and at lower level in roots.
Inhibited by the VDCC blocker verapamil in yeast cells. Channel activity may be down-regulated by cytosolic Ca(2+) in rice cells. Inhibited by Al(3+) (By similarity).
May function as one of the major voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (VDCC) across the plasma membrane. May be involved in the regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) and in growth and development. Acts as the major ROS-responsive Ca(2+) channel and is the possible target of Al-dependent inhibition. Determines sensitivity to T.viride xylanase elicitor. Plays a regulatory role in elicitor-induced defense responses and hypersensitive cell death.
Rescues the Ca(2+) uptake activity in yeast mutant cch1. Plants overexpressing TPC1 display reduced growth rate and dwarf phenotype, and seedlings show greening of roots under light conditions. The highest overexpressor line shows most severe phenotype including a death symptom, possibily due to Ca(2+) accumulation to toxic level.
Belongs to the ribosome-inactivating protein family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily.
This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Fucose synthase subfamily.
Catalyzes the two-step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Nitrate/nitrite porter (TC 2.A.1.8) family.
Circadian-regulation with a peak in the middle of the morning and at the end of the light period. Induced by nitrate and sucrose in roots. Down-regulated by ammonium, glutamine, asparagine and aspartate in roots.
Circadian-regulation with a peak in the middle of the morning. Induced by nitrate and sucrose in roots. Down-regulated by ammonium, glutamine, asparagine and aspartate in roots.
Expressed in primary and lateral roots, root-shoot junction zone, vascular tissues of adventitious root primordia, leaves and at the base of the embryo in germinating seeds.
Expressed in primary and lateral roots, root-shoot junction zone, vascular tissues of adventitious root primordia, leaves, embryo and coleoptiles of germinating seeds, husks and anthers.
Heterotetramer composed of two NRT2.1 and two NAR2.1 (By similarity). Interacts with NAR2.1.
Heterotetramer composed of two NRT2.2 and two NAR2.1 (By similarity). Interacts with NAR2.1.
Involved in nitrate transport, but does not seem to be able to mediate transport by its own. Acts as a dual component transporter with NAR2.1. Imports nitrate with high affinity when expressed with NAR2.1 in a heterologous system (Xenopus oocytes).
Plants over-expressing NRT2.1 have accelerated growth under low nitrate conditions (Ref.1).
Plants over-expressing NRT2.2 have accelerated growth under low nitrate conditions (Ref.6).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL23 family.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. SerC subfamily.
Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, shoot apical meristem (SAM), flag leaves and panicles.
Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex with RFC1.
May be involved in DNA replication and thus regulate cell proliferation.
Involved in trafficking and recycling of synaptic vesicles.
Contains a degenerate basic motif not likely to bind DNA.
Interacts with RSS3. Forms a ternary complex with RSS3 and TIFY11A/JAZ9 in the nucleus.
Transcription factor that forms a ternary complex with RSS3 and TIFY11A/JAZ9 to negatively regulate jasmonate-responsive genes.
Binds to multiple calmodulin (CaM) in the presence of Ca(2+) and CaM-like proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S11 family.
Belongs to the oxygen-dependent FAD-linked oxidoreductase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 92 family.
Contributes to fatty acids elongation (By similarity). Plays a role in controlling leaf anatomy and plant architecture (Ref.5).
Highly expressed in leaf sheaths (Ref.5). Expressed in leaves, flag leaves and panicles (Ref.5).
Belongs to the plant ACBP60 protein family.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL42 family.
Component of the F(0) channel, it forms part of the peripheral stalk, linking F(1) to F(0).
F(1)F(0) ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton or sodium gradient. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) containing the extramembraneous catalytic core and F(0) containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, F(1) - the catalytic core - and F(0) - the membrane proton channel. F(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). F(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(10-14). The alpha and beta chains form an alternating ring which encloses part of the gamma chain. F(1) is attached to F(0) by a central stalk formed by the gamma and epsilon chains, while a peripheral stalk is formed by the delta, b and b' chains.
In plastids the F-type ATPase is also known as CF(1)CF(0).
Expressed in roots and coleoptiles, but not in leaves.
Not induced by auxin in the Yin-Yang mutant, characterized by an elevated growth response of the coleoptile to auxin.
Transiently induced by auxin and light in dark-grown coleoptiles.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase subfamily.
Probable catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation.
Interacts with TIFY10C/JAZ8 (PubMed:23104764). Interacts with TIFY11A/JAZ9 (PubMed:25617318).
Catalyzes the specific phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of shikimic acid using ATP as a cosubstrate.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL13 family.
Through the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) it forms oxaloacetate, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid source for the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family.
Putative gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-7 subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the saccharopine dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 9 (cellulase E) family.
Belongs to the ETF beta-subunit/FixA family.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit.
The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase) (By similarity).
Belongs to the poly(A) polymerase family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4 family.
Belongs to the TFIIE beta subunit family.
Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.
Belongs to the drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) superfamily. Plant drug/metabolite exporter (P-DME) (TC 2.A.7.4) family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the leguminous lectin family.
Associates with STAR2 to form a functional transmembrane ABC transporter required for detoxification of aluminum (Al) in roots. Can specifically transport UDP-glucose.
By Al in roots. Positively regulated by ART1.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but strong inhibition of root elongation when grown in the presence of Al.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase GT106 family.
Belongs to the fasciclin-like AGP family.
Acts as a protein-folding catalyst that interacts with nascent polypeptides to catalyze the formation, isomerization, and reduction or oxidation of disulfide bonds. May play a role in storage protein biogenesis.
Belongs to the protein disulfide isomerase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 37 family.
May be involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
Involved in the biosynthesis of ent-kaurene diterpenoids natural products (PubMed:17456599, PubMed:16861806). Catalyzes the conversion of ent-copalyl diphosphate to the phytoalexin precursor ent-isokaur-15-ene (PubMed:17456599, PubMed:16861806).
Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation).
The Asp-Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Asp/Glu (DDXXD/E) motif is important for the catalytic activity, presumably through binding to Mg(2+).
During anther development, expressed in tapetal cells of immature anthers, but not in the microspores or mature pollen.
Lipid-transfer protein that may be regulated by the transcription factor UDT1 in developing anthers and play a role in tapetum development.
Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC2 subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily.
Belongs to the thioesterase PaaI family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glutamate 5-kinase family.
P5CS plays a key role in proline biosynthesis, leading to osmoregulation in plants. Involved in abiotic stress tolerance.
Tobacco plants over-expressing P5CS1 and P5CS2 have elevated proline levels and display enhanced abiotic stress tolerance.
Exerts its effect at some terminal stage of cytochrome c oxidase synthesis, probably by being involved in the insertion of the copper B into subunit I.
Activated by calcium. Autophosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of the kinase activity.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDPK subfamily.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Involved in the activation of sucrose synthase 2 (SUS2) in developing seeds. Phosphorylates SUS2 at Ser-10 in a calcium-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of Ser-10 leads to the activation of SUS2, which supplies substrates for the biosynthesis of storage products in immature seeds (PubMed:11910009).
Specifically expressed in endosperm of developing seeds.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (337-367) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GSK-3 subfamily.
Belongs to the NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
May be involved in cell redox homeostasis.
Grass-specific monolignol p-coumaroyl transferase involved in the biosynthesis of acylated monolignols or monolignol conjugates that serve as monomer precursors of lignin. Can synthesize sinapyl p-coumarate, p-coumaryl p-coumarate, sinapyl caffeate and p-coumaryl caffeate in vitro.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL27 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL24 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS3 family.
Expressed in leaves and spikelets (rice flower).
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-tyrosine to tyramine, which can be converted to the hydroxycinnamic acid amides feruloyltyramine and 4-coumaroyltyramine (PubMed:17763868). Possesses low tryptophan decarboxylase activity (PubMed:14535886).
Belongs to the abscisic acid and water stress-induced protein family.
Binds ATP/ADP in vitro. Possesses low ATPase activity but high affinity for microtubules.
Expressed in proliferating tissues. Expressed in roots and root apex. Expressed at low levels in young leaves. Not detected in mature leaves (PubMed:11851910, PubMed:15150342). Highly expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM). Expressed in flag leaves and panicles (PubMed:15150342).
Homotrimer. Interacts with FEN1A (PubMed:11851910). Interacts with POLL (PubMed:15206945). Interacts with RAD/GEN1 (PubMed:22247560). Interacts with DJA7 and DJA8 (PubMed:15806324).
Induced by the cell cycle inhibitors aphidicolin and hydroxyurea (PubMed:11851910). Induced by gamma irradiation (PubMed:25124817). Induced by heavy ion irradiation (PubMed:27462908). Induced by UV and hydrogen peroxide. Down-regulated during sucrose starvation (PubMed:15806324).
This protein is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin U/P subfamily.
Belongs to the class II aldolase/RraA-like family.
Catalyzes the aldol cleavage of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxoglutarate (HMG) into 2 molecules of pyruvate. Also contains a secondary oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase activity due to the common pyruvate enolate transition state formed following C-C bond cleavage in the retro-aldol and decarboxylation reactions.
Expressed in the growing regions of roots, coleoptiles, internodes and leaves.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family.
Belongs to the HAK/KUP transporter (TC 2.A.72.3) family.
Catalyzes the reversible reaction in which hydroxymethyl group from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is transferred onto alpha-ketoisovalerate to form ketopantoate.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the trehalose phosphatase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the glycosyltransferase 20 family.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Belongs to the NADH dehydrogenase family.
1 mM Hg(2+) and Ag(2+) decrease activity by 98% and 96%, respectively. 1 mM Para-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) completely inhibits enzymatic activity.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 27 family.
Hydrolyzes melibiose, raffinose and stachyose in the following decreasing order of reactivity: raffinose, melibiose, stachyose (PubMed:12423882). Acts on both the terminal alpha-galactosyl residue and the side-chain alpha-galactosyl residue of the galactomanno-oligosaccharides (PubMed:12423882).
Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. 6-phosphogluconolactonase subfamily.
Hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation/activation by upstream protein kinases. The PPI motif mediates the interaction with the ABI (abscisic acid-insensitive) phosphatases (By similarity).
Involved in serotonin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-tryptophan to tryptamine, which is converted to serotonin by tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (PubMed:17763868). May play a minor role in serotonin biosynthetis during senescence. Accumulation of serotonin attenuates leaf senescence (PubMed:19439571).
Probable RNA-binding protein that may play a role in growth regulation.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. Cation/proton exchanger (CAX) subfamily.
Vacuolar cation/proton exchanger (CAX). Translocates Ca(2+) and other metal ions into vacuoles using the proton gradient formed by H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-pyrophosphatase.
Belongs to the anion exchanger (TC 2.A.31.3) family.
Belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family.
Belongs to the SINA (Seven in absentia) family.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. It probably triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of different substrates.
Belongs to the ZIP transporter (TC 2.A.5) family.
Plants overexpressing ZIP8 show decreased zinc concentration in shoots and mature seeds, increased concentration in roots, and are shorter than wild-type plants when grown in field.
Zinc transporter that may mediate zinc uptake from the rhizosphere and may be responsible for the translocation of zinc within the plant.
Belongs to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) protein family.
The LHC complex consists of chlorophyll a-b binding proteins.
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) functions as a light receptor, it captures and delivers excitation energy to photosystems with which it is closely associated.
Belongs to the IAA-amido conjugating enzyme family.
May catalyze the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excess auxin.
Circadian-regulation. Expression is higher during the light phase than during the dark phase. Down-regulated by chilling.
Expressed in aleurone cells, inflorescence shoot apical region, stamen primordia, and tapetum cells of the anther. Expressed at low level in roots and vegetative shoots.
Expressed in the epithelial layer of the embryo in germinating seed (PubMed:14688295). Expressed in anthers of developing flowers during meiosis, tapetal cell death stage, young microspore stage and vacuolated pollen stage (PubMed:19454733).
Plants are not defective in root and leaf elongation, but present shortened internodes and defects in pollen and floral development (PubMed:14688295). Delayed flowering (PubMed:19454733). Male sterile. Defective in anther and pollen development (PubMed:19454733, PubMed:20590996).
Transcriptional activator of gibberellin-dependent alpha-amylase expression in aleurone cells. Involved in pollen and floral organs development. May bind to the 5'-TAACAAA-3' box of alpha-amylase promoter. Required for anther development (PubMed:19454733, PubMed:20590996). Functions in parallel with UDT1 to regulate early anther development. Functions upstream of the transcription factor TDR and may positively regulate its transcription (PubMed:20590996). Required for pollen development. Probably required for controlling tapetal cell size and promoting tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) during anther development. Required for exine and Ubisch body formation in anthers. Interacts with the DNA specific motifs of giberrellin-up-regulated genes of anthers and regulates their expression. Positively regulates the expression of the laurate hydroxylase CYP703A3, known to be essential for the development of pollen exine and anther epicuticular layer (PubMed:19454733). Functions with MYBS1 to integrate diverse nutrient starvation and gibberellin (GA) signaling pathways during germination of grains. Sugar, nitrogen and phosphate starvation signals converge and interconnect with GA to promote the co-nuclear import of GAMYB and MYBS1, resulting in the expression of a large set of GA-inducible hydrolases, transporters and regulators that are essential for mobilization of nutrient reserves in the endosperm to support seedling growth (PubMed:22773748).
The QLQ domain and WRC domain may be involved in protein-protein interaction and DNA-binding, respectively.
Transcription activator that plays a regulatory role in gibberellin-induced stem elongation.
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaf blades and spikelets (rice flower).
High-affinity glutamine synthetase involved in ammonium assimilation (Probable). Plays an important role in the primary assimilation of ammonium taken up by roots (PubMed:23509111). Plays a role in maintaining nitrogen metabolic balance during ammonium assimilation, thus controlling plant growth and development (PubMed:24743556). Reassimilates ammonium generated during lignification within developing tillers, which is probably required for the outgrowth of axillary buds (PubMed:25429996). Required for nitrogen-dependent biosynthesis of cytokinin (PubMed:28186255). Active cytokinin in axillary bud meristem is required for axillary bud outgrowth and necessary for tillering (PubMed:28186255).
Plants overexpressing GLN1-2 exhibit a poor plant growth phenotype and yield, and decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio in the stem caused by the accumulation of nitrogen in the stem.
Belongs to the sucrose phosphatase family.
Catalyzes the final step of sucrose synthesis.
Belongs to the auxin efflux carrier (TC 2.A.69.2) family.
Involved in cellular auxin homeostasis by regulating auxin metabolism. Regulates intracellular auxin accumulation at the endoplasmic reticulum and thus auxin availability for nuclear auxin signaling.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL30 family.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to tryptamine, to produce coumaroyl tryptamine. Serotonin, tyramine, and to a lesser extent agmatine, serve as acyl acceptors in vitro. Can use caffeoyl-CoA, and to a lesser extent benzoyl-CoA, as acyl donors.
Belongs to the SWEET sugar transporter family.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the membrane.
Although assigned as a calmodulin family member by PubMed:17263873, it only contains EF-hand domains.
May be involved in environmental stress response.
The 26S proteasome is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The regulatory (or ATPase) complex confers ATP dependency and substrate specificity to the 26S complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the ethylene receptor family.
Enhanced ethylene sensitivity and early flowering.
Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as negative regulator of ethylene signaling. May delay the transition from the vegetative stage to the floral stage by up-regulating GI (GIGANTEA) and RCN1 and cause starch accumulation in stems by down-regulating the alpha-amylase AMY3D.
Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.
Belongs to the SLC26A/SulP transporter (TC 2.A.53) family.
Belongs to the class-IV pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein family.
Expressed in leaves, shoot apex and panicles (Ref.6). Expressed in roots, stem bases, stems, leaves and young panicles (PubMed:19825657).
Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.
Transcription factor that plays a positive role in salt stress tolerance. Interacts with TIFY11A/JAZ9 and binds to the promoter of some potassium ion transporter genes to regulate potassium homeostasis during salt stress.
Cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the direct activation pathway. Phosphoribohydrolase that converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms (By similarity).
Expressed in palea and stamen primordia (PubMed:15682279). Expressed in shoots and coleoptiles (PubMed:18182025).
Expressed in the L1 cell layer of the embryo 2 days after pollination.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions.
Plants over-expressing MADS22 produce shortened panicles and stems.
Probable transcription factor. May be required for spikelet (rice flower) development (PubMed:15682279). Transcription factor that functions to support the MADS55 in its function as negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling (PubMed:18182025).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Fibrillarin family.
Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP21 (TC 1.B.29) family.
Voltage-dependent rectifying anion channel that facilitates the translocation between chloroplast and cytoplasm of phosphorylated carbohydrates such as triosephosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) depending of ATP to triosephosphate ratio in the plastidial intermembrane space; in high triosephosphate/ATP conditions (e.g. photosynthesis), export of triosphosphate from chloroplast (outward rectifying channels), but in high ATP/triosephosphate conditions (e.g. dark phase), import of phosphosolutes (inward rectifying channels) (By similarity).
Component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity).
The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL20 family.
Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit (By similarity).
Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Acts as a protein-folding catalyst that interacts with nascent polypeptides to catalyze the formation, isomerization, and reduction or oxidation of disulfide bonds. May play a role in storage protein biogenesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL8 family.
By N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor (PubMed:12956525). Induced by UV-C (PubMed:24035516).
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Possesses calcium-dependent protein kinase activity in vitro (PubMed:16255173).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (311-341) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit alpha family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl moiety from geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to cysteines occuring in specific C-terminal amino acid sequences.
Belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
The active site is a redox-active disulfide bond.
Involved in ESCRT-dependent multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Possesses non-specific lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. Hydrolyzes phospholipids as well as galactolipids. May play a role in disease resistance.
Acylhydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids at the sn-1 position.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family.
Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. RAD16 subfamily.
Involved in the retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins from the early Golgi compartment.
Interacts with NPR5/NH4, NH5.1 and NH5.2.
Transcriptional regulator involved in defense response.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Casein kinase I subfamily.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins (Probable). Can phosphorylate casein on threonine residues in vitro. Involved in the regulation of flowering time through gibberellin (GA) signaling, and independently of photoperiod. Phosphorylates the DELLA protein SLR1, stabilizing SLR1 protein and sustaining SLR1 activity as repressor of GA signaling (PubMed:20400938). Required for normal development of male floral organs and grains, through modulation of GA signaling (PubMed:26202549). Targeted and repressed by the homeobox protein HAZ1 during GA signaling (PubMed:21951842). Can phosphorylate phosvitin and SLR1 in vitro. Is not required for clock function in either the presence or the absence of light signals. Involved in a genetic control pathway for photoperiodic flowering under long day (LD) conditions that includes HD1, GHD7, HD5 and HD2. Phosphorylates and activates GHD7, a major floral repressor under LD conditions. Phosphorylation of GHD7 enhances its function in the repression of EHD1, HD3A and HD3B/RFT1, and obviously delaying flowering (PubMed:23789941).
Early flowering. Enhanced response to gibberellin (GA).
Expressed in roots, leaves and stems (PubMed:20400938). Expressed in leaf vascular bundles, and proximal regions of the shoot and roots (PubMed:23789941).
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with GHD7 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:23789941). Interacts with SLR1 (PubMed:20400938, PubMed:23789941).
Specifically expressed at stage 2 during floral development.
The cultivar Koshihikari contains a non-synonymous substitution of Ala-331 to Thr-331, which confers strongly reduced kinase activity of HD16, and results in decreased photoperiod sensitivity compared to the cultivar Nipponbare.
Accumulates transiently in the early stages of seed maturation (PubMed:9870704). Observed in maturating caryopsis 1 week after flowering (DAF) (PubMed:16087344).
Strongly expressed in immature seeds (PubMed:9870704). Mostly expressed in panicles, and to a lower extent, in leaf sheaths (PubMed:16087344).
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
Belongs to the HMG-CoA reductase family.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily.
Essential transporter for growth and development under abiotic stress (PubMed:22996334). Mediates shoot branching by promoting the outgrowth of lateral shoots (PubMed:19140940). Required for salt tolerance via Na/K homeostasis, at least partly by regulating SKC1/OsHKT1;5 (PubMed:24908511). Necessary for hypodermal suberization of roots, which contributes to formation of the apoplastic barrier (PubMed:25041515).
Expressed in the crown root primordia, endodermis, pericycle and stele in the root, in leaf primordia of main and axillary shoots, and in the vascular cells and leaf epidermis of older leaves.
Strongly up-regulated in roots after exposure to salt and osmotic stresses (PubMed:24908511). Induced in roots by benzylaminopurine (BAP), abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:22996334). Accumulates in shoots upon heat (e.g. 42 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:22996334). Repressed in roots by NaCl, jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellic acid (GA) and auxin (IAA) (PubMed:22996334). Accumulates in most hypodermal and some endodermal roots cells under stagnant deoxygenated conditions leading to hypoxia (PubMed:25041515).
Homo- and heterodimer with other ZFHD proteins.
The homeodomain differs form the typical one by having namely 4 instead of 3 extra amino acids inserted in the loop between helix 1 and helix 2.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS7 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the head domain of the 30S subunit.
Expressed transiently during early panicle development.
Induced by salt, osmotic and cold stresses (PubMed:23086454, PubMed:25886365). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:23086454, PubMed:25886365).
Involved in the regulation of abiotic stress responses (PubMed:25886365). Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and positive regulator of abiotic stress signaling (PubMed:25886365). May be involved in panicle development (Probable).
Plants overexpressing P2C68 exhibit insensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), and tolerance to high salt and mannitol stresses during seed germination, root growth and overall seedling growth (PubMed:25886365). At adult stage, P2C68 overexpression leads to high tolerance to salt, mannitol and drought stresses with far better physiological parameters such as water loss, fresh weight, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential (PubMed:25886365).
Induced by senescence and abscisic acid (ABA).
Involved in serotonin biosynthesis (PubMed:17763868, PubMed:32595985, PubMed:19439571). Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-tryptophan to produce tryptamine, which is converted to serotonin by tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (PubMed:17763868, PubMed:32595985). May play a major role in serotonin biosynthesis during senescence (PubMed:19439571). Accumulation of serotonin attenuates leaf senescence (PubMed:19439571). Catalyzes the decarboxylation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan to produce serotonin (PubMed:32595985).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS4 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit.
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity.
With S5 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy.
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase type 1 subfamily.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Has a high-affinity and a low affinity metal-binding site. The true nature of the physiological cofactor is under debate. The enzyme is active with cobalt, zinc, manganese or divalent iron ions. Most likely, methionine aminopeptidases function as mononuclear Fe(2+)-metalloproteases under physiological conditions, and the catalytically relevant metal-binding site has been assigned to the histidine-containing high-affinity site.
Cotranslationally removes the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. The N-terminal methionine is often cleaved when the second residue in the primary sequence is small and uncharged (Met-Ala-, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, or Val).
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutL/HexB family.
Belongs to the cystatin family. Phytocystatin subfamily.
Specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. Probably involved in the regulation of endogenous processes and in defense against pests and pathogens (By similarity).
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Hydantoinase/dihydropyrimidinase family.
Carbamylation allows a single lysine to coordinate two divalent metal cations.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin A subfamily.
Down-regulated by silicon supply in roots and leaf blades.
Expressed at low levels in roots and leaves (PubMed:16033806). Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths and leaf blades. In roots, it localizes in the plasma membrane of all cells of the young region and is more abundant on the distal side than the proximal side (at protein level). Expressed only in the xylem parenchyma cells adjacent to vessels in both leaf sheaths and leaf blades (at protein level). Is more abundant on the side facing the vessel (at protein level) (PubMed:18515498).
Silicon transporter involved in the distribution of silicon in shoots. Is responsible for the transport of silicon from the xylem to the leaf tissues. Silicon is beneficial to plant growth and helps plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stresses by preventing lodging (falling over) and increasing resistance to pests and diseases, as well as other stresses (PubMed:18515498). In the nodes, involved with LSI2 and LSI3 in silicon intervascular transfer, which is required for the preferential distribution of silicon, such as hyperaccumulation of silicon in the husk (PubMed:26283388).
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type primase large subunit family.
DNA primase is the polymerase that synthesizes small RNA primers for the Okazaki fragments made during discontinuous DNA replication.
Belongs to the gamma-class carbonic anhydrase family.
Induced by infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:17380428, Ref.6). Induced by hydrogen peroxide, osmotic stress and drought stress (PubMed:17380428).
Plants overexpressing SNAP32 exhibit enhanced resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (Ref.6). Plants silencing SNAP32 exhibit increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (Ref.6).
t-SNARE involved in diverse vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion processes (Probable). May be involved in resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Ref.6, PubMed:30617050). May contribute to host resistance to rice blast through interaction with SYP121 (PubMed:30617050).
Up-regulated by wounding and upon pathogen infection.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family.
Belongs to the oligopeptide OPT transporter (TC 2.A.67.1) family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic diacylglycerol kinase family.
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule. PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen attack.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family.
Catalyzes cyclization of the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, to the macrocyclic uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor of tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll, heme and phycobilins.
Expressed in roots, and at low levels in anthers during meiosis.
May play a role during anther development.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-6 subfamily.
Belongs to the enhancer of polycomb family.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. STE20 subfamily.
Belongs to the homoserine dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the diacylglycerol acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the ketol-acid reductoisomerase family.
Belongs to the TALE/BELL homeobox family.
Belongs to the castor/pollux (TC 1.A.1.23) family.
By heat and oxidative stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA).
Molecular chaperone that may not be involved in heat stress response or tolerance.
Expressed at early stage of flower development in the spikelet (rice flower) primordia and later in stamen and pistil primordia. Expressed during ovule development in the inner and outer integuments.
Expressed in lodicules, stamens and carpels.
May interact with the K-box of MADS6. May interact with MADS13 and MADS18.
Probable transcription factor. May be involved in the control of flowering time.
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP).
Multiubiquitin chain receptor involved in modulation of proteasomal degradation. Involved in nucleotide excision repair.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family. RHD3 subfamily.
Probable GTP-binding protein that may be involved in cell development.
Belongs to the NFYB/HAP3 subunit family.
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Interacts with NFYC2, NFYC4 and NFYC6 (PubMed:26542958).
Belongs to the YSL (TC 2.A.67.2) family.
May be involved in the transport of nicotianamine-chelated metals.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCA family. CPR flippase (TC 3.A.1.211) subfamily.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily.
Induced by salt, drought and heat stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA).
The N-terminus contains an autoinhibitory calmodulin-binding domain, which binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent fashion.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol out of the cell, into the endoplasmic reticulum, or into organelles (By similarity). Involved in salt and drought stress tolerance (PubMed:24128296). Involved in cold stress tolerance (PubMed:24992889).
Belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family.
Belongs to the glutaminase PdxT/SNO family.
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-I subfamily.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex.
Subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Catalyzes the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a direct precursor of ethylene in higher plants (Probable). Involved in defense response by producing ethylene after pathogen infection (PubMed:17012402, PubMed:23031077). Involved in several phosphate deficiency-induced adaptive responses, such as lateral root elongation (PubMed:30810167).
Down-regulated by partial submergence (PubMed:9037160). Induced in leaves by infection with the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:17012402). Induced by phosphate deficency (PubMed:30810167).
Lines with ACS2 transgene under the control of a strong pathogen-inducible promoter show significantly increased levels of endogenous ethylene and defense gene expression in response to pathogen infection, and exhibit increased resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae and Ralstonia solanacearum.
Expressed in shoot apex and young inflorescences.
Phospholipid scramblase involved in autophagy. Cycles between the preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS) and the cytoplasmic vesicle pool and supplies membrane for the growing autophagosome. Lipid scramblase activity plays a key role in preautophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly by distributing the phospholipids that arrive through ATG2 from the cytoplasmic to the luminal leaflet of the bilayer, thereby driving autophagosomal membrane expansion.
By abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), drought, cold, salt and wounding.
Interacts with TIFY10A/JAZ6, TIFY10B/JAZ7, TIFY11A/JAZ9, TIFY11C/JAZ11, and TIFY11D/JAZ12.
May act on an initial response of jasmonate-regulated gene expression toward drought tolerance as part of a BHLH148-TIFY11D/JAZ12-COI1A complex.
Plants over-expressing BHLH148 display drought tolerance.
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Seems to be involved in the polar auxin transport which may promote adventitious root emergence and control tillering.
Expressed in vascular tissues of root, stem and leaf. Expressed in anthers, embryo and in the primordia of adventitious and lateral roots (PubMed:16085936). Expressed in roots, stem bases, stems, leaves and young panicles (PubMed:19825657).
Plants silencing PIN1A exhibit inhibition of the emergence and development of adventitious roots, increased number of tillers and enlarged tiller angles.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Catalyzes the 3-beta-hydroxylation of 2S-flavanones to 2R,3R-dihydroflavonols which are intermediates in the biosynthesis of flavonols, anthocyanidins, catechins and proanthocyanidins in plants (PubMed:18413994, PubMed:18726614). Converts (2S)-eriodictyol to (+)-taxifolin and (2S)-naringenin to (+)-(2R/3R)-dihydrokaempferol in vitro (PubMed:18413994).
Expressed at very low levels in roots, leaves, stems and seeds.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. ERF subfamily.
Probable transcriptional activator that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3' of the cis-acting dehydration-responsive element (DRE).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily.
Divalent metal ions. Mg(2+) is the most effective.
Catalyzes the conversion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin.
Stunted growth and reduced plant height (PubMed:27864442). The double mutants tbl1 and tbl2 exhibit increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) (PubMed:27864442).
Xylan acetyltransferase required for 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylosyl residues in xylan (PubMed:29569182, PubMed:27864442). Catalyzes the 2-O-acetylation of xylan, followed by nonenzymatic acetyl migration to the O-3 position, resulting in products that are monoacetylated at both O-2 and O-3 positions (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 18 family.
Catalyzes the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphyrin macrocycle cleavage of pheophorbide a (pheide a) to a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). Works in a two-step reaction with red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCCR). Creates the intermediate RCC through the opening of the porphyrin macrocycle by the introduction of one atom of molecular oxygen at the alpha-methine bridge. Seems to be specific for pheide a. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs) (By similarity). May play a role in senescence and response to wounding (PubMed:21807436).
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:21807436). Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, panicles and seeds (PubMed:21807436).
Induced by wounding and senescence in leaves.
Plants silencing PAO die shortly after regeneration.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 28 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues.
Contains at least one intrachain disulfide bond essential for its enzymatic activity.
Expressed in anthers, pollen grains and young developing embryos.
Plants overexpressing LFL1 show a late-flowering phenotype.
Transcription repressor involved in flowering time regulation. Represses the flowering activator EHD1 by binding specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CATGCATG-3 of its promoter.
Belongs to the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase family.
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found.
Belongs to the SLC35F solute transporter family.
Belongs to the S1FA transcription factor family.
DNA-binding protein that specifically recognizes a negative element (S1F) within the RPS1 promoter.
Belongs to the TALE/KNOX homeobox family.
Highly expressed in the early globular stage embryo before 2 days after pollination (DAP), but not in the endosperm. At 3 and 4 DAP, expression is restricted to the region around or just below the center of the ventral side of the embryo, where the shoot apex subsequently arises. During the transition to the shoot apex differentiation stage, expression is divided between the upper and basal regions of the shoot area, and the notch between the first leaf primordium and epiblast, respectively. When the first leaf primordia is evident, expression is localized to the notches between the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the first leaf primordium and the putative second leaf primordium. Expressed uniformly in the inflorescence meristem, but after the transition from inflorescence to the floral phase, located specifically in the notches between the floral meristem and glume primordia. At later stages of flower development, uniformly expressed throughout the corpus of the meristem, and in the notches between glume primordia, but less well defined than in the previous stage.
Probable transcription factor that may be involved in shoot formation during early embryogenesis.
Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family.
The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.
ABC transporter that may affect phytic acid transport and compartmentalization. May function directly or indirectly in removing phytic acid from the cytosol or in vesicle trafficking. Required for phytic acid accumulation in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and developing seeds.
Strong reduction in seed phytic acid, and strong increase of inorganic phosphate and myo-inositol levels in seeds. Seedling lethality when homozygous.
Belongs to the helicase family. Dicer subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, shoot apices and spikelets.
Formation of an incomplete shoot apical meristem (SAM), abnormal vegetative development with alteration of adaxial/abaxial polarity in both coleoptiles and the first leaves. Abnormal spikelet morphology with disruption of organ identity and lemma polarity.
Involved in the RNA silencing pathway. Cleaves double-stranded RNA to produce small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) which target the selective destruction of complementary RNAs. Required for the production of 21 nucleotide siRNAs. Regulates shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and maintenance, leaf polarization and lemma polarity through the trans-acting siRNAS (ta-siRNAs) pathway, which probably modulate the expression of the ARF2, ARF3, ARF4, ARF14 and ARF15 genes. Can process endogenous 21 nucleotide siRNAs derived from an imperfect inverted repeat. May not be involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) production.
May interact with ARGONAUTE1 or PINHEAD through their common PAZ domains.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Aurora subfamily.
Expressed in developing seeds (PubMed:27872632). Expressed in developing endosperm (PubMed:32989010).
Forms homodimers (PubMed:32989010). Forms heterodimers with NAC26 (PubMed:27872632, PubMed:32989010).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:32989010). The double mutant nac20 and nac26 exhibit a floury grain phenotype due to decreased starch and storage protein content (PubMed:32989010).
Transcription factor that acts redundantly with NAC26 to regulate the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of starch and storage proteins in grain (PubMed:32989010). Directly binds to the promoters of starch synthase 1 (SS1), pullulanase (PUL), glutelin A1 (GLUA1), glutelins B4 and B5 (GLUB4 and GLUB5), alpha-globulin and 16 kDa prolamin, and activates their expression (PubMed:32989010).
Component of the CCR4-NOT complex, at least composed of CRR4 and CAF1 proteins.
Ubiquitous transcription factor required for a diverse set of processes. It is a component of the CCR4 complex involved in the control of gene expression.
Probable chromatin-remodeling factor involved in root and shoot stem cell initiation, and root apical meristem (RAM) and shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance.
Belongs to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL4 subfamily.
PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP3 subfamily.
Functions as ATP-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the pointed end of the daughter actin filament. Regulates the directionality of cell expansion by regulating the actin organization, and thus the microtubules distribution and the fusion of small vacuoles (By similarity).
Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional factors that function as repressors of early auxin response genes at low auxin concentrations.
Ammonium transporter probably involved in ammonium uptake from the soil.
Belongs to the ammonia transporter channel (TC 1.A.11.2) family.
By ammonium or glutamine supply in roots.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL5 family.
Is involved in the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Bacterial/plant glycogen synthase subfamily.
Acetylates histones H3 and H4 in vitro (PubMed:28487409). Acetylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4ac), 'Lys-9' (H3K9ac), 'Lys-14' (H3K14ac), 'Lys-27' (H3K27ac), and 'Lys-5' of histone H4 (H4K5ac) (PubMed:28487409). Acetylation of histones gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation (By similarity). Operates in concert with certain DNA-binding transcriptional activators (By similarity). ADA2 and GCN5 function to acetylate nucleosomes, opening up the promoter region (PubMed:28487409). The ADA2-GCN5 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module is recruited by WOX11 to regulate crown root cell proliferation and stem cell maintenance of root meristem (PubMed:28487409). The ADA2-GCN5 HAT module together with WOX11 targets and regulates a set of root-specific genes involved in carbon metabolism, cell wall biosynthesis, and auxin transport and response (PubMed:28487409).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GCN5 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, mature leaves, stems and panicles.
Expressed in vascular bundles of roots and leaves.
Zinc transporter that may mediate zinc uptake from the rhizosphere. May also transport other divalent cations.
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) response (PubMed:19648232). Controls lamina inclination by participating in two BR signaling pathways involving BRI1 and RGA1 (PubMed:19648232). Involved in the RLI1-dependent modulation of leaf inclination by promoting lamina joint cell elongation, especially in response to phosphate (Pi) availability (PubMed:29610209).
Erected leaves, with reduced lamina joint adaxial and abaxial sclerenchyma cell length.
Expressed in phloem of leaf blades and sheaths, lamina joints, filaments before anthesis, vasculare bundles of the ovule, lemma and palea, and embryos.
Plants over-expressing ILI4 show enhanced bending of the lamina joint, increased grain size and resistance to brassinazole, an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis.
Triggered by the transcription factor RLI1 to regulate leaf inclination in response to phosphate (Pi) availability (PubMed:29610209). Repressed by phosphate (Pi) deficiency in lamina joint cells in a RLI1-dependent manner (PubMed:29610209). By brassinolide (BL, e.g. 24-epibrassinolide) (PubMed:19648232, PubMed:29610209). Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19648232).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in roots and shoots.
Although related to the sugar transporter family, it does not transport sugars.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. phosphate:H(+) symporter (TC 2.A.1.9) family.
High-affinity transporter for external inorganic phosphate.
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA2 subunit family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX55/SPB4 subfamily.
Isoform 2 is expressed in young vascular tissues and tiller buds.
May play a role in plant defense signaling (Probable). Isoform 2 binds to phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner in response to pathogen elicitors (PubMed:14529272).
Phosphorylated at Ser-44 by CPK18 in a calcium-dependent manner.
E2 conjugating enzyme that associates with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase EL5 to mediates ubiquitination of target proteins.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family. Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily.
Belongs to the ribose 5-phosphate isomerase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS28 family.
Plays an essential role in early steps of chloroplast development. Involved in the regulation of plastid gene expression. Required for the proper function of the plastid transcriptional machinery and protein accumulation in thylakoid membranes. May function as molecular chaperone to ensure proper organization of the nucleoids in chloroplasts.
Probable beta-1,4-xylosyltransferase involved in xylan biosynthesis in cell walls.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL27 family.
Highly expressed in embryos and at lower levels in roots, leaves, flowers and anthers.
Phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 at position 2 to form Ins(1,2,3,4,5,6)P6 (InsP6 or phytate). Phytate is a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal antinutrient, and a phosphate store in plant seeds. Also phosphorylates Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 and Ins(1,4,5,6)P4 to produce Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 and Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5.
The EXKPK motif is conserved in inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinases of both family 1 and 2.
Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family.
Expressed in the embryo proper and both layers of the integument at 2 days after pollination (DAP). At 3 DAP, strongly expressed in the outer cell layer of the embryo and at lower levels in the integument and the outer endosperm layer (prealeurone layer). From 4 DAP to 6 DAP, expressed in the integument, the scutellar epithelium and embryo axis. Expression stongly decreases from 8 DAP to disappear completely at 10 DAP. Expressed in young seedlings developing roots at the root hair-forming side of epidermal cells.
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rab family.
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase NEP1 family.
Belongs to the SLC13A/DASS transporter (TC 2.A.47) family. DIT1 subfamily.
Belongs to the metallothionein superfamily. Type 15 family.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. NEK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. NIMA subfamily.
Expressed in anthers, pistils and leaves.
May be involved in plant development processes.
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. ClpD subfamily.
Highly expressed in stems, culms and leaves.
Molecular chaperone that may interact with a ClpP-like protease involved in degradation of denatured proteins in the chloroplast.
Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
By the mycorrhizal fungus G.intraradices colonization in roots.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (325-355) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class C subfamily.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters.
By dithiothreitol- and tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response.
May play a role in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. gTMT family.
Involved in the synthesis of tocopherol (vitamin E). Methylates gamma- and delta-tocopherol to form beta- and alpha-tocopherol, respectively.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from benzoyl-CoA to tryptamine, to produce benzoyl tryptamine. Serotonin and tyramine serve as acyl acceptors in vitro. Can use p-coumaroyl-CoA, and to a lesser extent caffeoyl-CoA, as acyl donors.
Essential for tapetum development in anthers and microsporogenesis. May regulate the timing of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) which is critical for pollen development.
Expressed in developing anthers during meiosis and young microspore stages.
Required for post-transcriptional gene silencing and natural virus resistance.
The nitrogen atoms of the two glycine residues in the GGXR motif define the oxyanion hole, and stabilize the oxyanion that forms during the nucleophilic attack by the catalytic serine during substrate cleavage.
Belongs to the RBR family. Ariadne subfamily.
Might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, or as part of E3 complex, which accepts ubiquitin from specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and then transfers it to substrates.
Belongs to the plant rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-10 subfamily.
Lacks the ATP-binding motif which is one of the conserved features of the kinesin family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like E subfamily.
Thought to be a Golgi-localized beta-glycan synthase that polymerize the backbones of noncellulosic polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) of plant cell wall.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Not detected in roots, stems, flowers or leaves of healthy plants.
Transaminase that degrades gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA).
Up-regulated by blast fungus, UV, mechanical wounding, salicylic acid and abscisic acid, but not by methyl jasmonate.
Involved in melatonin degradation (PubMed:25728912). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of melatonin to produce 2-hydroxymelatonin (PubMed:25728912).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 10 (cellulase F) family.
Divalent metal cations. Prefers magnesium or manganese.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 48 family.
Plays an important role in membrane trafficking through the secretory apparatus. In complex with MON1, acts as a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for Rab7 protein family. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting it from an inactive GDP-bound form into an active GTP-bound form. The active form is involved in protein trafficking from prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) to vacuoles. May serve as a linker between Rab5 and Rab7 protein families in PVCs and mediate PVC maturation.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 19 family. Chitinase class I subfamily.
Expressed in meristems and at lower levels in roots and sheaths.
Hydrolyzes chitin and plays a role in defense against fungal pathogens containing chitin. Its overexpression confers enhanced resistance to sheath blight pathogen (R.solani).
Belongs to the ATPase protein YMF19 family.
Was originally thought to be an inhibitor of alpha-amylase or of a protease and was known as PAPI: probable alpha-amylase/protease inhibitor.
By methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and drought and salt stresses (PubMed:21332845, PubMed:19618278). Induced by wounding (PubMed:19618278).
Interacts with BHLH148 (PubMed:21332845). Interacts with COI1A, COI1B and COI2 in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) (PubMed:23320078). Interacts with RSS3 (PubMed:23715469).
The jas domain (153-177) is required for interaction with COI1.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family.
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family.
Heterodimer with LFNR1 (By similarity). Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins. Interacts directly with LIR1 and TIC62; LIR1 increases the affinity of LFNR1 and LFNR2 for TIC62 (PubMed:26941088).
May form interchain disulfide bonds with LIR1.
Plays a key role in regulating the relative amounts of cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow to meet the demands of the plant for ATP and reducing power.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like F subfamily.
Catalyzes both beta-1,3 and beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage on beta-D-glucan. Essential for (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucans synthesis in grasses and cereals (Poaceae). The mixed-linked glucans (which are not present in walls of dicotyledons or most other monocotyledonous plants) are particularly important constituents of the walls of the starchy endosperm and aleurone cells of cereal grains such as oats, wheat, rice and barley. They can account for up to 70% by weight of the wall.
Ca(2+)-independent actin-binding protein. Binds actin microfilaments (MFs). Involved in actin filament bundling, severing and capping. Caps the barbed end of actin filaments and protects them from disassembly. Promotes VLN3-mediated MF severing.
Expressed in roots, young leaves, and inflorescences, mostly in the vasculature of roots, leaves, and filaments of the anthers. Also detected in guard cells.
Catalyzes the 3-beta-hydroxylation of the inactive gibberellin precursors, leading to the formation of bioactive gibberellins. In vitro, converts the precursors GA20, GA5, GA44 and GA9 to the corresponding 3-beta-hydroxylated bioactive products GA1, GA3, GA38 and GA4, respectively. Involved in the production of bioactive GA for vegetative growth and development. May possess 2,3-desaturase activity, catalyzing the conversion of GA9 to 2,3-dehydro-GA9, and GA20 to GA5 (2,3-dehydro GA20). May possess 2-beta-hydroxylase activity, catalyzing the conversion of GA1 and GA4 to the corresponding 2-beta-hydroxylated products GA8 and GA34, respectively.
During anther development, expressed in the tapetum at the middle-stage and late-stage of pollen differentiation.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 11 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors.
Putative transcription activator involved in regulating light control of development.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Inactive GDP-bound Rho GTPases reside in the cytosol, are found in a complex with Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (Rho GDIs), and are released from the GDI protein in order to translocate to membranes upon activation.
Component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the Golgi pH regulator (TC 1.A.38) family.
In cold sensitive indica cultivars (AC A2XX57) Lys-187 is replaced by Met-187 or Thr-187. These polymorphisms are associated with divergence in chilling tolerance of rice cultivars. COLD1 confers adaptation of japonica rice to chilling and originated from the Chinese wild populations of Oryza rufipogon.
Involved in chilling tolerance. Interacts with the G-protein alpha subunit GPA1 to activate the calcium channel for sensing low temperature and to accelerate G-protein GTPase activity.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are sensitive to cold.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Atypical ATP-dependent clade 'X' sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.
Belongs to the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase/poly(A) polymerase family.
Cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the direct activation pathway. Controls the shoot meristem activity. Phosphoribohydrolase that converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides to the biologically active free-base forms. Reacts specifically with cytokinin nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, but not with di- or triphosphate.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, tiller buds, immature inflorescences and flowers. Expressed in the upper part of shoot meristems, including axillary meristems, meristems of developing panicle and floral meristems.
Premature termination of the floral meristem.
The name lonely guy came from the fact that flowers of the mutants often contained only one stamen but no pistil.
Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL18 family.
Adds a myristoyl group to the N-terminal glycine residue of certain cellular proteins.
Belongs to the carotenoid oxygenase family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins.
Belongs to the VAMP-associated protein (VAP) (TC 9.B.17) family.
By drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 64 family.
By cold, drought, salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose. Trehalose accumulation in plant may improve abiotic stress tolerance.
Belongs to the isocitrate lyase/PEP mutase superfamily. Isocitrate lyase family.
By submergence in seedlings (PubMed:15944756). By dark-induced senescence in leaves (PubMed:11432928, PubMed:23296688).
Involved in storage lipid mobilization during the growth of higher plant seedling.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, tiller buds, shoot apex, immature inflorescences and flowers.
Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits and several supernumerary subunits. The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII).
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules using 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Belongs to the metallophosphoesterase superfamily. Purple acid phosphatase family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. SPB1 subfamily.
Probable methyltransferase involved in the maturation of rRNA and in the biogenesis of ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS21 family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes small subunit family.
Gamma-tubulin complex is necessary for microtubule nucleation at the centrosome.
Binds 1 thiamine pyrophosphate per subunit.
Cell cycle-regulated, showing a peak in the G1-phase.
Component of the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, composed of FSM (FAS1), FAS2 and MSI1.
Component of the chromatin assembly factor complex (CAF-1) involved in chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair. Required for several aspects of development, including apical meristem maintenance by regulating the durations of the S- and G2-phases of the cell cycle through its chromatin assembly activity.
Dwarf and weak seedling that dies during vegetative phase.
In embryo, expressed in leaf primordia, coleoptile and radicle. In seedlings, expressed in cell division zone of roots, SAM and leaf primordia. Expressed in floral organ primordia.
Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family.
By exogenous sugar supply. Down-regulated by sugar starvation and light in dark-grown seedlings.
Expressed in developing caryopses from 3 days after flowering (DAF), increases to a maximal level at 5 to 7 DAF, and then gradually declines to a barely detectable level by 20 DAF when grain filling stage nearly terminates. Expressed in developing pollen and anther walls from 5 to 1 day before anthesis.
Male sterility probably due to impaired pollen germination.
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Can also transport other glucosides such as maltose, salicin, helicin, and alpha-phenylglucoside. Probably required for apoplastic phloem sucrose loading in source tissues (e.g. leaves) in order to transport it to sink tissues (e.g. roots, flowers). Probably not involved in transport of sugars across the symplastic discontinuity between the endosperm and the embryo. Essential for normal pollen germination, but not for pollen maturation or starch accumulation in pollen.
Widely expressed. Highly expressed in embryo, endosperm, germinating seeds, source leaf sheaths and panicles, but at very low levels in roots. Expressed in phloem companion cells.
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP).
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family.
Essential factor involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TCR) which allows RNA polymerase II-blocking lesions to be rapidly removed from the transcribed strand of active genes. Upon DNA-binding, it locally modifies DNA conformation by wrapping the DNA around itself, thereby modifying the interface between stalled RNA polymerase II and DNA. It is required for transcription-coupled repair complex formation.
Expressed in proliferating tissues. Highly expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM). Expressed in roots, young leaves, flag leaves, and panicles. Expressed at very low levels in mature leaves.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds.
O-glycosylated on hydroxyprolines; noncontiguous hydroxylproline residues are glycosylated with arabinogalactan.
Proteoglycan that seems to be implicated in diverse developmental roles such as differentiation, cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death.
Part of the photosystem II complex. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, numerous small proteins, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Stabilizes dimeric photosystem II (PSII). In its absence no dimeric PSII accumulates and there is a reduction of monomeric PSII (By similarity).
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group.
Transcription factor which may be involved in developmental processes.
Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.
Forms homooligomers and/or heterooligomers.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane.
Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.
Homotetramer (By similarity). Binds to CATB and CATC; these interactions are disturbed by alpha-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanesulfonic acid (HPMS) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:26900141).
Oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of a broad range of 2-hydroxyacids to the corresponding 2-oxoacids, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2. May be involved in a general medium- and long-chain fatty acid catabolic pathway such as alpha-oxidation.
Catalyzes the first irreversible reaction from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate and plays an important regulatory role in sucrose biosynthesis and metabolism. Required for sucrose supply and tiller bud outgrowth.
In plants there are two FBPase isozymes: one in the cytosol and the other in the chloroplast.
Reduced tiller numbers, pale-green leaves, reduced growth rate and dwarf phenotype.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD Type 1 subfamily.
In eukaryotes there are cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and chloroplastic isozymes.
Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as a redundant negative regulator of ethylene signaling.
Late heading, altered kernel color and viviparous phenotypes.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS12 family.
Binds to and weakly represses NPR1/NH1-mediated transcriptional activation of LG2 in vitro.
Interacts with NPR1/NH1 (PubMed:22353606, PubMed:24919709). Interacts with NPR3/NH3 (PubMed:24919709).
Plant-specific type III polyketide synthase (PKS) that catalyzes the one-pot formation of the C6-C7-C6 diarylheptanoid scaffold of bisdemethoxycurcumin by the condensation of two molecules of 4-coumaroyl-CoA and one molecule of malonyl-CoA.
Golgi membrane protein involved in vesicular trafficking.
Hydrolyzes certain amino acid conjugates of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Autophosphorylated on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues.
Plants over-expressing ETR2 display reduced ethylene sensitivity, delayed floral transition and reduced seed set.
Delayed flowering phenotype under long day conditions.
Involved in the export of the long day-specific flower-promoting signal (florigen) RFT1 from the phloem companion cells to sieve elements (PubMed:28254780). Promotes flowering under long days through the transport of RFT1 from the leaves to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:28254780).
Specifically expressed in the phloem including companion cells.
Probable subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, an endoprotease complex that catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of integral membrane proteins such as Notch receptors.
The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Component of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles containing H/ACA-type snoRNAs (H/ACA snoRNPs).
Required for ribosome biogenesis. Part of a complex which catalyzes pseudouridylation of rRNA. This involves the isomerization of uridine such that the ribose is subsequently attached to C5, instead of the normal N1. Pseudouridine ("psi") residues may serve to stabilize the conformation of rRNAs.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class III subfamily.
Repressed by miR166 in the shoot apicam meristem (SAM) region of devoloping embryo.
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Probable vacuolar iron transporter that may be involved in the regulation of iron distribution throughout the plant.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds to GA-rich elements (GAGA-repeats) present in regulatory sequences of genes involved in developmental processes.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 13 family.
Initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. Essential for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid and complex N-glycans.
The cofactor is mostly bound to the substrate.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. SAR1 family.
Involved in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase family.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class IV subfamily.
Enhances histone H3K9 acetylation on transposable elements and promoters of hypersensitive response (HR)-related genes. This leads to increased HR-related gene expression, hydrogen peroxide production, DNA fragmentation, and programmed cell death.
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase (PubMed:17468215). Has deacetylase activity towards histone H3K9Ac (PubMed:17468215, PubMed:27477683). May have a function in the safeguard against genome instabiliy and DNA damage to ensure plant cell growth (Probable). May act as a repressor of leaf senescence by histone H3K9Ac deacetylation (PubMed:27477683, PubMed:27208230). May negatively regulate metabolic signal transduction involving methanol and jasmonates during leaf senescence (PubMed:27477683). Required for histone H3K9Ac deacetylation and repression of AP2-1/RSR1 and amylase genes during early seed development (PubMed:27181944). Functions as an epigenetic regulator to repress the expression of glycolytic genes and glycolysis in seedlings (PubMed:28981755). Reduces lysine acetylation of the glycolytic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which is found to also function as an activator of glycolytic gene expression (PubMed:28981755).
Plants silencing SRT1 undergo early senescence at 3 month-old when grown in greenhouse (PubMed:27477683). Silencing SRT1 gene leads to seed abortion (PubMed:27181944).
Increased number and density of lateral roots and decreased thickness of seminal roots.
Induced by infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and the inducer of plant defense responses benzothiadiazole (BTH).
Phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), another important signaling molecule (PubMed:30887532). PA is required for plant development and responses to abiotic stress (Probable). May play a role in disease resistance responses to pathogen attack (Probable). Modulates root architecture by regulating the ratio of DAG and PA, which have opposite effect on the promotion or suppression of lateral roots vs seminal roots (PubMed:30887532). Suppresses lateral root number, but promotes seminal root and crown root thickness (PubMed:30887532).
Plants overexpressing DGK1 exhibit decreased density of lateral roots and increased thickness of seminal roots.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin D subfamily.
By glucose or fructose treatment in leaves.
Expressed during flower development until 15 days after flowering.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, immature seeds, endosperm and seed coat.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme.
Cytoprotective ribonuclease (RNase) required for resistance to abiotic stresses, acting as a positive regulator of mRNA decapping during stress.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, anthers and embryos.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3 and participates in phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin F subfamily.
Belongs to the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruA family.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family.
Completely inhibited at 50 mM ATP, but not inhibited at high fructose concentration.
Expressed in root, endosperm and leaf tissues.
Fructokinase that may play an important role in maintaining the flux of carbon towards starch formation. May also be involved in a sugar-sensing pathway.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS17 family.
Involved in the catabolism of purine nucleotides. The sequential activity of AAH, UGLYAH and UAH allows a complete purine breakdown without the intermediate generation of urea.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant F-type subfamily.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in the redox regulation of enzymes of both reductive pentose phosphate pathway (Calvin-Benson cycle) and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.
Acts as a Mg(2+) transporter. Can also transport other divalent cations such as Fe(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+) and Co(2+) but to a much less extent than Mg(2+).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL24 family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL11 family.
Induced by treatment with the elicitors chitin or fagellin22 (flg22).
Plants silencing BSK1-2 exhibit compromised responses to chitin- or flg22-triggered immunity and resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae.
Probable serine/threonine kinase that functions as a positive regulator of plant immunity. May be involved in the regulation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Does not seem to be involved in responses to brassinosteroid (BR) signaling.
Belongs to the V-ATPase H subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments.
Subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. Subunit H activates the ATPase activity of the enzyme and couples ATPase activity to proton flow. Vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells, thus providing most of the energy required for transport processes in the vacuolar system (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c', c'' and d).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 14 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase G subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment.
Expressed in seedlings, stems, leaf blades and panicles.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS27 family.
Two-heme-containing cytochrome. Catalyzes ascorbate-dependent trans-membrane electron transfer by utilizing a concerted H(+)/e(-) transfer mechanism (By similarity).
Although plant and algal NBP35 proteins lack the characteristic CXXC motif in the C-terminus, thought to be required for Fe-S cluster binding, they can bind a [4Fe-4S] cluster in the C-terminus. Also, in this linage, no CFD1 partner protein homolog as found in other eukaryotes can be found.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family. NUBP1/NBP35 subfamily.
Binds 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters per homodimer. Contains two stable clusters in the N-termini and one labile, bridging cluster between subunits of the homodimer.
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Functions as Fe-S scaffold, mediating the de novo assembly of an Fe-S cluster and its transfer to target apoproteins. Essential for embryo development.
Homodimer and homotetramer. Predominantly homodimeric.
Belongs to the MORC ATPase protein family.
Converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA.
Belongs to the TrkH potassium transport family. HKT (TC 2.A.38.3) subfamily.
HKT transporters are proposed to contain 4 pore-forming regions enclosed by transmembrane segments with each containing a potassium channel-like selectivity filter motif.
Probable cation transporter. May be involved in regulation of potassium-sodium homeostasis.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA12 subunit family.
Inhibits zinc finger homeodomain (ZHD) transcription factors, by interacting with them to prevent both their nuclear localization and their DNA-binding properties.
May form complexes with phosphorylated ligands by interfering with kinases and their effectors.
Expressed in phloem cells of roots and shoots.
Plants overexpressing ZIP4 show decreased zinc concentration in shoots and seeds, and increased concentration in roots.
Zinc transporter that mediates zinc uptake from the rhizosphere and may be responsible for the translocation of zinc within the plant.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. UDP-galactose:UMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.11) subfamily.
Belongs to the strictosidine synthase family.
Biotin-attachment subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric acid catabolism.
Probably a heterodimer composed of biotin-containing alpha subunits and beta subunits.
Catalyzes specifically the phosphorylation of ceramide to form ceramide 1-phosphate. Possesses activity on ceramide analog (C6 synthetic ceramide) in vitro. Ceramide is a critical sphingolipid metabolite that induces programmed cell death (PCD) in plants and ceramide-1-phosphate has a PCD suppressive effect. Thus, ceramide phosphorylation plays a role in the modulation of PCD and CERK activity is crucial for the maintenance of cell viability.
Highly expressed in leaves and at lower levels in stems.
Overexpression of CERK in the Arabidopsis mutant acd5 restores wild-type phenotype.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family.
Translation factor that promotes translation elongation and termination, particularly upon ribosome stalling at specific amino acid sequence contexts. Binds between the exit (E) and peptidyl (P) site of the ribosome and promotes rescue of stalled ribosome: specifically required for efficient translation of polyproline-containing peptides as well as other motifs that stall the ribosome. Acts as ribosome quality control (RQC) cofactor by joining the RQC complex to facilitate peptidyl transfer during CAT tailing step.
eIF-5A seems to be the only eukaryotic protein to have a hypusine residue which is a post-translational modification of a lysine by the addition of a butylamino group.
Catalytic subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex that catalyzes the initial transfer of a defined glycan (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) in eukaryotes) from the lipid carrier dolichol-pyrophosphate to an asparagine residue within an Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif in nascent polypeptide chains, the first step in protein N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation occurs cotranslationally and the complex associates with the Sec61 complex at the channel-forming translocon complex that mediates protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All subunits are required for a maximal enzyme activity. This subunit contains the active site and the acceptor peptide and donor lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) binding pockets.
Despite low primary sequence conservation between eukaryotic catalytic subunits and bacterial and archaeal single subunit OSTs (ssOST), structural comparison revealed several common motifs at spatially equivalent positions, like the DXD motif 1 on the external loop 1 and the DXD motif 2 on the external loop 2 involved in binding of the metal ion cofactor and the carboxamide group of the acceptor asparagine, the conserved Glu residue of the TIXE/SVSE motif on the external loop 5 involved in catalysis, as well as the WWDYG and the DK/MI motifs in the globular domain that define the binding pocket for the +2 Ser/Thr of the acceptor sequon. In bacterial ssOSTs, an Arg residue was found to interact with a negatively charged side chain at the -2 position of the sequon. This Arg is conserved in bacterial enzymes and correlates with an extended sequon requirement (Asp-X-Asn-X-Ser/Thr) for bacterial N-glycosylation.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35.5) family.
Magnesium transporter that may mediate the influx of magnesium.
Highly expressed in leaf blade, and at lower levels in roots, leaf sheaths, flowers and seeds.
Induced by dithiothreitol- and tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response.
Transcription factor involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Acts as ER stress sensor and activates the transcription factor BZIP50 and the chaperone BIP1.
Belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the alpha-IPM synthase/homocitrate synthase family. LeuA type 1 subfamily.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the prenylation of para-hydroxybenzoate (PHB) with an all-trans polyprenyl group. Mediates the second step in the final reaction sequence of coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, which is the condensation of the polyisoprenoid side chain with PHB, generating the first membrane-bound Q intermediate.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily.
In roots, localizes at the pericycle cells. In nodes, localizes in the phloem parenchyma and companion cells of both enlarged and diffuse vascular bundles.
Reduced plant height and biomass. Reduced grain yield. Decreased levels of zinc an cadmium in grain, rachis, husk and nodes.
Zinc/cadmium transporter that plays an essential role in promoting translocation of zinc and cadmium from roots to shoots (PubMed:21388416, PubMed:22123790, PubMed:23575418, PubMed:22548273). May control cadmium loading into xylem (PubMed:21388416). In roots, transports zinc and cadmium from the apoplast to the symplast to facilitate translocation via the phloem. In nodes, functions to load zinc and cadmium to the phloem for the preferential distribution to the upper nodes and panicles (PubMed:23575418).
Belongs to the histone deacetylase HD2 family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. rRNA adenine N(6)-methyltransferase family.
Expressed in the floral meristem at very early stage of the spikelet (rice flower) development. Expressed in lemmas, paleas and lodicules from early to late stage of flower development.
May interact with the K-box of MADS1 and MADS6.
Belongs to the succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur protein family.
Component of complex II composed of eight subunits in plants: four classical SDH subunits SDH1, SDH2, SDH3 and SDH4 (a flavoprotein (FP), an iron-sulfur protein (IP), and a cytochrome b composed of a large and a small subunit.), as well as four subunits unknown in mitochondria from bacteria and heterotrophic eukaryotes.
Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the eukaryotic GSH synthase family.
Belongs to the nicotianamine synthase (NAS)-like family.
By iron deficiency in roots and chlorotic leaves.
Synthesizes nicotianamine, a polyamine that is the first intermediate in the synthesis of the phytosiderophores of the mugineic acid type found in gramineae which serve as a sensor for the physiological iron status within the plant, and/or might be involved in the transport of iron.
Synthesizes nicotianamine, a polyamine which serves as a sensor for the physiological iron status within the plant, and/or might be involved in the transport of iron.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU).
Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel.
Catalyzes two steps in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In the first step, molybdopterin is adenylated. Subsequently, molybdate is inserted into adenylated molybdopterin and AMP is released.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the MoeA family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the MoaB/Mog family.
Constitutes the pattern-recognition receptor (PPR) that determines the specific perception of flagellin (flg22), a potent elicitor of the defense response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recognizes flg22 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acidovorax avenae. flg22 is a peptide derived from the bacterial flagellin N-terminus sequence (PubMed:18986259, PubMed:25617720). Does not recognize flg22 from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) or Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) (PubMed:25617720).
Belongs to the GTP-binding SRP family. SRP54 subfamily.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.3) subfamily.
Proline transporter that mediates proline transport across the plasma membrane.
Zinc transporter that may be involved in zinc uptake from the rhizosphere.
Belongs to the sterol desaturase family.
Involved in the trafficking of vacuolar proteins. May function as a sorting receptor for protein trafficking to the protein storage vacuole (PSV) (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G family.
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F. Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28.
Plays a role in the accumulation of a sobemovirus (RYMV) during viral infection.
Expressed in spikelets, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, internodes, nodes, the base of stems and roots.
High-affinity potassium transporter that does not show potassium-sodium cotransport (PubMed:20351263, PubMed:21610181). Potassium transport seems to be independent of sodium (PubMed:21610181). Mediates transport of the divalent cations magnesium and calcium in the absence of competing potassium ions (PubMed:20351263, PubMed:21610181). Selectivity for potassium is dominant over divalent cations, and magnesium and calcium transport may be small and may depend on competing potassium concentrations (PubMed:20351263, PubMed:21610181).
Belongs to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein family.
The Rieske protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
The active site contains a CGGC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA43 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Belongs to the dynein light chain family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL28 family.
Expressed in developing caryopses from 1 to 5 days after flowering (DAF) and then declines to nearly undetectable levels by 10 DAF.
Belongs to the class-II DAHP synthase family.
Binds 1 divalent cation per subunit. The enzyme is active with manganese, cobalt or cadmium ions.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Acts as positive regulator of grain size by controlling grain width, filling and weight. High expression of GS5 in the grain is correlated with large grain size.
Induced by light. Circadian regulation with a peak of expression at dusk (PubMed:25711711). Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR) (PubMed:25711711).
Belongs to the very long-chain fatty acids dehydratase HACD family.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates in the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. May be an anti-phosphatase that prevents CDKA-1 dephosphorylation and activation. Involved in the hormonal control of cell division and differentiation. Required for proliferation control of meristematic and non-meristematic cells. Negative regulator of the cell cycle.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Expressed in roots and inflorescences (PubMed:14513380). Expressed in roots, panicles, anthers, pistils, endosperm and imbibed embryos (PubMed:18281124). Expressed in tissues containing actively replicating and dividing cells, such as shoot and root meristems (PubMed:24535433).
Probably methylates CpG residues and maintains DNA methylation (PubMed:14513380, PubMed:24535433). May be involved in methylation-dependent gene silencing (PubMed:14513380). May play a minor role in the maintenance of DNA methylation (PubMed:24535433).
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family. BET3 subfamily.
May play a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaf sheaths and leaf blades.
Interacts with TIFY9/JAZ5, TIFY11C/JAZ11 and TIFY11D/JAZ12 in a coronatine-dependent manner.
Involved in jasmonate (JA) signaling. Required for jasmonate signaling in plant defense responses (By similarity). Component of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including TIFY/JAZ family (By similarity).
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol out of the cell, into the endoplasmic reticulum, or into organelles (By similarity). Involved in salt stress tolerance (PubMed:24286292).
Highly expressed in leaf sheaths and leaf collars.
Induced by cold, salt and drought stresses. Induced by abscisic acid, auxine, brassinosteroid, ethylene, gibberellin, jasmonate, kinetin, reactive oxygen species and salicylate.
May be involved in the control of plant responses to environmental stresses.
Plants over-expressing CYL4 exhibit reduced tolerance to cold, salt and drought stresses.
Homotetramer. Component of the multiprotein assembly MOS4-associated complex (MAC) at least composed of MOS4, CDC5, PRL1 and PRP19 which is related to the PRP19C/Prp19 complex/NTC/Nineteen complex identified in other organisms. Associated with the spliceosome.
Probable ubiquitin-protein ligase which is mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair.
Mediates active uptake of hexoses by sugar:proton symport (By similarity). May play an important role in transporting monosaccharides during anther development (Probable).
Repressed by cold (PubMed:16730464, PubMed:17693452). Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:17693452).
Belongs to the FPP/GGPP synthase family.
ABC transporter modulating cadmium (Cd) import, thus controlling Cd(2+) accumulation to prevent phytotoxicity (PubMed:35640876). Confers high tolerance to Cd in yeast (PubMed:21670506). Prevents leaf bacteria proliferation, such as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) RS105 and X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) PXO99, by triggering Cd accumulation, which in turn impairs bacterial virulence factors (PubMed:35640876).
Induced by cadmium (Cd) stress in a concentration-dependent manner (PubMed:21670506, PubMed:35640876). Accumulates transiently within 4 to 12 hours in response to the leaf bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) RS105 and X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) PXO99, respectively (PubMed:35640876).
No visible phenotype in standard conditions.
Specifically expressed in the vasculature of roots, stems, panicles, sheaths and leaves.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Catalyzes the synthesis of dihydrouridine, a modified base found in the D-loop of most tRNAs.
Both substrate-binding domains (SBD1 and SBD2) are involved in the substrate recognition, and are sufficient to confer the substrate specificity.
Expressed in root exodermis and epidermis cells, stem vascular cells, leaf developing vascular bundle cells and parenchyma cells, lemma, palea, stamens and pistil.
Induced by wounding (PubMed:23246835). Down-regulated by UV irradiation (PubMed:23246835).
Involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism by mediating the activation of a number of hydroxycinnamates for the biosynthesis of monolignols and other phenolic secondary metabolites (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Catalyzes the formation of CoA esters of cinnamate, 4-coumarate, caffeate and ferulate (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Is more efficient with substrates in the following order: ferulate > 4-coumarate > caffeate > cinnamate (PubMed:21807887). Possesses very high activity compared to 4CL1, 4CL2, 4CL4 and 4CL5 (PubMed:21807887). Cannot convert sinapate to its corresponding CoA ester (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). May play a role in the synthesis of lignin as well as other phenolic compounds (PubMed:21807887). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
Plants silencing 4CL3 exhibit significant lignin reduction, reduced plant height, decreased panicle fertility and abnormal anther development.
Belongs to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase family.
By drought, cold, high salinity and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments.
Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO(2), with concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH.
Highly expressed in inflorescence, lowly expressed in root and embryos and almost absent in leaves.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-A family.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, root apical meristem, leaf primordia and the marginal meristem.
In addition to polymerase activity, this DNA polymerase exhibits 5'-3' exonuclease activity (By similarity). May be required for DNA replication and accumulation in plastids.
Inhibited by dideoxythymidine-triphosphate (ddTTP), but not by aphidicolin and N-ethylmaleimide.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, RBX1 and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex.
Accumulation of large quantities of glutelin precursor (proglutelin) in the endosperm.
By dithiothreitol-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response.
Expressed in developing seeds from 3 to 9 days after anthesis.
Probable protein disulfide isomerase that plays an essential role in the segregation of proglutelin and prolamin polypeptides within the ER lumen of endosperm. Required to retain proglutelin in the cisternal ER lumen until ER export and, thereby, indirectly prevents heterotypic interactions with prolamin polypeptides.
Expressed in seedlings and leaves, mostly in the lower region rich in dividing cells.
Forms homodimers and heterodimers with PCF1 (PubMed:9338963). Interacts with SPL14/IPA1 (PubMed:24170127).
Transcription activator. Binds the promoter core sequence 5'-GGNCC-3', especially at sites IIa (5'-GGGCCCAC-3') and IIb (5'-GGTCCCAC-3') (essential for meristematic tissue-specificity expression) of the PCNA gene promoter (PubMed:12000681, PubMed:9338963). Can target the TCP motif 5'-TGGGCC/T-3' (PubMed:24170127).
Expressed in coleoptiles, and at lower level in leaves of dark-grown seedlings.
Involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, a growth regulator that is implicated also as a signaling molecule in plant defense. Converts 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid to 12,13-epoxylinolenic acid (By similarity).
Transiently induced by red (R) light, far-red (FR) light and abrasion in dark-grown seedlings. Not induced by FR light in phytochrome A (phyA) mutant.
Belongs to the heme-copper respiratory oxidase family.
Binds 2 heme A groups non-covalently per subunit.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Sodium/anion cotransporter (TC 2.A.1.14) family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Spinster (TC 2.A.1.49) family.
Controls photoperiodic flowering response. Seems to be one of the component of the circadian clock. Expression of several members of the ARR-like family is controlled by circadian rhythm. The particular coordinated sequential expression of PRR73, PRR37, PRR95, PRR59 and PPR1 result to circadian waves that may be at the basis of the endogenous circadian clock (By similarity).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a broad peak in the middle day.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-133), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Belongs to the prokaryotic/mitochondrial release factor family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL18 family.
Belongs to the nucleotide-sugar transporter family. CMP-Sialate:CMP antiporter (TC 2.A.7.12) subfamily.
Sugar transporter involved in the transport of CMP-sialic acid from the cytoplasm into the Golgi. May transport important nucleotide sugars such as CMP-Kdo (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid) in physiological conditions.
Involved in the biogenesis of the plastid translation machinery by promoting the splicing of group II introns in chloroplasts.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX18/HAS1 subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3 GTPase family.
Belongs to the ARR family. Type-B subfamily.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, lesion mimic, low tillering and late heading phenotypes.
Transcriptional activator that binds specific DNA sequence. Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. May directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins.
Two-component system major event consists of a His-to-Asp phosphorelay between a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). In plants, the His-to-Asp phosphorelay involves an additional intermediate named Histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein (HPt). This multistep phosphorelay consists of a His-Asp-His-Asp sequential transfer of a phosphate group between first an His and an Asp of the HK protein, followed by the transfer to a conserved His of the HPt protein and finally the transfer to an Asp in the receiver domain of the RR protein.
Acetylation is generally linked to gene activation. Can be acetylated to form H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K18ac and H3K23ac. H3K9ac could compete with H3K9me and prevent gene silencing. H3K9ac is restricted to euchromatin (By similarity).
Can be phosphorylated to form H3S10ph, H3T11ph and H3S28ph.
Methylated to form mainly H3K4me, H3K9me, H3K18me, H3K23me, H3K27me and H3K36me. H3K4me1/2/3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H3K36me1/2/3 are typical marks for euchromatin, whereas heterochromatic chromocenters are enriched in H3K9me1/2 and H3K27me1/2. H2BK143ub1 is probably prerequisite for H3K4me (By similarity).
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H3K4me = methylated Lys-5; H3K9ac = acetylated Lys-10; H3K9me = methylated Lys-10; H3S10ph = phosphorylated Ser-11; H3T11ph = phosphorylated Thr-12; H3K14ac = acetylated Lys-15; H3K18ac = acetylated Lys-19; H3K18me = methylated Lys-19; H3K23ac = acetylated Lys-24; H3K23me = methylated Lys-24; H3K27me = methylated Lys-28; H3S28ph = phosphorylated Ser-29; H3K36me = methylated Lys-37.
May only reduce GSH-thiol disulfides, but not protein disulfides.
Belongs to the ARR family. Type-A subfamily.
Dwarf, viviparous, lesion mimic and sterility phenotypes.
Functions as response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Type-A response regulators seem to act as negative regulators of the cytokinin signaling.
Functions downstream of CERK1 in the microbial peptidoglycans (PGNs) and fungal chitin signaling pathways that mediate innate immunity. Participates in the activation of defense genes during response to PGN and chitin.
Belongs to the splicing factor SR family.
Expressed in roots, leaves and immature seeds.
Extensively phosphorylated on serine residues in the RS domain.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Component of the chloroplastic Clp protease core complex.
Expressed in anthers and ovules during meiosis.
Male-sterile phenotype due to the absence of tapetum. Presence of extra microsporocytes in the developing anthers and ovules.
Receptor-like kinase that plays important roles in restricting the number of cells entering into male and female sporogenesis. Involved in cell specification during anther development and initiation of anther wall formation.
Accumulates in response to thiourea (TU, a non-physiological thiol-based reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger), TU supplementation under salt stress (NT = NaCl + TU), hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) and H(2)O(2) supplementation under salt stress (NH = NaCl + H(2)O(2)).
Belongs to the early nodulin-like (ENODL) family.
May act as a carbohydrate transporter (PubMed:24470637). Promotes tolerance to salt stress in a redox-dependent manner (PubMed:33542250).
Specifically expressed in reproductive tissues (PubMed:20423940). Mainly observed in developing seeds and in mature leaves (PubMed:21984902).
Belongs to the class IV-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase TrmH family.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Polyamine:cation symporter (PHS) (TC 2.A.3.12) family.
Acts in the modification of cell walls via demethylesterification of cell wall pectin.
Belongs to the plant CAR protein family.
Expressed in the growing regions of roots, internodes and leaves.
Belongs to the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase family.
Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to free glucose and ceramide.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant M-type subfamily.
Expressed in leaves and at lower levels in flowers.
Semi-dwarf plants with pale-green leaves, abnormal chloroplasts, reduced carotenoid and chlorophyll content and increased hydrogen peroxide levels.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase probably involved in the redox regulation of chloroplastic enzymes. Required for chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. Functions as an electron donor for plastidial 2-Cys peroxiredoxins and participates in hydrogen peroxide scavenging system in chloroplasts. Possesses reducing activity towards insulin disulfide bonds.
Component of the RMI complex, containing at least TOP3A and RMI1.
Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the resolution step of homologous recombination, in a process called Holliday Junction dissolution, to limit DNA crossover formation in cells.
Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily.
Involved in sequestration of excess metal in the cytoplasm into vacuoles to maintain metal homeostasis.
Belongs to the Bowman-Birk serine protease inhibitor family.
Chimeric cDNA. Its N-terminal part is derived from the gene LOC_Os01g03390, which coded for an RBBI2.3 protein.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions and act as chaperone under heat shock. May interact with HSP70 proteins through the TPR repeats (By similarity).
Contains two pairs of conservatively spaced Cys (Cys pair 1 and 2) possibly involved in forming some heterodimers.
May be involved in brassenosteroid (BR) perception.
Belongs to the EARLY FLOWERING 4 family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I13 (potato type I serine protease inhibitor) family.
Probable transcription regulator that acts as a developmental regulator by promoting cell growth in response to light.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL15 family.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (By similarity).
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family.
Methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in some proteins.
The zinc-finger is responsible for substrate specificity.
Involved in the regulation of the G1/S transition. Increases the DNA binding activity of E2F proteins after heterodimerization.
Expressed in roots, second node, leaf sheaths, and suspension cultured cells.
Expressed in shoots of 4 day old dark-grown seedlings.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. IF-2 subfamily.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Protects formylmethionyl-tRNA from spontaneous hydrolysis and promotes its binding to the 30S ribosomal subunits. Also involved in the hydrolysis of GTP during the formation of the 70S ribosomal complex.
Belongs to the HSF family. Class A subfamily.
Exhibits temperature-dependent phosphorylation.
The hydrophobic-rich region (HR-A/B) corresponds to the oligomerization domain. AHA motifs are transcriptional activator elements.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds DNA of heat shock promoter elements (HSE).
Belongs to the bZIP family. ABI5 subfamily.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:18315698, PubMed:18931143). Induced by drought, salt and osmotic stresses (PubMed:18931143).
Slight decrease in plant height and increased sensitivity to drought and salt stresses.
Transcriptional activator that mediates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (PubMed:18931143, PubMed:19947981, PubMed:27424498, PubMed:27325665). Can regulate the expression of a wide spectrum of stress-related genes in response to abiotic stresses through an ABA-dependent regulation pathway. Confers ABA-dependent drought and salinity tolerance (PubMed:18931143, PubMed:27325665). Binds specifically to the ABA-responsive elements (ABRE) in the promoter of target genes to mediate stress-responsive ABA signaling (PubMed:27325665, PubMed:27424498).
Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. LL-diaminopimelate aminotransferase subfamily.
Probable aminotransferase that may generate amino-acid-derived defense signals and be involved in resistance to pathogens.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS11 family.
By cytokinin in roots, shoots and leaves.
Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, shoot apex, flowers and panicles.
Acts as positive regulator of adventitious (crown) root formation by promoting its initiation (PubMed:15829602, PubMed:15960615). Acts as positive regulator of lateral root formation. Regulated by the auxin response factor and transcriptional activator ARF23/ARF1 (PubMed:15829602). Involved in auxin-mediated cell dedifferentiation, and may promote the initial cell division in the pericycle cells adjacent to the peripheral vascular cylinder at the base of the stem (PubMed:15960615). May act upstream of the gene regulatory network controlling adventitious root (crown) development (PubMed:21806801).
Defective in adventitious (crown) root formation (PubMed:15829602, PubMed:15960615). Reduced lateral root formation (PubMed:15829602).
Expressed in unelongating basal internodes, at the base of shoot in parenchyma cells adjacent to the peripheral vascular cylinder of the stem, and root pericycle cells (PubMed:15829602). Expressed in lateral and adventitious root primordia, tiller primordia, vascular tissues, scutellum, and young pedicels (PubMed:15960615).
Induced by auxin (PubMed:15829602, PubMed:15960615). Induced by ethylene (PubMed:15960615).
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit alpha family.
By abscisic acid, H(2)O(2) and nitrogen deprivation. Down-regulated by salt stress.
Expressed in endosperm 21 days after pollination.
Expressed in seedlings, leaf sheaths, flag leaf, panicles and spikelets.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 5 (cellulase A) family.
The reactive center loop (RCL) extends out from the body of the protein and directs binding to the target protease. The protease cleaves the serpin at the reactive site within the RCL, establishing a covalent linkage between the carboxyl group of the serpin reactive site and the serine hydroxyl of the protease. The resulting inactive serpin-protease complex is highly stable (By similarity).
Belongs to the TFIIE alpha subunit family.
Binds 1 heme b (iron(II)-protoporphyrin IX) group.
Binds one cation per subunit; probably K(+), but might also be Ca(2+).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:16397796). Down-regulated by hydrogen peroxide in leaves (PubMed:25546583).
Plays a key role in hydrogen peroxide removal.
By gibberellic acid (GA3) and submergence in the meristematic zone of internodes. Down-regulated by auxin.
CDK-activating kinase that may control G1/S phase progression. May control the rate of cell differentiation to accomplish proper development of organs, or in response to a changing environment. Forms a complex with cyclin CYCH1-1 that phosphorylates CDKA-1 and the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II.
Expressed in actively dividing cells of roots, leaves and shoots. Expressed in the intercalary meristem and the elongation zone of internodes.
Expression reaches a peak in the G1/S phases and then decreases in the G2/M phases.
Expressed in globular stage embryo 3 days after pollination (DAP) in a small region just below the center of the ventral portion of the embryo. At coleoptile stages, expressed in the corresponding region of the epiblast and the central part of the embryo, but weakly in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). At the shoot apex differentiation stage, expressed in the cells surrounding the provascular tissue and radicle primordia. In nearly mature embryos (6 DAP), expressed around the basal part of the provascular tissue and radicle, and around the shoot region at the base of the first leaf primordium, and the notch between the SAM and the second leaf primordium. Expressed uniformly in the inflorescence meristem, but after the transition from inflorescence to the floral phase, located specifically in the notches between the floral meristem and glume primordia. At later stages of flower development, uniformly expressed throughout the corpus of the meristem, and in the notches between glume primordia, but less well defined than in the previous stage.
Probable transcription factor that may be involved in shoot formation during embryogenesis.
Belongs to the HSF family. Class B subfamily.
The hydrophobic-rich region (HR-A/B) corresponds to the oligomerization domain.
Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is responsible for E3 ligase activity.
Catalyzes the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a direct precursor of ethylene in higher plants (By similarity). Required for the regulation of starch grain size in endosperm (PubMed:26792122).
Enlarged starch grains in endosperm, spherical starch grains in pollen, decreased number of chloroplasts in leaves, enlarged chloroplasts with increased number of starch granules in leaves, reduced number of total panicles and slight reduction of seed weight.
Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin (TC 1.B.8.1) family.
Consists mainly of membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets.
Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules. The channel adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV. The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is cation-selective (By similarity).
EF-1 is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.
Probably plays a role in anchoring the complex to other cellular components.
Belongs to the NFYC/HAP5 subunit family.
Circadian-regulation under long day (LD) conditions. Expression increases at the end of the dark period, peaks in the beginning of the light period and gradually decreases during daytime.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Interacts with NFYB8, NFYB10 and HD5/NFYB11 (PubMed:26542958).
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of flowering time under long day (LD) conditions. Functions as repressor of flowering, independently of HD1 and GHD7. Controls flowering time by negatively regulating the expression of EHD1 and HD3A (PubMed:26542958). Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. eIF4A subfamily.
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G (By similarity).
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in vitro.
The active site contains a CPDC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 3 respiratory subunits cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske protein, 2 core protein subunits, and additional low-molecular weight protein subunits.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, a multisubunit transmembrane complex that is part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. The cytochrome b-c1 complex catalyzes electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this redox reaction to translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with protons being carried across the membrane as hydrogens on the quinol. In the process called Q cycle, 2 protons are consumed from the matrix, 4 protons are released into the intermembrane space and 2 electrons are passed to cytochrome c.
Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose, IDP-ribose, CDP-glycerol, CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, but not other non-reducing ADP-sugars or CDP-glucose.
Belongs to the HD-ZIP homeobox family. Class I subfamily.
By gibberellin. Down-regulated in leaves by drought stress.
Expressed in leaf and floral organ primordia, floral meristems, embryonic axis and cells surrounding the vascular bundles. Expressed in the vasculature of roots, stem, leaves and spikelets, and in the vascular bundle of the scutellum in embryos.
Homodimer (Probable). May form a heterodimer with HOX5.
Probable transcription activator that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[AT]ATTG-3'. May be involved in the regulation of gibberellin signaling.
Belongs to the carotenoid/retinoid oxidoreductase family.
Converts phytoene into zeta-carotene via the intermediary of phytofluene by the symmetrical introduction of two double bonds at the C-11 and C-11' positions of phytoene with a concomitant isomerization of two neighboring double bonds at the C9 and C9' positions from trans to cis.
Homotetramer. Homotetramer is the active form of the enzyme.
Inhibited by the herbicide norflurazon (NFZ).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the peptidase M41 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the AAA ATPase family.
Probable ATP-dependent zinc metallopeptidase.
Belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family.
EF-1 is composed of 4 subunits: alpha, beta (1B-alpha=beta'), delta (1B-beta), and gamma (1B-gamma).
EF-1-beta and EF-1-beta' stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP.
Belongs to the V-ATPase proteolipid subunit family.
Proton-conducting pore forming subunit of the membrane integral V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Belongs to the SLAC1 S-type anion channel family.
Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family. ISWI subfamily.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport II (ESCRT-II).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family.
Histone-binding component that specifically recognizes H3 tails trimethylated on 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3), which mark transcription start sites of virtually all active genes.
Lacks the Tyr (here Asp-226), a conserved feature of the aromatic cage required for the interaction with histone H3K4me3/2.
The PHD-type zinc finger mediates the binding to H3K4me3.
Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family.
Belongs to the diphthine synthase family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that catalyzes four methylations of the modified target histidine residue in translation elongation factor 2 (EF-2), to form an intermediate called diphthine methyl ester. The four successive methylation reactions represent the second step of diphthamide biosynthesis.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RRP8 family.
Probable methyltransferase required to silence rDNA.
Plants silencing NSP1 and NSP2 exhibit reduced expression of the strigolactone biosynthetic gene D27, reduced levels of strigolactones and increased shoot tillering (PubMed:22039214). Rice NSP2 is a homolog of Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula NSP2 genes, which are transcriptional regulators essential for Nod-factor-induced gene expression (Probable). Although rice roots cannot form root nodule symbiosis, rice NSP2 is able to complement a NSP2-deficient mutant in Lotus japonicus (PubMed:20719766). Rice NSP2 is able to complement a NSP2-deficient mutant in Medicago truncatula (PubMed:22039214).
Transcription factor involved in the control of strigolactone biosynthesis in roots through the activation of the beta-carotene isomerase D27, which participates in a pathway leading to biosynthesis of strigolactones.
Belongs to the DVL/RTFL small polypeptides family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the GTP cyclohydrolase II family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the DHBP synthase family.
By abscisic acid and H(2)O(2). Down-regulated by salt stress.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaf sheaths, spikelets and endosperm.
Belongs to the CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-I family.
By salicylic acid (SA), ethylene and infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea).
Binds 2 magnesium ions. Also active with manganese.
Polymerase that creates the 3'-poly(A) tail of mRNA's.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed at low levels in roots and seedlings.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant H-type subfamily.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may be involved in the redox regulation of a number of cytosolic enzymes.
Belongs to the tRNA-intron endonuclease family.
Constitutes one of the two catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing endonuclease complex, a complex responsible for identification and cleavage of the splice sites in pre-tRNA. It cleaves pre-tRNA at the 5'- and 3'-splice sites to release the intron. The products are an intron and two tRNA half-molecules bearing 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH termini. There are no conserved sequences at the splice sites, but the intron is invariably located at the same site in the gene, placing the splice sites an invariant distance from the constant structural features of the tRNA body. Probably carries the active site for 5'-splice site cleavage (By similarity).
tRNA splicing endonuclease is a heterotetramer composed of SEN2, SEN15, SEN34/LENG5 and SEN54.
Essential for nitrogen assimilation, distribution and remobilization within the plant via the phloem.
Expressed in companion cells of leaf sheath vascular bundles, and phloem-parenchyma cells, nucellar projections and nucellar epidermis of dorsal vascular bundles of grains.
Expressed in the growing region of internodes.
Responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of chloroplastic protein biosynthesis.
Belongs to the glutamate synthase family.
Expressed in leaf blades and at lower levels in roots.
Involved in glutamate biosynthesis in leaf. Required for the reassimilation of ammonium ions generated during photorespiration (By similarity).
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen.
Belongs to the RBOH (TC 5.B.1.3) family.
Probably involved in membrane trafficking.
Belongs to the NFYA/HAP2 subunit family.
Component of the sequence-specific heterotrimeric transcription factor (NF-Y) which specifically recognizes a 5'-CCAAT-3' box motif found in the promoters of its target genes.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 61 family.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the arabinosylation of xylan, the major hemicellulose (non-cellulosic component) of primary and secondary walls of angiosperms (PubMed:22215597). Possesses alpha-1,3-arabinosyltransferase activity, transferring an arabinofuranose residue to the xylan backbone (PubMed:22215597).
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaf blades and panicles.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), salt stress and dehydration.
Involved in abiotic stress responses. May function as chaperone and contribute to prevent the formation of damaging protein aggregates.
Plants overexpressing LEA17 display enhanced tolerance to salt stress, drought stress and osmotic shock.
Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
May be due to a competing acceptor splice site.
Expressed in young leaves, axillary buds, inflorescence promodia, lateral roots and crown roots. Expressed in vascular cells in the shoot apex of the main stem and young leaves, the nodal vascular anastomosis and large and small vascular bundles of the internodes.
Increased tillers and reduced plant height, reduced levels of strigolactone.
Involved in strigolactones biosynthesis by catalyzing the isomerization of the C9-C10 double bond in all-trans-beta-carotene leading to 9-cis-beta-carotene and providing the substrate for CCD7. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signals that stimulate hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds.
Recombinant D27 protein expressed in E.coli contains about 1.7 mole of iron per mole of protein.
Recombinant protein contains about 1.7 mole of iron per mole of protein.
Specifically induced by the mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices colonization in roots.
Symbiosis-specific regulated inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter. Probably involved in symbiosis-mediated Pi uptake in roots colonized by myccorhizal fungi.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL54 family.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN6 subfamily.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and response to hormones (Probable). The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF (Probable). Involved in early response to iron deficiency (PubMed:27137867).
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8.
Down-regulated during the early stage of iron deficiency (at protein level).
Xylan acetyltransferase required for 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation of xylosyl residues in xylan (PubMed:29569182). Catalyzes the 2-O-acetylation of xylan, followed by nonenzymatic acetyl migration to the O-3 position, resulting in products that are monoacetylated at both O-2 and O-3 positions (By similarity).
Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family.
Topaquinone (TPQ) is generated by copper-dependent autoxidation of a specific tyrosyl residue.
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC23 subfamily.
Component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) which promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.
Binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
LSm subunits form a heteromer with a doughnut shape.
Expressed at late stage of anther development. Starts at the tetrad stage and reaches a maximum level at the late vacuolated-pollen stage.
Specifically expressed in the tapetum, connective and endothecium tissues of anthers.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 38 family.
Belongs to the 5'-3' exonuclease family. XRN2/RAT1 subfamily.
Possesses 5'->3' exoribonuclease activity. Acts as an endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressor.
Negative regulator of programmed cell death and hypersensitive response (HR). Positive regulator of callus differentiation.
Plants silencing LSD1 display a lesion-mimic phenotype, increased pathogen induction of PR1, enhanced resistance to virulent rice blast fungus and accelerated and intensified hypersensitive response to avirulent pathogens. Plants overexpressing LSD1 show increased content of chlorophyll b and enhanced resistance to virulent rice blast fungus. Callus overexpressing LSD1 shows accelerated differentiation and plant regeneration.
Expressed in roots, leaf blades and developing seeds.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (370-400) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Binds DNA as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with RF2a. The heterodimer binds stronger to DNA than the homodimer.
Expressed at high levels in roots, low level in leaf sheath, but not in leaf blade. Predominantly expressed in vascular tissues.
Transcription factor probably involved in vascular development and shoot tissue organization. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CCGAGTGTGCCCCTGG-3' present in the promoter region Box II of the phloem-specific rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) promoter. May regulate tissue-specific expression of the RTBV promoter and virus replication.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX52/ROK1 subfamily.
Expressed in all tissues, with the highest level in senescent leaves.
Plants over-expressing MYBS3 show increased tolerance to cold stress.
Repressed by sucrose and gibberellic acid (GA) (PubMed:12172034). Induced by cold stress in roots and shoots. Induced by salt stress in shoots. Down-regulated by abscisic aci (ABA) in shoots (PubMed:20130099).
Transcription repressor that binds to 5'-TATCCA-3' elements in gene promoters. Contributes to the sugar-repressed transcription of promoters containing SRS or 5'-TATCCA-3' elements. Transcription repressor involved in a cold stress response pathway that confers cold tolerance. Suppresses the DREB1-dependent signaling pathway under prolonged cold stress. DREB1 responds quickly and transiently while MYBS3 responds slowly to cold stress. They may act sequentially and complementarily for adaptation to short- and long-term cold stress (PubMed:20130099).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL30 family.
Binds 4 Cu cations per monomer. The Cu cations are bound as 3 distinct Cu centers known as type 1 or blue, type 2 or normal, and type 3 or coupled binuclear.
Highly expressed in roots, and at lower levels in basal stems and leaf blades.
Multicopper oxidase that may play a role in the maintenance of inorganic phosphate homeostasis.
ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS7 family.
Expressed in roots, leaves and panicles (PubMed:17604002). Expressed in seeds (PubMed:21055780).
Forms homodimers. Interacts with VP1 (PubMed:17604002). Interacts with GF14D (PubMed:21055780). Interacts with PP2C51 (PubMed:28000033). Interacts with SAPK2 (PubMed:22071266, PubMed:28000033).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:21055780, PubMed:18236009, PubMed:22071266). Induced by salt stress. Down-regulated by cold and drought stresses (PubMed:18236009).
Plants silencing ABI5 exhibit low fertility rate due to abnormal development of mature pollen. Plants silencing ABI5 display increased tolerance to salt stress.
Transcription factor that possesses transactivation activity in yeast (PubMed:17604002, PubMed:21055780, PubMed:18236009). Involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Binds to the G-box motif 5'-CACGTG-3' of TRAB1 gene promoter (PubMed:17604002). Involved in the regulation of pollen maturation. May act as negative regulator of salt stress response (PubMed:18236009). Together with PYL5, PP2C30 and SAPK2, is part of an ABA signaling unit that modulates seed germination and early seedling growth (PubMed:22071266).
Plays a fundamental role in building the proper chromosome structure at the beginning of meiosis in male meiocytes. Required for the transition from leptotene to zygotene in meiocytes. Required for homologous chromosome pairing.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP6 subfamily.
Component of the SWR1 chromatin-remodeling complex.
Component of the SWR1 complex which mediates the ATP-dependent exchange of histone H2A for the H2A variant H2A.F/Z leading to transcriptional regulation of selected genes by chromatin remodeling. Involved in several developmental processes. May be involved in the regulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) (By similarity).
Calcium-selective channel required to prevent calcium stores from overfilling.
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol out of the cell, into the endoplasmic reticulum, or into organelles.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Mevalonate kinase subfamily.
Belongs to the actin family. Plant ARP7 subfamily.
Essential protein required during embryogenesis and all plant development stages, probably through a chromatin-mediated regulation of gene expression.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-1 family.
Binds 1 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) per subunit.
May have a photoreceptor function. Binds ss- and ds-DNA in a sequence non-specific manner, lacks photolyase activity (By similarity).
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA. Has a role in the nuclear export of 40S pre-ribosomal subunit to the cytoplasm.
By jasmonate, wounding, and cold, drought and salt stresses. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Interacts with BHLH148 (PubMed:21332845). Interacts with COI1A in a coronatine-dependent manner (PubMed:23320078, PubMed:25617318). Interacts with COI1B in a coronatine-dependent manner (PubMed:23320078). Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) (PubMed:23320078). Interacts with RSS3. Forms a ternary complex with RSS3 and BHLH094 in the nucleus (PubMed:23715469). Interacts with BHLH062 and NINJA1 (PubMed:25617318). Interacts with MYB30 (PubMed:28062835).
Plants over-expressing TIFY11A/JAZ9 display increased tolerance to salt and dehydration stresses (PubMed:19618278). Plants silencing TIFY11A/JAZ9 exhibit decreased tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:25617318). Plants over-expressing TIFY11A/JAZ9 display decreased tolerance to cold stress (PubMed:28062835).
Repressor of jasmonate (JA) responses. Forms a ternary complex with RSS3 and BHLH94 to negatively regulate JA-responsive genes (PubMed:23715469). Acts as positive regulator of tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:19618278, PubMed:25617318). Involved in salt tolerance by modulating potassium homeostasis through JA signaling and regulation of the expression of potassium ion transporter genes. Acts as a transcriptional regulator targeted by the SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes in the JA signaling pathway, and interacts with BHLH062 that may directly regulate the ion transporter genes (PubMed:25617318). Acts as positive regulator of tolerance to dehydration stress (PubMed:19618278). Acts as negative regulator of tolerance to cold stress by interacting with MYB30 (PubMed:28062835).
The jas domain (115-140) is required for interaction with COI1.
Induced by a compatible race of the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae).
Involved in disease resistance. Acts as negative regulator of innate immunity to the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae). Acts as negative regulator of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) response through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and expression of defense-related genes. May function via the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway.
Plants silencing DJA6 display enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) and accumulate increased levels of reactive oxygen species after elicitation with flagellin (flg22) or chitin oligomer.
Expressed in anthers from the bi-cellular to the tri-cellular pollen stage.
Highly expressed in mature pollen grains.
Plants silencing PP2C13 exhibit a major loss of seed-set fertility, without visible defect in pollen development. Plants silencing PP2C13 show up-regulation of AOX1A gene which is regulated by mitochondrial retrograde signaling.
Probable protein phosphatase that may play a role as a mitochondrial signal transduction mediator in pollen germination. May function in retrograde signaling from the mitochondria to the nucleus. May be a downstream factor of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). CMS is caused by genetic incompatibility between nuclei and mitochondria within male reproductive organs.
Component of the chromatin assembly factor complex (CAF-1) involved in chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair. Required for several aspects of development, including apical meristem maintenance by regulating the durations of the S- and G2-phases of the cell cycle through its chromatin assembly activity (By similarity).
Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit. In the homodimer, two zinc ions are bound between subunits.
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione.
Belongs to the bifunctional nuclease family.
Bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities. Involved in basal defense response. Participates in abscisic acid-derived callose deposition following infection by a necrotrophic pathogen (By similarity).
Not induced by glucose or fructose treatment in leaves.
Aldehyde decarbonylase involved in the conversion of aldehydes to alkanes. Core component of a very-long-chain alkane synthesis complex.
Expressed in germinating seeds and stamens.
Induced by salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL6 family.
Belongs to the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys superoxide anion radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation.
Lacks the conserved zinc finger domain, which is one of the features of the CESA family.
Sugar transporter involved in the transport of CMP-sialic acid from the cytoplasm into the Golgi (By similarity). May transport important nucleotide sugars such as CMP-Kdo (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid) in physiological conditions (PubMed:19822337).
Belongs to the glutamate-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.10.1) family.
Glutamate-gated receptor that probably acts as non-selective cation channel.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues.
Expressed in flag leaves (PubMed:11332734). Expressed in roots, shoot apex, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, panicles and flowers (PubMed:16081169). Expressed leaves, stems, sheaths and flowers (PubMed:24482436).
Induced by infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:11332734, PubMed:15968510). Induced by salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH) (PubMed:15968510).
Interacts with BRI1 (PubMed:22058019, PubMed:24482436). Interacts with XA21, XA26/XA3 and FLS2 (PubMed:25372696).
LRR receptor kinase involved in positive regulation of somatic embryogenesis and defense response against the rice blast fungus pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:15968510). Involved in the positive regulation of receptor kinase-mediated immunity. Required for immunity mediated by the LRR receptor kinases XA21 and XA26/XA3 which recognize effectors from the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Required for the immune response mediated by the LRR receptor kinase FLS2 which recognizes specifically the bacterial flagellin (flg22) effector. Kinase activity and direct interaction with the immune receptors is critical for their function (PubMed:24482436). Involved in the regulation of plant growth through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway (PubMed:19754838, PubMed:24482436).
Plants silencing SERK2 exhibit strong reduction of percentage of shoot regeneration from callus. Plants over-expressing SERK2 show enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:15968510). Plants silencing SERK2 have compromised XA21- and XA3/XA26-mediated immunity to the bacterial leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Plants silencing SERK2 display altered morphology and reduced sensitivity to the hormone brassinolide (PubMed:24482436).
Expressed in seedlings, stems, leaf sheaths and blades and panicles.
May be involved in the synthesis of minor phospholipids and in modulation of IP3-mediated signal transduction.
Requires a divalent cation for activity.
Expressed in embryo at 3 days after pollination (DAP).
Isoform 1 is expressed in roots and flowers, and at lower levels in leaf blades and leaf sheaths. Isoform 2 is expressed in roots and flowers.
Involved in the transfer of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from roots to shoots.
Strong decrease in root and shoot biomass and Pi content. 25-fold reduction in Pi transfer from roots to shoots.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA.
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 1 family.
Binds 1 Ca(2+) ion. Required for its activity.
Interacts with TGAL5, TGAL7, TGAL8 and TGAL9.
Involved in defense response against pathogens.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS9 family.
Belongs to the clathrin heavy chain family.
Clathrin is the major protein of the polyhedral coat of coated pits and vesicles.
Clathrin triskelions, composed of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains, are the basic subunits of the clathrin coat.
The C-terminal third of the heavy chains forms the hub of the triskelion. This region contains the trimerization domain and the light-chain binding domain involved in the assembly of the clathrin lattice.
The N-terminal seven-bladed beta-propeller is formed by WD40-like repeats, and projects inward from the polyhedral outer clathrin coat. It constitutes a major protein-protein interaction node (By similarity).
Important for the metabolism of amino acids and Krebs-cycle related organic acids. In plants, it is involved in nitrogen metabolism and in aspects of carbon and energy metabolism.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruD family.
Mediates 1-deoxy-D-xylulose (DX) phosphorylation in the cytoplasm prior to the translocation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into plastids. Can also phosphorylate D-xylulose (Xyl). Uses preferentially ATP as cosubstrate.
Expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and flowers.
Belongs to the ATPase gamma chain family.
Probably involved in the defense reaction of plants against pathogens.
May be involved in the splicing of group IIB introns in mitochondria.
Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns.
Component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.
Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, and DNA-damage responses. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.
Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there are one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either eL40 or eS31) or to an ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
By N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor and by protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A. Induction by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor is inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor K-252a.
Functions as a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in cooperation with the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes UBC5A and UBC5B. Involved in root development. Required for the maintenance of cell viability after the initiation of root primordial formation. May mediate the degradation of cytotoxic proteins produced in root cells after the actions of auxin, cytokinin and jasmonic acid. Mediates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of MBP in vitro.
The RING-type zinc-finger domain is required for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
Lacks the Tyr (here Asp-212), a conserved feature of the aromatic cage required for the interaction with histone H3K4me3/2.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of TIM9 and 3 copies of TIM10, named soluble 70 kDa complex. The complex associates with the TIM22 component of the TIM22 complex. Interacts with multi-pass transmembrane proteins in transit (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. May also be required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIM9 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo11/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Acts as a calcium sensor involved in the regulatory pathway for the control of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis and salt tolerance. Operates in synergy with CIPK24 to activate the plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1. May function as positive regulator of salt stress responses. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the calcineurin regulatory subunit family.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with CIPK24.
May form oligomeric structures (Probable). Interacts with the rice stripe virus movement protein pc4 (PubMed:19130198).
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. MOCOS subfamily.
Sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor. Sulfation of molybdenum is essential for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (ADO) enzymes in which molybdenum cofactor is liganded by 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur atom in active form.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A from vitamin B5, where cysteine is conjugated to 4'-phosphopantothenate to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine.
By wounding, jasmonate and drought stress.
Involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonate (JA) and perhaps in biosynthesis or metabolism of other oxylipin signaling moleclules (PubMed:17938955, PubMed:29177846). In vitro, reduces cis(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (cis(+)-OPDA) and cis(-)-OPDA to cis(+)-OPC-8:0 and cis(-)-OPC-8:0, respectively (PubMed:17938955). May be required for the spatial and temporal regulation of JA levels during dehiscence of anthers, promoting the stomium degeneration program (PubMed:17938955). Involved in carbohydrate transport underlying normal lodicule function during anthesis (PubMed:29177846).
Open glumes after anthesis associated with a delayed cell degradation process of the lodicules (PubMed:29177846). Reduced grain filling (PubMed:29177846).
Over-expression of OPR7 in Arabidopsis thaliana opr3 mutant functionally complements the male sterility phenotype and restores jasmonate production.
Expressed in panicles, stems, leaves, spikelets and seed endosperm.
Highest expression in endosperm at 21 days after pollination.
Probable downstream regulator of strigolactones signaling (By similarity). Functions in a complex with MODD and HDAC1 to down-regulate the histone acetylation level at BZIP46 target genes. BZIP46 is a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and drought stress tolerance (PubMed:27468891).
Tetramer (PubMed:26601214). Interacts with D53 (PubMed:24336200). Interacts with MODD and HDAC1 (PubMed:27468891). Interacts with WOX1 (PubMed:25697101, PubMed:24336200, PubMed:26601214, PubMed:27468891). Interacts with MOF1 (PubMed:32680975).
The N-terminal TOPLESS domain (TPD) (1-209) binds directly to a 12-amino acid LxLxL EAR motif peptide.
Belongs to the inositol monophosphatase superfamily.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 2 family.
NDH is composed of at least 16 different subunits, 5 of which are encoded in the nucleus.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient.
The natural substrate for this enzyme may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Involved in sporophytic self-incompatibility system (the inability of flowering plants to achieve self-fertilization).
2 different ent-CDP synthases exist in rice, one being involved in gibberellin biosynthesis and the other in phytoalexins biosynthesis.
Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the gibberellin precursor ent-copalyl diphosphate.
Expressed in developing pollen from 7 days before flowering.
The Asp-Xaa-Asp-Asp (DXDD) motif is important for the catalytic activity, presumably through binding to Mg(2+).
Reversibly glycosylated in vitro by UDP-glucose, UDP-xylose and UDP-galactose.
The conserved DXD motif is involved in enzyme activity.
UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides. Catalyzes the interconvertion of UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf). Preferentially catalyzes the formation of UDP-Arap from UDP-Araf. At thermodynamic equilibrium in vitro the ratio of the pyranose form over the furanose form is 90:10. Is probably active as heteromer in vivo.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2A subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaf blades and sheaths, stems and young panicle.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-43 is the initiator.
Proline transporter that mediates proline transport across the plasma membrane when expressed in a heterologous system (Xenopus oocytes).
N-terminal RS domain has a very strong bias in favor of D over S.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 35 family.
Releases galactose by hydrolysis of plant cell wall galactose-containing polysaccharides such as galacto-xyloglucan, pectic galactan and galactan (in vitro).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WNK subfamily.
Was named WNK/'with no lysine(K)' because key residues for catalysis, including the lysine involved in ATP binding, are either not conserved or differ compared to the residues described in other kinase family proteins.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family. MHX subfamily.
Vacuolar transporter that exchanges protons with Mg(2+), Zn(2+) and Fe(2+) ions. May control the partitioning of Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) between plant organs (By similarity).
Belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytoene. Mediates the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis.
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:15247400, PubMed:18326788). Highly expressed in developing leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots (PubMed:18326788).
Induced by salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots.
Acetylates soluble but not nucleosomal H4.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL13 family.
Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransferase family. Sterol o-acyltransferase subfamily.
Involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Catalyzes the acylation of the sn-3 hydroxy group of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol using acyl-CoA.
Involved in unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Catalyzes the dehydration of short chain beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs and long chain saturated and unsaturated beta-hydroxyacyl-ACPs.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and panicles.
Expressed in stems and seeds, and at lower levels in roots and leaves.
Binds starch not only at the active site, but also via accessory binding sites on the protein surface that are important for efficient binding to starch granules and thereby increase enzyme activity.
Expressed at a high level during germination in the aleurones cells under the control of the plant hormone gibberellic acid and in the developing grains at a low level.
More abundant in germinating seeds than in young roots, young leaves and callus.
Belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Involved in regulation of actin and microtubule organization. Part of a WAVE complex that activates the Arp2/3 complex.
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.
Expressed in leaves. Expressed at low levels in developing endosperm.
Starch-debranching enzyme that plays a role in the degradation of transitory starch during the night in leaf blades, facilitates the formation of spherical amyloplasts containing compound granules in the endosperm, and affects morphological characteristics of plastids.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. Type II PI4K subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family. Plant myosin class XI subfamily.
Member of the 12 germin-like protein gene cluster located on chromosome 8 in the major-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fungal blast resistance. Partial suppression of the 12 germin-like protein genes increases susceptibility to the fungal pathogens causing rice blast and sheath blight diseases.
Plays a role in broad-spectrum disease resistance. Probably has no oxalate oxidase activity even if the active site is conserved.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosomes 7 and 9 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of these duplicated genes has not been demonstrated.
Converts the prephenate produced from the shikimate-chorismate pathway into phenylalanine.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TrmB family.
Catalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.
Highly expressed in leaves. Expressed in roots, stems and inflorescences.
Belongs to the peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2/4 family.
Highly expressed in leaf blades (PubMed:22731699). Expressed in leaf sheaths (PubMed:22731699).
Slightly induced by treatment with iron in roots (PubMed:22731699). Slightly down-regulated under iron deficiency in roots (PubMed:22731699).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding protein type-1 family.
Decreased relative stomata aperture under normal growth conditions.
Induced by salicylic acid (SA), ethylene and infection with the rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (Ref.1). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and heat shock in leaves (PubMed:25002225).
Possesses transactivation activity in yeast cells (Ref.1). Involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture. May modulate the expression of genes that control stomata opening during heat shock or drought stress (PubMed:25002225).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the UPRTase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the uridine kinase family.
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism.
Component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex, that promotes sister chromatid alignment after DNA damage and facilitates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) repair via homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Belongs to the uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) superfamily. UNG family.
Excises uracil residues from the DNA which can arise as a result of misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine.
Associates with the pre-60S ribosomal particle.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family.
Component of the ribosome assembly machinery. Nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes.
Ribosomal protein P0 is the functional equivalent of E.coli protein L10.
Belongs to the CorA metal ion transporter (MIT) (TC 1.A.35) family.
The active site contains a CRKC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed at low levels in shoots.
May be involved in brassenosteroid (BR) perception in roots.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 32 family.
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family.
The B regulatory subunit may modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and may also direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX47/RRP3 subfamily.
Has ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity in vitro. Acts as a thermosensitive RNA chaperone required for normal processing of pre-rRNA intermediates. Required for normal cell division at high temperatures. Required for a primary metabolism adaptation to high temperatures to support thermotolerant growth by regulating gene expression.
Helicase activity is activated by temperature increase.
Interacts with U3 small nucleolar RNA (U3 snoRNA) as part of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Plant shows a high temperature-dependent growth repression.
Involved in translation and accumulation of chloroplast ATP synthase subunits.
Catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl dipeptides and plays a significant role in glutathione (GSH) homeostasis.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding.
Expressed in leaf blades and leaf sheaths. Expressed in shoots and roots of young seedlings.
May play a role in signal transduction of hyperosmotic response (Probable). Can phosphorylate ABI5 in vitro (PubMed:21055780). Can phosphorylate BZIP46 in vitro (PubMed:22301130).
Weakly induced by hyperosmotic stress in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and roots. Weakly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in leaf blades and roots.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and spikes.
Induced by cold, drought and salt stresses.
Plants over-expressing MYB3R-2 show increased tolerance to freezing (PubMed:19279197). Plants over-expressing MYB3R-2 show retarded growth, increased tolerance to cold, drought and salt stresses, and have decreased sensitivity to seed germination inhibition by abscisic acid (ABA) or salt (PubMed:17293435).
Transcription factor involved in abiotic stress responses (PubMed:17293435, PubMed:19279197). May play a regulatory role in tolerance to salt, cold, and drought stresses (PubMed:17293435). Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to a mitosis-specific activator cis-element 5'-(T/C)C(T/C)AACGG(T/C)(T/C)A-3', found in promoters of cyclin genes such as CYCB1-1 and KNOLLE (AC Q84R43). Positively regulates a subset of G2/M phase-specific genes, including CYCB1-1, CYCB2-1, CYCB2-2, and CDC20.1 in response to cold treatment (PubMed:19279197).
Belongs to the IspD/TarI cytidylyltransferase family. IspD subfamily.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that catalyzes the formation of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol from CTP and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP). Is essential for chloroplast development (By similarity).
Expressed in early stages of flower development. Highest expression is observed when the panicle growth reaches 30 millimeters.
Expressed in reproductive organs, but not in vegetative organs.
Involved in spore formation. Plays an essential role in the establishment of homologous chromosome pairing in early meiosis.
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
Required for the assembly of the V0 complex of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. POR subfamily.
Phototransformation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide).
Belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:21796433). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine, spermidine and their acetyl derivatives (PubMed:21796433). Substrate preference is spermidine > norspermine > thermospermine > N(1)-acetylspermine > spermine (PubMed:21796433). No activity detected when putrescine is used as substrate (PubMed:21796433). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable).
Belongs to the histidinol dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the sequential NAD-dependent oxidations of L-histidinol to L-histidinaldehyde and then to L-histidine.
Cysteine endopeptidase that digests in vitro both the acidic and basic subunits of glutelin, the major seed storage protein of rice.
Expressed in seedlings, from 6 to 21 days after seed imbibition.
Induced by treatment with gibberellin (GA3).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL15 family.
Accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.
Belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. AP2 subfamily.
Expressed in the apical region of leaf blades, young leaf sheaths, a broad area below the shoot apical mersistem (SAM) and near the tip of primordial leaves (PubMed:24486766). In developing roots, expressed at the tip of seminal roots and lateral root tips (PubMed:24486766). Expressed in developing nodes and basal region of internodes (PubMed:24486766). In flowers, expressed in lemma, palea and anthers (PubMed:24486766).
Induced by auxin (PubMed:24486766). Induced by brassinosteroid (at protein level), but repressed by brassinosteroid at mRNA level probably via a negative regulatory feedback loop (PubMed:28100707).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with DLT (PubMed:28069545). Interacts with NSP2 and SHR1 (PubMed:28069545). Interacts with BZR1 and GSK2 (PubMed:28100707).
Phosphorylated by GSK2 (PubMed:28100707). Phosphorylation of SMOS1 leads to its degradation by an unknown mechanism (PubMed:28100707).
Reduced size of various organs due to decreased cell size, increased cell number, and abnormal cell arrangement and microtubule orientation (PubMed:24486766). Brassinosteroid (BR) loss-of-function phenotype with semidwarf plants, reduced length of internodes, erect leaves, up-regulation of BR biosynthetic genes and decreased sensitivity to BR (PubMed:28100707).
Transcription activator involved in the control of organ size (PubMed:24486766). Acts as an auxin-dependent regulator for cell expansion during organ size control (PubMed:24486766). Binds to the promoter of PHI-1, a gene that regulates cell expansion, and positively regulates its expression (PubMed:24486766). Cooperatively functions in a transactivating complex with DLT to enhance the transcription of the SMOS1 target PHI-1, and to regulate plant organ size (PubMed:28069545). Interaction between SMOS1 and DLT is a crosstalk point for auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (PubMed:28069545). Acts as positive regulator of BR signaling (PubMed:28100707). Cooperatively functions in a transactivating complex with BZR1 to enhance the transcription of BR biosynthetic genes (PubMed:28100707).
Belongs to the CDI family. ICK/KRP subfamily.
Expressed at the time of pollination and then immediately decreases to basal level.
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity and assembly of complex I.
Belongs to the polyprenol kinase family.
Belongs to the PC-esterase family. CASD1 subfamily.
Up-regulated by salt stress and abscisic acid.
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METL family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase.
Expressed in stems and panicles (PubMed:16896793). Expressed in developing endosperm (PubMed:18813954).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of seed size (By similarity). Binds to DNA-specific sequences of CLPD1 and OAT promoters in vitro (PubMed:18813954).
Transposase-like protein that is essential for plant growth and development. May regulate global gene expression by recruiting other cellular factors.
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SUMO subfamily.
Involved in the incorporation of ferulate into the cell wall. May act as arabinoxylan feruloyl transferase.
Plants over-expressing AT5 have significant increase of ferulate in leaf cell wall.
Necessary for protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM5/TYW2 family.
Specifically methylates the N1 position of guanosine-37 in various cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Methylation is not dependent on the nature of the nucleoside 5' of the target nucleoside. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of wybutosine (yW), a modified base adjacent to the anticodon of tRNAs and required for accurate decoding.
Belongs to the 11S seed storage protein (globulins) family.
Hexamer; each subunit is composed of an acidic and a basic chain derived from a single precursor and linked by a disulfide bond.
Belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family.
Belongs to the MsrA Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRA family specifically reduces the MetSO S-enantiomer (By similarity).
Accumulation of endogenous zeaxanthin and reduced level of ABA. Wilty phenotype, increased water loss and premature seed germination.
Zeaxanthin epoxidase that plays an important role in the xanthophyll cycle and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Converts zeaxanthin into antheraxanthin and subsequently violaxanthin. Required for resistance to osmotic and drought stresses, seed development and dormancy.
Belongs to the protoporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen oxidase family. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase subfamily.
Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX.
Probable membrane-associated metalloprotease that may be involved in chloroplast development.
Down-regulated by drought and salt stresses.
Plants over-expressing HDAC1 exhibit increased growth rate and altered plant architecture (PubMed:12581311). Plants silencing HDAC1 exhibit narrow leaves, reduced diameter of stems and reduced plant height (PubMed:19664599).
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes (Probable). Regulates negatively the expression of the NAC48/NAC6 gene that controls root growth in seedlings. Epigenetically represses the expression of NAC48/NAC6 by deacetylating 'Lys-9' (H3K9ac), 'Lys-14' (H3K14ac) and 'Lys-18' (H3K18ac) of histone H3, and 'Lys-5' (H4K5ac), 'Lys-12' (H4K12ac) and 'Lys-16' (H4K16ac) of histone H4 (PubMed:19453457). Functions in the regulation of gene expression in the whole genome (PubMed:12581311). Acts as chromatin remodeling regulator to promote the formation of a repressive chromatin state. Functions with MODD via its interaction with TPR3, to down-regulates the histone acetylation level at BZIP46 target genes. BZIP46 is a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and drought stress tolerance (PubMed:27468891).
Acts as a dual component transporter with NTR2.1, NRT2.2 and NRT2.3. Required for high-affinity nitrate transport. Involved in the regulation of NRT2.1, NRT2.2 and NRT2.3 expression, and in both, HATS (high-affinity transport system) and LATS (low-affinity transport system) activities in plant roots. Imports nitrate with high affinity when expressed with NTR2.1, NTR2.2 or NTR2.3 in a heterologous system (Xenopus oocytes).
Circadian-regulation with a peak in the middle of the morning. Induced by nitrate and sucrose in roots. Down-regulated by asparagine and aspartate in roots.
Expressed in epidermal cells of primary and lateral roots, root-shoot junction zone, vascular tissues of adventitious root primordia, stems and coleoptiles of germinating seeds.
Heterotetramer composed of two NRT2.1, NRT2.2 or NRT2.3 and two NAR2.1 (By similarity). Interacts with NRT2.1, NRT2.2 and isoform 1 of NRT2.3.
Plants silencing NAR2.1 have decreased nitrate uptake in roots under both high and low nitrate conditions.
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Involved in the basipetal polar auxin transport which contributes to the spreading growth of the tillers.
Expressed in roots, leaves, shoot apex and panicles (Ref.5). Expressed in roots, stem bases and young panicles (PubMed:19825657).
Plants over-expressing PIN2 exhibit reduced height, increased tiller number and enlarged tiller angle.
Belongs to the vitamin-B12 independent methionine synthase family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine resulting in methionine formation.
The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinones involved in detoxification pathways.
A second gene, 20ox1, is preferentially expressed in the reproductive organs and enables the flowers in sd1 plants to develop and be fertilized normally.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. GA20OX subfamily.
Expressed within 48 hours after sowing, as well as in 10-day-old plants and flowering panicles.
Key oxidase enzyme in the biosynthesis of gibberellin that catalyzes the conversion of GA53 to GA20 via a three-step oxidation at C-20 of the GA skeleton (PubMed:12077303, PubMed:11961544, PubMed:30002253). Catalyzes the conversion of GA12 to GA9 via a three-step oxidation at C-20 of the GA skeleton (PubMed:30002253). Contributes to the promotion of internode elongation in response to submergence via ethylene and gibberellin signalings (PubMed:30002253).
Sd-1 is the major semidwarfing allele extensively used in modern rice cultivars.
Strongly expressed in leaf blades, stems and unopened flowers. Lower expression in leaf sheath, rachis, shoot apex and roots.
This gene, also known as the 'green revolution gene' has been introduced by conventional breeding procedures into several cultivars. It provides rice cultivars with short, thick culms, raises the harvest index, improves lodging resistance and responsiveness to nitrogen fertilizer, resulting high yields without affecting panicle and grain quality.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family.
Component of a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex.
Component of the coenzyme Q biosynthetic pathway. May play a role in organizing a multi-subunit COQ enzyme complex required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. Required for steady-state levels of other COQ polypeptides.
Expressed in roots, flowers and seedlings.
Activated by 3'phosphoglycerate, inhibited by orthophosphate. Allosteric regulation.
Belongs to the bacterial/plant glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase family.
Expressed in developing seeds from 1 to 20 days after flowering (DAF).
Heterotetramer composed of two small and two large subunits.
Involved in synthesis of starch. Catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose, a molecule that serves as an activated glycosyl donor for alpha-1,4-glucan synthesis. Essential for starch synthesis in leaf chloroplasts.
By sucrose in caryopsis from 1 to 2 and from 9 to 10 days after flowering.
CIN2/GIF1 is a potential domestication-selected gene that controls grain filling and yield, and could be used for further crop improvement.
Cell wall-associated invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose and is required for assimilated carbon partitioning during early grain-filling. May be involved in sucrose unloaded in the ovular and stylar vascular tissues for the stimulation of starch synthesis in the developing endosperm during grain-filling (PubMed:18820698). Sugar homeostasis mediated by CIN2/GIF1 plays an important role in constitutive and induced physical and chemical defense against pathogens (PubMed:24118770).
Expressed in leaves and flowers. Weakly expressed in seeds (PubMed:15759120). Expressed in growing roots, node and the rapidly elongating zone of the internode (PubMed:18820698).
Expressed throughout flowering, with higher expression from 1 to 6 days after flowering (PubMed:15759120). During early grain-filling, expressed in the ovular vascular and lateral stylar vascular traces (PubMed:18820698).
Slow grain-filling resulting in reduced weight of grains containinf loosely packed starch granules and reduced levels of amylose and amylopectin.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per monomer. The first magnesium ion is required for catalysis. The second functions as allosteric activator.
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen (By similarity).
Expressed in the basal region of leaf sheaths (PubMed:18210155). Highly expressed in stems, and at lower levels in roots, leaf sheaths and panicles (PubMed:24085307).
Induced by gibberellin (at protein level) in the nucleus. Induced by abscisic acid (at protein level) (PubMed:18210155). Induced by aluminum in roots and shoots (PubMed:22676236). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Induced by drought and cold stresses in leaves (PubMed:24085307). Induced by cold stress, osmotic shock, salt stress, ABA and ethylene (PubMed:27420922).
May function in gibberellin signaling pathway downstream of GID1 and SLR1. May be involved in the regulation of plant growth in the basal region of leaf sheaths (Probable). Involved in tolerance to aluminum (PubMed:22676236, PubMed:24253199). Regulates the expression of different genes that collectively contribute to the protection of the cell in response to aluminum stress (PubMed:22676236, PubMed:24253199). Binds to the promoter and regulates the expression of target genes involved in aluminum stress response. Binds to the promoter of STAR1 gene, which encodes an ABC transporter required for aluminum tolerance (PubMed:24253199). Involved in drought tolerance. Plays a positive role in response to drought stress response by regulating abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, promoting stomatal closure, and acting as chaperone-like protein that possibly prevents drought stress-related proteins from inactivation (PubMed:27420922).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are hypersensitive to drought stress, and have decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid-induced germination inhibition and oxidative stress-induced growth inhibition.
Plants silencing ASR5 exhibit delayed flowering, abnormal panicles, reduced seed number, reduced number of trichomes on leaves, palea and lemma, and exhibit sensitivity to aluminum and drought stress (PubMed:22676236). Plants over-expressing ASR5 exhibit enhanced tolerance to salt stress, osmotic shock and drought stress (PubMed:27420922).
Belongs to the eIF-2B gamma/epsilon subunits family.
Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunits D/I family.
Involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the insertion of magnesium ion into protoporphyrin IX to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. The reaction takes place in two steps, with an ATP-dependent activation followed by an ATP-dependent chelation step.
Redox regulation; active in reducing conditions, inactive in oxidizing conditions. Thioredoxins f and m mediate the reversible reductive activation of oxidized CHLI (By similarity).
The magnesium chelatase complex is a heterotrimer consisting of subunits CHLI, CHLD and CHLH.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant Y-type subfamily.
Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes a pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways.
The sequence shown here is derived from an EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ third party annotation (TPA) entry.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. EF-G/EF-2 subfamily.
Mitochondrial GTPase that catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.
This protein may be expected to contain an N-terminal transit peptide but none has been predicted.
Heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta, TRAP-delta and TRAP-gamma.
Shows a remarkable charge distribution with the N-terminus being highly negatively charged, and the cytoplasmic C-terminus positively charged.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins. May be involved in the recycling of the translocation apparatus after completion of the translocation process or may function as a membrane-bound chaperone facilitating folding of translocated proteins.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. ATL subfamily.
Belongs to the MsrB Met sulfoxide reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRB family specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer (By similarity).
The exocyst complex is composed of EXOC1, EXOC2, EXOC3, EXOC4, EXOC5, EXOC6, EXOC7 and EXOC8.
Expressed in seedlings, shoots, leaf sheaths and flag leaf.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Trm1 family.
Belongs to the HSF family. Class C subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 34 family.
Probable glycosyltransferase that may be involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan.
Belongs to the plant LTP family. B11E subfamily.
It begins to accumulate 6 days after flowering and reaches a maximum level at 14 days.
Acts as component of the GARP complex that is involved in retrograde transport from early and late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).
Component of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-188 and Tyr-190, which activates the enzyme.
By abscisic acid, H(2)O(2) and salt stress. Down-regulated by nitrogen or phosphorous deprivation.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, shoots, leaf sheaths, flag leaf, panicles, spikelets, and endosperm.
Acts as a component of the auxin efflux carrier. Involved in the polar auxin transport which may regulate crown root development and response to water stress.
By auxin and osmotic stress. Down-regulated by 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin efflux inhibitor.
Expressed in coleoptiles, roots, vascular bundles of leaves, shoots, lamina joints and vascular bundles of the lemma and filament (PubMed:22882529). Expressed in stem bases, stems, leaves and young panicles (PubMed:19825657).
Seedlings silencing PIN3A display abnormal crown root development. Seedling over-expressing PIN3A exhibit better shoot growth, longer roots and a greater number of adventitious roots than the wild-type when grown on PEG-induced osmotic stress.
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions.
The 4 large subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex are cytochrome b6, subunit IV (17 kDa polypeptide, petD), cytochrome f and the Rieske protein, while the 4 small subunits are PetG, PetL, PetM and PetN. The complex functions as a dimer (By similarity).
May participate in a complex which severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
May play a role in the regulation of metabolism and signal transduction processes.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 22 family.
Mediates active uptake of hexoses by sugar:proton symport.
Expressed in stems and leaves, and at lower levels in roots and seeds.
Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.
Complete sterility of male and female gametophytes due to altered meiosis (PubMed:30589140, PubMed:31266799). Striking reduction in the number of meiotic crossovers (PubMed:30589140, PubMed:31266799).
Essential for normal crossover (CO) formation during meiosis (PubMed:30589140, PubMed:31266799). Essential component for the formation of class I meiotic COs (PubMed:31266799). Interacts with SHOC1, another meiotic component, to regulate CO formation, possibly by stabilizing the recombination intermediates during meiosis (PubMed:30589140, PubMed:31266799). PTD and SHOC1 may form transient heterotrimeric or heterotetrametric complexes with HEI10 and/or ZIP4 to promote class I COs formation (PubMed:31266799). Does not seem to be involved in early meiotic recombination steps involving double-strand break (DSB) formation, processing, and single-strand invasion (PubMed:31266799). Does not seem to be involved in homologous pairing or synaptonemal complex (SC) assembly (PubMed:31266799).
Highly expressed in anthers and pistil during meiosis (PubMed:30589140). Expressed in pollen mother cells (PMCs) during meiosis (PubMed:30589140). Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, and glumes (PubMed:30589140).
Interacts with SHOC1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30589140, PubMed:31266799). Interacts with HEI10 (PubMed:31266799).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. DCP2 subfamily.
Associated with the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family.
The RING-type zinc finger domain mediates binding to an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.
Acts as a calcium sensor. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
By salt, drought and cold stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA).
Involved in the control of organ size (PubMed:24486766). Upon auxin signaling, is targeted by the transcription activator SMOS1 to regulate cell expansion during organ size control (PubMed:24486766). May promote cell expansion by modulating microtubule organization (PubMed:24486766).
Plants silencing PHI-1 exhibit partial dwarfism due to decreased cell size, increased cell number, and abnormal cell arrangement and microtubule orientation.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (348-378) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Associates with TFIID-IIA (DA complex) to form TFIID-IIA-IIB (DAB-complex) which is then recognized by polymerase II (By similarity). Interacts with TBP2 (PubMed:11971135).
General factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
This promotes the activity of RNA polymerase II.
Belongs to the complex I 20 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the TAF9 family. CENP-S/MHF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. EZ subfamily.
Interacts with FIE1 (PubMed:23150632). Component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), composed of the core PRC2 components FIE2, EMF2B and EZ1. PRC2 methylates 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3 (H3K27me3), leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene (PubMed:23505380).
Over-expression and down-regulation of CLF respectively, represses and promotes flowering in long day (LD), but has no effect in short day (SD).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of some PcG multiprotein complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development (Probable). Involved in the regulation of flowering. Represses flowering under long day (LD) conditions. Regulates the trimethylation on histone H3 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) of the flowering regulators MADS14, MADS15, RFT1, EHD1, HD3A and LF (PubMed:25400654).
Widely expressed (PubMed:19825651). Highly expressed in young panicle (PubMed:23762371).
Belongs to the OXA1/ALB3/YidC (TC 2.A.9.2) family.
Involved in sequestration of excess zinc in the cytoplasm into vacuoles to maintain zinc homeostasis.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family.
Catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine). Catalysis occurs through a double-displacement mechanism. The nucleophile active site attacks the C1' of nucleotide 34 to detach the guanine base from the RNA, forming a covalent enzyme-RNA intermediate. The proton acceptor active site deprotonates the incoming queuine, allowing a nucleophilic attack on the C1' of the ribose to form the product.
Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit and an accessory subunit.
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.
This protein has four functional calcium-binding sites.
Expressed in roots, leaf blade shoots, leaf sheath shoots and panicles.
Required for the accumulation of phytic acid in seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Strong reduction in seed phytic acid with a molar equivalent increase in inorganic phosphate.
During flowering, preferentially expressed in mature anthers.
Highly expressed in roots and basal stems.
Required to supply glycerol-3-phosphate in the chloroplast for the synthesis of glycerolipids.
By chitin oligosaccharide elicitor and UV irradiation.
Catalyzes the conversion of syn-copalyl diphosphate to the phytoalexin precursor stemarene.
Stemar-13-ene is a putative precursor of the phytoalexin oryzalexin S. Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and spikelets.
Induced by UV irradiation (PubMed:23246835). Down-regulated by wounding (PubMed:23246835).
Involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism by mediating the activation of a number of hydroxycinnamates for the biosynthesis of monolignols and other phenolic secondary metabolites (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Catalyzes the formation of CoA esters of cinnamate, 4-coumarate, caffeate and ferulate (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Is more efficient with substrates in the following order: ferulate > 4-coumarate > caffeate > cinnamate (PubMed:21807887). Cannot convert sinapate to its corresponding CoA ester (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
Facilitates protein transport into the nucleus. Could be part of a multicomponent system of cytosolic factors that assemble at the pore complex during nuclear import (By similarity).
Belongs to the class-II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Heterodimer with LCB1. Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, composed of LCB1 and LCB2 (By similarity).
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The heterodimer formed with LCB1 constitutes the catalytic core (By similarity).
Possesses non-specific lipolytic acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. Hydrolyzes phospholipids as well as galactolipids. May play a role in disease resistance (By similarity).
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions (By similarity).
Expressed in root tips, roots, shoot apical meristem (SAM), young leaves, flag leaves and ears, and at lower levels in mature leaves.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA1A, RPA1B and RPA3.
Phosphorylated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner (from the S phase until mitosis). In response to DNA damage, recruited to DNA-repair nuclear foci, as a hypophosphorylated form (By similarity).
Repressed by sucrose starvation (PubMed:11470540). Induced by gamma irradiation (PubMed:25124817).
By hyperosmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in leaf blades.
Expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and roots. Expressed in shoots and roots of young seedlings.
May play a role in signal transduction of hyperosmotic response.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC2 subfamily.
In plastids the minimal PEP RNA polymerase catalytic core is composed of four subunits: alpha, beta, beta', and beta''. When a (nuclear-encoded) sigma factor is associated with the core the holoenzyme is formed, which can initiate transcription.
Leucine-rich repeat protein that likely mediates protein interactions, possibly in the context of signal transduction.
Protein S12 is involved in the translation initiation step.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS5 family.
Enzyme of the diterpenoid metabolism involved in the biosynthesis of both phytocassane and the oryzalexin class of phytoalexins. Can hydroxylate syn-pimaradiene, ent-pimaradiene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-isokaurene, ent-kaurene, and ent-cassadiene, but no activity with syn-stemodene, syn-stemarene, syn-labdatriene, C11-alpha-hydroxy-ent-cassadiene or syn-pimadien-19-oic acid as substrates. Hydroxylates 3-alpha-hydroxy-ent-sandaracopimaradiene at C-7-beta, resulting in a 3-alpha,7-beta-diol corresponding to oryzalexins D.
Belongs to the nucleobase:cation symporter-2 (NCS2) (TC 2.A.40) family. Azg-like subfamily.
Belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family.
May catalyze both beta-1,3 and beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage on beta-D-glucan. Essential for (1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucans synthesis in grasses and cereals (Poaceae). The mixed-linked glucans (which are not present in walls of dicotyledons or most other monocotyledonous plants) are particularly important constituents of the walls of the starchy endosperm and aleurone cells of cereal grains such as oats, wheat, rice and barley. They can account for up to 70% by weight of the wall (By similarity).
Expressed in panicles before heading (PubMed:12723603). Expressed in flowers before pollination (Ref.5).
Mediates active uptake of hexoses by sugar:proton symport. Can transport glucose, xylose and 3-O-methylglucose (PubMed:12723603). May play a role at the early stage of seed development (Ref.5).
Down-regulated by light in dark-grown etiolated seedlings.
Transcription factor that may act as negative regulator of phyB-dependent light signal transduction.
Activity is regulated by phosphorylation and moderated by concentration of metabolites and light.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family.
Circadian-regulated, with the highest expression 1 hour after the beginning of dark period (in 14 hours light/10 hours dark cycle).
Expressed in source leaves and sink leaves.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate. Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants. May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf. Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation (By similarity).
Expressed in stems, leaf sheaths, and young panicles.
The SBP-type zinc finger is required for the binding to DNA.
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3'.
Required for the function of coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain. May serve as a chaperone or may be involved in the transport of Q6 from its site of synthesis to the catalytic sites of the respiratory complexes.
Binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is essential for their biological function.
3'-5'-exoribonuclease that specifically recognizes RNAs polyuridylated at their 3' end and mediates their degradation. Component of an exosome-independent RNA degradation pathway that mediates degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs that have been deadenylated and subsequently uridylated at their 3'.
Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. DIS3L2 subfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS15 family.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-cullin-F-box) protein ligase complex. May interact with auxin and auxin-responsive proteins (By similarity).
The F-box is necessary for the interaction with SKP1.
The myo-inositol hexakisphosphate acts as a structural cofactor.
Component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, a heterotetramer composed of MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6 and MCM7.
Probable component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) that may function as a DNA helicase and which is essential to undergo a single round of replication initiation and elongation per cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
Belongs to the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase family.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Class-III subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX31/DBP7 subfamily.
Induced by auxin (NAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (JA).
May play a role in organellar ribosome biogenesis and suppress 16S rRNA maturation.
Belongs to the chaperonin (HSP60) family.
Oligomeric complex that consists of at least the alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta subunits.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family.
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. SIP (TC 1.A.8.10) subfamily.
Circadian-regulated, with a peak in expression in the middle of the day under long day conditions, and from the middle of the day until night under short day conditions.
Involved in flowering time control. Binds DNA and RNA in vitro.
Ubiquitinated by SPL11. Ubiquitination probably leads to its subsequent degradation, thus negatively regulating flowering time control.
By dithiothreitol-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (PubMed:22050533, PubMed:24153418). Induced by tunicamycin-induced ER stress response (PubMed:24153418).
Functions as chaperone during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response.
Belongs to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A family.
Belongs to the prefoldin subunit beta family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 51 family.
Belongs to the ATPase protein MI25 family.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has three main subunits: a, b and c.
This is one of the chains of the nonenzymatic component (CF(0) subunit) of the mitochondrial ATPase complex.
Belongs to the anoctamin (TC 1.A.17) family.
May act as a calcium-activated chloride channel.
Component of a multiprotein complex equivalent of the SWI/SNF complex, an ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex, which is required for the positive and negative regulation of gene expression of a large number of genes. It changes chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome, leading eventually to a change in nucleosome position, thus facilitating or repressing binding of gene-specific transcription factors (By similarity). May be involved in positive response to drought stress and modulation of root growth through its interaction with NMCP1 (PubMed:32129897).
Interacts with LFR (PubMed:32808364). Interacts with NMCP1 (PubMed:32129897).
Plants overexpressing SWIC3 are hypersensitive to drought stress.
Expressed in roots. Weakly expressed in flowers.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 79 family.
Essential for recycling GMP and indirectly, cGMP. Essential for chloroplast differentiation at early stage of leaf development. May not be involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the organellar DNA during leaf development.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions at the permissive temperature of 30 degrees Celsius, but mutant seedlings develop chlorotic leaves with aberrant chloroplasts under the restrictive temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.
Chlorophyll b reductase activity detected in vitro with a recombinant protein produced in a heterologous system.
Expressed in leaves and stems. Also detected in non-photosynthetic tissues such as roots.
Interacts with NCY1 to form a complex that acts as a chlorophyll b reductase.
Stay-green phenotype during senescence. Grana stacks fused into large stable stacks during semescence.
Strongly expressed in late-senescing leaves.
Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation.
Belongs to the phosphoribulokinase family.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent decarboxylation of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose. Necessary for the biosynthesis of the core tetrasaccharide in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.
Expressed in nodes, vascular bundles of stems, and anthers.
Induced by salt and drought stresses, and hydrogen peroxide.
Normal growth, but increased number of stomata in adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermis (PubMed:20128882). Increased sensitivity to salt and drought stresses (PubMed:20128882).
Receptor kinase involved in salt drought stress responses (PubMed:20128882). Acts as positive regulator of salt and drought tolerance (PubMed:20128882). May promote salt and drought tolerance through the induction of the activities of antioxidative enzymes, such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase (PubMed:20128882). May be involved in the control of stomatal development in leaf epidermis (PubMed:20128882). Possesses kinase activity in vitro (PubMed:20128882). Does not seem to be involved in heat tolerance (PubMed:26280413).
Component of the PI(3,5)P2 regulatory complex at least composed of ATG18, SAC/FIG4, FAB1 and VAC14.
Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains arranged as a dimer of alpha/beta heterodimers.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. Ungrouped subfamily.
D-BOX motif functions as a recognition motif for the ubiquitination machinery.
Expressed in leaves, roots, developing seeds and cultured cells.
The transcript begins to emerged in seeds as early as the second day after imbibition and increased after radicle emergence on the third day. Strongly expressed in the leaves, roots and residual grain of seedling eight days after imbibition. Undetectable in mature dry seeds.
Expressed in leaves, leaf sheaths, panicles, nodes and internodes (PubMed:35779169). Expressed at low levels in roots and stems (PubMed:35779169).
Induced by cold stress, salt stress, osmotic stress, hydrogen peroxide, abscisic acid and jasmonate.
Mediates the negative regulation of osmotic and salt stress tolerance through regulation of the jasmonate and abscisic acid signaling pathways and modulation of the raffinose family oligosaccharide metabolism pathway.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show enhanced tolerance to osmotic and salt stresses.
Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIL2 subfamily.
Belongs to the 2-oxoadipate dioxygenase/decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation and hydroxylation of 2-oxoadipate (2OA) to form D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HGA) (PubMed:32523014). Is involved in a D-lysine catabolic pathway (PubMed:32523014). Involved in the regulation of starch synthesis and amyloplast development within the peripheral endosperm during the grain-filling stage (PubMed:26608643).
Expressed during endosperm development with a peak at approximately 12 days after fertilization (DAF) and then gradually declines from 15 DAF.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, panicles, and endosperm.
Reduced grain filling rate, reduced grain weight, reduced seed thickness, opaque periphery of grain endosperm and defect in starch accumulation in the periphery of the endosperm during seed development, due to lysine accumulation.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Functions as metal chelator of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). Possesses higher affinity for Ni and Cd ions compared to Zn and Cu ions (PubMed:23385446).
Circadian-regulation under short day (SD) conditions. Expression increases after dawn, peaks just before dusk and gradually decreases during the dark period.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem and leaves.
Late-flowering phenotype under short day (SD) and natural day (ND) conditions. Extreme late-flowering phenotype under long day (LD) conditions.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of floral induction under long day (LD) conditions. Promotes photoperiodic flowering by repressing GHD7, a major floral repressor. Seems to function independently of HD1.
Belongs to the non-repetitive/WGA-negative nucleoporin family.
Belongs to the fluoride channel Fluc/FEX (TC 1.A.43) family.
Fluoride channel required for the rapid expulsion of cytoplasmic fluoride.
Heterodimer or heterotrimer. Interacts with the K-box of MADS6. Also able to interact directly with MADS7, MADS8 and MADS47. The dimer composed of MADS18 and MADS6 forms a ternary complex with histone fold protein NF-YB1.
Not expressed at early stages of plant development. First detected in leaves 4 weeks after germination, and expression levels are increased when the plant reaches the reproductive stage.
Plants overexpressing MADS18 remain very small in size and flower at 105 days after germination compared to wild-type plants which flower at 140 days after germination.
Probable transcription factor that may promote floral transition phase and differentiation program of the vegetative shoot.
Widely expressed. Transcripts accumulate to higher levels in organs that retain meristematic characteristics: in the apical meristem and in the meristematic leaf primordia formed on its flank; in the developing panicle at the early stage of rachis-branch primordia differentiation; in the procambium of the rachis branches and in all floral organ primordia.
Catalyzes the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a direct precursor of ethylene in higher plants.
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:17012402). Expressed in roots and leaf blades (PubMed:30810167). Expressed at low levels in leaf sheaths and shoot bases (PubMed:30810167).
Introduces a cis double bond in the acyl chain of an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein].
Component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.
Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
Hydrolyzes 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA (HIBYL-CoA), a saline catabolite. Has high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Could be an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism.
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded and unassembled polypeptides in the peroxisomal matrix. Necessary for type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2)-containing protein processing and facilitates peroxisome matrix protein import.
Lacks the EAR-like motif (domain I) which is conserved in the Aux/IAA family.
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:17012402). Expressed in shoots and leaf blades (PubMed:30810167). Expressed at low levels in leaf sheaths (PubMed:30810167).
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated in response to sphingolipid elicitor (SE).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-225 and Tyr-227, which activates the enzyme.
Induced by hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid (ABA).
Involved in sphingolipid elicitor (SE)-dependent defense signaling pathway. Acts downstream of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit and small GTPase RAC1. May regulate the expression of various genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress response (PubMed:15951489). Involved in an abscisic acid signaling pathway that regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the production of hydrogen peroxide. Acts downstream of CCAMK (PubMed:23777258).
Dwarf, narrow leaf and low tillering phenotypes.
Belongs to the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers.
Highly expressed in green shoots. Expressed in flowers.
Occurs in many kinds of cells as a complex with monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio.
Expressed in companion cells in the upper region of the root.
Iron transporter involved in the uptake of iron from the rhizosphere across the plasma membrane in the root epidermal layer. May also transport other divalent cations.
Plants overexpressing IRT1 show enhanced tolerance to iron deficiency at the seedling stage, elevated content of cadmium, iron and zinc in roots, shoots and mature seeds, and are sensitive to an excess of zinc or cadmium.
As a component of the minor spliceosome, involved in the splicing of U12-type introns in pre-mRNAs.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in mRNA turnover, and more specifically in mRNA decapping.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX6/DHH1 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I 23 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL31 family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX3/DED1 subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC159 subfamily.
Transcription activator. Binds the promoter core sequence 5'-GGNCC-3'.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Small GTPase required for proper nuclear import of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolases 36 family.
Belongs to the ARR family. Type-C subfamily.
Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. May directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins.
FAD-dependent monooxygenase required for the C5-ring hydroxylation during ubiquinone biosynthesis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3-polyprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The electrons required for the hydroxylation reaction may be funneled indirectly from NADPH via a ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase system to COQ6.
Belongs to the transketolase family. DXPS subfamily.
Catalyzes the acyloin condensation reaction between C atoms 2 and 3 of pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to yield 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP). Is a limiting enzyme for plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis and essential for chloroplast development (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Expressed specifically in tapetal cells and microspores during anther development in stages 8 and 9.
Male sterility due to lack of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD), delayed tapetal degeneration, abnormal pollen wall formation and aborted microspore development.
Probable transcriptional activator required for tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and degeneration, and pollen development in anthers.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily.
Demethylates proteins that have been reversibly carboxymethylated.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL29 family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the long-chain O-acyltransferase family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase TruB family.
Required for tapetum and pollen development.
Belongs to the methylthiotransferase family. MiaB subfamily.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Belongs to the V-ATPase E subunit family.
Hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-mannoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-fucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-L-arabinoside, cello-oligosaccharides, laminari-oligosaccharides, sophorose and gentiobiose.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family.
Composed of two chains; the small (or glutamine) chain promotes the hydrolysis of glutamine to ammonia, which is used by the large (or ammonia) chain to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate.
Not induced by red (R) light, or abrasion in dark-grown seedlings.
Belongs to the aerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family.
Involved in the heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Catalyzes the aerobic oxidative decarboxylation of propionate groups of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen-III to yield the vinyl groups in protoporphyrinogen-IX (By similarity).
Forms a heterodimer with the catalytic subunit.
Required for the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA. In the complex, it is required to stabilize and induce conformational changes of the catalytic subunit.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 1 family. Plant sucrose synthase subfamily.
Expressed early in seed development and then declines gradually and disappears (at protein level). In the caryopse, strongly expressed during the pre-storage phase, and the expression decreased thereafter.
Expressed in root phloem and leaf mesophyll. Expressed in phloem tissues and aleurone layers of seeds and at lower levels in the pericarp and endosperm cells (at protein level). Predominantly expressed in elongating tissues including roots, developing leaves and internodes.
Homotetramer or heterotetramer with SUS2.
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways.
Up-regulated by sucrose, fructose and glucose. Up-regulated under elevated CO2 condition.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL33 family.
Catalyzes the 16alpha,17-epoxidation on non-13-hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs), including GA4, GA9, and GA12. No activity with GA1, GA20, GA53 or ent-kaurenoic acid. Reduces the biological activity of GAs.
Expressed in rapidly elongating or dividing tissues, including the shoot apical meristem, the intercalary meristem and elongating zones of internodes, and panicle but not in young seedlings, roots and leaves. During the heading stage, the highest expression is detected in the flowering spikelets, anthers, the divisional zone and the node of the uppermost internode.
Overexpression of CYP714D1 causes severe dwarfism and sterility.
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. SETD6 subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX41 subfamily.
Essential for plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis through its interaction with the solanesyl diphosphate synthase SPS2 (PubMed:28751900). Binds to the hydrophobic solanesyl moiety, which is generated by SPS2, in FBN5-SPS homodimeric complexes to stimulates the enzyme activity of SPS2 (Probable).
Reduced growth and sometimes seedling lethality (PubMed:28751900). Strong reduction of levels of plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) and complete loss of plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) in leaves (PubMed:28751900). Severe increase of photoinhibition at high light intensity (PubMed:28751900).
Involved in innate immunity. Required for the expression of defense-related genes PR1A, LOX2 and CHS1 upon biotic stresses. Required for basal resistance to the fungal blast (M.grisea), bacterial blight (X.oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo) and the herbivorous insect brown planthopper (N.lugens, BPH). May be involved in several defense signaling pathways. Involved in the promotion of seed germination. Required for the expression of alpha-amylase genes during seed germination (By similarity). Involved in resistance against the herbivorous insect brown planthopper (N.lugens, BPH). Member of the BPH3 (BPH resistance locus 3) cluster which contains LECRK1, LECRK2 and LECRK3 (PubMed:25485617).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that monoubiquitinates H2B to form H2BK143ub1. H2BK143ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is a prerequisite for H3 Lys-4 methylation (H3K4me). It thereby plays a central role in histone code and gene regulation (PubMed:26143250, PubMed:26934377). H2B monoubiquitination, mediated by HUB2, modulates transcriptional regulation of anther development, likely by promoting histone H3K4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) in the chromatin of the key tapetum degradation-related genes C4, CP1 and UDT1 (PubMed:26143250). H2B monoubiquitination, mediated by HUB2, modulates transcriptional regulation of genes associated with flowering time and plant yield (PubMed:26934377).
Plant silencing HUB2 exhibit early flowering, increased plant height, and increased panicle and grain length.
Semi-dwarf plants, early heading, and partial sterility of spikelets due to defects in the anther developmental program and pollen formation.
PSK-alpha is produced by endopeptidase digestion. PSK-beta is produced from PSK-alpha by exopeptidase digestion.
Promotes plant cell differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis as well as cell proliferation.
Sulfation is important for activity and for the binding to a putative membrane receptor.
Belongs to the complex I 49 kDa subunit family.
There is a 56 residue fragment from the N-terminus in a second position on the plastid genome (corresponds to Nip164); it is not clear if this is transcribed.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase CarF family.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. BSU subfamily.
Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family.
Probable transcription regulator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CATGC-3' of the IDE1 element found in the promoter of the barley iron deficiency-inducible gene IDS2.
By salt stress and hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:21213008). Induced by methylglyoxal (PubMed:24661284).
Catalyzes the conversion of hemimercaptal, formed from methylglyoxal and glutathione, to S-lactoylglutathione (By similarity). Involved in the detoxifiation of methylglyoxal. Can functionally complement growth defect of a yeast mutant lacking GLY I. Involved in abiotic stress response. Over-expression of GLYI-11 in tobacco increases tolerance to osmotic, oxidative and salt stresses (PubMed:24661284).
Causes an allergic reaction in human. Binds to IgE.
Expressed in callus, stem, leaves, panicles and maturing seeds (at protein level).
Phosphorylated after gibberellin treatment.
Plants over-expressing GLYI-11 display increased tolerance to osmotic, oxidative and salt stresses.
Functions as two-component phosphorelay mediators between cytokinin sensor histidine kinases and response regulators (B-type ARRs). Plays an important role in propagating cytokinin signal transduction.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IV subfamily.
Converts stearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP by introduction of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of the acyl chain. Required for the repression of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway.
Increased level of stearate (18:0) and reduced level of oleic acid (18:1) in leaves. Spontaneous lesion formation in leaf blades, retarded growth, slight increase in endogenous free salicylic acid (SA) levels and SA/benzothiadiazole (BTH)-specific inducible genes. Enhanced resistance to the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and leaf-blight bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of cytosolic tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Serves as sulfur donor in tRNA 2-thiolation reaction by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. The sulfur is then transferred to tRNA to form 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U. Also acts as a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is covalently conjugated via an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of target proteins. The thiocarboxylated form serves as substrate for conjugation and oxidative stress specifically induces the formation of UBL-protein conjugates.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of the MOCS3 homolog, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of the MOCS3 homolog.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL19 family.
By drought and salt stresses and abscisic acid (ABA).
Essential for photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis.
Belongs to the SLC12A transporter family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like D subfamily.
Catalyzes the biosynthesis of ethanolamine from serine. Decarboxylation of free serine is the major source of ethanolamine production in plants and ethanolamine metabolism is crucial for the synthesis of choline, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and thus for plant growth (By similarity).
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. NadB subfamily.
Catalyzes the oxidation of L-aspartate to iminoaspartate.
Dileucine motif seems to be involved in protein-protein interactions.
Binds 1 Fe cation per subunit. Iron is tightly bound.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. This lipoxygenase introduces molecular oxygen exclusively into the C-13 position of linoleic and linolenic acids.
Abundance in roots follows a diurnal oscillating expression pattern peaking during the night period (Ref.11). Induced by water stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in a concentration-dependent manner (PubMed:21398647, Ref.11). Activated by salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:29464319). Repressed by ABA biosynthesis inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid and tungstate under water stress (PubMed:21398647). Induced by high salinity (NaCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) treatments (Ref.11). Triggered by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs); this induction is reversed by sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) (PubMed:25958266). Repressed by cadmium (Cd) (PubMed:28969789). Inhibited by heat stress (HS) (e.g. 35 degrees Celsius day/27 degrees Celsius night, 38 degrees Celsius day/30 degrees Celsius night) (PubMed:29464319).
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with GLO1 and GLO4; these interactions are disturbed by alpha-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanesulfonic acid (HPMS) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:26900141). Interacts with STRK1 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:29581216).
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide (By similarity). May prevent the excessive accumulation of H(2)O(2) during water stress in response to the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:21398647). Involved in the modulation of ROS levels related to root growth regulation (Ref.11). Required for pollen viability and floret fertility upon heat stress (HS) by detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in developing anthers exposed to HS (PubMed:29464319).
Predominantly expressed in roots and, at low levels, in leaves (e.g. sheaths) (PubMed:21398647, Ref.11, PubMed:26900141, PubMed:29464319). Detected in seeds (PubMed:21979082, PubMed:21398647, Ref.11, PubMed:29464319). Also present in panicles and culms (PubMed:22106097, Ref.11). Observed in stems and anthers (PubMed:29464319).
Strongly inhibited by beta-mercaptoethanol, sodium azide and potassium cyanide. Slightly repressed by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT). Activity is repressed proportionally to increased concentration of NaCl, KCl, LiCl and MgCl(2).
Probable serine-threonine kinase that may regulate brassinosteroid signaling.
Autoacetylation at Lys-274 is required for proper function.
Histone acetyltransferase which may be involved in transcriptional activation.
Crl5 mutant plants overexpressing RR1 display significantly increased adventitious (crown) root formation compared with crl5 mutant plants.
Dwarf, albino, lesion mimic and low fertility phenotypes.
Functions as response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. Type-A response regulators seem to act as negative regulators of the cytokinin signaling (By similarity). Involved in adventitious (crown) root initiation under the regulation of CRL5 (PubMed:21481033).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak at night and then decreasing to reach the lowest levels around the middle of the day in LD conditions. The levels of expression in SD conditions are slightly lower.
Phosphorylated by OSK4 in the presence of HDR1.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of flower development. Required for the promotion of flowering under short day (SD) conditions and the suppression of flowering under long day (LD) conditions. Regulates positively the floral activator HEADING DATE 3a (HD3A) under SD and negatively under LD conditions.
The GIGANTEA-CONSTANS-FLOWER LOCUS T (GI-CO-FT) pathway to control photoperiodic flowering under LD is conserved between Arabidopsis and rice, but the regulation of the downstream gene by the upstream regulatory gene is reversed in the two species. In Arabidopsis, GI acts as an activator of CO, which in turn activates the floral activator FT under LD conditions. In rice, GI activates HD1/CO in a similar manner to that in Arabidopsis. However, under LD conditions, HD1 suppresses HD3A/FT expression, causing the suppression of flowering.
The cultivar Taichung 65 exhibits a long basic vegetative growth and reduced response to photoperiod due to loss-of-function alleles of HD1 and EHD1. This confers almost constant and sufficient vegetative growth periods even in low latitudes where short photoperiod conditions continue almost throughout the year.
Expressed in adventitious root primordia, coleoptiles, shoot apex, leaf primordia, panicles and flowers.
Expressed in the apical region (growing zone) of the root hair. Expressed in the basal growing zone of air-grown internode. Expressed in the growing region of leaves. Expressed in the developing seeds.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL16 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and fruits (PubMed:18263782). Expressed in the root cap and the root vascular tissues, in the stele of lateral roots, in the mestome sheath cells and the phloem cells of the leaf, in pollen, vascular cylinder of the anther and the veins of the lemma, palea and pistils, and in the xylem and phloem regions of large vascular bundles in node I (PubMed:26082401).
Expressed throughout all stages of plant growth.
Transcription factor involved in phosphate starvation signaling (PubMed:18263782, PubMed:26082401). Binds to P1BS, an imperfect palindromic sequence 5'-GNATATNC-3', to promote the expression of inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation-responsive genes (PubMed:26082401). Functionally redundant with PHR2 and PHR3 in regulating Pi starvation response and Pi homeostasis (PubMed:26082401).
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase (By similarity). Binds unmodified and methylated histone H3 (By similarity).
Essential protein (By similarity). Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. It has a role in both chromosomal replication and mating type transcriptional silencing. Binds to the ARS consensus sequence (ACS) of origins of replication (By similarity). H3K4me3 effector that regulates positively the transcription of a subset of genes (By similarity). Required for cell proliferation (PubMed:10996242).
Expressed strongly in root tips and shoot apical meristem (SAM), and weakly in young leaves. Not detected in mature leaves.
Reduced expression upon sucrose depletion-mediated cell proliferation arrest, and accumulates after sucrose treatment (PubMed:10996242, PubMed:15939553). Induced by gamma irradiation (PubMed:25124817).
Dwarf plants due to the lack of internode elongation. Insensitivity to brassinolide.
Highly expressed in shoots. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Interacts with BIP103 and BIP131 (Ref.7). Interacts with BAK1 (PubMed:19754838, PubMed:27424498). Interacts with BSK3 (PubMed:26697897). Interacts with SERK2 (PubMed:19754838, PubMed:24482436).
Over-expression of a truncated form of BRI1 induces partial suppression of endogenous BRI1 expression, leading to an erect leaf phenotype. The estimated grain yield of the transformants is about 30 per cent higher than that of wild type at high density planting.
Receptor kinase involved brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction. Regulates, in response to BR binding, a signaling cascade involved in plant development, promotion of cell elongation and flowering (Probable). Activates BR signaling by targeting and phosphorylating BSK3, a positive regulator of BR signaling (PubMed:26697897). Forms at the plasma membrane a receptor complex with BAK1 which is activated in response to brassinolide. Phosphorylates BAK1. Phosphorylates REM4.1, which reduces REM4.1 binding affinity to BAK1 and allows the formation and subsequent activation of the BRI1-BAK1 receptor complex (PubMed:27424498). Functions in various growth and developmental processes, such as internode elongation, bending of the lamina joint and skotomorphogenesis. Functions in internode elongation by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells (PubMed:11006334). Involved in organ development through the control of cell division and elongation. Does not seem essential for organ pattern formation or organ initiation (PubMed:16407447).
Dwarf, narrow leaf, sterility and small grain phenotypes.
Lacks the conserved active histidine at position 79 that mediates the phosphotransfer. Shows a conserved HPt domain that may have some alternative degenerated phosphorelay role in cell signaling.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. mRNA cap 0 methyltransferase family.
mRNA-capping methyltransferase that methylates the N7 position of the added guanosine to the 5'-cap structure of mRNAs. Binds RNA containing 5'-terminal GpppC (By similarity).
Allosterically activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. PPi-dependent PFK group II subfamily. Clade 'Long' sub-subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase.
Tetramer of two alpha (regulatory) and two beta (catalytic) chains.
Belongs to the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL3 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 100 family.
Invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Belongs to the threonine aldolase family.
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II.
Expressed in roots and shoot apex (Ref.7). Expressed in roots, stem bases, stems, leaves and young panicles (PubMed:19825657).
Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. CPSF5 subfamily.
Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-processing.
Homodimer. Component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.
Deoxycytidyl transferase involved in DNA repair. Transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3'-end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. May assist in the first step in the bypass of abasic lesions by the insertion of a nucleotide opposite the lesion. Required for normal induction of mutations by physical and chemical agents.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma. Interacts with the beta subunit RGB1.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems.
May be involved in cooperative interactions with calmodulins or calmodulin-like proteins (By similarity). Recruits calmodulin proteins to microtubules, thus being a potential scaffold in cellular signaling and trafficking (By similarity). May associate with nucleic acids and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Belongs to the cytidylyltransferase family.
Mediates high-affinity intracellular uptake of the rare oligo-element molybdenum.
Accumulates to high levels in pollen grains, tapetal cells, and middle-layer cells of the anther wall. Also detected at high levels in connective tissue cells and the connective vascular element at the unicellular- to-bicellular pollen grain stages. At the tricellular pollen grain stage, confined to the cells of connective vascular elements.
By the X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) transcription activator-like effector (TALe) protein pthXo1 and, possibly, AvrXa7.
Confers sensitivity to bacterial blight mediated by X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in its Xa13 allelic form (e.g. cv. IR24), probably by providing the sugar required for the pathogen growth, or by reducing copper contents in xylem. However, a recessive resistance can be associated with the xa13 allele (in which the promoter is mutated leading to reduced induction upon pathogen infection, e.g. cv. IRBB13), specifically toward Xoo Philippine race 6 and Indian race PXO8.
Interacts with COPT1 and COPT2 (PubMed:20852017). Interacts with APX8 (PubMed:27185545).
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane. Required for pollen viability. Involved in the transport of copper, in cooperation with COPT1 and COPT2 (PubMed:16648463, PubMed:20852017, PubMed:21107422, PubMed:25988582).
Mostly expressed in panicles and anthers. Also detected in leaves (leaf collar, leaf auricle, leaf ligule), roots, sheaths, culms and culm nodes.
Reduced starch content in pollen and male sterility. Enhanced resistance against bacterial blight mediated by X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strain PXO99(A).
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of UDP-D-glucuronate to a mixture of UDP-D-apiose and UDP-D-xylose. D-Apiose (3-C-hydroxymethyl-d-erythrose) is the only plant cell wall monosaccharide with a branched carbon skeleton and found in rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), apiogalacturonan, and several apioglycosides (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 6 family.
The beta subunit is responsible for the synthesis of L-tryptophan from indole and L-serine.
By dithiothreitol-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (PubMed:22050533, PubMed:21223397). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:22050533).
Potent transcriptional activator. Induced by IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. IRE1 cleaves a 20-bp fragment causing a frameshift of the mRNA transcript.
Transcription factor involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (PubMed:21223397, PubMed:22050533, PubMed:22199238). Acts downstream of the ER stress sensors IRE1, BZIP39 and BZIP60 to activate BiP chaperone genes (PubMed:22050533, PubMed:22199238).
Transcriptionally activated by IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. IRE1 cleaves a 20-bp fragment causing a frameshift of the mRNA transcript, leading to a nuclear isoform of the BZIP50 activator.
Heterodimer with LCB2. Component of the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, composed of LCB1 and LCB2 (By similarity).
Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The heterodimer formed with LCB2 constitutes the catalytic core (By similarity).
May promote appropriate targeting of ribosome-nascent polypeptide complexes.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Together with CUL1, a RING-box and a F-box protein, it forms a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The functional specificity of this complex depends on the type of F-box protein. In the SCF complex, it serves as an adapter that links the F-box protein to CUL1.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity). Interacts with rice black streaked dwarf virus RBSDV protein P7-2 (PubMed:28494021). Is able to form the SCF complex together with CUL1 and the viral P7-2 protein (By similarity). Interacts with D3 (PubMed:24616269).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 31 family.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.
Belongs to the ferroportin (FP) (TC 2.A.100) family. SLC40A subfamily.
May be involved in iron transport and iron homeostasis.
Highly expressed in panicles, inflorescences and parenchyma cells of the root stele, and at lower levels in shoot apex, leaf buds and xylem parenchyma cells of the stem.
May be involved in strigolactones biosynthesis.
Regulates negatively the cuticle development probably by interacting with the HD-ZIP IV transcription factor HDG1.
Specifically expressed in heading panicles, spikelets and mature pollen grains. Not expressed in vegetative tissues.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (347-377) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Activated by a monovalent cation that binds near, but not in, the active site. The most likely occupant of the site in vivo is potassium. Ion binding induces a conformational change that may alter substrate affinity.
Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. Ribokinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribose at O-5 in a reaction requiring ATP and magnesium. The resulting D-ribose-5-phosphate can then be used either for sythesis of nucleotides, histidine, and tryptophan, or as a component of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Requires a divalent cation, most likely magnesium in vivo, as an electrophilic catalyst to aid phosphoryl group transfer. It is the chelate of the metal and the nucleotide that is the actual substrate.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS16 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL38 family.
Belongs to the oligoribonuclease family.
Component of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex, a translocon channel that specifically mediates the import of peroxisomal cargo proteins bound to PEX5 receptor. The PEX13-PEX14 docking complex forms a large import pore which can be opened to a diameter of about 9 nm. Mechanistically, PEX5 receptor along with cargo proteins associates with the PEX14 subunit of the PEX13-PEX14 docking complex in the cytosol, leading to the insertion of the receptor into the organelle membrane with the concomitant translocation of the cargo into the peroxisome matrix.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (339-369) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the cereal trypsin/alpha-amylase inhibitor family.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunit family. Delta-COP subfamily.
Belongs to the formin-like family. Class-II subfamily.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins.
mRNA-binding protein involved in proper cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria.
Key oxidase enzyme in the biosynthesis of gibberellin (Ref.1, PubMed:15604710). Catalyzes the conversion of GA12 and GA53 to GA9 and GA20 respectively, via a three-step oxidation at C-20 of the GA skeleton (Ref.1).
Negatively controlled by the level of physiologically active gibberellin.
Plants over-expressing GA20OX1 have high levels of bioactive gibberellins, and exhibit an overgrowth phenotype with increased internode elongation and leaf sheath length (PubMed:15604710). Plant silencing GA20OX1 exhibit a semi-dwarf phenotype (PubMed:15604710).
Preferentially expressed in reproductive organs (PubMed:11961544). Expressed in the epithelium of embryos and the tapetum of anthers. Expressed at low levels in the shoot apical meristem (PubMed:12834406).
Associates transiently with chloroplast polysomes.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP (By similarity). It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome (By similarity).
Binds to psbD and psbA 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) in vitro.
Component of the chloroplast ribosome 30S and 70S subunits, as well as polysomes.
Component of the chloroplast ribosome 70S subunit, and at low levels, present in polysomes.
Catalyzes the last step of tRNA splicing, the transfer of the splice junction 2'-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD to produce ADP-ribose 1''-2'' cyclic phosphate.
Contains one covalently linked phytochromobilin chromophore.
Regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region. Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes including those encoding the small subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, chlorophyll A/B binding protein, protochlorophyllide reductase, rRNA, etc. It also controls the expression of its own gene(s) in a negative feedback fashion.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS14 family.
Belongs to the TRAPP small subunits family.
Part of the multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex.
Belongs to the peptidase S33 family. ABHD4/ABHD5 subfamily.
Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase which functions in phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. May regulate neutral lipid accumulation and participate in the regulation of lipid turnover in vegetative cells. May possess additional triacylglycerol lipase and phospholipase A2 activities in vitro (By similarity).
The HXXXXD motif is essential for acyltransferase activity and may constitute the binding site for the phosphate moiety of the glycerol-3-phosphate.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. BCP/PrxQ subfamily.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is present in the same subunit to form an intramolecular disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides.
Expressed in shoots, culms, leaves and young spikelets.
Acts as histone H2A/H2B chaperone in nucleosome assembly.
Accumulation of proglutelins in seed endosperm (PubMed:21105928, PubMed:21825104). Mistargeting of dense vesicles (DVs) to the type II protein bodies (PBII) protein storage vacuoles and reduction of PBII size in endosperm. Formation of paramural bodies (PMBs) secretory vesicle-like structures charged with DVs in endosperm (PubMed:21105928, PubMed:21825104).
Expression in developing seeds is low from 6 to 12 days after flowering (DAF), peaks at 12 DAF and is barely detected at 15 DAF.
Highly expressed in roots (Ref.1). Expressed at low levels in shoots, flowers and grains (Ref.1).
Induced by nitrogen and phosphorus starvation in roots.
Interacts with VPS9A (PubMed:23723154, PubMed:24488962). Interacts with NSF and RBP-L (PubMed:32471860).
Plays an important role in intracellular trafficking of seed storage proteins to the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) (PubMed:21105928). Participates in the transport of the proglutelins from the Golgi apparatus to the PSVs in endosperm (PubMed:21825104). Functions cooperatively with VPS9A to regulate post-Golgi dense vesicle-mediated transport of storage proteins to the type II protein bodies (PBII) protein storage vacuoles in developing endosperm (PubMed:23723154). Involved in the maintenance of the general structural organization of the endomembrane system in developing endosperm (PubMed:21105928, PubMed:21825104). Binds GTP in vitro (PubMed:21105928, PubMed:21825104, PubMed:23723154). Forms a quaternary complex with the two glutelin zipcode RNA-binding proteins RBP-L and RBP-P, and the membrane trafficking factor NSF (PubMed:32471860). This quaternay complex carries glutelin mRNAs for active transport on endosomes to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and enables endosome-mediated glutelin mRNA transport in endosperm cells (PubMed:32471860).
By infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea).
The phosphorylation on Tyr-221 activates the enzyme (By similarity). A conserved Thr, which must also be phosphorylated to activate the enzyme in closely related sequences, is replaced by Met-219 in this sequence.
Binds 1 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ion per subunit.
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene giving kaurenoic acid, a key step in gibberellins (GAs) biosynthesis. GAs, which are involved many processes, including stem elongation, play a central role in plant development.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosome 8 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene has not been demonstrated.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS8 family.
One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA central domain where it helps coordinate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit.
The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits.
Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, stems, spikelets and embryos.
Induced by heat shock (PubMed:24459431). Induced by drought, cold and salt stresses (PubMed:24459431, PubMed:26505346). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24459431, PubMed:26505346).
May be involved in abiotic stress response through abscisic acid-dependent signaling.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL31 family.
Belongs to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) (TC 2.A.105) family.
Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria.
Belongs to the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. Type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthase family.
Expressed in leaf primordia, vascular bundles and radicle of the embryo. At the vegetative stage, expressed in crown root and shoot apices. In the shoot apex, first expressed in the leaf plastochron 1 (P1), and then P2, P3 and P4 primordia. Not expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). In the early reproductive phase, expressed in bracts and external layers of the rachis meristem. At the late stages, expressed in branch meristems, floral meristems and floral organs.
Highly expressed in shoot apex and inflorescence apex, at intermediate levels in roots and at low levels in leaf blade and leaf sheath.
Plants produce threefold the number of leaves, and leaf size and plant height are strongly reduced compared to wild-type. Shoot apical meristem (SAM) shows a higher rate of cell division and internode elongation is significantly reduced. Some inflorescence branches are converted into vegetative shoots.
Plastochron is defined as the time interval between leaf initiation events.
Probable RNA-binding protein. Involved in the regular timing (plastochron) of lateral organs formation. May regulate the rate of leaf initiation and the duration of vegetative phase. Seems to be redundant to the function of PLASTOCHRON1, but to act in an independent pathway.
Highly expressed in mature leaves and at lower levels in young leaves, flag leaves and internodes.
Involved in the negative regulation of organ growth. May act as a negative regulator of auxin synthesis and transport.
Plants over-expressing SAUR39 display reduced shoot and root growth, altered shoot morphology, reduced size of vascular tissue, low yield and decreased basipetal auxin transport.
Aldehyde oxidases (AO) are homodimers and heterodimers of AO subunits.
Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.
Binds 1 Mo-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) cofactor per subunit.
As part of the replication protein A (RPA/RP-A), a single-stranded DNA-binding heterotrimeric complex, may play an essential role in DNA replication, recombination and repair. Binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, preventing complementary DNA reannealing and recruiting different proteins involved in DNA metabolism.
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 3 family.
Component of the heterotrimeric canonical replication protein A complex (RPA) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA1B, RPA2A, RPA2B and RPA2C.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process. Ascorbate is a major antioxidant against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like C subfamily.
Probable beta-1,4-glucan synthase rather involved in the synthesis of the xyloglucan backbone than cellulose. Seems to work simultaneously with xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferase. Xyloglucan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall and consists of a glucan backbone substituted by xylose, galactose and fucose (By similarity).
Architectural component of nuclear structure that plays different roles in controlling nuclear size and morphology.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbB subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). It binds chlorophyll and helps catalyze the primary light-induced photochemical processes of PSII. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Belongs to the 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase family.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX21/DDX50 subfamily.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. FEN1 subfamily.
Binds 2 magnesium ions per subunit. They probably participate in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. May bind an additional third magnesium ion after substrate binding.
Expressed in proliferating tissues: shoot apical meristem, young leaves, panicles and roots.
Interacts with PCNA. Three molecules of FEN1 bind to one PCNA trimer with each molecule binding to one PCNA monomer. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity.
Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation upon DNA damage induces relocalization to the nuclear plasma.
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA (By similarity). May be required for cell proliferation.
Catalyzes a reversible epimerization of GDP-D-mannose that precedes the committed step in the biosynthesis of vitamin C (L-ascorbate), resulting in the hydrolysis of the highly energetic glycosyl-pyrophosphoryl linkage. Able to catalyze 2 distinct epimerization reactions and can release both GDP-L-galactose and GDP-L-gulose from GDP-mannose.
Strongly up-regulated during leaf senescence.
Transaminase that degrades gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and uses pyruvate as amino-group acceptor, but not 2-oxoglutarate. Not involved in the interaction with blast fungus.
By gibberellic acid (GA3) and submergence. Down-regulated by auxin.
Expressed in the dividing region of the root apex and in differentiated cells such as those in the sclerenchyma, pericycle and parenchyma of the central cylinder. Expressed in the intercalary meristem and the elongation zone of internodes.
By hydrogen peroxide, ethephon, abscicic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA). Barely induced by heavy metals.
Belongs to the PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptor family.
Homodimer. Interacts with PP2C06 (PubMed:24743650). Interacts with PP2C50. Binding to PP2C50 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:28827170). Interacts with PP2C30 and PP2C53. Binding to PP2C30 and PP2C53 is dependent on the presence of ABA (PubMed:26362328).
Involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination and abiotic stress response. Acts as positive regulator of ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination, and tolerance to drought and cold stresses (PubMed:26362328). Inhibits the activity of the protein phosphatases PP2C06 and PP2C09 when activated by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24743650).
Plants overexpressing PYL9 exhibit abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitive phenotype during seed germination. Plants overexpressing PYL9 exhibit tolerance to cold and drought stresses.
Down-regulated by brassinolide in wild-type and the dwarf11 mutant.
Involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis (PubMed:15705958, PubMed:16369540). May catalyze a C6-oxidation step and may be involved to supply 6-deoxotyphasterol and typhasterol (PubMed:15705958). Involved in internode elongation and seed development (PubMed:15705958). Catalyzes the conversion of campesterol (CR) to (22S)-22-hydroxycampesterol (22-OHCR, 22-hydroxyCR) (PubMed:16369540).
The dwarf11 (d11) mutant shows the erection of leaves in mature stages, the shortening of the grain length and of the second internode in culm, and aberrant skotomorphogenesis. Treatment with exogenous brassinolide rescues the abnormal phenotype.
Ubiquitously expressed at low levels, but preferentially in the internodes and the florets before flowering.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with GW6A (via C-terminus).
Mutant plants produce grains with reduced size.
Plants overexpressing HDR3 produces enlarged grains.
The UIM domains bind molecules modified by monoubiquitin or ubiquitin chains and promote coupled monoubiquitination.
Ubiquitin receptor that functions as a positive regulator of grain size and weight (PubMed:34323980). Functions in the same genetic pathway as GW6A to regulate grain size (PubMed:34323980). Modulates grain size in a similar manner to GW6A, by altering cell proliferation in spikelet hulls (PubMed:34323980). Interacts with and enhances the ubiquitination of GW6A (PubMed:34323980). This stabilizes GW6A, delays protein degradation by the 26S proteasome and enhances GW6A histone acetyltransferase activity (PubMed:34323980).
Allows the formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) in chloroplasts and mitochondria. The reaction takes place in the presence of glutamine and ATP through an activated gamma-phospho-Glu-tRNA(Gln).
Belongs to the GatB/GatE family. GatB subfamily.
Subunit of the heterotrimeric GatCAB amidotransferase (AdT) complex, composed of A, B and C subunits.
Expressed in leaves, stems and roots. Highest expression in roots.
Involved in the supply of solanesyl diphosphate for ubiquinone-9 (UQ-9) biosynthesis in mitochondria. Farnesyl diphosphate is the preferred substrate.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL43 family.
Component of the DNA topoisomerase VI involved in chromatin organization and progression of endoreduplication cycles. Relaxes both positive and negative superturns and exhibits a strong decatenase activity. The B subunit binds ATP (By similarity).
Homodimer. Heterotetramer of two TOP6A and two TOP6B subunits (Probable). Interacts with SPO11-4.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity- and dehydration-inducible transcription (By similarity).
Nuclear genome-encoded factor involved in the biogenesis of photosystem I (PSI). Required for the accumulation of PSI during plant development. Does not seem to be required for the translation of mRNAs of the PSI subunits.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 27 family.
Part of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC).
May play a role in photosystem I and II biogenesis.
Originally thought to be a component of PSII; based on experiments in Synechocystis, N.tabacum and barley, and its absence from PSII in T.elongatus and T.vulcanus, this is probably not true.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. This subunit can bind 18S rRNA.
Belongs to the class-V pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. NifS/IscS subfamily.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
May be involved in regulation of plant growth through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway.
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily.
Sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase required for the biosynthesis of delta-4-unsaturated sphingolipids and derivatives.
Belongs to the amino acid/polyamine transporter 2 family. Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) (TC 2.A.18.1) subfamily.
Carrier protein involved in proton-driven auxin influx. May mediate the formation of auxin gradient from developing leaves (site of auxin biosynthesis) to tips (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths and flowers.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for normal assembly of chloroplast polysomes.
Highly expressed in young panicles (PubMed:28818372, PubMed:31830332). Highly expressed in axillary buds (PubMed:28818372). Expressed in leaf sheaths, flag leaves, nodes and internodes (PubMed:28818372). Expressed in roots, culms, leaf sheaths and leaf blades (PubMed:31830332).
Interacts with TBP2, a subunit of the transcription initiation factor TFIID.
Plants silencing CWZF7 exhibit defective development of awns in grains.
The CW-type zinc finger domain is not required for nuclear localization.
Transcriptional activator that acts as a positive regulator of grain size (PubMed:31830332). Binds directly to the DNA core sequence 5'-CATTTC-3' found in the promoter of MADS1, and activates MADS1 transcription (PubMed:31830332). Increases grain width via direct up-regulation of MADS1 expression (PubMed:31830332). Promotes active chromatin modification at the MADS1 locus by increasing its level of histone H3K4me3 (PubMed:31830332). In GST pull-down assay, binds specifically to histone H3K4me3, but not to H3K4me1 or H3K4me2 (PubMed:28818372). May facilitate the recruitment of effectors to mediate gene expression (PubMed:28818372).
Mediates active uptake of hexoses by sugar:proton symport. Can transport glucose.
In the vegetative phase, expressed in shoot meristems and leaf primordia. In the reproductive phase, present in the meristems of primary and secondary branches at primordial and elongating stages, but later transiently down-regulated from the meristems, when the meristem identity change from inflorescence to spikelet. Subsequent expression recovery when spikelets are differentiated, with an accumulation in floral meristems and in primordia of all floral organs, including lodicules, stamens, carpels and ovules.
In very young panicle but not in mature florets, mature leaves, roots or apical meristems.
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Together with APO1, involved in the temporal regulation of meristem size and identity during both vegetative and reproductive developments through interaction with APO1 (PubMed:21910771). Promotes flowering (PubMed:21910771).
Several abnormal phenotypes in the vegetative and reproductive phases including short plastochron, late flowering, small panicles, reduced meristems size, aberrant floral organ identities and loss of floral meristem determinacy (PubMed:21910771). Reduced panicles size is associated with reduced number of primary branches due to the precocious formation of spikelet meristems (PubMed:21910771).
Involved in ribosomal large subunit assembly.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL29 family.
Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the translocation pore (By similarity).
Forms part of the preprotein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex).
In mammals and fungi, the transmembrane domain is located at the N-terminus while it is located at the C-terminus in plants. The overall orientation of the protein in the membrane is therefore inverted.
By light, nutrient deprivation and N(6)-benzylaminopurine (BA).
Expressed in roots, leaf blades and sheaths and panicles.
Inhibition of the main root elongation when grown in presence of ammonium chloride. Reduced plant height, biomass and panicle number.
Involved in glutamate biosynthesis and plays a major role in the primary ammonium ions assimilation in seedling roots. May be involved in the reutilization of glutamine in developing organs. Plays a role in the development of tillers.
P700 is a chlorophyll a/chlorophyll a' dimer, A0 is one or more chlorophyll a, A1 is one or both phylloquinones and FX is a shared 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur center.
PsaA and PsaB bind P700, the primary electron donor of photosystem I (PSI), as well as the electron acceptors A0, A1 and FX. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn. Oxidized P700 is reduced on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane by plastocyanin.
The PsaA/B heterodimer binds the P700 chlorophyll special pair and subsequent electron acceptors. PSI consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
By stress and hormones. By infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea). Circadian-regulation. Expression is higher during the light phase than during the dark phase. Induced by hydrogen peroxide in leaves (PubMed:25546583).
Expressed in roots, aerial vegetative parts and reproductive organs (PubMed:14644501, Ref.1). Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:16397796).
Inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (CMPSA).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase required for full accumulation of the LRR receptor kinase XA21 and XA21-mediated disease resistance. Binding to XA21 may stabilize the receptor kinase and maintain its protein level. Autoubiquitinated in vitro.
Interacts (via ankyrin repeats) with XA21.
Involved in the activation and reutilization of phytol from chlorophyll degradation in plant metabolism, including tocopherol biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of phytol to phytol monophosphate (PMP) (By similarity).
Circadian-regulation under long day (LD) conditions. Expression increases in the middle of daytime, peaks around the end of the light period and gradually decreases during the dark period and beginning of daylight.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Interacts with NFYB2 (PubMed:18193457). Interacts with NFYB8, NFYB10 and HD5/NFYB11 (PubMed:26542958).
Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
Probably not involved in gibberellin metabolism since over-expression of CYP714C1 in a heterologous system does not induce semi-dwarfism.
Binds preferentially to highly ordered alpha-glucans, such as starch and crystalline maltodextrins (By similarity). Involved in the organization of the starch granule matrix, thus influencing starch turnover by modulating the accessibility of starch polymers to modifying and degrading enzymes (PubMed:34367195). Required for the control of starch degradation in leaves and starch distribution in nonphotosynthetic parts (PubMed:34367195). Promotes gravitropic responses, negative in shoots but positive in roots, by facilitating starch granules (statoliths) formation in hypocotyls and roots columella (PubMed:34367195). Facilitates tight packing of starch granules in grains (PubMed:34367195).
Reduced starch levels in leaves and loosely packed starch granules in grains (PubMed:34367195). Absence of starch granules in hypocotyl endodermis and root columella leading to impaired endodermal plastids sedimentation and reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism in the dark and reduced root positive gravitropism (PubMed:34367195). Chalky rather than translucent grains due to abnormally small, loosely packed starch granules with conspicuous crevices between them (PubMed:34367195).
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that converts 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Is essential for chloroplast development.
Induced by jasmonate, copper, UV and chitin oligosaccharide elicitor.
Catalyzes the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a direct precursor of ethylene in higher plants (PubMed:17012402). Involved in defense response by producing ethylene at early stage after fungal pathogen infection (PubMed:17012402). Involved in several phosphate deficiency-induced adaptive responses, such as lateral root elongation (PubMed:30810167).
Induced by partial submergence (PubMed:9037160). Induced in leaves by infection with the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:17012402). Induced by phosphate deficency (PubMed:30810167).
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.
Component of the RACK1 regulatory proteins that play a role in multiple signal transduction pathways.
Involved in the breakdown of propeptides of storage proteins in protein-storage vacuoles.
Belongs to the potassium channel family. Plant (TC 1.A.1.4) subfamily.
Probable inward-rectifying potassium channel. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by hyperpolarization (By similarity).
The KHA domain (rich in hydrophobic and acidic residues) present in the C-terminal part is likely to be important for tetramerization.
The potassium channel is composed of a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits.
The potassium channel is probably a homo- or heterotetrameric complex of pore-forming subunits.
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids. The pore-forming region H5 is enclosed by the transmembrane segments S5 and S6 in the Shaker-type (1P/6TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity (By similarity).
The segment S4 is probably the voltage-sensor and is characterized by a series of positively charged amino acids. The pore-forming region H5 is enclosed by the transmembrane segments S5 and S6 in the Shaker-type (1P/6TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity.
Expressed in leaf primordia, young leaves, floret meristems, floral organ primordia (except carpel primordium), stamens and carpels. Does not show polar expression pattern.
Transcription factor which may be involved in developmental processes. Seems to act as repressor of YAB5.
Belongs to the diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase family.
Performs the first committed step in the biosynthesis of isoprene-containing compounds such as sterols and terpenoids.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS10 family.
Interacts with BHLH148 (PubMed:21332845). Interacts with COI1A and COI1B in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) (PubMed:23320078).
The jas domain (185-210) is required for interaction with COI1.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.
By jasmonic acid (JA) and infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea).
Expressed in roots, leaves and inflorescences.
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex which is composed of eight different subunits and is required for normal Golgi morphology and localization.
Belongs to the PsbB/PsbC family. PsbC subfamily.
Binds multiple chlorophylls and provides some of the ligands for the Ca-4Mn-5O cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex. It may also provide a ligand for a Cl- that is required for oxygen evolution. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites.
Belongs to the sphingomyelin synthase family.
Belongs to the RNase HII family. Eukaryotic subfamily.
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids.
Manganese or magnesium. Binds 1 divalent metal ion per monomer in the absence of substrate. May bind a second metal ion after substrate binding.
Belongs to the NDH complex subunit M family.
Part of the chloroplast NDH complex, composed of a mixture of chloroplast and nucleus encoded subunits. Component of the NDH subcomplex A, at least composed of ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK, ndhL, ndhM, ndhN and ndhO.
Converts protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O.
Belongs to the cysteine synthase/cystathionine beta-synthase family.
Expressed in lateral root primordia during auxin-induced lateral root development.
Hydrolyzes 1,4-beta-glycosyl linkages of 1,4-beta-glucans and 1,3-1,4-beta-glucans. Possesses broad substrate specificity for hemicelluloses of type II cell walls. Substrate preference is carboxymethyl-cellulose > 1,3-1,4-beta-glucan > lichenan > arabinoxylan > phospho-swollen cellulose > xylan > glucomannan. May participate in lateral root development.
Belongs to the diaminopimelate epimerase family.
Chitinase that possesses antifungal activity (PubMed:23331415). Inhibits the growth of the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani by degrading the fungal cell wall (PubMed:23331415). Does not possess inhibiting activity against fungal endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10) and family 11 (GH11) (PubMed:23331415). Involved in the regulation of plant growth by regulating the intracellular calcium ion concentration in roots (PubMed:28401568).
Expressed in roots (PubMed:28401568). Expressed at low levels in leaf sheaths, stems and flowers (PubMed:28401568).
Induced by infection with an incompatible race of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.
Heterodimer with subunits of 125 kDa and 50 kDa.
The function of the small subunit is not yet clear.
Probable DNA helicase that may play a role in DNA repair during meiosis.
By oligosaccharide elicitor (N-Acetylchitooligosaccharide) extracted from the rice blast fungus (M.grisea) cell wall. Strongest induction by chitin oligomer with greater degree of polymerization (heptamer). By inoculation of M.grisea in rice cell suspension culture.
Induction by oligosaccharide elicitor is independent of de novo protein synthesis.
May play a regulatory role in the early step of oligosaccharide elicitor response, downstream of the membrane-associated high-affinity chitin-binding protein.
Aquaporins facilitate the transport of water and small neutral solutes across cell membranes. May be involved in transport from the vacuolar compartment to the cytoplasm (By similarity).
Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. TIP (TC 1.A.8.10) subfamily.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL32 family.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CGFS subfamily.
Expressed in developing laminar joint and meristematic regions.
Expressed in stems, leaf sheaths, and young panicles. Weakly expressed in ligules, auricles, and leaf sheaths at the basal region.
Plants show upright attitudes and the absence of laminar joints, ligules and auricules in all the leaves including the flag leaves.
Probable transcription factor that plays an important role in building the laminar joint between leaf blade and leaf sheath boundary, thereby controlling ligule and auricle development.
Involved in a reduction step in the biosynthesis of the plant steroid, brassinolide.
Belongs to the acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) family.
Binds either 1 Fe or Ni cation per monomer. Iron-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, while nickel-binding promotes an acireductone dioxygenase reaction producing 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate.
Catalyzes 2 different reactions between oxygen and the acireductone 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene (DHK-MTPene) depending upon the metal bound in the active site. Fe-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Fe-ARD) produces formate and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMTB), the alpha-ketoacid precursor of methionine in the methionine recycle pathway. Ni-containing acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD) produces methylthiopropionate, carbon monoxide and formate, and does not lie on the methionine recycle pathway.
By flooding and etiolating but not by oxidative, nitrosative or hormonal stresses.
May not function as an oxygen storage or transport protein, but might act as an oxygen sensor or play a role in electron transfer, possibly to a bound oxygen molecule.
Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles, suggesting that it is involved in the minus-end nucleation of microtubule assembly.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL22 family.
Belongs to the type IA topoisomerase family.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 3'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone. Essential component of the RMI complex, a complex that plays an important role in the resolution step of homologous recombination, in a process called Holliday Junction dissolution, to limit DNA crossover formation in cells (By similarity).
May be involved in the regulation of plant growth through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway.
Involved in C-to-U editing of chloroplastic RNA. Functions as major chloroplastic editing factor. Controls a majority of the chloroplastic editing sites.
Belongs to the complex I 75 kDa subunit family.
Probable transcription factor that may be involved in protoderm differentiation and radial pattern formation during early embryogenesis.
Specifically expressed in the L1-layer of the meristem and protoderm (epidermis) of leaf primordia. During leaf development, expressed in protoderm from plastochron 1 (P1) to P4 and down-regulated at P5 to then disappear. Expressed in the epidermis of primary rachis branch, and in the protoderm of secondary rachis branch primordia. Expressed similarly in L1-layer or protoderm in young and developed floral shoots. During embryogenesis, expressed in the outermost (epidermal) cells 2 days after pollination (DAP) and later at 4 DAP in protodermal cells without any organ differentiation. In nearly mature embryo, strongly expressed in protoderm in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and lateral organ primordia.
Belongs to the inorganic phosphate transporter (PiT) (TC 2.A.20) family.
Belongs to the VEFS (VRN2-EMF2-FIS2-SU(Z)12) family.
Component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which methylates 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3 (H3K27me3), leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility.
Widely expressed (PubMed:19825651). Highly expressed in shoot apical meristem and inflorescence meristem. Expressed in roots, leaves and immature seeds (PubMed:16753820).
Interacts with 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains (By similarity). Interacts with RPN10 (By similarity). Interacts with VP1.
May be involved in nucleotide excision repair (By similarity). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction. Prefers multiubiquitin chains rather than single ubiquitins, with a binding affinity for 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains. Acts as a ubiquitin receptor that associates with the 26S proteasomal docking subunit RPN10 for the indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP) (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 10 family.
Belongs to the helicase family. UvrD subfamily.
Expressed in leaves and at lower levels in roots.
Degraded under Pi starvation conditions through the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway.
Growth inihibition, Pi accumulation in shoots and up-regulation of phosphate starvation-induced (PSI) genes downstream of PHR2 under high phosphate conditions.
Homodimer (PubMed:24692424). Interacts (via N-terminus) with PHR2 (via C-terminus) in the presence of inositol polyphosphate (PubMed:24692424, PubMed:27080106). Interacts with BHLH6 (PubMed:33128314).
Inositol polyphosphate sensor that associates with transcription factors to regulate Pi starvation responses (PubMed:27080106). The SPX domain provides a basic binding surface for inositol polyphosphate signaling molecules (PubMed:27080106). Interacts with PHR2 to inhibits its translocation to the nucleus and repress its DNA-binding activity, and then negatively regulate Pi signaling (PubMed:24692424).
Up-regulated during cold stress (PubMed:19508276). Not regulated by Pi-starvation (PubMed:19566645, PubMed:24692424).
Widely expressed (PubMed:19566645). Detected in root cells, with the exception of epidermis, and in mesophyll and vascular bundles in leaves (PubMed:24692424).
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant CITRX-type subfamily.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may play a role in proper chloroplast development.
Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-5/BimC subfamily.
Responsible for microtubule translocation. May be important for the organization of phragmoplast-specific arrays of microtubules (By similarity). Plays an essential role in stabilizing the mitotic spindle. Required during mitotic cytokinesis (By similarity).
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-terminal peptide bond of an N-acetylated peptide to generate an N-acetylated amino acid and a peptide with a free N-terminus.
Belongs to the plant egg cell-secreted peptide family.
Involved in the regulation of gamete interactions during the double fertilization and to prevent multiple-pollen tube attraction; mediates the redistribution of the gamete fusogen HAP2/GCS1 to the cell surface after secretion upon sperm arrival.
Belongs to the thioredoxin family. Plant O-type subfamily.
Belongs to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as electron acceptor.
Belongs to the CcmF/CycK/Ccl1/NrfE/CcsA family.
Required during biogenesis of c-type cytochromes (cytochrome c6 and cytochrome f) at the step of heme attachment.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure (By similarity).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. The coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic release factor 1 family. Pelota subfamily.
Component of the Pelota-HBS1L complex, a complex that recognizes stalled ribosomes and triggers the No-Go Decay (NGD) pathway. In the Pelota-HBS1L complex, pelo recognizes ribosomes stalled at the 3' end of an mRNA and engages stalled ribosomes by destabilizing mRNA in the mRNA channel.
Abnormal embryos arrested at the globular stage with an abnormal aleurone layer on the ventral side.
Although homology to other calpains is high within the protease domain, the lack of calcium-binding sites suggests that this protein is a protease that may not be activated by calcium ions.
Autocatalytic proteolytic cleavage leading to the production of mainly cytoplasmic localized subproducts of about 85 and 120 kDa.
Essential protease involved in epiderm development. Required for aleurone cell development in the endosperm probably by maintaining and restricting the aleurone and embryonic epidermal L1 cell-layer fates as well as meristems organization. Involved in the maintenance of adaxial/abaxial axis information in developing leaves, probably by regulating cell proliferation and expansion. Does not need calcium ions to be active.
The transmembrane regions are not required for calpain activity but may play regulatory roles.
Ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in embryos, vasculatures, leaf primordia, leaf margins, and shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Autophosphorylated at Thr-376; Ser-378; Thr-386; Thr-403 and Thr-657.
Expressed in roots, leaves, lemma, palea, pistil and anthers.
Interacts with INP1 (PubMed:32284546). Interaction with INP1 is required for DAF1 polar localization at the future aperture sites in tetrads (PubMed:32284546).
Legume-lectin receptor-like kinase required for normal pollen development and male fertility (PubMed:31833176, PubMed:32284546). Regulates pollen exine assembly and aperture development (PubMed:31833176, PubMed:32284546). Plays a critical role in annulus formation, and may participate in the formation of the fibrillar-granular layer underneath the operculum (PubMed:32284546). May function by regulating the expression of genes involved in pollen exine development (PubMed:31833176). Kinase activity is required for its function in pollen development (PubMed:31833176).
Male sterility due to aborted pollen grains with abnormal exine an intine, and defective aperture (PubMed:32284546). Aborted pollen grains with defective apertures and intine formation, and male sterility (PubMed:32284546).
Expressed in developing anthers from stage 8 to stage 10 (PubMed:23519457). Expressed in developing anthers from stage 7 to stage 11 with a peak at stages 8 and 9. Highly expressed in the tapetum (PubMed:23385589).
Male sterility due to failure of tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) and degeneration required for pollen maturation (PubMed:23519457). Male sterility due to delayed tapetal PCD and aborted pollen development (PubMed:23385589).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) and degradation during male reproductive development (PubMed:23519457, PubMed:23385589). Interacts with TDR and promote tapetal PCD by regulating the expression of RTS, and the two lipid-transfer proteins C4 and C6, which function in microspore development (PubMed:23519457). Acts downstream from and interacts with TDR in the regulation of tapetal PCD. Regulates directly the aspartic protease AP25 and AP37 during tapetal PCD (PubMed:23385589). May not target the cysteine protease CP1 (PubMed:23519457, PubMed:23385589).
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class B subfamily.
Expressed predominantly in the bract primordia during panicle development.
Highly expressed in inflorescences. Expressed in vascular bundles of root stele within the elongation zones, of elongating upper internodes and of the junctions of leaf blades and sheaths.
Probable transcription factor that regulates organogenesis during transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase. Regulates the expression of CYP78A11/PLA1, HD3A and MADS1 during reproductive development in rice. May act upstream of CYP78A11/PLA1 during panicle development. Acts independently of the photoperiodic and gibberellin signaling pathways.
Reduced plant size. Delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Reduced panicle size with overgrown bracts at their bases.
Expressed in leaves and at lower levels in roots and anthers.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation.
TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity (By similarity). Protein involved in the resistance to X.oryzae.
TFIIA is a heterodimer of the large unprocessed subunit 1 and a small subunit gamma. It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha, a beta and a gamma subunit (By similarity).
The displayed sequence corresponds to the form of the protein present in strains susceptible to X.oryzae. Substitution of Val-39 to Glu-39 in cultivar indica IRBB5 confers resistance to X.oryzae.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. UMP-CMP kinase subfamily.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors.
Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (377-407) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. In protoplast assay, enhances splicing efficiency of WAXY intron 1 and alters the selection of the 5'-splice sites by stimulating site 1 (proximal site).
Slightly induced by NH(4)Cl and NH(4)NO(3) (PubMed:16120687). Induced in shoots after nitrogen (N-deprivation) deprivation. In roots, first transiently repressed but later induced by N-deprivation (PubMed:19430792). Induced by alkali stress (PubMed:22655071). Up-regulated by salt stress in old leaves (PubMed:23082824). Activated by IDD10 in the presence of NH(4)+ ions (PubMed:23278238, PubMed:23470720). Induced by cold stress (i.e. 10 degrees Celsius) (PubMed:26230579).
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx5 subfamily.
Reduces hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides with reducing equivalents provided through the thioredoxin or glutaredoxin system. May be involved in intracellular redox signaling.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, low fertility and small grain phenotypes.
Component of the plastid Sec protein translocase complex, which is composed of at least SECY and SECE.
The central subunit of the protein translocation channel SecYE. Consists of two halves formed by TMs 1-5 and 6-10. These two domains form a lateral gate at the front which open onto the bilayer between TMs 2 and 7, and are clamped together by SecE at the back. The channel is closed by both a pore ring composed of hydrophobic SecY resides and a short helix (helix 2A) on the extracellular side of the membrane which forms a plug (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS12 family.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions. May act as electron donor to the BAS1 peroxiredoxin. Possesses low insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIIA subfamily.
Belongs to the CWC16 family. YJU2 subfamily.
Component of the spliceosome. Present in the activated B complex, the catalytically activated B* complex which catalyzes the branching, the catalytic step 1 C complex catalyzing the exon ligation, and the postcatalytic P complex containing the ligated exons (mRNA) and the excised lariat intron.
Part of the spliceosome which catalyzes two sequential transesterification reactions, first the excision of the non-coding intron from pre-mRNA and then the ligation of the coding exons to form the mature mRNA. Plays a role in stabilizing the structure of the spliceosome catalytic core and docking of the branch helix into the active site, producing 5'-exon and lariat intron-3'-intermediates.
Serine hydrolase involved in the detoxification of formaldehyde.
Expressed in the G2/M phases and disappears at the anaphase of mitosis.
Involved in the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition. May activate CDKB2-1 kinase.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoanhydride bonds of nucleoside tri- and di-phosphates.
Belongs to the PEP-utilizing enzyme family.
This gene codes only for the short cytoplasmic isoform of PPDK.
Belongs to the geranylgeranyl reductase family. ChlP subfamily.
Arrest of meiosis in male and female germ cells, causing seed sterility.
Belongs to the argonaute family. Ago subfamily.
Essential for the progression of premeiotic mitosis and meiosis during sporogenesis. Regulates the cell division of premeiotic germ cells, the proper modification of meiotic chromosomes, and the faithful progression of meiosis, probably via small RNA-mediated gene silencing. May be involved in histone H3 'Lys-9' demethylation in the pericentromeric region.
Expressed specifically in male and female archesporial cells and sporogenous cells (SC) before meiosis but not in the nursery cells supporting SC.
The active site contains a CGSC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Belongs to the Ca(2+):cation antiporter (CaCA) (TC 2.A.19) family.
May function as a sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) and participate in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. May play a role abiotic stress responses.
Abnormal epidermis cells walls with discontinuous cuticles, leading to irregular architecture and organ self-fusion resulting in distorted interlocking structures of the palea and lemma which accumulates abnormal levels of anthocyanin after heading. Delayed separation of the palea and lemma at later spikelet stages. Severe interruption of pistil pollination and damage to the development of embryo and endosperm, with defects in aleurone and reduced seed fertility (PubMed:22332708). Reduced stature due to shorter primary and lateral tillers (PubMed:22899082).
Highly expressed in young vegetative and reproductive tissues, including calli, roots, seedlings, internodes, leaf blades and coleoptiles as well as young panicles and kernels. But low levels in 3-week-old sheaths and reproductive organs. During early spikelet development, accumulates in inflorescences, especially in the outermost cell layers. Present strongly in the palea and lemma epidermal cell layers, mostly at the position of the interlock. Also observed in reproductive organs, such as stigmas, stamens, lodicules, young kernels and seed coats.
Receptor protein kinase (PubMed:22899082). Could play a role in a differentiation signal (By similarity). Controls formative cell division in meristems (By similarity). Regulates epidermal cell differentiation in many organs (PubMed:22332708, PubMed:22899082). During floral organogenesis, required to maintain the interlocking of the palea and lemma, and fertility (PubMed:22332708). Triggers culm elongation (PubMed:22899082).
Regulated by GRF10 and GRF6 at the transcription level in floral organs during floret development.
Specifically expressed in the epidermal cells of paleas and lemmas.
Belongs to the DPH1/DPH2 family. DPH1 subfamily.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster per subunit. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of histidine which occurs in elongation factor 2.
Largest component and core scaffold of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex.
TAF1 is the largest component of transcription factor TFIID that is composed of TBP and a variety of TBP-associated factors.
By the X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) transcription activator-like effector (TALe) proteins (artificial TAL effectors).
Confers blight susceptibility (PubMed:25988582). Confers TAL effector-mediated susceptibility to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (PubMed:23879865).
Homodimer (Probable). Component of a nuclear cell elongation controlling complex made of ILI5/BUL1, LO9-177 and BC1 (PubMed:27879391, PubMed:28029278). Interacts with ILI5/BUL1 only in the presence of LO9-177 (PubMed:27879391). Interacts with IBH1 (PubMed:27879391). Binds to LO9-177 in the nucleus (PubMed:27879391). Interacts with BCL1 (PubMed:34360554).
In anthers, expressed in endotheciums and tapetums.
Preferentially present in anthers and leaves lamina joints (PubMed:27879391). Expressed in seedlings, leaves sheaths, collars and panicles (PubMed:27879391).
Reduced plant height and grain size (PubMed:27879391). Erected leaves, with reduced lamina joint adaxial and abaxial sclerenchyma cell length (PubMed:29610209).
Transcription activator that contributes, together with LO9-177 and ILI5/BUL1, to the promotion of leaf inclination and grain size by modulating cell elongation (PubMed:27879391). Involved in the RLI1-dependent modulation of leaf inclination by promoting lamina joint cell elongation, especially in response to phosphate (Pi) availability (PubMed:29610209).
Triggered by the transcription factor RLI1 to regulate leaf inclination in response to phosphate (Pi) availability (PubMed:29610209). Repressed by phosphate (Pi) deficiency in lamina joint cells in a RLI1-dependent manner (PubMed:29610209). By brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:27879391).
Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). The MAGO-Y14 heterodimer inhibits the ATPase activity of EIF4A3, thereby trapping the ATP-bound EJC core onto spliced mRNA in a stable conformation. The MAGO-Y14 heterodimer interacts with the EJC key regulator PYM leading to EJC disassembly in the cytoplasm (By similarity). EJC core heterodimers play essential roles in plant growth and development, and pollen and seed development (PubMed:25230811, PubMed:24820023). The MAGO-Y14 heterodimer selectively binds to the UDT1 (UNDEVELOPED TAPETUM 1) pre-mRNA transcript and regulates the splicing of UDT1, a key regulator in stamen development (PubMed:24820023).
Heterodimers with MAGO1 and MAGO2 (PubMed:24416299, PubMed:25230811, PubMed:24820023). Interacts with EIF4A3/RH2 and RH34 (PubMed:27071313). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC); the core complex contains MLN51/CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGO and Y14 (Probable).
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS13 family.
Belongs to the endoribonuclease YbeY family.
Belongs to the TFIID complex together with the TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Binds DNA as monomer (By similarity). Interacts with RF2A and TFIIB (PubMed:11971135). Interacts with CWZF7 (PubMed:28818372).
General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding multiprotein factor TFIID (Probable). Binding of TFIID to the TATA box is the initial transcriptional step of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), playing a role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (By similarity).
Has a role in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of proteins and mRNAs.
Functions in innate immunity. Functions as pattern recognition receptor (PRR), sensing bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and fungal chitin at the cell surface. Involved in resistance against the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Binds PGN and fungal chitin in vitro (PubMed:22872757). Involved in microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) perception and participates in the activation of defense genes against the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) or the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:23299421).
Induced by bacterial peptidoglycan, cell wall muropeptides, chitin, N-acetylchitohexaose, lipopolysaccharide, and flg22 flagellin. Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Interacts with LYP4 (PubMed:23299421). Interacts with CERK1 (PubMed:24964058, PubMed:25335639). Interacts with CEBIP (PubMed:24964058).
Plants silencing LYP6 exhibit significant compromised defense responses and enhanced susceptibility toward the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS17 family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 10 family.
Plants overexpressing PP2C06 exhibit dramatically reduced fertility and severe pre-harvest sprouting.
Probable protein phosphatase that may function in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Belongs to the STXBP/unc-18/SEC1 family.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, small grain and low fertility phenotypes.
Functions as two-component phosphorelay mediators between cytokinin sensor histidine kinases and response regulators (B-type ARRs). Plays an important role in propagating cytokinin signal transduction through the multistep His-to-Asp phosphorelay (By similarity). Functions as positive regulator of the cytokinin signaling pathway. May play a regulatory role in salt and drought tolerance during plant development (PubMed:24578505).
Plant silencing simultaneously OHP1 and OHP2 exhibit phenotypes for a deficiency in cytokinin signaling, including dwarfism with reduced internode lengths, enhanced lateral root growth, early leaf senescence, and reduced tiller numbers and fertility.
Complete sterility, due to shrunken and inviable pollen grains. Premature separation of sister chromatids before metaphase II causes defective meiosis of the male meiocyte.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in panicles. Expressed at low levels in leaves.
Plays a central role in chromosome cohesion during meiosis I by preventing premature dissociation of cohesin complex from centromeres after prophase, when most of cohesin complex dissociates from chromosomes arms. Required for the timely assembly and maintenance of synaptonemal complex (SC) during early prophase I. Required for maintenance of centromeric cohesion before prophase II and correct segregation of chromatids during meiosis II. Has apparently no function in mitosis.
Belongs to the clathrin light chain family.
Clathrin coats are formed from molecules containing 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains.
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore (PubMed:14716315, PubMed:16877494). Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation (Probable).
Plants silencing TGA2.1 display increased tolerance to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomomas oryzae pv. oryzae, are dwarf, and present altered expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes.
Plays a negative role in rice basal defense responses to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomomas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). May function in both positive and negative regulation of rice defense genes. Binds DNA in vitro (PubMed:16045470). Acts as transcriptional activator when bound to NPR1/NH1 in vitro (PubMed:22353606). Binds to the promoter sequence of CRK10 in vitro (PubMed:27176732).
Catalyzes the synthesis of D-serine from L-serine (PubMed:19249065, PubMed:20564571). Has dehydratase activity towards both L-serine and D-serine (PubMed:19249065, PubMed:20564571).
Inhibited by semicarbazide, hydroxylamine, aminooxyacetate, sodium borate or phenylhydrazine (PubMed:19249065). Racemase activity is enhanced by Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and is decreased by ATP, Cu(2+), Zn(2+) (PubMed:19249065, PubMed:20564571). Hydratase activity is enhanced by ATP and is decreased by Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Co(2+), Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+) (PubMed:19249065, PubMed:20564571).
Expressed in stem, sheaths, anthers, and panicles (at protein level).
May play an important role in maintaining the flux of carbon towards starch formation in endosperm. May also be involved in a sugar-sensing pathway.
Strongly inhibited at high fructose concentration.
By mechanical wounding, treatment with jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH), and in response to infestation by the rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis and rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis.
Key positive factor of disease resistance. Plays an essential role in benzothiadiazole (BTH)-induced resistance to the blast fungus disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:20924648). Involved in defense response against the bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Over-expression of NPR1/NH1 confers disease resistance to Xoo, but also enhances herbivore susceptibility (PubMed:17309686). Functions as a transcriptional coactivator of TGA2.1 and LG2 in vitro (PubMed:22353606). Involved in defense response against herbivore. Plants silencing NPR1/NH1 have increased herbivore-induced trypsin proteinase inhibitors and volatiles, which reduces the performance of the striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis (PubMed:22694163).
Oligomer in an uninduced state; disulfide-linked. Forms activated monomer upon changes in cellular redox potential (PubMed:17309686). Interacts with TGA2.1, TGA2.2, TGA2.3, LG2, TGAL1 and TGAL4 (PubMed:24919709). Interacts with NRR, RH1, RH2 and RH3 (PubMed:22353606, PubMed:24919709).
Expressed in leaves and roots. Detected in the stele, the endodermis and part of the cortex.
In P3 leaf primordium, expressed ubiquitously in the L1 layer and in the inner cells at lower levels. Not limited to the developing stomata until the last cell divisions.
Interacts with SCR1 (PubMed:17446396). Interacts with SMOS1 (PubMed:28069545).
Transcription factor required for the asymmetric cell division involved in radial pattern formation in roots. Essential for both cell division and cell specification.
B regulatory subunit of phosphatase 2A (PP2A) involved in salt stress response (PubMed:31221736). Under salt stress conditions, required for the catalytic activity of PP2A and the dephosphorylation of SIT1, a negative regulator of salt tolerance (PubMed:31221736). Dephosphorylation of SIT1 turns off salt-induced SIT1 activity directly, which has a positive effect on salt tolerance (PubMed:31221736).
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family.
Expressed in root stele and epidermal cells.
Induced by salt stress (at protein level).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased sensitivity to salt stress.
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families) (By similarity). Interacts with SIT1 (PubMed:31221736).
Phosphorylated at Thr-476, Thr-493, Ser-502 and Thr-508 by SIT1.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. Prx6 subfamily.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively (By similarity). Seems to contribute to the inhibition of germination during stress (By similarity).
Belongs to the threonine synthase family.
Belongs to the pseudouridine synthase Pus10 family.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. LCMT family.
Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling.
Belongs to the WD repeat CDC20/Fizzy family.
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in spikelet transition (Probable). Prevents lemma and palea elongation as well as grain growth (PubMed:28066457).
Target of miR172 microRNA mediated cleavage, particularly during floral organ development.
Belongs to the NRAMP (TC 2.A.55) family.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM4 family.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent protein-lysine N-methyltransferase that methylates elongation factor 1-alpha.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family.
In the central section; belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Multifunctional enzyme involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Also binds to RNA and microtubules. Possible role in subcellular mRNA localization and RNA-cytoskeleton interactions.
The epimerase and isomerase activities are contained in the N-terminal region while the dehydrogenase activity is in the C-terminal region.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.
May possess sialyltransferase-like activity in vitro.
By sugar in excised leaves. By rice blast fungus (M.grisea) 4 hours after infection.
Expressed from 1 to 3 days after flowering mainly in the maternal tissues of the developing caryopsis, corresponding to the early grain filling stage.
Expressed in roots, leaves and flowers. Weakly expressed in seeds.
May play a role in sucrose partitioning during seed development and in stress response.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family.
Component of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex.
Transfers mannose from GDP-mannose to dolichol monophosphate to form dolichol phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) which is the mannosyl donor in pathways leading to N-glycosylation, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring, and O-mannosylation of proteins.
Transcription factor that binds specifically to a 5'-AA[AG]G-3' consensus core sequence.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-dependent O-methyltransferase family. CCoAMT subfamily.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Fully active with Mg(2+). Active at 80% with Mn(2+) or Co(2+) ions. Active at less than 10% with Ca(2+) or Zn(2+) ions.
Catalyzes the stepwise methylation of tricetin to its 3'-mono- and 3',5'-dimethyl ethers. No 3',4',5'-trimethylated ester derivatives are produced. Can use caffeoyl-CoA, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, luteolin, tricetin, quercetin, myrcetin and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone as substrates, but not naringenin, apigenin or kaempferol. The 2,3-double bond and the O-dihydroxyl group of the substrate are both required for catalytic activity of the enzyme.
Ubiquitous. Highest expression in stems and roots.
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals. May be involved in ROS homeostasis. May act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in response to salt stress.
Under different stress conditions, such as excess heavy metals, heat shock and salt stresses.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit. Magnesium or manganese.
Involved in riboflavin biosynthesis. Catalyzes both the conversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to formate and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate and the conversion of GTP to 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate (DARP), formate and pyrophosphate (By similarity).
Enzyme of the diterpenoid metabolism involved in the biosynthesis of antibacterial oryzalides such as phytocassane (PubMed:21985968). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of ent-cassa-12,15-diene to form ent-3beta-hydroxycassa-12,15-dien-2-one (PubMed:25758958).
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Lipoyl synthase family.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters per subunit. One cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and an exchangeable S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of two sulfur atoms into the C-6 and C-8 positions of the octanoyl moiety bound to the lipoyl domains of lipoate-dependent enzymes, thereby converting the octanoylated domains into lipoylated derivatives.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (PubMed:30920691). Targets BZR1, a positive regulator of BR signaling pathway, and promotes its degradation via the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway (PubMed:30920691).
Interacts with BZR1, BZR2, BZR3 and GSK2.
Phosphorylated by GSK2 (PubMed:30920691). Phosphorylation of PUB24 increases its cellular stability (PubMed:30920691).
Pleiotropic phenotypes, such as reduced height, enlarged lamina joint angles, increased tiller number, decreased panicle length and reduced primary branches per panicle, due to hypersensitivity to brassinosteroid.
Belongs to the RuBisCO small chain family.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large and 8 small subunits.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate in the photorespiration process. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site. Although the small subunit is not catalytic it is essential for maximal activity.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site. Although the small subunit is not catalytic it is essential for maximal activity.
The basic functional RuBisCO is composed of a large chain homodimer in a 'head-to-tail' conformation. In form I RuBisCO this homodimer is arranged in a barrel-like tetramer with the small subunits forming a tetrameric 'cap' on each end of the 'barrel'.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis via the modulation of cell polarity development.
Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family.
Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. AB hydrolase 2 family.
Lacks the Asp residue of the conserved catalytic triad Ser-Asp-His.
Possesses carboxylesterase activity in vitro.
Belongs to the chorismate synthase family.
Belongs to the class-II fumarase/aspartase family. Fumarase subfamily.
Interacts with key regulators of transcription and represses transcription. Acts as a histone-binding protein that regulates transcription. Acts as a deubiquitinating enzyme (By similarity).
Expressed in developing seeds and seedling shoots.
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family.
May be involved in modulation of pathogen defense and leaf cell death. Activity seems to be regulated by Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin binding and seems not to require heterotrimeric G proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family. Ribosome biogenesis protein NSA2 subfamily.
Component of the pre-66S ribosomal particle.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit. May play a part in the quality control of pre-60S particles.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 14 family.
Belongs to the methylthioribose kinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of methylthioribose into methylthioribose-1-phosphate.
Interacts with NOL to form a complex that acts as a chlorophyll b reductase.
No chlorophyll b reductase activity detected in vitro with a recombinant protein produced in a heterologous system.
Required for proper chloroplast degradation. Involved in chlorophyll b degradation.
Up-regulated by dark treatment, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. PCH2 subfamily.
Male and female sterility due to defects in meiosis.
Plays a key role in chromosome recombination during meiosis. Required for the initiation of meiotic recombination and the recruitment of PAIR2 onto meiotic chromosomes. Essential for meiotic DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bTHX family.
Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and may therefore play an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL35 family.
Highly expressed in young panicles. Expressed in leaf sheaths and panicles.
Involved in defense against pathogens. May contribute to disease resistance by potentiating disease resistance signaling, or producing phytoalexin-like secondary products.
The gain-of-function mutants Spl18 (T-DNA tagging) show a lesion mimic phenotype, express constitutively PBZ1, accumulate the phytoalexins momilactone A and sakuranetin, and display enhanced resistance to rice blast fungus (M.oryzae). Plants over-expressing SPL18 show a lesion mimic phenotype and display enhanced resistance to bacterial blight (X. oryzae pv. oryzae).
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (PubMed:15976269). Is a major QTL involved in grain yield (PubMed:15976269). Modulates the number of reproductive organs by regulating the cytokinin accumulation in inflorescence meristems (PubMed:15976269, PubMed:28337744). Acts as negative regulator of panicle branching (PubMed:15976269, PubMed:28337744).
Enhanced grain production and higher cytokinin levels in inflorescence meristems.
Mostly expressed in leaves, culms, inflorescence meristems, and flowers, especially in vascular tissues.
Expressed in roots, leaf blades and developing seeds (Ref.7). Expressed in vascular tissues of roots and leaf blades. Expressed in the phloem tissue of the large vascular bundle in leaf blades (PubMed:21883553).
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Functions in signal transduction pathways that positively regulate responses to low-nitrogen (Ref.7). Functions in multiple signaling pathways, positively regulating salt tolerance and negatively modulating rice blast fungus resistance. May promote tolerance to salt stress by negatively regulating NADPH oxidase and positively regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (PubMed:21883553).
Plants over-expressing CPK12 show enhanced tolerance to low nitrogen stress (Ref.7). Plants over-expressing CPK12 show increased tolerance to salt stress, increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and increased susceptibility to rice blast fungus (M.oryzae) (PubMed:21883553).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (354-384) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex.
Component of an histone acetyltransferase complex. Interacts with H3K4me3 and to a lesser extent with H3K4me2.
Catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate, the precursor for the synthesis of GDP-mannose (Probable) (PubMed:20920368). GDP-mannose is an essential sugar nucleotide for the synthesis of D-mannose-containing cell wall polysaccharides (galactomannans and glucomannans), glycolipids, glycoproteins and the antioxidant L-ascorbate (Probable). Can complement the yeast temperature-sensitive mutant sec53-6 (PubMed:17217471).
Removal of H(2)O(2), oxidation of toxic reductants, biosynthesis and degradation of lignin, suberization, auxin catabolism, response to environmental stresses such as wounding, pathogen attack and oxidative stress. These functions might be dependent on each isozyme/isoform in each plant tissue.
Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Cysteine protease that plays a key role in autophagy by mediating both proteolytic activation and delipidation of ATG8 family proteins. The protease activity is required for proteolytic activation of ATG8 family proteins: cleaves the C-terminal amino acid of ATG8 proteins to reveal a C-terminal glycine (By similarity). Exposure of the glycine at the C-terminus is essential for ATG8 proteins conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and insertion to membranes, which is necessary for autophagy. In addition to the protease activity, also mediates delipidation of PE-conjugated ATG8 proteins (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaf blades and panicles.
Intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease (I-CLiP) that cleaves type II membrane signal peptides in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane.
The first transmembrane domain may act as a type I signal anchor. The PAL motif is required for normal active site conformation.
Belongs to the alternative oxidase family.
Belongs to the SIS family. GutQ/KpsF subfamily.
Chaperone protein which promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome as part of a heterodimer with PSMG1.
Strongly activated by NAD. Activated by NADP. Slightly activated by NADH and NADPH. Inhibited by GDP.
Expressed in leaves, nodes, internodes and mature seeds (PubMed:24028154). Highly expressed in roots (PubMed:24399239). Expressed in leaf sheaths, flag leaves and inflorescences (PubMed:24399239). Expressed in primary and lateral roots, particularly in the vascular tissues (PubMed:24951508). Expressed in the primary phloem of the culm and leaf sheaths (PubMed:24951508). Expressed principally in the primary phloem and in the peripheral zone of the leaf vascular bundles (PubMed:24951508). Expressed in the floral tissues (PubMed:24951508).
Plants overexpressing NAC58 display an accelerated leaf senescence phenotype at the grain-filling stage (PubMed:24028154, PubMed:24951508). The gain-of-function mutant plants ps1-D (T-DNA activation tagging) exhibit premature leaf senescence phenotype (PubMed:24951508). Plants silencing NAC58 exhibit delayed leaf senescence and an extended grain-filling period, resulting in significant increase in the grain yield (PubMed:24951508). Plants overexpressing NAC58 exhibit a significantly reduced rate of water loss, enhanced tolerance to high salinity, drought and low temperature at the vegetative stage, and improved yield under drought stress at the flowering stage (PubMed:24399239).
Transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of the jasmonate (JA) pathway to mediate leaf senescence (PubMed:24028154). May directly regulate LOX2, AOC, AOS2, AOC1 and OPR7, which are genes involved in the biosynthesis of JA (PubMed:24028154). Regulates positively leaf senescence by directly targeting senescence-associated genes (SAGs) related to chlorophyll degradation, nutrient transport and other genes associated with abscisic acid-induced leaf senescence (PubMed:24951508). Transcription activator that plays a role in mediating abiotic stress responses through the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway (PubMed:24399239). Possesses transcriptional activator activity in yeast (PubMed:24399239).
Up-regulated during leaf senescence (PubMed:24028154, PubMed:24951508). Induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJa) (PubMed:24028154). Induced by salt stress, cold stress, osmotic stress and treatment with hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:24399239). Induced by treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24399239, PubMed:24951508).
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.
Expressed during flower development until 8 days after flowering.
Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin T subfamily.
Expressed in leaves and stalks. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Possesses sialyltransferase-like activity in vitro. Transfers sialic acid to the oligosaccharide Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc and to glycoproteins such as asialofetuin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (NeuAc-alpha-2,3-Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc-) and andasialo-alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. The transferred sialic acid is linked to galactose of Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc through alpha-2,6-linkage.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. ADCK protein kinase family.
By sucrose starvation, heat shock and abscisic acid (ABA). Not induced by heavy metals.
Expressed in stems, leaves, rachis, inflorescences and seeds.
Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Belongs to the choline monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the first step of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine synthesis.
Molecular scaffold for [Fe-S] cluster assembly of chloroplastic iron-sulfur proteins.
Belongs to the anaerobic coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase family. HemW subfamily.
Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family.
Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit.
Tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits.
Possesses calcium-dependent ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate) synthetase activity in vitro and is able to functionally complement E.coli relA mutants. May be involved in a rapid plant ppGpp-mediated response to pathogens and other stresses.
The calcium-binding sites of the 2 EF-hand domains are required for enzyme activity.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (313-343) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the class-II pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family.
Homodimerizes under reducing conditions. Interacts (via thioredoxin domain) with the plastidial 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1.
Thioredoxin reductase (TR) that exhibits both TR and thioredoxin (Trx) activities. Contains a C-terminal functional Trx domain. Functions as an electron donor for the plastidial 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1 and participates in a NADPH-dependent hydrogen peroxide scavenging system in chloroplasts in the dark.
During anther development, expressed in tapetal cells, parietal anther wall layers and microsporocytes from late stages 8 to stage 10.
Male sterility due to lack of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and degeneration, leading to defects in formation of male gametophytes.
Putative anti-apoptotic factor involved in the regulation of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and degeneration during anther development. Interacts directly with the DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicases AIP1 and AIP2 that form dimers and bind the promoter region of the cysteine protease CP1 involved in tapetum PCD.
Belongs to the 2S seed storage albumins family.
Ca(2+)-regulated actin-binding protein. Binds actin microfilaments (MFs). Involved in actin filament bundling, severing and capping. Caps the barbed end of actin filaments and is able to sever them in a calcium-dependent manner. MF severing is promoted by VLN1.
Expressed in roots, young leaves, and inflorescences, mostly in the vasculature of roots, leaves, and filaments of the anthers and in epidermal cells of the elongation zone and root hairs. Also detected in guard cells.
Expressed in stems, leaves, shoot and panicles.
Belongs to the transcriptional coactivator PC4 family.
May be involved in the export of heme to the mitochondrion for the biogenesis of c-type cytochromes.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS1 family.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. It catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure (By similarity).
Component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Required for the maturation of extramitochondrial Fe-S proteins. Part of an electron transfer chain functioning in an early step of cytosolic Fe-S biogenesis, facilitating the de novo assembly of a [4Fe-4S] cluster on the cytosolic Fe-S scaffold complex. Electrons are transferred from NADPH via a FAD- and FMN-containing diflavin oxidoreductase. Together with the diflavin oxidoreductase, also required for the assembly of the diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), probably by providing electrons for reduction during radical cofactor maturation in the catalytic small subunit.
The C-terminal domain binds 2 Fe-S clusters but is otherwise mostly in an intrinsically disordered conformation.
The N-terminal domain has structural similarity with S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases, but does not bind S-adenosyl-L-methionine. It is required for correct assembly of the 2 Fe-S clusters.
The twin Cx2C motifs are involved in the recognition by the mitochondrial MIA40-ERV1 disulfide relay system. The formation of 2 disulfide bonds in the Cx2C motifs through dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions effectively traps the protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Belongs to the WD repeat RBAP46/RBAP48/MSI1 family.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems, leaf sheaths and panicles.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-X family.
By UV treatment and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS).
Expressed in proliferating tissues. Expressed in roots, root apex, young leaves, shoot apical meristem (SAM), flag leaves and panicles.
Repair polymerase involved in base excision repair (BER) and responsible for repair of lesions that give rise to abasic (AP) sites in DNA. Has both DNA polymerase and terminal transferase activities. Has a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRP lyase) activity.
Circadian-regulation. Expression increases after midnight, peaks just at dawn and gradually decreases during the daytime.
Involved in the regulation of flowering time.
RNA-binding protein involved in group II intron splicing. Binds specific group II introns and promotes their splicing. Functions in the context of a heterodimer with the ribonuclease III domain-containing protein RNC1.
Belongs to the peptidase M10A family. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) subfamily.
Can bind about 5 Ca(2+) ions per subunit.
Transfer lipids across membranes. May play a role in plant defense or in the biosynthesis of cuticle layers.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed at low levels in flowers.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to putrescine, to produce coumaroyl putrescine. Can use feruloyl-CoA, caffeoyl-CoA and sinapoyl-CoA as acyl donors. Seems to be able to transfer the acyl group from feruloyl-CoA to the acyl acceptors agmatine and spermidine.
Highly expressed in spikelets and at lower levels in roots, young leaves, mature leaves and stems.
Highly induced by isopentenyladenine (iP). Induced by cis-zeatin (cZ) and dihydrozeatin (DHZ) (PubMed:22642989). Induced by cytokinin in roots (PubMed:17408920).
Expressed in seedlings, leaves, stems, nodes, sheaths, panicles and young spikelets (PubMed:22408071). Accumulates in the spikelet abscission zone (AZ) via a positive regulation by the transcription factors SH4 and SH5 (PubMed:22408071, PubMed:24923192).
In developing panicles, highly expressed in the spikelet abscission zone (AZ) and the inner floral organs of 2 mm long spikelets. Later present at weak levels in the apiculus as well as in the palea and lemma to progressively fades out in 8 mm long spikelets.
Several spikelet and inflorescence developmental defects, including altered florets palea and lemma structures, abnormal numbers, size, appearance, and identities of floral organs, reduced primary branches number, and longer and fewer grains associated with a loss of grain shattering. Crook-neck-like rachilla between the sterile lemmas and the rudimentary glumes in place of the spikelet abscission zone (AZ).
Target of miR172 microRNA mediated cleavage, particularly during floral organ development (Probable). Induced by SH5 in spikelets abscission zones (AZ). Triggered by cold stress (PubMed:24923192).
Transcription factor (PubMed:22408071). Involved in spikelet transition and development (Probable) (PubMed:22408071). Prevents lemma and palea elongation as well as grain growth (PubMed:28066457, PubMed:22408071). Required for seed shattering through specifying abscission zone (AZ) development (PubMed:22408071).
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.
Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex.
Expressed at low levels in roots and leaves.
Belongs to the transferase hexapeptide repeat family.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in shoots and flowers.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosome 10 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene has not been demonstrated.
Binds 16S rRNA, required for the assembly of 30S particles.
Belongs to the plant DMP1 protein family.
Enzyme of the diterpenoid metabolism involved in the biosynthesis of the oryzalexin class of phytoalexins. Hydroxylates ent-sandaracopimaradien.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG (By similarity). May serve as a modulator in pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
Defects in initiation and/or maintenance of rachis-branches, lateral spikelets and terminal spikelets.
Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein (By similarity). Interacts with LAX2 (PubMed:21963665).
Expressed in growing new meristem. Down-regulated in elongating new meristem.
Expressed in the boundary between the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the region of new meristem formation.
Transcription factor that seems to regulate organogenesis in postembryonic development. Involved in the regulation of shoot branching by controlling axillary meristem initiation. Functions in association with LAX2 to regulate the process of AM formation. Possesses transactivation activity in yeast (PubMed:21963665).
Belongs to the histidine acid phosphatase family. VIP1 subfamily.
Bifunctional inositol kinase that acts in concert with the IP6K kinases to synthesize the diphosphate group-containing inositol pyrophosphates diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, PP-InsP5, and bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate, (PP)2-InsP4. PP-InsP5 and (PP)2-InsP4, also respectively called InsP7 and InsP8, may regulate a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and exocytosis. Phosphorylates inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6).
May play a key role in regulating the relative amounts of cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow to meet the demands of the plant for ATP and reducing power. Is involved in nitrate assimilation.
Essential component of cell cytoskeleton; plays an important role in cytoplasmic streaming, cell shape determination, cell division, organelle movement and extension growth.
Catalyzes the 13-hydroxylation of gibberellins (GAs). Determines the ratio of GA4 and GA1. Converts GA12 into GA53.
Highly expressed in spikelet and uppermost internode. Detected in shoots, roots, leaves and anthers.
No visible phenotype and no change in the levels of 13-OH GAs; due to the redundancy with CYP714B2. Cyp714b1 and cyp714b2 double mutants have decreased levels of 13-OH GAs, increased levels of 13-H GAs, including GA4, and longer uppermost internode.
Overexpression of CYP714B1 in a heterologous system causes semi-dwarfism and increased 13-OH GAs content.
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway.
Possesses intrinsic ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodeling activity. Constitutes the catalytic subunit of several complexes capable of forming ordered nucleosome arrays on chromatin in vitro (By similarity).
Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes. Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA. Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA. SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER (By similarity). Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As part of the SRP complex, associates with the SRP receptor (SR) component SRPRA to target secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Binds to the signal sequence of presecretory proteins when they emerge from the ribosomes. Displays basal GTPase activity, and stimulates reciprocal GTPase activation of the SR subunit SRPRA. Forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with the SR subunit SRPRA. SR compaction and GTPase mediated rearrangement of SR drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER. Requires the presence of SRP9/SRP14 and/or SRP19 to stably interact with RNA.
The M domain binds the 7SL RNA in presence of SRP19 and binds the signal sequence of presecretory proteins.
The NG domain, also named G domain, is a special guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) domain, which binds GTP and forms a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent complex with a homologous NG domain in the SRP receptor subunit SRPRA. The two NG domains undergo cooperative rearrangements upon their assembly, which culminate in the reciprocal activation of the GTPase activity of one another. SRP receptor compaction upon binding with cargo-loaded SRP and GTPase rearrangement drive SRP-mediated cotranslational protein translocation into the ER.
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate (By similarity).
Binds 1 potassium ion per subunit. The potassium ion interacts primarily with the substrate.
Binds 2 divalent ions per subunit. The metal ions interact primarily with the substrate (By similarity). Can utilize magnesium, manganese or cobalt (in vitro) (By similarity).
Binds 2 divalent ions per subunit. The metal ions interact primarily with the substrate. Can utilize magnesium, manganese or cobalt (in vitro).
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP.
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.
Catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose.
Expressed in stems, leaf sheaths and blades and panicles.
Actin-depolymerizing protein. Severs actin filaments (F-actin) and binds to actin monomers (By similarity). Involved in innate immunity. Required for the expression of defense-related genes PR1A, LOX2 and CHS1 upon biotic stresses. Required for basal resistance to the fungal blast (Magnaporthe grisea), bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo) and the herbivorous insect brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH). Involved in the promotion of seed germination. Required for the expression of alpha-amylase genes during seed germination (PubMed:24033867).
Decreased germination rates due to decreased alpha-amylase activity during seed germination. Increased susceptibility to infection by the fungal blast (Magnaporthe grisea), bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo) and the herbivorous insect brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH). Almost no induction of the defense-related genes PR1A, LOX2 and CHS1 after exposure to biotic stresses.
Interacts with LECRK1 (via kinase domain).
May be involved in the degradation process of specific misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal proteins.
Expressed in developing seeds from 5 to 30 days after flowering (DAF) (PubMed:16798940). Expressed in germinating seeds up to 5 days after imbibition (PubMed:11470159).
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA consensus core sequence 5'-AAAG-3' also known as prolamin box (PubMed:16798940). Can activate the expression of genes encoding for the seed storage proteins glutelin, prolamin and globulin. Functions synergistically with RISBZ/BZIP58 to positively regulate quantitatively many seed storage proteins (PubMed:16798940, PubMed:19473328). Functions synergistically with RISBZ1/BZIP58 to positively regulate some metabolic enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase, that are expressed in developing seeds (PubMed:16798940). Functions synergistically with RISBZ1/BZIP58 to positively regulate genes that are key players in the development of aleurone layers (PubMed:19473328). Functions synergistically with RISBZ1/BZIP58 to positively regulate the glutelin GLUD-1 gene in endosperm of developing seeds (PubMed:18980953). Can activate the expression of the bifunctional lysine-degrading enzyme, lysine ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH), one of the key regulators determining free lysine content in plants (PubMed:21037241). In germinating seeds, involved in the gibberellin-mediated activation of the alpha-amylase AMY1.1/AMY1A gene (PubMed:14500792).
Belongs to the 2Fe2S plant-type ferredoxin family.
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions.
Catalyzes the C6-oxidation step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:14615594). May convert 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo3DHT), and teasterone (TE) to 3-dehydroteasterone (3DT, 3-DHT) (PubMed:14615594). Involved in the elongation of leaf sheaths and stems (PubMed:14615594).
Down-regulated by brassinolide (BL) in ebisu dwarf (d2) mutant.
Expressed at low levels leaf blades, shoot apex and elongating stem.
Plants show abnormalities in growth: inhibition of second internode elongation, shortened leaf sheaths, erect leaves, and deficiency in skotomorphogenesis. Treatment with exogenous brassinolide (BL) rescues the abnormal phenotype.
Belongs to the terpene cyclase/mutase family.
Specifically mediates the conversion of oxidosqualene ((3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene) to achilleol B. Achilleol B is probably formed by cleavage of the 8-14 and 9-10 bonds of (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene as part of the cyclization reaction, after formation of the oleanane skeleton.
Required for lysine biosynthesis. Catalyzes the direct conversion of tetrahydrodipicolinate to LL-diaminopimelate, a reaction that requires three enzymes in E.coli (By similarity).
By brassinolide (BL) and dark treatment.
Cytochrome P450 involved in brassinosteroids (BRs) inactivation and regulation of BRs homeostasis. Is a multifunctional and multisubstrate enzyme that controls the endogenous bioactive BR content both by direct inactivation of castasterone (CS) and by decreasing the levels of BR precursors. Catalyzes the oxidation of carbon 22 hydroxylated BR intermediates to produce C26 oxidized metabolites.
Expressed in roots, shoot apex, leaf sheaths and leaf blades.
Plants overexpressing CYP734A2 show a dwarf phenotype, characterized by abnormal leaves with stiff, tortuous blades, undeveloped leaf sheaths, no flowering and bear seeds. Over-expression of CYP734A2 causes an important reduction of the levels of the BRs castasterone (CS), 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY).
By wounding, drought and salt stresses, benzothiadiazole (BTH), ethephon, methyl jasmonate (MeJa), hydrogen peroxide, abscisic acid (ABA) and incompatible and compatible races of rice blast fungus (M.grisea) and rice bacterial blight (X.oryzae).
Expressed in seedlings, internodes and panicles.
Is associated with a DNA binding complex that binds to the G box, a well-characterized cis-acting DNA regulatory element found in plant genes.
May form a complex with the transcriptional activator VP1 and the bZIP transcription factor EMBP1.
Belongs to the cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. NOG subfamily.
Involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with high affinity. Can interact in vitro with palmitoyl-CoA, oleoyl-CoA, linoleoyl-CoA and linolenoyl-CoA (PubMed:21128943). Binds phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in vitro. May play a role in the biosynthesis of phospholipids (PubMed:24738983).
Highly expressed in leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots and seeds.
Induced by cold stress. Down-regulated by wounding and infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
Belongs to the WIP C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 3 family.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which catalyzes electron transfer from NADH through the respiratory chain, using ubiquinone as an electron acceptor. Essential for the catalytic activity of complex I.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 16 family. XTH group 2 subfamily.
By gibberellic acid (GA3). Accumulation continues to increase throughout 24 hours of GA3 treatment. Very little effect by other plant hormones like brassinolide (BL), 6-benzyladenine (BA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Inhibitory effect from uniconazole, a potent GA biosynthesis inhibitor.
Catalyzes xyloglucan endohydrolysis (XEH) and/or endotransglycosylation (XET). Cleaves and religates xyloglucan polymers, an essential constituent of the primary cell wall, and thereby participates in cell wall construction of growing tissues (By similarity). May promote elongation of three internodes (II, III and IV) and may be involved in cell elongation processes.
Lower level of XTH8 transcript detected in Tanginbozu, a GA-deficient semidwarf mutant, and higher level detected in Slender rice 1 (slr1), a GA-insensitive mutant showing a constitutive GA-response phenotype.
Plants exhibit up to 50% growth reduction when they reach maturity.
Transcript strongly detected in leaf sheaths. Weakly or not expressed in leaf blades, roots and calli. Accumulation of transcript detected in shoot apex meristem, vascular tissues, young leaves, vascular bundles of leaf sheaths, and peripheral cylinder of the vascular bundles and fibers in the nodal region.
Involved in momilactone phytoalexins biosynthesis. Catalyzes the last step of momilactone A biosynthesis.
The phytoalexins momilactones A and B are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation). Momilactone B can also act as an allochemical (an antimicrobial and allelopathic agent), being constitutively produced in the root of the plant and secreted to the rhizosphere where it suppresses the growth of neighboring plants and soil microorganisms.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL36 family.
Plays a role in pre-mRNA splicing as a core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Light-modulated chloroplastic glutamine synthetase, encoded by a nuclear gene and expressed primarily in leaves, and which is responsible for the reassimilation of the ammonia generated by photorespiration.
Plants overexpressing GLN2 show enhanced photorespiration capacity.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor involved in ribosome biogenesis in chloroplasts. Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Required for normal development of chloroplasts.
Belongs to the RING-type zinc finger family. LOG2 subfamily.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit.
Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. CPYC subfamily.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in aleurone cells (PubMed:15618416). Induced by salicylic acid (SA) and infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:16528562). Induced by benzothiadiazole (BTH) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:17601827). Induced by cold stress (PubMed:21725029). Down-regulated by drought stress (PubMed:21725029).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are compromised in benzothiadiazole-induced resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:17601827). Enhanced resistance to the bacterial blight Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and the bacterial streak Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola (Xoc) (PubMed:19700558). Enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogens is associated with increased accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:19700558).
Plants overexpressing WRKY45 exhibit enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:17601827, PubMed:19700558). Plants overexpressing WRKY45 exhibit increased susceptibility to the bacterial blight Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and the bacterial streak Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola (Xoc) (PubMed:19700558).
Rice plants contain two different alleles of WRKY45, WRKY45-1 (AC Q5W6D6) and WRKY45-2 (AC B8AWM1), which play similar and opposite roles in defense response, response to abscisic acid (ABA) and response to abiotic stresses.
Transcriptional activator involved in defense responses against pathogens (PubMed:17601827, PubMed:19700558, PubMed:21726399). Acts as positive regulator of defense responses against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:17601827, PubMed:19700558, PubMed:21726399). Acts through W-boxes, which are cis-elements that are enriched in the promoters of several defense-related genes (PubMed:17601827). Plays an important role in the benzothiadiazole-induced disease resistance by mediating salicylic acid (SA) defense signaling pathway, independently of the disease resistance gene NPR1/NH1 (PubMed:17601827, PubMed:21726399). Acts as negative regulator of defense responses against the bacterial blight Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and the bacterial streak Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola (Xoc) (PubMed:19700558). Acts downstream of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in response to the rice blast fungus (PubMed:20459318). ABA is a negative regulator of defense responses that interacts antagonistically with salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway (PubMed:20459318). Acts as negative regulator of ABA signaling that suppresses growth of seedlings (PubMed:21725029). Does not seem to be involved in the regulation of salt stress response (PubMed:21725029). Acts as negative regulator of cold stress response (PubMed:21725029). Acts as negative regulator of drought stress response (PubMed:21725029).
Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration.
Contains 3 EAR motifs associated with active repression of several target genes (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24336215). The D1 domain (195-440) is essential for the strigolactone-dependent D53-D14 interaction (PubMed:24336215).
Expressed in the shoot bases of seedlings, young leaves, axillary buds and young panicles (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24336215). Expressed in young roots vasculature, culms, internodes and nodes, preferentially in the parenchyma cells surrounding the xylem (PubMed:24336215).
Interacts with D3 (PubMed:24336200). Interacts with D14 (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:25713176). The interaction with D14 is enhanced in the presence of strigolactones (PubMed:24336200). The interaction with D14 occurs in the presence of (2'R) stereoisomers of strigolactones, but not (2'S) stereoisomers (PubMed:25713176). Interacts with the TOPLESS-related proteins TPR1, TPR2 and TPR3 (PubMed:24336200). Interacts with SPL14/IPA1 (PubMed:28809396).
Polyubiquitinated. Strigolactone, but not karrikin, triggers rapid SCF(D3)-dependent degradation via the proteasome.
Repressor of strigolactones (SL) signaling (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24336215). Subjected to a negative feedback control of SL signaling (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24336215). Suppresses the transcriptional activation activity of SPL14/IPA1 in SL signaling (PubMed:28809396). Acts with SPL14/IPA1 to mediate the SL-regulated tiller development (PubMed:28809396). Subject to a negative feedback regulation by SPL14/IPA1, which binds to D53 promoter to repress D53 gene expression (PubMed:28809396).
Up-regulated by strigolactone treatment.
Lacks the conserved Glu residue acting as catalytic proton donor. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Belongs to the SRP receptor beta subunit family.
Probable outward-rectifying potassium channel.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, nodes, internodes, flowers and embryo.
Homodimer (Probable). May form a heterodimer with HOX1, HOX2 or HOX3.
Probable transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[GC]ATTG-3'.
May act downstream of MAX2 to negatively regulate karrikins/strigolactone responses. Acts probably specifically in the karrikin pathway. May function in a transcriptional corepressor complex.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS18 family.
Belongs to the plant proton pump-interactor protein family.
May regulate plasma membrane ATPase activity.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) composed of at least ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle and development dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL32 family.
Activated by phosphorylation at Ser-10 by CPK23.
By anaerobic stress. Up-regulated by sucrose, fructose and glucose and by sugar starvation. By submergence.
Expressed early in seed development with a peak at 6 days after pollination (DAP) and then decreases slightly (at protein level). In the caryopse, slightly expressed during the pre-storage phase and was strongly expressed from the early to middle storage phase.
Homotetramer or heterotetramer with SUS1.
Phosphorylated at Ser-10 by CPK23 in developing seeds.
Predominantly expressed in the leaf tissues. Expressed in seeds, and at lower levels in roots. Expressed in leaf mesophyll and phloem (at protein level).
Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways (By similarity). Functions in developing seeds by supplying substrates for the biosynthesis of storage products (PubMed:11910009).
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. ULA1 subfamily.
Regulatory subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme. E1 activates RUB1/NEDD8 by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of the catalytic cysteine, yielding a RUB1-ECR1 thioester and free AMP. E1 finally transfers RUB1 to the catalytic cysteine of RCE1.
Belongs to the importin beta family. Importin beta-2 subfamily.
Functions in nuclear protein import as nuclear transport receptor. Serves as receptor for nuclear localization signals (NLS) in cargo substrates. Is thought to mediate docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) through binding to nucleoporin and the complex is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring, Ran-dependent mechanism. At the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC, Ran binds to the importin, the importin/substrate complex dissociates and importin is re-exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where GTP hydrolysis releases Ran. The directionality of nuclear import is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus (By similarity).
Expressed in germinating seeds 3 to 5 days after imbibition.
Transcription factor that may transactivate seed storage protein genes in developing seeds.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with IBH1, BC1 and LO9-177 (PubMed:34360554).
In inflorescences, observed at the tip of coleoptiles, paleas, lemmas, lodicules, anthers, carpels, receptacles and rudimentary glumes.
Mostly expressed in panicles and stems and, at low levels, in leaves, lamina joints and roots.
Plants expressing BCL1 in the lamina joint and the spikelet under the control of BUL1 promoter exhibit increased leaf angle and grain length.
Together with BCL2, positive regulator of cell elongation at least partially through increased gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis.
Belongs to the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein YggS/PROSC family.
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-binding protein, which may be involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family.
Involved in nicotinate detoxification in planta (PubMed:28533213). Catalyzes the conversion of nicotinate to N-methylnicotinate, which is a detoxified form of endogenous nicotinate in planta (PubMed:28533213).
Involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem, and after transition to the reproductive phase, detected in the inflorescence and the floral meristems. Expressed uniformly throughout the meristems. Expressed also in floral organ primordia, such as the palea, lemma, lodicules, stamens, carpels and ovules.
Expressed in the floral meristem even after the initiation of carpel primordia.
Receptor-like kinase protein that regulates the size of the floral meristem.
Semi-dwarf with altered numbers of floral organs and rachis branches. Reduced number of tillers.
Belongs to the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase beta subunit family.
Component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snoRNP) thought to participate in the processing and modification of pre-ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Essential for embryogenesis (By similarity).
'Makiba' means 'pasture land' in Japanese.
Highly expressed in internodes, nodes, developing spikelets and developing anthers (PubMed:29051769). Expressed at low levels in roots and mature glumes (PubMed:29051769).
Plants over-expressing GIF1 exhibit increased size of multiple organs, such as leaves, stems, panicles and grains.
Reduced plant height, and short and narrow leaves.
Transcription coactivator that plays a role in the regulation of meristematic function in leaves, stems and inflorescences (PubMed:29051769, PubMed:29567670). May regulate leaf size, length of stem internodes, and seed size by promoting cell expansion (PubMed:29051769) (Probable). Transcription coactivator that plays a role in the regulation of grain size (PubMed:27107174, PubMed:29051769, PubMed:29567670). Component of a network formed by the microRNA396 (miRNA396), the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation (Probable). Component of the miRNA396c-GRF4-GIF1 regulatory module that plays an important role in grain size determination (PubMed:27107174).
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Zeta family.
Belongs to the CRT-like transporter family.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. IspE subfamily.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the position 2 hydroxy group of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol. Is essential for chloroplast development (By similarity).
Constitutively expressed at low level during leaf development, but up-regulated during senescence, when the leaf color changes from green to yellow.
Expressed in leaves, roots and developing seeds.
Involved in the disassembling mechanism of the intact light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) in the thylakoid membranes. Required to trigger chlorophyll degradation during natural and dark-induced leaf senescence.
Stay-green phenotype during dark-induced senescence.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid and dark-induced senescence. Down-regulated by 6-benzyladenine. Circadian-regulation with an increased expression during the day and a peak at noon.
Expressed in developing endosperm, especially in aleurone layer cells.
Expressed in developing seeds from 10 to 30 days after flowering (DAF).
Transcriptional activator that possesses broad binding specificity for DNA promoter elements with the core sequence 5'-ACGT-3'. May be involved in the regulation of genes expressed during seed development (PubMed:7919992). Binds to the DNA specific sequence 5'-TGAGTCA-3' found in seed storage protein gene promoters (PubMed:11133985).
At low level by auxin. Induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), red light, far-red light and blue light (PubMed:18266905). Induced by wounding and infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:21619871). Induced by elicitors from oral secretions of armyworm caterpillars (Spodoptera mauritia) (PubMed:23621526).
Catalyzes the synthesis of jasmonate-amino acid conjugates by adenylation. Catalyzes the conjugation of jasmonate (JA) to Ile when expressed in a heterologous system (E.Coli) (PubMed:21619871). Catalyzes in vitro the conjugation of jasmonate (JA) to Ile, Phe, Cys, Leu, Met, Ala, Val and Trp (PubMed:24033451). Involved in the production of JA-Ile in response to infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:21619871, PubMed:23832371). Required for the accumulation of the flavonoid phytoalexin sakuranetin in response to infection by the rice blast fungus (PubMed:23832371). Involved in herbivory-induced JA-Ile accumulation (PubMed:23621526). Involved in the production of JA-Ile in response to wounding (PubMed:21619871, PubMed:23621526, PubMed:24033451). Required for modulation of light and JA signaling in photomorphogenesis (PubMed:18266905). Required for normal seed development (PubMed:18266905, PubMed:23621526). Required for optimal flower opening and closing and anther dehiscence (PubMed:24947835). May catalyze the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excess auxin (By similarity).
Expressed in green shoots, roots and flowers.
Open-husk phenotype after pollination and malformed seeds with low fertility (PubMed:18266905, PubMed:23621526, PubMed:24947835). Increased susceptibility to infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:23832371).
Possesses arsenate reductase activity in vitro. Catalyzes the reduction of arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)]. May play a role in arsenic retention in roots.
Possesses phosphatase activity towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate in vitro.
ADP:ATP antiporter that mediates import of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and export of ATP out to fuel the cell (By similarity). Cycles between the cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) and the matrix-open state (m-state): operates by the alternating access mechanism with a single substrate-binding site intermittently exposed to either the cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the membrane.
Galactosyltransferase synthesizing digalactosyldiacylglycerol from monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in the absence of UDP-galactose (By similarity). Potentially involved in freezing tolerance (PubMed:18466306).
Rice SFR2 is able to rescue freezing tolerance phenotype in Arabidopsis sfr2 mutant.
Plays a role in U6 snRNP assembly and function. Binds to the 3' end of U6 snRNA.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Myosin family.
Inhibits PHR2 DNA-binding activity via a phosphate (Pi)-dependent protein interaction (PubMed:25271318). Together with SPX1, plays a negative role in the regulation of leaf inclination by preventing RLI1 transcription factor activity in Pi depleted conditions (PubMed:29610209).
Interacts (via SPX domain) with PHR2 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:25271318, PubMed:35640569). Interacts with RLI1 in the nucleus to prevents its positive regulation of leaf inclination during phosphate (Pi) starvation (PubMed:35640569).
Predominantly expressed in roots, leaves and seeds (PubMed:19566645). Localized in leaves lamina joints (PubMed:29610209).
SPX1 and SPX2 have redundant functions in repressing the activity of PHR2.
Slightly increased angles of leaf inclination due to longer lamina joint with greater lengths of both adaxial and abaxial sclerenchyma cells (PubMed:29610209). The double mutant spx1 spx2 has abnormally inclinated leaves (PubMed:29610209). Altered leaf inclination phenotypes of the rli1-1 single mutant are suppressed in the triple mutant spx1 spx2 rli1-1 (PubMed:29610209).
The SPX domain is sufficient for inhibition of PHR2 binding to DNA.
Up-regulated under phosphate (Pi) starvation in lamina joint cells (PubMed:19566645, PubMed:29610209). Up-regulated during cold stress (PubMed:19508276). Up-regulated by the transcription factor PHR2 (PubMed:25271318).
Component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN complex (MRN complex) which plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of chromosome integrity. The complex may be involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, DNA recombination, maintenance of telomere integrity, and cell cycle checkpoint control. Functions also in the very early stages of meiosis.
Component of the MRN complex composed of two heterodimers RAD50/MRE11 associated with a single NBN (By similarity). Interacts with MRE11.
Mostly expressed in the shoot apex and young flower, but also in young leaves, root tips and stamen, tissues where frequent cell division or meiosis may occur.
The FHA and BRCT domains are likely to have a crucial role for both binding to histone H2AFX and for relocalization of MRE11/RAD50 complex to the vicinity of DNA damage.
Catalyzes the epimerization of the S- and R-forms of NAD(P)HX, a damaged form of NAD(P)H that is a result of enzymatic or heat-dependent hydration. This is a prerequisite for the S-specific NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase to allow the repair of both epimers of NAD(P)HX.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL22 family.
Expressed in rice seeds from flowering to mature seeds.
PubMed:15969500 has erroneously named this protein oryzacystatin-3.
There are two distinct cystatins in rice seeds (Oryzacystatin-1 and -2) with different specificities against cysteine proteinases. May be involved in the control of germination by inhibition of endogenous cysteine proteinases. May play a role in defense by inhibiting exogenous proteases such as those present in digestive tracks of insects and nematodes.
Belongs to the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase type 1 family.
Component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control system called ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and involved in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Functions as an ERAD substrate-recruiting factor that recognizes misfolded proteins for the HRD1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.
Involved in the regulation of the TOR signaling pathway. Seems to act as a regulator of PP2A catalytic activity.
Belongs to the archaeal rpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine.
The glycine cleavage system is composed of four proteins: P, T, L and H.
Belongs to the DDOST 48 kDa subunit family.
Belongs to the peptidase S26 family. IMP2 subfamily.
Belongs to the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase family.
A pair of annexin repeats may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 17 family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup133 family.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 1 family.
Highly expressed in aleurone cells. In seeds, predominantly present in the plumule, radicle and scutellum of the embryo.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in aleurone cells (PubMed:15618416, PubMed:16623886). Accumulates in response to uniconazole, a gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis inhibitor (PubMed:16623886). Repressed by GA (PubMed:15618416).
Transcription factor. Interacts, when in complex with WRKY71, specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Represses specifically gibberellic acid (GA)-induced promoters in aleurone cells, probably by interfering with GAM1.
Belongs to the SMC family. SMC5 subfamily.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 7 family.
Associates with 90S and pre-40S pre-ribosomal particles.
Component of the 90S pre-ribosome involved in the maturation of rRNAs. Required for early cleavages of the pre-RNAs in the 40S ribosomal subunit maturation pathway.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CRK subfamily.
Involved in disease resistance. Required for NPR1/NH1-mediated immunity to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomomas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Required for the benzothiadiazole (BTH)-induced immune response. Possesses kinase activity in vitro.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (330-360) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
By heat shock, arsenic, azetidine-2-carboxylate, cadmium, copper, ethanol and hydrogen peroxide.
Belongs to the snRNP core protein family.
Involved in splicing regulation. Facilitates post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by limiting the degradation of transgene aberrant RNAs by the RNA quality control (RQC) machinery, thus favoring their entry into cytoplasmic siRNA bodies where they can trigger PTGS. Does not participate in the production of small RNAs.
Plants silencing HDAC3 exhibit reduced peduncle elongation and fertility.
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes.
Belongs to the F-box protein family. FBX subfamily.
Highly expressed in the anther during meiosis and then gradually decreases after meiosis. Predominantly expressed during the cytological substages of meiotic prophase I from leptotene to pachytene peaking in zygotene. From stage 7 to stage 9, detected in both the tapetum and male meiocytes of the anther.
Highly expressed in the stem, leaf and in the anther during meiosis. Weakly expressed in roots and lemma/palea.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (Probable). Interacts (via F-box domain) directly with SKP1 (PubMed:27436711).
Plants are female fertile, but male sterile as they are not able to produce tetrads and microspores. No differences compared to the wild-type plant during the vegetative stage. Plants develop normal panicles and floral organs, except for smaller and pale-yellow anthers that fail to produce viable pollen grains. No effect on the differentiation or early mitotic division of germ cells. No meiocytes are detected in 4.5 mm and 5.0 mm long flowers, but in 3.0 mm flowers meiosis appears to initiate normally. At leptotene stage of meiotic prophase I, chromosomes appear normal in male meiocytes and cohesion of sister chromatids is not affected. However, subsequent stages of prohase I are severely impaired. Meiocytes display disrupted telomere bouquet formation, impaired pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes, and arrested meiocytes at late prophase I, followed by apoptosis. The transverse filament protein ZEP1, an essential synaptonemal complex (SC)-related protein, is not detected. Although normal, programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) form, foci of the phosphorylated histone gamma H2AX, a marker for DSBs, persist indicating that many of the DSBs remain unrepaired. The recruitment of COM1 and RAD51C to DSBs is severely compromised in meiocytes indicating that normally formed DSB ends are not processed and repaired.
Probable component of a SCF (SKP1-CULLIN-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and may function through the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation or signaling pathway. Required for male meiotic prophase I progression. Required for telomere bouquet formation, homologous chromosome pairing and for the formation of the synaptonemal complex (SC), which stabilizes initial chromosomal axial associations and promotes crossover formation. Involved in meiotic DNA double-strand break (DSB) end-processing and repair, and is important in the recruitment of DSB repair proteins to the DSB sites.
Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.
Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family. SmF/LSm6 subfamily.
By the X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) transcription activator-like effector (TALe) proteins AvrXa7, PthXo3 and Tal5.
Involved in the RNA silencing pathway. Probably required for the generation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Regulates shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and maintenance and leaf polarization through the trans-acting siRNAS (ta-siRNAs) pathway which probably modulates the expression of the ARF2, ARF3, ARF4, ARF14 and ARF15 genes.
Lack of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in the embryo, but formation of radicle and scutellum. In weak alleles, formation of an incomplete SAM and abnormal leaves production.
Functions as flavone synthase II (FNSII) that catalyzes the direct conversion of flavanones to flavones (PubMed:24843076). In vitro, can convert naringenin and eriodictyol to apigenin and luteolin, respectively (PubMed:24843076). Acts as a key branch point enzyme that channels flavanones to the biosynthesis of soluble tricin O-linked conjugates (PubMed:24843076, PubMed:28385728).
Slight reduction in plant height (PubMed:28385728). In cell wall, altered content and composition of lignins derived from typical monolignols (PubMed:28385728).
Belongs to the copper transporter (Ctr) (TC 1.A.56) family. SLC31A subfamily.
Hydrolyzes glycerol-phospholipids at the terminal phosphodiesteric bond.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 5 family.
NDH shuttles electrons from NAD(P)H:plastoquinone, via FMN and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers, to quinones in the photosynthetic chain and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme in this species is believed to be plastoquinone. Couples the redox reaction to proton translocation, and thus conserves the redox energy in a proton gradient (By similarity).
Belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family.
Hydrolyzes acetyl esters in homogalacturonan regions of pectin. In type I primary cell wall, galacturonic acid residues of pectin can be acetylated at the O-2 and O-3 positions. Decreasing the degree of acetylation of pectin gels in vitro alters their physical properties.
Interacts with COI1A and COI2 in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile).
The jas domain (135-160) is required for interaction with COI1.
Belongs to the isochorismate synthase family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNAT subfamily.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-187 and Tyr-189, which activates the enzyme.
Component of the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), a regulator of vesicular trafficking process.
Abundance in leaves follows a photoperiod-dependent circadian rhythm with an oscillating expression pattern peaking late in the light period (PubMed:21398647, Ref.10). Inhibited by water stress (PubMed:21398647). Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA), drought, high salinity (NaCl) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) treatments (Ref.10). Triggered by zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs); this induction is reversed by sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) (PubMed:25958266). Accumulates upon infection by the bacterial blight agent X.oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) strain PXO99 (PubMed:27185545). Influenced by heat stress (HS); up-regulated in conditions 35 degrees Celsius day / 27 degrees Celsius night, but repressed in conditions 38 degrees Celsius day / 30 degrees Celsius night (PubMed:29464319).
Homotetramer (By similarity). Interacts with STRK1 at the plasma membrane (PubMed:29581216).
Mostly expressed in young leaves (blades and sheaths) and seeds (Ref.10, PubMed:21979082, PubMed:21398647, PubMed:22106097, PubMed:26900141, PubMed:28969789, PubMed:29464319). Abundant in leaf sheath and moderately expressed in leaf blade and root (PubMed:21398647, PubMed:22106097, PubMed:29464319). Also present at a high levels in panicles, but barely in culms (PubMed:22106097, Ref.10). Observed in stems and anthers (PubMed:29464319).
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide (By similarity). Involved in environmental stress response. Promotes drought stress tolerance and recovery (Ref.10).
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide.
Strongly inhibited by beta-mercaptoethanol, sodium azide and potassium cyanide. Slightly repressed by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT). Activity is repressed proportionally to increased concentration of NaCl, KCl and MgCl(2), and, to a lower extent, of LiCl.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) II complex composed of BET3, BET5, TRS20, TRS23, TRS31, TRS33, TRS65, TRS85, TRS120 and TRS130.
Specific subunit of the TRAPP II complex, a highly conserved vesicle tethering complex that is required for the proper transport of proteins in post-Golgi trafficking pathways to the growing cell plate in mitotic active cells.
May serve as docking site to facilitate the association of other proteins to the plasma membrane.
Enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), expression of defense-related genes and cell death (necrotic lesions).
Interacts with XA21 (via juxtamembrane and kinase domains).
Protein phosphatase that acts on XA21 pathogen recognition receptor. Negatively regulates cell death and XA21-mediated innate immunity.
Binds to the 60S ribosomal subunit and prevents its association with the 40S ribosomal subunit to form the 80S initiation complex in the cytoplasm. May also be involved in ribosome biogenesis.
Monomer. Associates with the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Chlorina phenotype (PubMed:16891544). Enhanced ethylene sensitivity (PubMed:19417056).
Ethylene receptor related to bacterial two-component regulators. Acts as negative regulator of ethylene signaling. May play a role in the regulation of flowering by up-regulating GI (GIGANTEA) and RCN1 and regulate starch accumulation by down-regulating the alpha-amylase AMY3D.
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK6 subfamily.
Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has also ATPase activity.
Asparaginyl endopeptidase that may act as an activator of REP1.
Down-regulated by treatment with gibberellin (GA3) (at protein level) (PubMed:12684786). Induced by hydrogen peroxide (PubMed:21972902).
Expressed in aleurone layers of germinating seeds 4 days after imbibition (PubMed:12684786). Expressed in developing seeds from 25 to 35 days after flowering (PubMed:12684786).
Probably involved in the RNA silencing pathway. May bind to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them (By similarity).
V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (main components: subunits A, B, C, D, E, and F) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (main component: the proteolipid protein; which is present as a hexamer that forms the proton-conducting pore).
Induced by light, nitrogen, and cytokinin (benzyladenine) treatments, but repressed by darkness and gibberellin (GA).
Mostly expressed in leaves and stems, and, at low levels, in roots.
Reduced chlorophyll, reduced height and increased tillering.
Transcriptional regulator that specifically binds 5'-GATA-3' or 5'-GAT-3' motifs within gene promoters (By similarity). Influences the expression of nuclear encoded chloroplast-targeted genes. Regulates chloroplast development and promotes chlorophyll accumulation. Modulates plant architecture (e.g. height, length and width of leaf blades, and flowering tillers production) and represses tillering, probably by modulating number of cells. Promotes senescence. Involved in grain filling, panicle development and starch production (PubMed:23548780).
Involved in drought stress tolerance. CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate (HTPA) to tetrahydrodipicolinate.
Was originally thought to be a dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DHDPR), catalyzing the conversion of dihydrodipicolinate to tetrahydrodipicolinate. However, it was shown in E.coli that the substrate of the enzymatic reaction is not dihydrodipicolinate (DHDP) but in fact (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinic acid (HTPA), the product released by the DapA-catalyzed reaction.
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit.
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Heterodimer of an alpha subunit and a beta subunit. PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbX, PsbY, PsbZ, Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
This b-type cytochrome is tightly associated with the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
With its partner (PsbF) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Belongs to the beta-class carbonic anhydrase family.
May be involved in the transport of sterols.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family.
In contrast to other members of the family, it lacks the N-terminal region.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL17 family.
Accumulates progressively in panicles. Present at low levels in developing seeds, with a progressive decrease during development (PubMed:20713616). In spikelets, fades out progressively after anthesis (PubMed:25817414).
Larger seed size and increased seed mass and yield. Enhanced expression of starch synthesis genes in seeds leading to increased seed amylose content and altered fine structure of amylopectin. Decreased proportion of A chains results in abnormal round and loosely packed starch granules but reduced gelatinization temperature.
May form homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with TPR2/ASP1 (PubMed:26631749).
Mostly expressed in roots, seedlings and leaves and, to a lower extent, in stems, panicles and developing seeds (PubMed:20713616). Present in spikelets (PubMed:25817414).
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in spikelet transition (Probable). Regulator of starch biosynthesis especially during seed development (e.g. endosperm starch granules); represses the expression of type I starch synthesis genes (PubMed:20713616). Prevents lemma and palea elongation as well as grain growth (PubMed:28066457).
Target of miR172 microRNA mediated cleavage, particularly during floral organ development (Probable). Repressed by SRT1 via epigenetic histone H3K9 acetylation (H3K9ac) regulation (PubMed:27181944).
Component of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex.
Probably involved in the biogenesis of the COX complex.
Required for the processing and translation of chloroplast mRNAs.
2 of the reaction center chlorophylls (ChlD1 and ChlD2) are entirely coordinated by water.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosomes 4 and 8 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of these duplicated genes (Os04g0236400 and Os08g0455300) has not been demonstrated.
Belongs to the reaction center PufL/M/PsbA/D family.
C-terminally processed by CTPA; processing is essential to allow assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex and thus photosynthetic growth.
Herbicides such as atrazine, BNT, diuron or ioxynil bind in the Q(B) binding site and block subsequent electron transfer.
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. D1 provides most of the ligands for the Mn4-Ca-O5 cluster of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Tyr-161 forms a radical intermediate that is referred to as redox-active TyrZ, YZ or Y-Z.
Belongs to the radical SAM superfamily. Biotin synthase family.
Binds 1 [2Fe-2S] cluster. The cluster is coordinated with 3 cysteines and 1 arginine.
Highest expression in endosperm at 7 days after pollination and in flag leaf at 14 days after heading.
Probable downstream regulator of strigolactones signaling.
Tetramer (PubMed:26601214). Interacts with D53 (PubMed:24336200). Interacts with WOX1 (PubMed:25697101, PubMed:24336200, PubMed:26601214). Interacts with MOF1 (PubMed:32680975).
The N-terminal TOPLESS domain (TPD)(1-209) binds directly to a 12-amino acid LxLxL EAR motif peptide, but no binding if the leucin residues are replaced.
Forms a homo-pentamer and a hetero-hexamer composed of five ISA1 and one ISA2 (PubMed:16953433). Interacts with FLO6/SIP4 (PubMed:24456533).
Highly expressed in developing endosperm. Expressed at low levels in leaves.
Inhibited by copper chloride, mercury chloride, ammonium molybdate and para-chloromercuribenzoate.
Replacement of endosperm starch by a water-soluble highly and randomly branched polysaccharide structure called phytoglycogen.
Starch-debranching enzyme involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in endosperm. Functions by removing excess branches or improper branches that interfere with the formation of double helices of the cluster chains of amylopectin and crystallization of starch (PubMed:10517831, PubMed:15618430, PubMed:16953433, PubMed:21436381). Works as ISA1 homooligomer or together with ISA2 as heterooligomer. The heterooligomer ISA1 and ISA2 possesses higher affinity than the ISA1 homooligomer for various branched polyglucans in vitro, but no marked differences exist in chain preferences for debranching of amylopectin and phytoglycogen between these forms (PubMed:16953433, PubMed:21436381).
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface and is required for correct PSII assembly and/or dimerization.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane.
Belongs to the ACC deaminase/D-cysteine desulfhydrase family.
Catalyzes the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cysteine.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with high affinity. Can interact in vitro with palmitoyl-CoA, linoleoyl-CoA and linolenoyl-CoA (PubMed:21128943). Binds phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in vitro. May play a role in the biosynthesis of phospholipids (PubMed:24738983).
Induced by salt and drought stresses. Down-regulated by cold stress, wounding and infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. May play a role in root water uptake.
Anther-specific aspartic protease involved in tapetal programmed cell death (PCD). Directly regulated by the transcription factor EAT1/DTD in anthers during tapetum PCD and degeneration.
Expressed in developing caryopsis at 5 to 15 days after flowering. Expressed exclusively in the endosperm at 5 to 10 days after flowering.
Expressed most exclusively in endosperm.
Increased activity due to variations in subspecies indica is associated with the synthesis of the L-type amylopectin, which contains much lower proportion of short amylopectin chains than the S-type amylopectin found in most japonica varieties. The difference in amylopectin chain composition explains why starch from japonica subspecies has a lower gelatinisation temperature than starch from indica subspecies.
Plays an important role during endosperm starch synthesis. Determines the type of amylopectin structure of starch grain. Synthesizes long B1 amylopectin chains by elongating short A and B1 chains, independently of the other soluble starch synthases. Barely active in japonica subspecies.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL21 family.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Alax-L subfamily.
Catalyzes the attachment of alanine to tRNA(Ala) in a two-step reaction: alanine is first activated by ATP to form Ala-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Ala). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Ala) via its editing domain.
Consists of three domains; the N-terminal catalytic domain, the editing domain and the C-terminal C-Ala domain. The editing domain removes incorrectly charged amino acids, while the C-Ala domain, along with tRNA(Ala), serves as a bridge to cooperatively bring together the editing and aminoacylation centers thus stimulating deacylation of misacylated tRNAs.
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase MPG family.
Hydrolysis of the deoxyribose N-glycosidic bond to excise 3-methyladenine, and 7-methylguanine from the damaged DNA polymer formed by alkylation lesions.
Belongs to the exonuclease superfamily. TREX family.
Functions as component of microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis. May assist Dicer-like (DCL) proteins to efficiently process and/or recruit the precursors of miRNAs and siRNAs.
Expressed in developing seeds (PubMed:27872632). Expressed in developing endosperm (PubMed:18813954, PubMed:32989010).
Forms homodimers (PubMed:32989010). Forms heterodimers with NAC20 (PubMed:27872632, PubMed:32989010). Forms heterodimers with NAC23 (PubMed:27872632).
Transcription factor that acts redundantly with NAC20 to regulate the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of starch and storage proteins in grain (PubMed:32989010). Directly binds to the promoters of starch synthase 1 (SS1), pullulanase (PUL), glutelin A1 (GLUA1), glutelins B4 and B5 (GLUB4 and GLUB5), alpha-globulin and 16 kDa prolamin, and activates their expression (PubMed:32989010).
Expressed in roots and leaves. Expressed at low levels in stems and seeds.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to various acyl acceptors. Can use feruloyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA as acyl donors.
Component of a retrotranslocation channel required for peroxisome organization by mediating export of the PEX5 receptor from peroxisomes to the cytosol, thereby promoting PEX5 recycling.
Functions as an immediate downstream signaling partner of CERK1 in the microbial peptidoglycans (PGNs) and fungal chitin signaling pathways that mediate innate immunity. Is required for chitin-induced activation of MPK3 and MPK6. Participates in the activation of defense genes during response to PGN and chitin.
Phosphorylated at Ser-240, Thr-241 and Thr-246 by CERK1 in response to chitin elicitation.
Catalyzes two activities which are involved in the cyclic version of arginine biosynthesis: the synthesis of acetylglutamate from glutamate and acetyl-CoA, and of ornithine by transacetylation between acetylornithine and glutamate.
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain.
Involved in determining the orientation of cell expansion, probably by playing an important role in cellulose deposition. May act by recruiting cellulose synthesizing complexes to discrete positions on the cell surface (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners. In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F. Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28.
Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures.
Expressed in crown roots (PubMed:19258439, PubMed:26307379). Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf primordia, and young leaves (PubMed:26307379).
In crown roots, mainly expressed after crown roots emergence but barely in crown root initials.
Interacts with ERF3 (PubMed:26307379). Interacts (via N-terminus) with ADA2 (PubMed:28487409).
Overexpression of WOX11 stimulates ectopic crown root development.
Reduced crown root development (PubMed:19258439, PubMed:26307379). Severe growth defects and lethality in adult plants (PubMed:19258439).
Transcription factor involved in crown root development (PubMed:19258439, PubMed:26307379, PubMed:29740464). Promotes the development of crown roots (both initiation and elongation), main components of the fibrous root system (PubMed:19258439, PubMed:26307379, PubMed:29740464). Regulates the expression of genes required for crown root development, and hormone-responsive genes involved in cytokinin signaling (e.g. RR1, RR2, RR3 and RR4), and auxin signaling (e.g. IAA5, IAA11, IAA23 and IAA31) (PubMed:26307379). Functions dowstream of the auxin biosynthetic genes YUCCA1 in the promotion of crown root development (PubMed:29740464). Recruits the ADA2-GCN5 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module to regulate crown root cell proliferation and stem cell maintenance of root meristem (PubMed:28487409). Together with the ADA2-GCN5 HAT module targets and regulates a set of root-specific genes involved in carbon metabolism, cell wall biosynthesis, and auxin transport and response (PubMed:28487409). Functions upstream of several genes controlling root development, cytokinin homeostasis/signaling, stress response, and redox metabolic processes (PubMed:28830102).
Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.
Activated by the binding of calmodulin-like protein 1 (CML1) in the presence of Ca(2+).
Expressed at early stages of anther development in sporogenous cells and tapetum of anthers. Expression decreases in tapetum and increases in sporogenous cells at meiosis. At mature pollen stage, expressed in stigma, and then in proembryo after fertilization.
Highly expressed in roots in the zone of cell division. Expressed in leaf mesophyll cells and at lower levels in mature stems.
Not induced in roots by phosphate starvation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC7 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:18813954, PubMed:31733092). Induced by cold stress (PubMed:18813954). Induced by dithiothreitol- and tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (PubMed:31733092). Induced by heat shock (PubMed:31733092).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit hypersensitivity to heat stress.
Transcription activator involved in heat and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses (PubMed:31733092). Regulates the expression of genes involved in ER protein folding and heat stress-responsive genes (PubMed:31733092). Binds directly to the promoter of BZIP74 and regulates its expression in response to heat stress (PubMed:31733092).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGG subfamily.
By DNA-damaging treatments such as high intensity light, UV-C and gamma-radiation.
Forms a heterodimer with EME1 (By similarity). Interacts with RAD54.
Interacts with EME1 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks, nicked Holliday junctions and also intact Holliday junctions with a reduced efficiency. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. Plays a role in DNA repair and in genotoxic stress-induced homologous recombination (HR) in somatic cells. Mediates a subset of meiotic recombination events that are insensitive to crossover interference (By similarity).
Low expression in shoots and roots from etiolated seedlings, and panicles after meiosis; moderate expression in young panicles under differentiation of floral organs before and during meiosis; and high expression in mature leaves.
Probable transcription factor that may be involved in aluminum tolerance.
Binds 4 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
Lacks the conserved Asp residue expected to act as the active site proton acceptor.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily.
Catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of NAD from nicotinic acid, the ATP-dependent synthesis of beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide from nicotinate and 5-phospho-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Transiently phosphorylated on a His residue during the reaction cycle. Phosphorylation strongly increases the affinity for substrates and increases the rate of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide production. Dephosphorylation regenerates the low-affinity form of the enzyme, leading to product release.
E3 ubiquitin ligase catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins.
Expressed in dry seeds. Increased expression throughout imbibition and germination and when radicle and shoots are emerging. Up-regulated during cell differentiation.
Expressed in primary roots and leaves. Detected in vascular bundle tissues.
Probable transcriptional activator that promotes chloroplast development. Acts as an activator of nuclear photosynthetic genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport.
Activates ubiquitin by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a ubiquitin-E1 thioester and free AMP.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA1C and RPA3.
Belongs to the plant tobamovirus multiplication TOM1 protein family.
Early induction by low temperature and abscisic acid (ABA). Late induction by drought and salt stresses.
Expressed in shoot of cold stressed seedlings.
Plays a role in the regulation of membrane potential. Could mediate a proton leak (By similarity).
By gibberellin (GA3), submergence and wounding.
Causes loosening and extension of plant cell walls by disrupting non-covalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils and matrix glucans. No enzymatic activity has been found. Required for normal plant growth. May be required for rapid internodal elongation in deepwater rice during submergence.
Expressed in lateral root primordia, adventitious root primordia, coleoptiles, shoot apex, leaf primordia, very young leaves, panicles and flowers.
Probably involved in the transfer of reducing equivalents from stroma to thylakoid lumen and required for the biogenesis of the plastid cytochrome b6f complex.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. RIO-type Ser/Thr kinase family.
Activated through serine and threonine phosphorylation.
By low temperature (12 degrees Celsius) treatment.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths and panicles.
Phosphorylated on Ser-221 and Thr-227, which activates the enzyme.
Expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and lamina joints. Expressed at low levels in roots, stems, flowers and panicles.
Interacts with PYL10, SAPK8 and SAPK10. Binding to PYL10 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26491145). Interacts with PYL3, PYL5, PYL9 and PYL10. Binding to PYL9 and PYL10 is dependent on the presence of ABA (PubMed:26362328).
Plants overexpressing PP2C53 are insensitive to abscisic acid (ABA), exhibit altered stomatal density and root architecture, and are hypersensitive to drought stress.
Protein phosphatase that acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Involved in the regulation of root architecture development and drought resistance. Can dephosphorylate SAPK8 and SAPK10 in vitro. Together with PYL10, SAPK8 and SAPK10, may form an ABA signaling module involved in stress response.
Highly expressed in leaf sheaths. Expressed in leaf collars.
May be involved in response to stresses.
Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily.
Expressed in developing seeds from 10 to 12 days after flowering (DAF).
Involved in synthesis of starch. Catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose, a molecule that serves as an activated glycosyl donor for alpha-1,4-glucan synthesis. Essential for starch synthesis in leaf chloroplasts and endosperm amyloplasts.
Expressed at low levels in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaves, ears and roots.
Reduced expression upon sucrose depletion-mediated cell proliferation arrest, and accumulates after sucrose treatment.
Interacts with COI1B in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile).
The jas domain (121-145) is required for interaction with COI1.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. Nitrilase family.
Highly specific for beta-cyano-L-alanine (Ala(CN)). Low activity with 3-phenylpropionitrile (PPN). Not associated with auxin production but may be involved in cyanide detoxification (By similarity).
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and ribosome biogenesis through rRNA processing.
Belongs to the GPI inositol-deacylase family.
Involved in inositol deacylation of GPI-anchored proteins which plays important roles in the quality control and ER-associated degradation of GPI-anchored proteins.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uS2 family.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S). Interacts with ribosomal protein S21.
Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
Belongs to the Rab3-GAP catalytic subunit family.
According to the redox status, the Cys-103-Cys-142 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Component of the small ribosomal subunit. Mature ribosomes consist of a small (40S) and a large (60S) subunit. The 40S subunit contains about 33 different proteins and 1 molecule of RNA (18S). The 60S subunit contains about 49 different proteins and 3 molecules of RNA (25S, 5.8S and 5S) (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL39 family.
Expressed in germinating seeds up to 5 days after imbibition.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. Theta family.
Belongs to the ADP/ATP translocase tlc family.
Activated by phosphorylation in response to hyperosmotic stress within 5 minutes.
By hyperosmotic stress in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and roots. Induced at lower level by abscisic acid (ABA).
The C-terminal region is necessary for the kinase activation in response to hyperosmotic stress.
Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Isoprenylcysteine methylesterase family.
Catalyzes the demethylation of isoprenylcysteine methylesters.
Belongs to the sodium:solute symporter (SSF) (TC 2.A.21) family.
High-affinity urea-proton symporter involved in the active transport of urea across the plasma membrane into root cells. May play an important role in urea uptake by plant cells at low external urea concentrations.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but when grown with urea as the sole source of nitrogen, plants show reduced growth and slight yellowing of shoots.
Putative RNA polymerase II subunit B1 C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase involved in RNA polymerase II transcription regulation.
Component of several multiprotein Golgi SNARE complexes.
Involved in transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus as well as in intra-Golgi transport. It belongs to a super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs or soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor.
Involved in CpXpG DNA methylation (By similarity). May not play a major role in maintaining CpXpG methylation (Probable).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 19 family. Chitinase class II subfamily.
By glycol chitin and fungal elicitor in suspension cell culture and ethephon in leaves.
Expressed in roots, leaves, sheaths and meristems.
Lacks the chitin binding type-1 domain wich is one of the conserved features of the chitinase class I and class IV subfamilies.
Catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (3-isopropylmalate) to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. The product decarboxylates to 4-methyl-2 oxopentanoate.
Mg(2+) is required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX49/DBP8 subfamily.
By stresses, hormones, heavy metals, phosphatase inhibitors and infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea). Down-regulated by drought, high/low temperature and UV-C.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-191 and Tyr-193, which activates the enzyme.
Belongs to the V-ATPase V0D/AC39 subunit family.
Subunit of the integral membrane V0 complex of vacuolar ATPase. Vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells, thus providing most of the energy required for transport processes in the vacuolar system.
Activated by phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated by hyperosmotic stress.
Autophosphorylated in presence of Ca(2+).
By abscisic acid (ABA) in leaf blades and leaf sheaths (PubMed:15084714). Induced during incompatible interaction with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Ref.3).
Expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and roots of plants grown hydroponically. Expressed in shoots and roots of young seedlings. Expressed in leaves and maturing seeds, but not in roots and stems of field-grown plants.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin-like A subfamily.
Expressed in the growing regions of roots, coleoptiles, internodes, and leaves.
By potassium starvation in both roots and shoots of young seedlings.
Binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, whereas it enhances it at low concentrations. By binding to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG (By similarity).
Protein S19 forms a complex with S13 that binds strongly to the 16S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the helicase family. RecQ subfamily.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-14 subfamily.
Chimeric cDNA. Its N-terminal part is derived from another gene (LOC_Os05g44570).
Lectin-domain containing receptor kinase involved in salt stress response (PubMed:24907341). Acts as negative regulator of salt tolerance (PubMed:24907341).
Mainly expressed in root epidermal cells.
The gain-of-function mutant sit2-D (T-DNA tagging) exhibits reduced tolerance to salt stress.
AMP deaminase plays a critical role in energy metabolism.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family.
Activated by 3'phosphoglycerate, inhibited by orthophosphate. Allosteric regulation. Inhibited by inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Expressed in developing seeds from 10 to 20 days after flowering (DAF).
Involved in synthesis of starch. Catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose, a molecule that serves as an activated glycosyl donor for alpha-1,4-glucan synthesis. Essential for starch synthesis in seed endosperm (PubMed:17406793, Ref.13, PubMed:24747952, PubMed:27957808). Is essential for both catalytic and allosteric regulatory properties of the cytosolic heterotetramer enzyme (PubMed:24747952).
Shrunken seed endosperm due to a strong reduction in starch synthesis.
Interacts with CRS2 and RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns, CRS2 and CAF1 (By similarity).
Required for the splicing of group IIB introns in chloroplasts. Forms splicing particles with CRS2. Interacts with RNA and confers intron specificity of the splicing particles (By similarity).
Hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-mannoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-fucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-L-arabinoside, oligosaccharides, pyridoxine beta-D-glucoside and the cyanogenic glucosides amygdalin, prunasin and dhurrin. Possesses pyridoxine transglucosylation activity.
Belongs to the membrane magnesium transporter (TC 1.A.67) family.
Heterohexamer; composed of 3 copies of TIM8 and 3 copies of TIM13, named soluble 70 kDa complex. Associates with the TIM22 complex, whose core is composed of TIM22 (By similarity).
Mitochondrial intermembrane chaperone that participates in the import and insertion of some multi-pass transmembrane proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Also required for the transfer of beta-barrel precursors from the TOM complex to the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) of the outer membrane. Acts as a chaperone-like protein that protects the hydrophobic precursors from aggregation and guide them through the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The TIM8-TIM13 complex mediates the import of some proteins while the predominant TIM9-TIM10 70 kDa complex mediates the import of much more proteins (By similarity).
The twin CX3C motif contains 4 conserved Cys residues that form 2 disulfide bonds in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. However, during the transit of TIM13 from cytoplasm into mitochondrion, the Cys residues probably coordinate zinc, thereby preventing folding and allowing its transfer across mitochondrial outer membrane (By similarity).
Involved in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid.
Not induced by ethylene treatment or flooding.
Early flowering phenotype under long day conditions.
The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to PI4P is the first committed step in the generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a precursor of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) (By similarity). Involved in the control of flowering under long day conditions by promoting degradation of FTIP1 (PubMed:28254780). Recruits FTIP1 for degradation by the 26S proteasome in leaves, which affects RFT1 transport to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:28254780).
Belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
By chitin oligosaccharide elicitor and the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris oryzae.
Heterotetramer consisting of two non-identical subunits: a beta subunit and a large alpha subunit.
Part of a heterotetrameric complex that catalyzes the two-step biosynthesis of anthranilate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan. In the first step, the glutamine-binding beta subunit of anthranilate synthase (AS) provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity which generates ammonia as a substrate that, along with chorismate, is used in the second step, catalyzed by the large alpha subunit of AS to produce anthranilate.
Plays a role in vesicular protein sorting.
Mediator of sterol homeostasis involved in sterol uptake, trafficking and distribution into membranes.
Regulates also the sphingolipid metabolism.
Belongs to the WD repeat PRL1/PRL2 family.
Architectural component of nuclear structure that plays different roles in controlling nuclear size and morphology (Probable). Involved in the modification of chromatin accessibility by interacting with SWI3C, a component of the chromatin-remodeling complex, to thus reduce the suppression effect of the complex (PubMed:32129897). Acts as positive regulator of drought resistance and modulates root growth (PubMed:32129897). Positively regulates the expression of genes related to root growth and drought resistance (PubMed:32129897).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress (at protein level).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit hypersensitivity to drought stress.
Plants overexpressing NMCP1 exhibit enhanced tolerance to drought stress.
Interacts with EZ1 (Ref.1, PubMed:23150632, PubMed:23505380). Component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), composed of the core PRC2 components EMF2B, EZ1 and CLF. PRC2 methylates 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3 (H3K27me3), leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene (PubMed:23505380).
Plants silencing FIE2 have small and partially filled seeds, and exhibit seed germination before seed maturation (PubMed:23505380). Plant silencing FIE2 exhibit aberrant pleiotropic phenotypes in vegetative and reproductive organ generation, and derepression of some developmental regulators, such as MADS3 and OSH5 genes (PubMed:24020752).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (PubMed:23505380, PubMed:24020752). Involved in the regulation of seed endosperm development, grain filling and seed dormancy. FIE2-containing PcG complex in seed endosperm regulates the expression of various transcription factors by trimethylation on histone H3 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) of target genes. Involved in the overall expression regulation of a large number of nutrient metabolism genes (PubMed:23505380). Involved in the regulation of seed endosperm development. Involved in the regulation of vegetative development, particulary in stem cell maintenance in the root system, where it maintains the suppression of key differentiation regulators (PubMed:24020752).
By brassinolide (BL) and auxin (IAA), synergistically.
Involved in cell elongation in rice through dual regulation by brassinolide and auxin.
Mainly expressed in roots and leaf sheaths. Detected in shoot apical meristem, organ primordia, including branch root primordia, and vascular tissues.
Before anthesis, expressed in the vascular bundles of spikelets and at low levels in the central region of anthers. After fertilization, expression in bundles increases especially in the upper part of the husk. At 5 days after anthesis, highly expressed in the developing ovary and 3 days later in the developing embryo and outer layer of the endosperm. From 20 to 30 days after anthesis, expressed in mature embryo and peripheral layer of the endosperm.
Expressed in phloem cells of vascular bundles in leaves and leaf sheaths. Expressed at low levels in phloem companion cells in the central cylinder of roots, but not in the epidermal or cortical cells.
Involved in the phloem transport of iron and manganese and their translocation into the grain. Transports iron- and manganese-nicotianamine chelates, but not iron-phytosiderophore.
Catalyzes the committed step to the synthesis of the acidic phospholipids. Transfers specifically a phosphatidyl group from CDP-diacylglycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate to form phosphatidylglycerophosphate (By similarity).
Catalyzes the condensation of 2 farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) moieties to form squalene.
Required for vacuole biogenesis and vacuole enlargment in dividing and expanding cells. Involved in the docking or fusion of prevacuolar vesicles.
Expressed in lamina joints, vascular tissue and nodes.
Interacts with DLT (PubMed:22685166). Interacts with OFP8 (PubMed:27332964). Interacts with GRF4 (PubMed:27250747). Interacts with PUB24 (PubMed:30920691). Interacts with SMOS1 (PubMed:28100707).
Plants over-expressing GSK2 display typical brassinosteroid (BR) loss-of-function phenotypes, and plants silencing GSK2 have enhanced BR signaling phenotypes.
Serine-threonine kinase that acts as a negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (PubMed:22685166, PubMed:27332964, PubMed:30920691). Phosphorylates DLT and BZR1, two positive regulators that mediates several BR responses. Phosphorylation of DLT and BZR1 inhibits their activities in BR signaling (PubMed:22685166). Phosphorylates OFP8, a positive regulator of BR responses. Phosphorylated OFP8 shuttles from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is degraded by the proteasome (PubMed:27332964). Phosphorylates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase PUB24, a negative regulator of BR signaling, which targets BZR1 and promotes its degradation via the 26S proteasome (PubMed:30920691). Phosphorylation of PUB24 increases its stability (PubMed:30920691). Phosphorylates the AP2-ERF transcription factor SMOS1, a positive regulator of BR signaling, which cooperatively functions in a transactivating complex with BZR1 to enhance the transcription of BR biosynthetic genes (PubMed:30920691). Phosphorylation of SMOS1 leads to its degradation by an unknown mechanism (PubMed:30920691).
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). May act by forming a heterodimer with NCS6/CTU1 that ligates sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Dwarf, wide leaf and small grain phenotypes.
In thylakoid membranes, TATC and TATB form a large receptor complex, containing about eight TATC-TATB pairs, which binds the precursor protein. Twin arginine signal peptide promotes pH-triggered docking of TATA oligomers to TATC-TATB receptor complex, inducing a conformational switch of TATA that results in activation of the translocase. TATA dissociates from TATC-TATB upon completion of translocation (By similarity).
Pale green phenotype. Mutant plants have low levels of chlorophyll, show quick water loss and fail to accumulate ABA under drought.
Part of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system that transports large folded proteins containing a characteristic twin-arginine motif in their signal peptide across the thylakoid membrane. Involved in delta pH-dependent protein transport required for chloroplast development, especially thylakoid membrane formation. TATC and TATB mediate precursor recognition, whereas TATA facilitates translocation (By similarity).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MPBQ/MBSQ MT family.
Involved in a key methylation step in both tocopherols (vitamin E) and plastoquinone synthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (MPBQ) to 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ, a substrate for tocopherol cyclase), and 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MSBQ) to plastoquinone (By similarity).
During anther development, expressed from stage 8 to stage 12.
Highly expressed in roots (PubMed:21297036). Expressed in leaves, rachis, inflorescences and seeds (PubMed:17002881).
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Acts as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Possesses superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities in vitro. Involved in ROS homeostasis during anther and pollen development (PubMed:21297036).
Plants silencing MT4C show decreased pollen fertility and increased level of superoxide anion.
Belongs to the zeta carotene desaturase family.
Catalyzes the conversion of zeta-carotene to lycopene via the intermediary of neurosporene. It carries out two consecutive desaturations (introduction of double bonds) at positions C-7 and C-7'.
Catalyzes the formation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate from ribose 5-phosphate (RBP), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and ammonia. The ammonia is provided by PDX2. Can also use ribulose 5-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate as substrates, resulting from enzyme-catalyzed isomerization of RBP and G3P, respectively. Also plays an indirect role in resistance to singlet oxygen-generating photosensitizers.
Vitamin B6 is an essential quencher of singlet oxygen in plants, that can protect cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation.
Highly expressed in leaves (PubMed:27585744). Expressed in leaf sheaths (PubMed:27585744). Expressed at low levels in stems (PubMed:27585744).
Induced by light in dark-grown seedllings.
Required for photosynthetic protein complex assembly in chloroplast thylakoid membranes during leaf development (PubMed:27585744). Maintains the abundance of the core protein complex PsaA-PsaB of photosystem I (PSI) in the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:27585744). May play a role in the efficient biogenesis of the chloroplast ATP synthase complex, possibly by interacting with the beta subunit atpB (PubMed:27585744).
Yellow-leaf phenotype due to reduced chlorophyll content.
Contributes, together with ILI5/BUL1 and BC1, to the promotion of leaf inclination and grain size by modulating cell elongation.
Homodimer (PubMed:27879391). Component of a nuclear cell elongation controlling complex made of ILI5/BUL1, LO9-177 and BC1 (PubMed:27879391, PubMed:28029278). Binds directly to ILI5/BUL1, ILI4/BU1, BUL2 and BUL3 (PubMed:27879391). Binds to BC1 in the nucleus (PubMed:27879391). Interacts with BCL1 (PubMed:34360554).
In spikelets, expressed in paleas, lemmas, filaments and anthers, especially in tapetums.
Mostly expressed in leaves blades and leaves sheaths and, to a lower extent, in seedings, roots, collars and panicles.
By infection of leaves with certain strains of P.syringae pv syringae.
Exhibits esterase activity towards naphthol AS-acetate in vitro.
Metal transporter that transports the trivalent cation aluminum (Al(3+)), but does not seem to transport divalent cations such as iron (Fe(2+)), manganese (Mg(2+)) or Cadmium (Cd(2+)). Involved in Al tolerance by taking up Al in root cells, where it is detoxified by chelation with organic acid anions and sequestration into the vacuoles.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but after exposure to Al, decreased levels of Al in root-cell sap, increased Al content in the cell wall and increased inhibition of root growth.
Expressed at very low levels in etiolated seedlings and flowers.
Accumulation of proglutelins in seed endosperm (PubMed:23723154). Abnormal organization of the protein storage vesicles (type II protein bodies), and formation of secretory vesicle-like structures (paramural bodies) charged with dense vesicles in seed endosperm (PubMed:23723154).
Functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab small GTPases. Activates specifically RAB5A protein (Probable). Functions cooperatively with RAB5A to regulate post-Golgi dense vesicle-mediated transport of storage proteins to the type II protein bodies (PBII) protein storage vacuoles in developing endosperm (PubMed:23723154).
Interacts with RAB5A (PubMed:23723154, PubMed:24488962). Interacts with GPA3 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:24488962).
No visible phenotype, but increased tolerance to an excess of zinc.
Plants overexpressing ZIP5 show decreased zinc concentration in shoots, increased concentration in roots, and are sensitive to an excess of zinc.
Belongs to the type IV zinc-finger family. Class A subfamily.
Presumably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins. Catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from various peptides (By similarity).
Circadian-regulation with a peak in the middle of the morning. Induced by nitrate and sucrose in roots. Down-regulated by glutamine, gluatamate, asparagine and aspartate in roots.
Expressed in the base of the lateral root primordia, root-shoot junction zone, leaves, ends of the husk and vascular tissue of the anthers.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.
Belongs to the iron/ascorbate-dependent oxidoreductase family. GA2OX subfamily.
Catalyzes the 2-beta-hydroxylation of several biologically active gibberellins, leading to the homeostatic regulation of their endogenous level. Catabolism of gibberellins (GAs) plays a central role in plant development. Controls the level of bioactive GAs in the shoot apical meristem, which regulates the vegetative to reproductive phase transition. In vitro, converts GA1, GA4, GA9, GA20, and GA44 to the corresponding 2-beta-hydroxylated products GA8, GA34, GA51, GA29, and GA98, respectively.
Expressed in roots, shoot apex, and in the basal region of leaf primordia and young leaves.
Plants overexpressing GA2OX1 exhibit extremely dwarf phenotype and are unable to achieve phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth.
Interacts with TGA2.1, TGA2.2, TGA2.3, LG2, TGAL1, TGAL4, NRR, RH1, RH2 and RH3.
Involved in defense response against the bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Plants expressing an NPR3/NH3 transgene driven by its native promoter show enhanced resistance to the Xoo pathogen, and exhibit elevated sensitivity to benzothiadiazole (BTH) treatment and enhanced induction of defense-related genes upon treatment with BTH (PubMed:20561248). Intriguingly, constitutive over-expression of NPR3/NH3 with a ubiquitin promoter does not confer disease resistance to Xoo (PubMed:17309686).
Acetolactate synthase is the target enzyme for sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides.
Expressed in roots, leaves and stems. Expressed at low levels in seeds.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes in vitro the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to glycerol or shikimate, to produce 2-O-p-coumaroyl glyceride or coumaroyl shikimate, respectively. Quercetin, glutarate, or malate do not serve as acyl acceptors in vitro. Can use feruloyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA as acyl donors.
Binds to and represses NPR1/NH1-mediated transcriptional activation of LG2 in vitro.
Aminocarboxypropyltransferase that catalyzes the aminocarboxypropyl transfer on pseudouridine in 18S rRNA. It constitutes the last step in biosynthesis of the hypermodified N1-methyl-N3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) pseudouridine (m1acp3-Psi).
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. TSR3 family.
Expressed in roots and embryo. Weakly expressed in callus.
Induced by dehydration, salt stress, cold stress, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate.
Plants overexpressing NAC071 exhibit improved tolerance to salt stress.
Transcription activator that binds to the promoter of the stress response gene LEA19. Involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity (By similarity).
Involved in the lipid remodeling steps of GPI-anchor maturation.
Belongs to the retinoblastoma protein (RB) family.
Regulator of biological processes that recruits a histone deacetylase to control gene transcription. May play a role in the entry into mitosis, negatively regulating the cell proliferation. Formation of stable complexes with geminiviridae replication-associated proteins may create a cellular environment which favors viral DNA replication (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. AIG1/Toc34/Toc159-like paraseptin GTPase family. TOC34 subfamily.
GTPase involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Seems to recognize chloroplast-destined precursor proteins and regulate their presentation to the translocation channel through GTP hydrolysis.
Belongs to the carboxylate-amine ligase family. Glutamate--cysteine ligase type 2 subfamily.
Homodimer or monomer when oxidized or reduced, respectively.
The Cys-156-Cys-376 disulfide bridge is known to modulate the enzyme activity according to the redox status. The oxidized form constitutes the active enzyme (By similarity).
Confers drought and oxidative stress tolerance mainly through enhancing ROS-scavenging capacity and Pro pre-accumulation.
Up-regulated by SNAC2. Also induced by high-salinity, heat, and submergence. Strongly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA), and slightly induced by brassinosteroid (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA).
Expressed in roots, stems and leaves with higher expression in root and leaf tips.
Plants silencing CCC1 have slightly shorter roots and leaves than wild-type, and are more sensitive to KCl treatment during seed germination and plant development.
Probable cation/chloride cotransporter that may mediate potassium-chloride cotransport. Involved in plant development and K(+) and Cl(-) homeostasis. May not be involved in sodium-chloride cotransport.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 4 family.
By glucose starvation (at protein level).
Expressed in young roots, young shoots, flowers, and immature seeds (PubMed:9870704). Mostly expressed in leaf sheaths and roots, and to a lower extent, in germinating seeds, leaf blades and panicles (PubMed:16087344).
Nearly restricted in the vascular tissues during the caryopsis development. Observed in maturating caryopsis 2 days after flowering (DAF).
Reduced expression of MYBS1 and AAMY3 under glucose starvation. Accumulation of MYBS1 and AAMY3 in the presence of glucose. Retarded seed germination and seedling growth.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in sugar signaling during germination and seedling growth. Negative regulators of sugar response complex (SRC) in alpha-amylase gene promoters, thus relieving SRC sugar repression in a MYBS1-dependent manner. Required for MYBS1 and AAMY3 accumulation under glucose starvation.
Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first commited step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP.
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP (By similarity).
Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. Catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of lipids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure.
Expressed throughout panicle development. In mature spikelets, present at low levels in anthers and palea/lemma, and barely detectable in the ovaries and lodicules.
Expressed ubiquitously at low levels, with higher accumulation in developing panicles, shoots and flag leaves.
Identified as LOC_Os02g40780 in PubMed:17138699.
Induced by cold and abscisic acid (ABA).
Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. FabI subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent reduction of a carbon-carbon double bond in an enoyl moiety that is covalently linked to an acyl carrier protein (ACP). Catalyzes the last reduction step in the de novo synthesis cycle of fatty acids. Involved in the elongation cycle of fatty acids which are used in lipid metabolism. Required for normal plant growth (By similarity).
Key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Essential for the maintenance of cellular ATP levels and carbohydrate metabolism (By similarity).
Plants contain two types of GAPDH: cytosolic forms which participate in glycolysis and chloroplast forms which participate in photosynthesis. All the forms are encoded by distinct genes.
Component of the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP) complex.
Required for the activity of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and full expression of genes transcribed by PEP. Required for the proper build-up and formation of the PEP-complex. Binds single-stranded (ss) DNA and RNA, but not double-stranded (ds) DNA.
Acts as cargo receptor necessary for the transportation of secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in COPII-coated vesicles targeted to the Golgi apparatus.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class translation factor GTPase superfamily. Classic translation factor GTPase family. LepA subfamily.
Promotes mitochondrial protein synthesis. May act as a fidelity factor of the translation reaction, by catalyzing a one-codon backward translocation of tRNAs on improperly translocated ribosomes. Binds to mitochondrial ribosomes in a GTP-dependent manner.
Expressed in roots and developing seeds.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (341-371) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. ZNG1 subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I 30 kDa subunit family.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of bioactive endogenous fatty acid amides to their corresponding acids (PubMed:16624618). The hydrolysis of endogenous amidated lipids terminates their participation as lipid mediators in various signaling systems (Probable). Converts a wide range of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) to their corresponding free fatty acids and ethanolamine (PubMed:16624618).
Inhibited by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP).
Catalytic subunit of an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase complex that mediates the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNAs.
Expressed in the growing regions of coleoptiles, internodes and leaves.
Belongs to the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase family. QTRT2 subfamily.
Non-catalytic subunit of the queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (TGT) that catalyzes the base-exchange of a guanine (G) residue with queuine (Q) at position 34 (anticodon wobble position) in tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), resulting in the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (7-(((4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)amino)methyl)-7-deazaguanosine).
Expression increases in the panicle from 7 days before flowering to flowering stage, to become undetectable 7 days after flowering.
Induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor and infection with a compatible race of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:20150424). Induced by salt stress, methyl viologen, acifluorfen and cadmium (PubMed:23053415).
Involved in serotonin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of tryptamine to serotonin (PubMed:21080162, PubMed:23053415, PubMed:20150424, PubMed:23521226). Accumulation of serotonin may play a role in innate immunity (PubMed:20150424).
Catalyzes the C23-alpha-hydroxylation step in brassinosteroid biosynthesis (Probable). Converts 6-deoxocathasterone (6-deoxoCT) to 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) in the late C6-oxidation pathway and cathasterone (CT) to teasterone (TE) in the early C6-oxidation pathway of brassinolide (BL) biosynthesis (Probable).
Highly expressed in shoot apex and inflorenscence. Expressed in roots, stems, leaf blades and leaf sheaths.
Belongs to the ATPase delta chain family.
Highly expressed in aleurone cells (PubMed:15047897, PubMed:16623886). In seeds, predominantly present in the plumule, radicle and scutellum of the embryo (PubMed:16623886). Expressed in roots, stems, young leaves and spikelets (PubMed:16919842).
Impaired repression activity on gibberellic acid (GA)-induced promoters.
Induced by biotic elicitors (e.g. fungal chitin oligosaccharide and fungal cerebroside elicitors) and pathogen infection (e.g. the compatible pathogenic fungus M.grisea race 007, M. grisea crabgrass BR29) (PubMed:18175928, PubMed:19772648, PubMed:23462973). Accumulates in response to M.oryzae (PubMed:21726398). Triggered by defense signaling molecules, such as salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), wounding and pathogen infection (e.g. X.oryzae) (PubMed:16919842). Repressed by gibberellic acid (GA) (at protein level) (PubMed:15047897, PubMed:19199048). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in aleurone cells, roots and leaves (PubMed:15618416, PubMed:16623886). Accumulates in response to uniconazole, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor (PubMed:16623886). Triggered strongly by cold in leaves, stems and developing spikes, but moderately by drought and salt stresses (PubMed:14645724, PubMed:23495849).
Interacts with WRKY51; this interaction promotes W box binding of the complex WRKY51/WRKY71 in a zinc ion-dependent manner.
The C-terminal region (267-348) is required for the repressing activity on gibberellic acid (GA)-induced promoters.
The WRKY domain (213-266) is required to bind DNA.
Transcription repressor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (PubMed:18175928, PubMed:15047897, PubMed:16623886). Represses specifically gibberellic acid (GA)-induced promoters in aleurone cells, probably by interfering with GAM1 (PubMed:15047897, PubMed:16623886, PubMed:19199048). Regulates, probably indirectly, the activation of defense-related genes such as GF14E during defense response (PubMed:18175928, PubMed:26851365, PubMed:26467468). Modulates plant innate immunity against X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (PubMed:21961049). Confers resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Xoo 13751, probably via the regulation of NPR1 and PR1b defense signaling pathways (PubMed:16919842).
Involved in defense responses (PubMed:19696351, PubMed:26740780). Contributes to slowing defense responses toward Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:19696351).
The pi21 allele confers an improved non-race-specific blast resistance toward Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:19696351). Reduced salicylic acid (SA) responses (e.g. WRKY45 expression) but increased systemic acquired response (SAR, e.g. PR1b and PBZ1 accumulation), jasmonic acid (JA, e.g. JAmyb expression) and abscisic acid (ABA, e.g. SalT expression) responses in response to M.oryzae spores (PubMed:26740780).
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF1 subfamily.
Belongs to the SIMIBI class G3E GTPase family. UreG subfamily.
Required for the maturation and activation of urease via the functional incorporation of the urease nickel metallocenter.
URED, UREF and UREG may form a complex that acts as a GTP-hydrolysis-dependent molecular chaperone, activating the urease apoprotein.
Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the phytoalexin precursor syn-copalyl diphosphate (PubMed:15341631, PubMed:15255861, PubMed:23621683). Required for the biosynthesis of momilactones that exude from roots and act as allelochemicals against lowland weeds in paddy soil (PubMed:23621683).
Induced by UV irradiation (PubMed:15341631, PubMed:15255861). Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:15255861).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions (PubMed:23621683). Mutant plants exhibit increased susceptibility to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea, and reduced capacity to inhibit germination and growth of lowland weeds in paddy soil, possibly due to decreased levels of momilactones and oryzalexin S (PubMed:23621683).
Expressed in the meristematic zone of lateral and primary roots.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:31574173). Interacts with IRO2 in the nucleus (PubMed:31574173).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit impaired growth, leaf chlorosis and reduced iron concentration in shoots, when grown under iron deficiency conditions.
Strongly induced by iron deficiency in roots, but not in shoots.
Transcription factor involved in positive regulation of genes involved in strategy II iron acquisition, including genes for mugineic acid (MA) family phytosiderophores biosynthesis, and genes involved in S-adenosylmethionine cycle and iron transport (PubMed:31574173). May play a role in the regulation of iron deficiency response by promoting the nuclear localization of IRO2 (PubMed:31574173). Possesses transactivation activity in yeast (PubMed:31574173).
Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. FDH subfamily.
Catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. Involved in the cell stress response.
Belongs to the aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase family.
ATP citrate-lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, used for the elongation of fatty acids and biosynthesis of isoprenoids, flavonoids and malonated derivatives. May supply substrate to the cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which generates the malonyl-CoA used for the synthesis of a multitude of compounds, including very long chain fatty acids and flavonoids. In contrast to all known animal ACL enzymes having a homomeric structure, plant ACLs are composed of alpha and beta chains (By similarity).
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family.
Heterooctamer of 4 alpha and 4 beta chains.
Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, leaves, stems and flowers.
Methyltransferase which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group onto N-acetylserotonin, producing melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. BUD32 family.
Lacks the conserved His residue involved in heme iron binding and essential for heme oxygenase activity. Its enzyme activity is therefore unsure.
Probable inactive heme oxygenase that may play a role in the regulation of phytochrome assembly and photomorphogenesis.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a(1), b(1), b'(1) and c(9-12) (By similarity). Interacts with YL1 (PubMed:27585744).
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The catalytic sites are hosted primarily by the beta subunits.
Down-regulated by wounding, drought stress, salt stress and treatment with abscicid acid (ABA).
Highly expressed in panicles (PubMed:20593223). Expressed in shoots, mature flowers and seeds (PubMed:20593223).
Involved in the organization of leaf cuticle and wax crystals.
Mutant seedlings show a severe growth retardation phenotype and die within 30 days, due to increased rates of water loss.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB10 subunit family.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair. When associated with KU70, binds to double-stranded telomeric and non-telomeric DNA sequences, but not to single-stranded DNA. Plays a role in maintaining telomere length. Acts as a negative regulator of telomerase (By similarity).
Induced by abscisic acid, heat shock, salt stress and drought stress.
Involved in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Neddylated (rubylated) (PubMed:27137867). Deneddylation occurs upon interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex (PubMed:27137867).
Part of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (PubMed:28494021). Is able to form the SCF complex together with SKP1 and the rice black streaked dwarf virus RBSDV protein P7-2 (PubMed:28494021). Interacts with D3 (PubMed:24616269).
Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Plays an essential role in meiotic and somatic DNA repair, but is dispensable for DNA replication and homologous recombination. Is essential for normal progression through meiosis in pollen mother cells. Is involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA2B.
Normal phenotype during vegetative growth, but sterility at the reproductive stage. No formation of embryo sac in female meiocytes and abnormal chromosomal fragmentation after anaphase I in male meiocytes.
Involved in the detoxification of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by the transfer of glucose from UDP-D-glucose to the hydroxyl group at C-3, forming deoxynivalenol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have significant reduction of ferulate in leaf cell wall.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-27; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-135.
Has a 11,12(11',12') 9-cis epoxycarotenoid cleavage activity. Catalyzes the first step of abscisic-acid biosynthesis from carotenoids.
Induced by glucose (PubMed:19208695). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:25735958). Down-regulated by submergence (PubMed:17205969).
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent rearrangement and reduction of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP). Required for chloroplast development.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and pollen.
Hydrolyzes glycosides and monolignol glucosides (PubMed:25219312). Can hydrolyze para-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc) in vitro (PubMed:23811195, PubMed:25219312). Hydrolyzes para-nitrophenyl beta-D-fucopyranoside, para-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside and para-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside in vitro (PubMed:25219312). Hydrolyzes the monolignol glucosides coniferin and syringin with high catalytic efficiencies (PubMed:25219312).
By red (R) light and far-red (FR) light in dark-grown seedlings. Not induced by abrasion.
Dehydrogenase that can use N-acetyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde (NAGABald), gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde (GGBald), betaine aldehyde (Bet-ald), gamma-aminobutyraldehyde (GAB-ald), acetaldehyde, 4-aminobutylaldehyde (AB-ald), 3-aminopropionaldehyde (AP-ald), 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde (TMAB-ald) and 3-N-trimethylaminopropionaldehyde (TMAP-ald) as substrates. Catalyzes the oxidation of GAB-ald more efficiently than Bet-ald. Mediates the conversion of GAB-ald into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and prevents the formation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) which gives fragrant rice its aromatic properties.
Expressed constitutively in roots, embryos, seedlings, stems, leaves and flowers, with higher levels in young leaves, and lower levels in roots. Strongly expressed in inflorescence meristem during cell division.
Following submergence treatment, transient decreased levels that recovers after re-aeration.
Present in a truncated form, mostly allele badh2.1, also called 'fgr' in fragrant rice varieties (e.g. basmati and jasmine rice). The loss of activity leads to accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) that confers the flavor of fragrant rice. Haplotype analysis suggests a single origin of the badh2.1 allele within the Japonica varietal group and demonstrates the introgression of this allele from Japonica to Indica (PubMed:17129318, PubMed:18599581, PubMed:18491070, PubMed:19371779, PubMed:19706531).
Reduced crop productivity, but increased accumulation of gamma-4-aminobutyraldehyde (GAB-ald) and higher 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) biosynthesis, which influences aroma.
Serine protease that may function in the proteasome pathway.
Expressed specifically in the cells at the inner side of the vascular bundles of young leaf sheaths and peripheral cylinders of vascular bundles in the unelongated stems (PubMed:17468779). Expressed in the leaf sheath pulvinus and the lamina joint (PubMed:17412736).
Involved in the regulation of shoot gravitropism and tiller angle through negative regulation of basipetal polar auxin transport (PAT) (PubMed:17468779, PubMed:17412736, PubMed:25028496). Acts as positive regulator of lateral auxin transport (PubMed:17468779, PubMed:25028496, PubMed:17412736). Promotes vertical shoot growth (PubMed:17908158). LAZY1 and TAC1 play opposite functions in the regulation of tiller growth angle (PubMed:17908158).
Tiller-spreading phenotype due to defective shoot and tiller gravitropism. Extremely larger leaf angle at reproductive stage. Altered endogenous auxin distribution in shoots.
Expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM) and panicles.
Probably involved in the RNA silencing pathway and required for the generation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
Barely expressed in leaves, spikelets and roots (PubMed:16120687). Glumes and stamens specific accumulation (PubMed:19430792).
Induced in shoots and roots after nitrogen (N-deprivation) and phosphorus (P-deprivation) deprivations (PubMed:19430792). Induced by alkali stress (PubMed:22655071). Up-regulated by salt stress in old leaves (PubMed:23082824).
Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome.
RNA-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation.
Delayed transition from the spikelet to the floral meristem, inducing the formation of extra lemma-like and palea-like organs.
Expressed in roots, leaves, leaf sheaths, culms, panicles, lemmas, paleas, lodicules, stamens, and pistils.
Transcriptional repressor that plays a role in the regulation of organ identity and spikelet meristem determinacy (PubMed:32680975). Interacts with the TPR corepressors to possibly repress the expression of downstream target genes (PubMed:32680975).
LRR receptor kinase that may be involved in defense response.
Belongs to the Clp1 family. Clp1 subfamily.
Required for endonucleolytic cleavage during polyadenylation-dependent pre-mRNA 3'-end formation.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL28 family.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm with the highest level 8 hours into the light and the lowest level at dawn. The peak of expression in long days is slightly lower, shifted later and the decrease is slower.
Involved in regulation of circadian rhythm, and in the control of the photoperiodic flowering. Acts as suppressor of flowering under short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions. Activates Hd1/CONSTANS gene.
Controls the interaction of photosystem II (PSII) cores with the light-harvesting antenna.
May control the interaction of photosystem II (PSII) cores with the light-harvesting antenna, regulates electron flow through the 2 photosystem reaction centers. PSII is a light-driven water plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, PsbE, PsbF, PsbH, PsbI, PsbJ, PsbK, PsbL, PsbM, PsbT, PsbY, PsbZ, Psb30/Ycf12, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. HSP26 family.
Methylates arginine residues in proteins such as histone H4.
ATPase required for the correct placement of the division site.
Belongs to the ParA family. MinD subfamily.
Down-regulated by auxin under light condition.
Belongs to the pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase family.
Causes an allergic reaction in human. Causes grass pollen allergy. Binds to IgE.
Expressed in mature anthers but not in vegetative or other floral tissues.
Belongs to the sirtuin family. Class II subfamily.
NAD-dependent protein deacylase. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent hydrolysis of acyl groups from lysine residues.
Probable SUMO E3 ligase that may regulate Pi starvation responses.
Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Cysteine endopeptidase that digests in vitro both the acidic and basic subunits of glutelin, the major seed storage protein of rice (PubMed:8706734). Acts as negative regulator of cell death (PubMed:23938390).
Expressed in seedlings, from 6 to 21 days after germination.
Induced by treatment with gibberellin (GA3) (PubMed:9435140). Induced during senescence and pathogen-induced cell death (PubMed:23938390).
Plants silencinge REP1 develop early senescence at varying levels and show enhanced cell death when inoculated with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae.
Required for the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in mitochondrial tRNAs that read codons beginning with adenine. Probably involved in the transfer of the threonylcarbamoyl moiety of threonylcarbamoyl-AMP (TC-AMP) to the N6 group of A37. Involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance.
Belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel (TC 1.A.1.7) family.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (356-386) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C family.
Component of the spliceosomal U1 snRNP, which is essential for recognition of the pre-mRNA 5' splice-site and the subsequent assembly of the spliceosome. U1-C is directly involved in initial 5' splice-site recognition for both constitutive and regulated alternative splicing. The interaction with the 5' splice-site seems to precede base-pairing between the pre-mRNA and the U1 snRNA. Stimulates commitment or early (E) complex formation by stabilizing the base pairing of the 5' end of the U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region.
U1 snRNP is composed of the 7 core Sm proteins B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G that assemble in a heptameric protein ring on the Sm site of the small nuclear RNA to form the core snRNP, and at least 3 U1 snRNP-specific proteins U1-70K, U1-A and U1-C. U1-C interacts with U1 snRNA and the 5' splice-site region of the pre-mRNA.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts.
A longer mRNA that is not produced by splicing has been shown to be transcribed in barley and maize; it can also be predicted for rice. It is not known if this mRNA is translated.
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetD subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths, stems and panicles.
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K4me3, H3K4me2 and H3K4me1. No activity on H3K9me3/2/1, H3K27me3/2/1 and H3K36me3/2/1. Involved in the control of stem elongation by regulating methylation states of H3K4me3 on cytokinin oxidase (CKX) gene family, which may cause increased expression of CKX genes and reduced cytokinin levels. Prevents ectopic retrotransposition by regulating the levels of H3K4me3 in two non-LTR retrotransposons KARMA and LINE-1 (L1) and reinforcing their repressed states.
Semi-dwarf plants and reduced seed size. Small panicle enclosure phenotype.
Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 stabilizes microtubules and affects affinity and processivity of microtubule motors. This modification has a role in multiple cellular functions, ranging from cell motility, cell cycle progression or cell differentiation to intracellular trafficking and signaling (By similarity).
Undergoes a tyrosination/detyrosination cycle, the cyclic removal and re-addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue by the enzymes tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TTCP) and tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL), respectively.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
By auxin under light or dark conditions.
Dwarf phenotype with increased branching and tiller number, and strong reduction of the root levels of strigolactones.
Expressed in vascular bundles of roots, leaves, stems and panicles.
Involved in strigolactones biosynthesis by cleaving asymmetrically a variety of linear and cyclic carotenoids at the 9-10 double bond. Produces one C(13) beta-ionone and the C(27) 10'-apo-beta-carotenal. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds. Can rescue the phenotype in the Arabidopsis max3 mutant.
The branching phenotypes of the ccd7/max3 and ccd8b/max4 mutants can be rescued by exogenous treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analogs GR24 and 4BD.
Early termination of shoot meristems, reduced leaf formation and reduced seed setting.
Expressed in the globular stage embryo 2 days after pollination (DAP) in a restricted small region just below the center of the ventral region of the embryo, where the shoot apex arises later. From 3 to 4 DAP expressed in an enlarged ventral region of embryo, corresponding to the expected epiblast and radicle, respectively. At the shoot apex differentiation stage (4-5 DAP), expressed in the shoot apex, epiblast, radicle primordia, and in their intervening tissues. Expression in the radicle is observed in the cells surrounding the root apical meristem in a donut shape but not in the meristem. During the first and second leaf primordium formation, expression pattern is maintained, but decreases. During inflorescence development, expressed only in the corpus of the rachis primordium but not in the tunica layer (L1). After floral induction, expressed in both tunica and corpus but not in floral organ primordia. Later in flower development, expressed in the corpus of the floral meristem.
Expressed predominantly in shoot apices. Also found to a lesser extent in glumes.
Transcription factor that regulates genes involved in development. May be involved in shoot formation during embryogenesis. Overexpression in transgenic plants causes altered leaf morphology (PubMed:10488233, PubMed:8755613, PubMed:9869405). Regulates anther dehiscence via direct repression of the auxin biosynthetic gene YUCCA4 (PubMed:29915329). Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3' in the promoter of the YUCCA4 gene and represses its activity during anther development (PubMed:29915329). Reduction of auxin levels at late stage of anther development, after meiosis of microspore mother cells, is necessary for normal anther dehiscence and seed setting (PubMed:29915329).
Belongs to the NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase NDOR1 family.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the flavodoxin family.
NADPH-dependent reductase which is a central component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein assembly (CIA) machinery. Transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN prosthetic groups to the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the anamorsin/DRE2 homolog, another key component of the CIA machinery. In turn, this reduced cluster provides electrons for assembly of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins.
Expressed in leaves and at low levels in roots.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosomes 7, 8 and 9 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of these duplicated genes have not been demonstrated.
The globular domain of the protein is located near the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit, while an extended beta-hairpin is found that lines the wall of the exit tunnel in the center of the 70S ribosome.
This protein binds specifically to 23S rRNA.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-13 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, palea, lemma and pollen.
Highly expressed during the first days following germination and then decreases with time.
May play a role in anterograde transport of membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
Enlargement of the floral meristem and increased number of floral organs.
Expressed during the development of the floral organ primordia. No longer detected after the carpel has formed.
Expressed in shoot apical and axillary meristems, but not in other vegetative tissues. Detected in a group of small cells at the apical region of the central zone of the meristems.
Probable extracellular signal that regulates meristem maintenance. May function as a putative ligand for a receptor complex including FON1. Regulates the size of the floral meristem and the number of floral organs.
Belongs to the folylpolyglutamate synthase family.
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrates for most of the folate-dependent enzymes that are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in purine, pyrimidine and amino acid synthesis.
Plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Involved in the import of light-harvesting complex proteins (LHCP) and subsequent routing of these proteins to the chloroplast signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway.
With its partner (PsbE) binds heme. PSII binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Cleaves presequences (transit peptides) from chloroplastic protein precursors. Initially recognizes a precursor by binding to the C-terminus of its transit peptide and then removes the transit peptide in a single endoproteolytic step. In a next step, pursues the cleavage of transit peptide to a subfragment form.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 4 family.
Key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway that catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, converting ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ATP and pyruvate by essentially irreversible transphosphorylation.
Involved in the synthesis of tocopherol (vitamin E). Catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate and phytyl diphosphate to form dimethylphytylhydrquinone (By similarity).
Homodimer (PubMed:24743650). Interacts with PP2C53. Binding to PP2C53 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:26491145, PubMed:26362328). Interacts with PP2C50. Binding to PP2C50 is dependent on the presence of ABA (PubMed:28827170).
Inhibits the protein phosphatases PP2C06 and PP2C09 when activated by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24743650). Together with PP2C53, SAPK8 and SAPK10, may form an ABA signaling module involved in stress response (PubMed:26491145).
Kinase that phosphorylates myo-inositol to produce multiple myo-inositol monophosphates. Participates in phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds.
Strong reduction in seed phytic acid with a molar equivalent increase in inorganic phosphate. Strong increase in myo-inositol levels in seeds.
Disrupted formation of tiller buds, and female sterility (PubMed:25697101). Defects in axillary bud formation, and partial defects in branching of the panicle (PubMed:25841039).
Expressed in young leaf primordia. Expressed in branch an floral meristems. Transiently expressed in the shoot apex.
Induced by the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine.
Transcription repressor required for the formation and development of tiller buds and panicles (PubMed:25697101). Required for tiller formation and female sterility (PubMed:27194802). Required for the early developmental stages of axillary meristem formation (PubMed:25841039). Plays a role in maintaining the axillary premeristem zone and in promoting the formation of the axillary meristem by promoting OSH1 expression (PubMed:25841039). Does not seem to be involved in maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) (PubMed:25841039).
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP. The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding.
May regulate transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. May enhance transcriptional pausing at sites proximal to the promoter, which may in turn facilitate the assembly of an elongation competent RNA polymerase II complex.
AP-4 forms a non clathrin-associated coat on vesicles departing the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and may be involved in the targeting of proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal-lysosomal system.
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetramer composed of two large adaptins, a medium adaptin and a small adaptin.
Belongs to the adaptor complexes large subunit family.
ATPase required for the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recognizes and selectively binds the transmembrane domain of TA proteins in the cytosol. This complex then targets to the endoplasmic reticulum by membrane-bound receptors, where the tail-anchored protein is released for insertion. This process is regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. ATP binding drives the homodimer towards the closed dimer state, facilitating recognition of newly synthesized TA membrane proteins. ATP hydrolysis is required for insertion. Subsequently, the homodimer reverts towards the open dimer state, lowering its affinity for the membrane-bound receptor, and returning it to the cytosol to initiate a new round of targeting.
Belongs to the quinolinate synthase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Catalyzes the condensation of iminoaspartate with dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form quinolinate.
Involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during seed germination and abiotic stress response. Acts as positive regulator of ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination, and tolerance to drought and cold stresses (PubMed:26362328). Together with PP2C50 and SAPK10, may form an ABA signaling module involved in stress response (PubMed:28827170). Inhibits the protein phosphatases PP2C06 and PP2C09 when activated by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:24743650).
Monomer (PubMed:24743650). Interacts with PP2C50. Binding to PP2C50 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:28827170). Interacts with PP2C30 and PP2C53 (PubMed:26362328).
Plants overexpressing PYL3 exhibit abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitive phenotype during seed germination. Plants overexpressing PYL3 exhibit tolerance to cold and drought stresses.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.
Belongs to the plant ureide permease (TC 2.A.7.19) family.
Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks (By similarity).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-12 subfamily.
Belongs to the aconitase/IPM isomerase family.
Catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate.
Transcription activator that binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. Binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-T[AC]CG[CT]GT[GT][GT][GT][GT]T[GT]CG-3'.
Transcriptional activation activity is strongly reduced by calmodulin.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. Xylanase inhibitor subfamily.
Fungal xylanase inhibitor. Possesses competitive inhibiting activity against fungal endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11). May function in plant defense against secreted fungal pathogen xylanases. Is similar to class III chitinases, but does not exhibit chitinase activity.
Circadian regulation under long day (LD) conditions. Expression peaks at dawn, gradually declines until dusk, and increased at night.
Expressed in leaves, shoots, inflorescences, embryos, endosperm and seeds.
Late flowering under long day (LD) conditions, but early heading under short day (SD) conditions (PubMed:33740293). Enhanced sensitivity to salinity, osmotic, and drought stresses (PubMed:35512208).
Plants overexpressing CCA1 have a reduced number of tillers (PubMed:32796126). Plants silencing CCA1 have an increased number of tillers (PubMed:32796126).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of tiller growth and panicle development (PubMed:32796126). Plays a negative role in tillering and a positive role in panicle development (PubMed:32796126). Binds to TB1 and CCD8B/D10 promoters and activates their expression (PubMed:32796126). Acts upstream of TB1 or D14 to regulate the strigolactone (SL) pathway (PubMed:32796126). Regulates SPL14/IPA1 expression to mediate panicle and grain development (PubMed:32796126). Participates in the circadian rhythm pathway and the regulation of photoperiodic flowering (PubMed:33740293). Can directly bind to the promoter of GI (GIGANTEA) (PubMed:33740293). May form a transcriptional feedback loop with GI, and control the photoperiodic flowering through fine-tuning rhythm expression of HD1 (PubMed:33740293). Involved in the positive regulation of tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as salinity, osmotic, and drought stresses (PubMed:35512208). Targets and directly activates the expression of BZIP46 and PP2C68/PP108 that are genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and positive response to abiotic stresses (PubMed:35512208).
PP2A consists of a common heteromeric enzyme, composed of a catalytic subunit (subunits C), a constant regulatory subunit (subunit A), and a variety of regulatory subunits such as subunits B (the R2/B/PR55/B55, R3/B''/PR72/PR130/PR59 and R5/B'/B56 families).
A single amino acid substitution of Arg-80 to His abolishes HMA3 cadmium transport activity through the tonoplast in root cells. This allele is found in a number of rice cultivars, and is associated with high accumulation of cadmium in rice grains. Identification of natural allelic variation in HMA3 may facilitate the development of rice varieties with grain cadmium concentrations adapted to dietary needs in function of the cadmium concentration in soil.
Over-expression of HMA3 allows to reduce efficiently cadmium accumulation in the grain and to enhance cadmium tolerance in rice.
Root-specific cadmium (Cd) transporter that mediates Cd efflux in root vacuoles. Involved in Cd detoxification by sequestrating Cd into root vacuoles and limiting translocation of Cd from the roots to the shoots, and accumulation in grains.
F-type ATPases have 2 components, CF(1) - the catalytic core - and CF(0) - the membrane proton channel. CF(1) has five subunits: alpha(3), beta(3), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1). CF(0) has four main subunits: a, b, b' and c.
Key component of the proton channel; it plays a direct role in the translocation of protons across the membrane.
Down-regulated by sucrose starvation in suspension cell culture.
Expressed in actively dividing cells: root and shoot apical meristems, and young leaves.
Belongs to the PpiC/parvulin rotamase family. PIN4 subfamily.
Decreased grain length, grain width, and grain filling (PubMed:35941236). Delayed seed germination and retarded seedling growth (PubMed:35941236).
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, immature seeds and seed coat (PubMed:16552590). Expressed in young shoots, tiller buds, endosperm seven days after fertilization, and interconnecting tissues such as pulvini and nodes (PubMed:35941236).
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (PubMed:16552590). Involved in the regulation of cell expansion in spikelet hulls, grain size, and gibberellin biosynthesis and homeostasis (PubMed:35941236).
ATP-binding RNA helicase involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Required for the export of mRNA out of the nucleus (By similarity). Required for tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and degeneration during anther development. Forms dimer with AIP1 and binds the promoter region of the cysteine protease CP1. Can complement the yeast RNA helicase SUB2. Plants silencing AIP1 and AIP2 are male sterile (PubMed:21467577).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DECD subfamily.
Homodimer and heterodimer with AIP1 (PubMed:21467577). Interacts with API5 (PubMed:21467577).
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B-like family.
Belongs to the HFCD (homooligomeric flavin containing Cys decarboxylase) superfamily.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine to 4'-phosphopantetheine, a key step in coenzyme A biosynthesis (PubMed:19232050, PubMed:19543273). Involved in salt and osmotic tolerance, and light-regulated plant growth (PubMed:19543273). Trimerization of HAL3 recruits and activates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HIP1, which leads to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth (PubMed:19543273). HAL3 function in cell division seems to be independent from its PPC decarboxylase activity (PubMed:19543273). Acts as a positive regulator of flowering by binding to HD1 in the dark (PubMed:26537047).
Expressed in root meristem, shoot apical meristem (SAM), intercalary meristem, floral meristem, embryo and tip of the coleoptile before true leaf emergence.
Forms homotrimers (PubMed:19543273). Interacts with HIP1 (PubMed:19543273). Interacts with HD1 in the dark (PubMed:26537047).
Seedlings over-expressing HAL3 show enhanced growth rate under normal light/dark cycles, enhanced salt tolerance and Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis. Enhanced growth is due to increased cell number of root meristematic zone and root cap (PubMed:19543273).
By wounding, drought and salt stresses, benzothiadiazole (BTH), ethephon, hydrogen peroxide, abscisic acid (ABA) and incompatible and compatible races of rice blast fungus (M.grisea) and rice bacterial blight (X.oryzae).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. TrmE GTPase family.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with high affinity. Can interact in vitro with linolenoyl-CoA (PubMed:21128943). Binds palmitoyl-CoA and linoleoyl-CoA in vitro (PubMed:28471368). Binds phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in vitro. May play a role in the biosynthesis of phospholipids (PubMed:24738983).
Down-regulated by cold stress, wounding and infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
Expression in anthers at the tri-cellular pollen stage is down-regulated in cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) rice lines.
May be involved in plant development processes (Probable). May function downstream of DCW11 in retrograde signaling from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Seems to be involved in the mechanism of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) occurrence (PubMed:19224952).
Belongs to the OEP80 (TC 1.B.33.2) family.
Probably not processed upon targeting to chloroplasts.
Expressed in elongating internodes and flowers (PubMed:16262715). Expressed in floral meristem, stamen primordia and tapetum in developing anthers (PubMed:16262715). Expressed at low levels in roots, shoot apices and rachis (PubMed:16262715).
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway (PubMed:16262715). Its repressive activity is weaker than that of SLR1 (PubMed:16262715). Its overexpression prevents the GA signaling pathway and induces a dwarf phenotype (PubMed:16262715).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo10/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Levels increase early during seed development, reach maximum 10 days after flowering and then decrease.
By N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor (PubMed:15316288) and methyl jasmonate (PubMed:22247270).
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of ent-sandaracopimaradiene at the C3alpha position to produce ent-3beta-hydroxy-sandaracopimaradiene, an intermediates for the biosynthesis of oryzalexin D and oryzalexin E phytoalexins (PubMed:22247270, PubMed:23795884). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of ent-cassadiene at the C3alpha position to produce 3alpha-hydroxy-ent-cassadiene, which may be an intermediate for the biosynthesis of phytocassane phytoalexins (PubMed:22247270). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of syn-pimaradiene (9-beta-pimara-7,15-diene) at the C3beta position to produce 3-beta-syn-pimaradiene (PubMed:25758958). Can hydroxylate ent-kaurene in vitro, but the product is not ent-kauren-19-ol as expected for ent-kaurene oxidase activity (PubMed:22247270).
Expressed in leaf blades and sheaths, stems and panicles.
Interacts with the rice dwarf virus (RDV) P2 protein.
Highly expressed 2 days after pollination and then rapidly decreases to basal level.
Belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pantothenate the first step in CoA biosynthesis. May play a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration (By similarity).
Regulated by feedback inhibition by malonyl-CoA.
Alanine-zipper domain is involved in homo- or hetero-dimerization via electrostatic interaction.
Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutases (SODs). Binds copper ions and delivers them specifically to SODs. Is required for assistance in SODs disulfide bond formation and thereby activation of SODs (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family.
Belongs to the fatty acyl-CoA reductase family.
Catalyzes the reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohols.
Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins. Interacts directly with LIR1 and TIC62; LIR1 increases the affinity of LFNR1 and LFNR2 for TIC62.
May play a key role in regulating the relative amounts of cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow to meet the demands of the plant for ATP and reducing power.
Has normal vegetative growth, inflorescence and flower morphology, however has smaller anthers and does not produce mature pollen grains during reproductive stage. After stage 6, during which anther forms four somatic layers, the three inner anther wall layers remain undifferentiated. Meiosis progresses normally from leptotene stage to metaphase I, but is arrasted at anaphase I and no cytokinesis occurs at prophase II, resulting in degenerated meiocytes.
Highly expressed in anthers; strong expression in the middle layer and tapetum, and weak expression in the endothecium.
Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with TDR, but not with EAT1 (PubMed:24755456, PubMed:24894043).
In anthers, expressed from the meiosis stage to mitosis, with maximum levels at stages 7 and 8, when meiosis initiates, and when endothecium and the middle layer become condensed, respectively.
Transcription factor that binds to the E-box-containing promoter regions of the transcription factors TDR and EAT1, activating their expression. May have a role in specifying the cell pattern of the inner anther walls and functioning in meiosis progression. Required for male reproduction (PubMed:24755456). Acts downstream of UDT1 and GAMYB, but upstream of TDR1 and EAT1 in pollen development (PubMed:24894043).
Expressed in the embryo 1 day after inbibition, and at low levels in developing seeds between 3 and 20 days after flowering.
Plant lipoxygenase may be involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology including growth and development, pest resistance, and senescence or responses to wounding. This lipoxygenase introduces molecular oxygen exclusively into the C-9 position of linoleic and linolenic.
Belongs to the SIS family. PHI subfamily.
Belongs to the homogentisate dioxygenase family.
May be involved in proton extrusion. Indirectly promotes efficient inorganic carbon uptake into chloroplasts.
Belongs to the HIBADH-related family. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase subfamily.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates (Probable). Plays a negative role in drought stress tolerance through transcriptional and post-translational regulation of diverse stress-related genes. Interacts with the serine/threonine-protein kinase NEK6 and promotes its degradation via the 26S proteasome-dependent pathway (PubMed:21719639).
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with NEK6 (PubMed:21719639). Interacts with SKIPA (PubMed:22067990).
Plants overexpressing DIS1 exhibit reduced drought tolerance. Plants silencing DIS1 show enhanced drought tolerance.
The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity.
The SBD domain (substrate-binding domain) mediates the homodimerization and the interaction with substrate proteins. It is related to the TRAF family.
The RNA gate region regulates mRNA cap recognition to prevent promiscuous mRNA-binding before assembly of eif3d into the full eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex.
mRNA cap-binding component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is involved in protein synthesis of a specialized repertoire of mRNAs and, together with other initiation factors, stimulates binding of mRNA and methionyl-tRNAi to the 40S ribosome. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation. In the eIF-3 complex, eif3d specifically recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of a subset of mRNAs.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. Glyoxalase II family.
Belongs to the PDK/BCKDK protein kinase family.
Highly expressed in leaf sheaths. leaf collars and flag leaves. Expressed in roots, stems, glumes, young panicles and pistils.
Elongator complex-associated factor that is not a structural subunit but rather transiently contacts the complex (PubMed:25518926). Regulates both meristem activity and organ growth; acts as a positive regulator of adaxial leaf patterning. Required for an early step in synthesis of 5-carbamoylmethyl (ncm5) groups present on uridines (ncm5U) at the wobble position in tRNA (By similarity).
Interacts with the elongator complex (By similarity). Binds to calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
Catalyzes the cyanide-resistant oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of molecular oxygen to water, but does not translocate protons and consequently is not linked to oxidative phosphorylation. May increase respiration when the cytochrome respiratory pathway is restricted, or in response to low temperatures.
Induced by drought, cold and salt stresses, heat shock, hydrogen peroxide and methyl viologen.
May be involved in maintaining cellular Pi homeostasis when plants are exposed to an external change in Pi.
Predominantly expressed in roots and leaves.
Catalyzes the synthesis of mevalonate. The specific precursor of all isoprenoid compounds present in plants.
Catalyzes the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in peptide and protein thiols to disulfides with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. May contribute to disulfide bond formation in a variety of secreted proteins (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL43 family.
High-affinity transporter for external inorganic phosphate (Pi). Probably involved in Pi uptake, translocation and internal transport throughout the plant.
Highly expressed in leaves and at low levels in roots. Expressed in leaf xylem parenchyma cells.
In roots and leaves by phosphate starvation. Down-regulated in roots when colonized by the mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices. Down-regulated by high phosphate in suspension cell culture.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Catalyzes the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, with a reduction of O2 to H2O2. Is a key enzyme in photorespiration in green plants.
Expressed in roots (PubMed:16919402, PubMed:17408920). Expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths, shoot apex, flowers and panicles (PubMed:16919402).
Putative receptor kinase that may be involved in cytokinin signaling.
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a broad peak in the late day.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-95), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Belongs to the JARID1 histone demethylase family.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B.
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation.
Belongs to the phage and mitochondrial RNA polymerase family.
Essential factor for meiotic homologous chromosome pairing (synapsis) (PubMed:14758540). Plays an essential role in promoting homologous chromosome synapsis. Does not seem to play a role in chromosomal axial element formation, sister chromatid cohesion at centromeres or kinetochore assembly in meiosis I (PubMed:16410547).
Failure of the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis (asynapsis or non-homologous synapsis) in both male and female gametophytes.
By cytokinin, gibberellin (GA3) and submergence. Down-regulated by the replication blocking agent hydroxyurea.
Expressed in the dividing region of the root apex and the intercalary meristem of internodes.
Forms a complex with CYCB2-1 or CYCB2-2 that activates CDK kinase in tobacco BY2 cells during G2/M (mitosis) phases. May be involved in the regulation of the cell cycle at the G2/M transition.
Interacts with CYCB2-1 and CYCB2-2. Binding to CYCB2-1 or CYCB2-2 activates CDK kinase.
Belongs to the peptidase M24A family. Methionine aminopeptidase eukaryotic type 2 subfamily.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 43 family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I20 (potato type II proteinase inhibitor) family.
Expressed in parenchymatous tissues, aleurone layers and cell surrounding the vascular tissue in seeds (at protein level). Predominantly expressed in caryopses.
Not expressed in seed development before 3 days after pollination (DAP), reaches a peak at 6 DAP and then decreases slightly (at protein level). In the caryopse, expressed specifically from the early to middle storage stage.
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. HMG-CoA synthase family.
Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA.
Expressed in etiolated seedlings and flowers.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides (By similarity). May be involved in chloroplast redox homeostasis (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 19 family. Chitinase class IV subfamily.
May function in reproductive organs during embryogenesis and seed maturation.
Expressed specifically in seed endosperm.
Interacts with EZ1 and CLF (PubMed:23150632). Component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which methylates 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3 (H3K27me3), leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene (PubMed:23150632).
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (PubMed:23150632, PubMed:27133784). Together with EZ1 and CLF forms a complex that is involved in gene transcriptional repression by trimethylation on histone H3 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) of target genes (PubMed:23150632). Involved in the regulation of embryo and seed endosperm development. FIE1-containing PcG complex in seed endosperm regulates the expression of various transcription factors by trimethylation on histone H3 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) of target genes. Involved in the overall expression regulation of nutrient metabolism genes, such as prolamin synthesis and seed storage protein synthesis genes. Can regulate valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism-related genes (PubMed:27133784).
The FIE1 locus is imprinted. Maternal inherited gene is expressed in the ovule (the egg and the central cell), while the paternal inherited gene is silenced in the pollen. After fertilization, only the maternal inherited allele is expressed (PubMed:19825651). The gain-of-function epi-allele (Epi-df) plants exhibit dwarf phenotype, defect in flower development and very poor seed set (PubMed:23150632). Plants silencing FIE1 have delayed embryo development, reduced seed set, and reduced grain length, width and weight (PubMed:27133784).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS21 family.
Transcriptional activator that specifically binds DNA of heat shock promoter elements (HSE).
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. Binds specifically to double-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of SPT16 and SSRP1.
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-201 and Tyr-203, which activates the enzyme.
Essential component of the TIM23 complex, a complex that mediates the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
The active site contains a CTPC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Neddylation of cullins play an essential role in the regulation of SCF-type complexes activity.
Highly expressed in shoot, spikelet and uppermost internode. Detected in roots, leaves and anthers.
No visible phenotype and no change in the levels of 13-OH GAs; due to the redundancy with CYP714B1. Cyp714b1 and cyp714b2 double mutants have decreased levels of 13-OH GAs, increased levels of 13-H GAs, including GA4, and longer uppermost internode.
Overexpression of CYP714B2 in a heterologous system causes semi-dwarfism and increased 13-OH GAs content.
Binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. Binds to nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an environment in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.
Heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha type and four PFD-beta type subunits.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family.
Expressed at the basal part of the abaxial side of leaves in the vegetative phase (PubMed:25535376). In the reproductive phase, expressed in the bracts of initiating branches (PubMed:25535376).
Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, shoot apical meristem and young panicles.
Interacts (via C-terminus) with HDR3 (via N-terminus).
Over-expression of GWA6A enhances grain weight and yield by enlarging spikelet hulls via increasing cell number and accelerating grain filling, and increases global acetylation levels of histone H4.
Possesses intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity and acts as positive regulator of grain weight, hull size, yield, and plant biomass (PubMed:25535376, PubMed:34323980). Regulates postitively grain weight and yield by enlarging spikelet hulls via increasing cell number and accelerating grain filling (PubMed:25535376). In vitro, catalyzes the acetylation of histone H4 at Lys-6 (H4K5ac), Lys-13 (H4K12ac) and Lys-17 (H4K16ac) (PubMed:25535376). Involved in the regulation of plastochron (the time interval between leaf initiation event) (PubMed:33970916).
Ubiquitinated at Lys-63 by HDR3 (PubMed:34323980). Polyubiquitination of GW6A delays its degradation by the 26S proteasome and enhances GW6A histone acetyltransferase activity (PubMed:34323980).
Involved in transport of proteins from the cis/medial-Golgi to the trans-Golgi network.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2).
Hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-fucoside, p-nitrophenyl beta-L-arabinoside, cello-oligosaccharides and laminaribiose.
By salt and drought stresses, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin.
Expressed in roots, shoots, culms and scutellum.
During anther development, expressed at the late premeiosis and meiosis stages in both the anther wall and the microspores. After meiosis, expressed in the tapetum, connective tissue, and vascular bundles.
Male sterility due to failure of tapetum to differentiate and pollen to mature.
Transcription factor that plays a crucial role in tapetum development. Required for male fertility and pollen differentiation within the developing anther. Plays a major role in maintaining tapetum development, starting in early meiosis. Required for pollen mother cell meiosis. May regulate the anther-specific cysteine protease CP1 and lipid-transfer proteins C4 and C6 (PubMed:16141453). Required for anther development. Functions in parallel with GAMYB to regulate early anther development. Functions upstream of the transcription factor TDR and may positively regulate its transcription (PubMed:20590996).
Catalyzes a base-exchange reaction in which the polar head group of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) is replaced by L-serine.
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Katanin p60 subunit A1 subfamily.
Severs microtubules in an ATP-dependent manner. Microtubule severing may promote rapid reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays.
Component of TORC1 complex, which is an essential cell growth regulator that controls plant development. Acts through the phosphorylation of downstream effectors that are recruited by the binding partner RAPTOR. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy.
The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is composed of at least RAPTOR, LST8 and TOR.
The chloroplastic ME isoform decarboxylates malate shuttled from neighboring mesophyll cells. The CO(2) released is then refixed by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. This pathway eliminates the photorespiratory loss of CO(2) that occurs in most plants.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL6 family.
Plants silencing TPO6A1 are sterile due to defect in male meiosis.
Required for meiotic recombination. Mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination. Possesses double-stranded DNA cleavage activity in vitro.
Component of the spliceosome where it is associated with snRNP U1.
This enzyme is involved in nucleotide metabolism: it produces dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides and it decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP, preventing uracil incorporation into DNA.
Is not induced either by drought, cold and salt stresses, or heat shock.
Adaxially rolling and erect leaves which leads to plants with erect architecture and reduced lamina joint angle (PubMed:27473144). Abnormal bulliform cell number, size and arrangement in leaf blades (PubMed:27473144). Dark-green leaves with increased levels of chlorophylls (PubMed:27473144). Reduced number of tillers, altered grain morphology, and reduced number of grains per main panicle (PubMed:27473144). Reduced number and length of adventitious roots (PubMed:27473144).
Highly expressed in young leaves and panicles (PubMed:27473144). Expressed at low levels in roots (PubMed:27473144).
Involved in the regulation of leaf shape formation (PubMed:27473144). May function by coordinating the expression of genes associated with leaf and bulliform cell development (PubMed:27473144).
Belongs to the tRNA methyltransferase O family.
Catalyzes the transfer of the phosphorylinositol group from phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phytoceramide, an essential step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. May play an important role in modulating plant programmed cell death (PCD) associated with defense by promoting sphingolipid metabolism and regulating ceramide accumulation.
Reduced plant stature. Spontaneous HR-like cell death (SHL).
Induced by cold stress (PubMed:15879704, Ref.8, PubMed:27892643). Induced by drought stress, salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:15879704, PubMed:27892643).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (374-404) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
In the caryopse, slightly expressed during the middle storage phase and was strongly expressed at the later storage phase.
Predominantly expressed in the leaf tissues and in caryopses.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and apex.
Expressed throughout seed development in the pericarp and endosperm tissues with a peak at 8 days after pollination in the outermost cell layers located centripetally to the endosperm.
Plants overexpressing KRP1 show a reduction in the filling rate of about 2/3, and no embryo is observed in the empty seeds or seeds containing underdeveloped endosperm.
Regulates the production of endosperm cells, affecting seed filling and embryo development. Regulates endoreduplication of endosperm cells. May play a role in the exit from the mitotic cell cycle during rice grain formation. Inhibitis leaf elongation rates by decreasing cell number, that is partly compensated by increased cell size. May not affect growth rate or cell size of the primary root.
No visible phenotype under normal growth condition, but strong inhibition of root elongation when grown in the presence of Al or on acidic soil.
Transcriptional activator that regulates the expression of genes involved in aluminum (Al) tolerance. Binds to the promoter of STAR1 and regulates transcript expression of STAR1 STAR2 and ART1 required for Al tolerance.
Expressed in the axillary bud of the first formed leaf node (PubMed:17655651). Expressed in axillary buds, shoot apical meristem, young leaves, vascular tissues and the tips of crown roots (PubMed:20547591).
Plants over-expressing TB1 exhibit markedly reduced lateral branching, but normal propagation of axillary buds.
Probable transcription factor that functions as a negative regulator of lateral branching, presumably through its expression in axillary buds (PubMed:12581309, PubMed:20547591). Involved in the fine tuning of shoot branching. May function as an integrator of multiple signaling pathways to regulate the development of axillary buds. Works partially downstream of strigolactones to inhibit bud outgrowth (PubMed:20547591). Binds to MADS57 to suppress the negative regulation of D14 by MADS57 and balance the expression of D14 for tillering (PubMed:23463009).
Mainly expressed in the floral organs at the heading stage, and also in stem, root, senescing leaves, stamen, pistil and hull.
Mediates both low-affinity uptake and efflux of sugar across the plasma membrane (By similarity). Can transport galactose. Prevents growth but promotes senescence (PubMed:25988582, PubMed:24709840). Involved in regulating the crosstalk between sugar and auxin. Regulates negatively the auxin signaling pathway and translocation (PubMed:24709840).
Accumulates upon phosphate (Pi) deficiency, due to an increased protein stabilization (at protein level).
Binds preferentially to the P1BS motif 5'-GNATATNC-3' in target genes promoters.
Binds preferentially to the R1BS motif 5'-NAKATNCN-3' in target genes promoters, including several genes involved in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway (PubMed:35640569). Involved in the shoot architecture; regulates positively leaf inclination by affecting lamina joint cell elongation via the direct promotion of ILI4/BU1 and BC1 genes expression, especially in response to phosphate (Pi) availability (PubMed:29610209, PubMed:35640569). Regulates both brassinolide (BL) biosynthesis and signaling by directly activating BL-biosynthesis and signaling genes (PubMed:35640569).
Compact plants with reduced leaf inclination associated with shorter lamina joint length due to smaller adaxial and abaxial sclerenchyma cells (PubMed:29610209). Repressed nitrate induction of phosphate (Pi) starvation-induced (PSI) genes leading to an impaired Pi uptake activity (PubMed:33316467). Lower accumulation of ILI4/BU1 and BC1 in lamina joint cells (PubMed:29610209). Reduced levels of brassinolide (BL) content (PubMed:35640569). Strongly reduced biomass associated with leaf senescence symptoms and lower Pi concentration under Pi starvation in plants lacking both RLI1 and PHR2 (PubMed:35640569). Altered leaf inclination phenotypes of the rli1-1 single mutant are suppressed in the triple mutant spx1 spx2 rli1-1 (PubMed:29610209).
Highly expressed in the adaxial and abaxial cells of lamina joint under Pi-sufficient conditions (PubMed:29610209). Strongly induced by nitrate via PHR2-mediated transcription activation (PubMed:33316467).
Homodimer (PubMed:35640569). Interacts with PHR2 in the nucleus (PubMed:35640569).
In roots, predominantly expressed in the vascular tissue (PubMed:33316467). In the elongation zone and root hair region, also detected in root hairs and epidermis (PubMed:33316467).
Interacts with SPX1 and SPX2 in the nucleus; these interactions prevent binding to the promoters of target genes, thus regulating negatively leaf inclination in response to phosphate (Pi) starvation.
Mostly expressed in roots and leaves blades and, to a lower extent, in leaves sheaths, culms and panicles (PubMed:33316467). Localized in leaves lamina joints (PubMed:29610209).
Mostly expressed in shoots and, to a lower extent, in roots.
Strongly repressed by phosphate (Pi) deficiency, with a faster protein degradation (at protein level).
Transcription factor binding to specific DNA sequences of target genes promoters, such as the motif R1BS 5'-NAKATNCN-3' and the motif P1BS 5'-GNATATNC-3' to trigger their expression (PubMed:35640569). Nitrate-induced component involved in modulating phosphate (Pi) response and homeostasis together with PHR2; activates directly the expression of Pi starvation-induced (PSI) genes upon nitrate disponibility, thus triggering the nitrate-induced phosphate response (NIPR) promoting Pi uptake activity (PubMed:33316467, PubMed:35640569).
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from benzoyl-CoA to tryptamine, to produce benzoyl tryptamine. Serotonin and tyramine serve as acyl acceptors in vitro. Specific for benzoyl-CoA as acyl donor. Has no activity with p-coumaroyl-CoA, caffeoyl-CoA, or feruloyl-CoA as acyl donors.
Belongs to the plant organ size related (OSR) protein family.
By auxin (e.g. NAA) and cytokinin (e.g. 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA)).
Mostly expressed in young tissues such as young roots, young leaves, and seeds. Also present in stems, mature leaves, and spikelets.
Promotes both cell expansion and proliferation-dependent organ growth.
The OSR domain is sufficient to promote organ growth.
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. TPT (TC 2.A.7.9) subfamily.
Triose phosphate/phosphate translocator that may function in the export of photoassimilates from chloroplasts during the day.
Expressed in coleoptiles, embryos, leaves and roots.
May not function as an oxygen storage or transport protein, but might act as an oxygen sensor or play a role in electron transfer, possibly to a bound oxygen molecule. Has an unusually high affinity for O(2) because of a very low dissociation constant.
By the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris oryzae.
The C-terminal domain may function as glutaredoxin and mediates the interaction of the enzyme with glutathione (GSH). Active in GSH-dependent reduction of hydroxyethyldisulfide, cystine, dehydroascorbate, insulin disulfides and ribonucleotide reductase.
Methylates (mono and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues present in a glycine and arginine-rich domain (can methylate histones).
Expressed in etiolated and green seedlings, roots, callus and highly in flowers.
Belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family.
Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily.
Belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL2 family.
The initiator methionine is created by RNA editing.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. EXO1 subfamily.
Putative 5'->3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease which may also contain a cryptic 3'->5' double-stranded DNA exonuclease activity. May be involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) (By similarity).
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (By similarity). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine and spermidine (By similarity).
Induced by salt stress in shoots and roots (PubMed:20472577). Induced by treatment with jasmonate (PubMed:28786735).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p27 family.
2 different ent-CDP synthases exist in rice, one being involved in gibberellin biosynthesis and the other in phytoalexins biosynthesis. Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation).
Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the phytoalexin precursor ent-copalyl diphosphate.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS8 family.
PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Releases lysophospholipids (LPLs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) from membrane phospholipids in response to hormones and other external stimuli.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. INTS11 subfamily.
In addition to polymerase activity, this DNA polymerase exhibits 5'-3' exonuclease activity. May be required for DNA replication and accumulation in mitochondria (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS30 family.
Down-regulated by white light in leaves.
Expressed in root tips, leaf veins, mesophyll cells, flower reproductive organs and mature pollen grains.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosome 8 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene (Os08g0252000) has not been demonstrated.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase alpha chain family.
The N-terminal domain is essential for RNAP assembly and basal transcription, whereas the C-terminal domain is involved in interaction with transcriptional regulators and with upstream promoter elements.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS24 family.
Induced by salt and cold stresses (PubMed:18813954, PubMed:20632034). Induced by dehydration and methyl jasmonate (PubMed:20632034).
Probable transcription factor involved in stress response.
By cytokinin in roots, shoots and leaves (PubMed:17408920, PubMed:22383541). Induced by infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:23234404).
Dwarf, narrow leaf, low tillering and sterility phenotypes.
Expressed during ovule development. First detected in the ovule primordia and later in the inner and outer integuments, nucellus tissue and the inner layer of the carpel wall.
May interact with MADS6, MADS7 and MADS8.
Central factor in ethylene signaling pathways that control development, senescence and grain size. Acts as positive component of the ethylene-signaling pathway.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, flowers, developing seeds, germinating seeds and young seedlings (PubMed:15047876). Expressed in adventitious roots, vascular tissues of the seminal roots, lateral roots, the connecting region between vascular tissues and lateral roots, mature leaf, mature stem, tips of adventitious roots derived from the node, shoot apex, young panicle, anthers, pistil, stigma, ovary, seed coat and fruit coat pericarp.
Mutant etiolated seedlings display insensitivite ethylene-response in roots and coleoptiles. Mature mutant plants have reduced shoot length, increased number of panicles and reduced grain yield.
Plants silencing EIN2 display a stunted phenotype with severe inhibition of shoot elongation and produce high levels of ethylene (PubMed:15047876). 'Mao huzi' means cat whiskers in Chinese (PubMed:23718947).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the homoserine dehydrogenase family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aspartokinase family.
Dwarf phenotype with erect leaves and short grains (PubMed:24299927, PubMed:23526892). Dwarf phenotype is mainly due to decreased cell proliferation and disorganized cell files in aerial organs (PubMed:23526892).
E3 ubiquitin ligase that may function as positive regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase in vitro (PubMed:24299927, PubMed:23526892). Acts together with the heterotrimeric G alpha subunit GPA1 at the plasma membrane to mediate a BR signaling pathway that affects plant growth and development. Does not seem to be involved in gibberellin or cytokinin responses (PubMed:23526892).
Expressed highly in panicles at flowering time, at moderate levels in vegetative shoot apices, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, and elongating internodes, and at low levels in roots.
Slightly down-regulated by brassinolide.
Belongs to the intron maturase 2 family. MatK subfamily.
Usually encoded in the trnK tRNA gene intron. Probably assists in splicing its own and other chloroplast group II introns.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-35; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-148.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS26 family.
Down-regulated by ammonium or glutamine supply in roots.
Expressed in roots, shoots and panicles.
The Cys-160-Cys-380 disulfide bridge is known to modulate the enzyme activity according to the redox status. The oxidized form constitutes the active enzyme (By similarity).
Belongs to the ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase family.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Active with Co(2+), Fe(2+), Mn(2+) and Zn(2+).
Catalyzes the reversible epimerization of D-ribulose 5-phosphate to D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Predominantly accumulates in roots and seedlings.
Catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase terminal complexes ('rosettes'), required for beta-1,4-glucan microfibril crystallization, a major mechanism of the cell wall formation (By similarity). Involved in the secondary cell wall formation.
Plants develop a brittle culm (bc) phenotype with a reduction of up to 75% percent of cellulose content in culm.
Negatively regulated by microRNAs miR156b and miR156h.
Trans-acting factor that binds specifically to the consensus nucleotide sequence 5'-TNCGTACAA-3' (By similarity). May be involved in panicle development.
Alpha-N-methyltransferase that methylates the N-terminus of target proteins containing the N-terminal motif [Ala/Pro/Ser]-Pro-Lys when the initiator Met is cleaved. Specifically catalyzes mono-, di- or tri-methylation of exposed alpha-amino group of Ala or Ser residue in the [Ala/Ser]-Pro-Lys motif and mono- or di-methylation of Pro in the Pro-Pro-Lys motif (By similarity).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. NTM1 family.
By auxin under dark condition. Down-regulated by auxin under light condition.
Belongs to the Mrp/NBP35 ATP-binding proteins family.
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1. The whole complex, most stable and composed of importin alpha and importin beta, is referred to as PTAC or pore targeting complex.
Functions in nuclear protein import. Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Promotes docking of import substrates to the nuclear envelope. In conjunction with importin beta-1, mediates the nuclear envelope docking, and the subsequent translocation into the nucleus of the constitutive morphogenetic 1 (COP1) protein containing bipartite NLS motif.
Highly expressed in root and weakly in callus, etiolated leaf and green leaf.
Expressed in root, leaf and developing seed tissue.
Heterodimer with Y14A (PubMed:24416299, PubMed:25230811, PubMed:24820023). Heterodimer with Y14B (PubMed:24416299, PubMed:24820023). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC); the core complex contains MLN51/CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGO and Y14 (Probable).
Induced by gibberellin, abscisic acid (ABA), auxin and brassinosteroid.
Catalyzes the conversion of monodehydroascorbate to ascorbate, oxidizing NADH in the process. Ascorbate is a major antioxidant against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) (PubMed:24376554, PubMed:27652777). Can use NADPH as electron donor, but possesses lower activity compared to NADH as electron donor (PubMed:27652777).
Belongs to the WD repeat DCAF13/WDSOF1 family.
Substrate-binding subunit of tRNA (adenine-N1-)-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the formation of N1-methyladenine at position 58 (m1A58) in initiator methionyl-tRNA.
By drought and cold stresses and abscisic acid (ABA).
3-beta-hydroxy-9-beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19,6-beta-olide is a precursor of the phytoalexins momilactones A and B. Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation). Momilactone B can also act as an allochemical (an antimicrobial and allelopathic agent), being constitutively produced in the root of the plant and secreted to the rhizosphere where it suppresses the growth of neighboring plants and soil microorganisms.
Involved in momilactone phytoalexins biosynthesis. Participates in the biosynthetic steps between 9-beta-pimara-7,15-diene and 3-beta-hydroxy-9-beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19,6-beta-olide.
Polyubiquitinated (PubMed:27137867). Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent degradation via the proteasome pathway (PubMed:27137867).
Transcription regulator involved in iron deficiency response and tolerance. May regulate directly iron transporters or other transcription factors involved in iron-deficiency response. Binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-CATGC-3' of the IDE1 element found in the promoter of the barley iron deficiency-inducible gene IDS2.
Up-regulated during the early stage of iron deficiency (at protein level).
Acts as a component of a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Component of the SCF-type E3 ligase complex.
Expressed in rice seeds between 2 and 4 weeks after flowering.
Introduction by genetic manipulation and expression in potato or banana confers resistance to insects and nematodes.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family.
Lectin which functions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). May bind terminally misfolded non-glycosylated proteins as well as improperly folded glycoproteins, retain them in the ER, and possibly transfer them to the ubiquitination machinery and promote their degradation.
Variant histones H2A are synthesized throughout the cell cycle and are very different from classical S-phase regulated H2A. May replace conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Belongs to the V-ATPase 116 kDa subunit family.
Essential component of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase), a multimeric enzyme that catalyzes the translocation of protons across the membranes. Required for assembly and activity of the V-ATPase.
Plants silencing HDAC3 exhibit semi-dwarf phenotype.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-I family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL33 family.
Plays an important role in the control of DNA replication and the maintenance of replication fork stability.
Each of the two pore-forming region (also called P-domain or P-loop) is enclosed by two transmembrane segments (2P/4TM) and contains the GYGD signature motif which seems to be involved in potassium selectivity.
Highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel that is specifically located in the tonoplast of large vacuoles. Functions independently of the voltage difference across the membrane.
Catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, the second step in glycolysis, and the reverse reaction during gluconeogenesis.
Belongs to the type IB topoisomerase family.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at the specific target site 5'-[CT]CCTTp site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 5'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand then undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 5'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone.
The C-terminal 2 residues are removed by ATG4 to expose Gly-117 at the C-terminus. The C-terminal Gly is then amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine by an activating system similar to that for ubiquitin.
Ubiquitin-like modifier involved in autophagosomes formation. May mediate the delivery of the autophagosomes to the vacuole via the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Bifunctional nuclease with both RNase and DNase activities. Involved in basal defense response. Participates in abscisic acid-derived callose deposition following infection by a necrotrophic pathogen.
Up-regulated by abscisic acid, etephon, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate.
Asparagine-specific endopeptidase that may be involved in processing of proteins targeted to vacuoles. Cysteine protease required for post-translational proteolysis of seed storage proteins in the protein storage vacuole (PSV) of developing seeds, by processing of proglutelin precursor to mature glutelin subunits, thus contributing to the formation of protein crystalline structures in PSV (Ref.1, PubMed:19154227, PubMed:19933265).
In PAK22, higher quantities of 57 kDa polypeptides and lower levels of 40 kDa acidic and 20 kDa basic glutelin subunits in seeds due to reduced vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) activity and leading to non-crystalline lattice structure of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs). Seedlings growth retardation.
Expressed in metaxylem and phloem of parenchyma cells and in sclerenchyma cells of developing leaf blades.
High-affinity glutamine synthetase involved in ammonium assimilation (PubMed:15918879, PubMed:21255162). Seems to be a major component of the cytosolic glutamine synthetic pathway in leaf blades (PubMed:15918879, PubMed:21255162). Plays an important role in maintaining carbon and nitrogen metabolic balance during ammonium assimilation in shoots and roots, thus controlling plant growth and development (PubMed:21255162, PubMed:24743556). Plays an important role in maintaining broad range of metabolites and transcripts involved in the maintenance of plant metabolic homeostasis and development of plastid in roots (PubMed:32024696).
Highly expressed in leaf blades, at intermediate levels in spikelets (rice flower) and at lower levels in roots.
Induced in roots under nitrogen-limited condition (PubMed:15574840, PubMed:23509111). Down-regulated in roots under ammonium supply (PubMed:17350935). Down-regulated by treatment with cadmium (PubMed:23743654).
Plants overexpressing GLN1-1 exhibit a poor plant growth phenotype and yield, and decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio in the stem caused by the accumulation of nitrogen in the stem.
Plants show marked reduction in leaf blades elongation, plant height, panicle size and grain filling.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Erg6/SMT family.
Catalyzes the methyl transfer from S-adenosyl-methionine to the methylene group of 24-methylene lophenol to form 24-ethylidene lophenol.
The stop codon at position 75 is created by RNA editing.
This protein is one of the chains of the nonenzymatic membrane component (F0) of mitochondrial ATPase.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosomes 6 and 7 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of these duplicated genes has not been demonstrated.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 4L family.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Core component of the splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junctions on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of core proteins and several peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. The EJC marks the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA for the gene expression machinery and the core components remain bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism thereby influencing downstream processes including nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Its RNA-dependent ATPase and RNA-helicase activities are induced by MLN51/CASC3, but abolished in presence of the MAGO-Y14 heterodimer, thereby trapping the ATP-bound EJC core onto spliced mRNA in a stable conformation. The inhibition of ATPase activity by the MAGO-Y14 heterodimer increases the RNA-binding affinity of the EJC (By similarity). EJC core proteins play essential roles in rice development, growth and reproduction. Regulates the splicing of UDT1 (UNDEVELOPED TAPETUM 1) pre-mRNA transcript. UDT1 is a key regulator in stamen development (PubMed:27071313).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX48/FAL1 subfamily.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and seeds.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, low tillering, late heading and low fertility phenotypes.
Involved in defense response. Required for NPR1/NH1-mediated resistance to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomomas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Required for pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression. May be involved in lignin biosynthesis.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants have reduced lignin content and increased sugar extractability. Mutant plants show enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomomas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).
Mitochondrial invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Calcium-binding peroxygenase involved in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies. May be involved in the interaction between oil bodies and vacuoles during seed germination and in the oxylipin signaling pathways and plant defense responses. Can catalyze sulfoxidation of thiobenzamide, hydroxylation of aniline and epoxidation of oleic acid (By similarity).
The proline-knot motif (120-129) may be involved in targeting to lipid bodies.
Transmembrane regions are predicted by sequence analysis tools, but these regions probably constitute hydrophobic domains associated to phospholipids.
A second gene codes only for the short cytoplasmic isoform of PPDK.
Activated by light-induced dephosphorylation. Inhibited by dark-induced phosphorylation. Both reactions are catalyzed by PDRP1.
Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate. The cytoplasmic isoform supports the biosynthetic processes in the nascent endosperm and provides an efficient mechanism for glycolytic ATP synthesis in oxygen depleted tissues. May be involved in regulating the flux of carbon into starch and fatty acids of seeds and in the remobilization of nitrogen reserves in senescing leaves.
Isoform 1 is only expressed in green leaves. Isoform 2 is found in roots, stems, rachis branches, leaf sheaths, green leaves and spikelets. The non-phosphorylated PPDK in mature seeds is endosperm-localized.
Massively expressed in 10 days post-pollination seeds and then shows a steep decline as seed maturation proceeds.
Phosphorylation of Thr-527 in the dark inactivates the enzyme. Dephosphorylation upon light stimulation reactivates the enzyme. Phosphorylation increases during the first 20 days post-pollination and then remains constant through the 40-day mature seed stage. Reactivation by dephosphorylation during germination is negligible.
Produced by alternative promoter usage. Cytoplasmic.
The N-terminal domain contains the ATP/Pi binding site, the central domain the pyrophosphate/phosphate carrier histidine, and the C-terminal domain the pyruvate binding site.
The reaction takes place in three steps, mediated by a phosphocarrier histidine residue located on the surface of the central domain. The two first partial reactions are catalyzed at an active site located on the N-terminal domain, and the third partial reaction is catalyzed at an active site located on the C-terminal domain. For catalytic turnover, the central domain swivels from the concave surface of the N-terminal domain to that of the C-terminal domain (By similarity).
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in roots and etiolated seedlings.
Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins.
Rhodanese domain-containing protein required for anchoring ferredoxin--NADP reductase to the thylakoid membranes and sustaining efficient linear electron flow (LEF).
Copper (Cu) transporter that plays an essential role in promoting translocation of Cu from roots to shoots. Involved in loading Cu to the xylem of the roots and other organs, including panicles.
Expressed in root pericycle cells, xylem region of diffuse vascular bundles in the first node, and vascular tissues of peduncle, rachis and husk.
Reduced grain yield. Increased levels of copper in roots. Decreased levels of copper in shoots and grains.
Weakly induced by high copper concentration.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS20 family.
Belongs to the polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase family.
Involved in the metabolism of all major classes of plastid RNAs. Required for efficient 3'-end processing of mRNAs and 3'-end maturation of rRNA transcripts, but is not sufficient to mediate their degradation. Mediates tRNA degradation. May function as a poly(A) mRNA 3'-5' degrading phosphorylase (By similarity).
Binds 5S rRNA, forms part of the central protuberance of the 50S subunit.
Part of the 50S ribosomal subunit; contacts the 5S rRNA.
Probable transcription factor that binds to the DNA specific sequence 5'-TGAGTCA-3' found in seed storage protein gene promoters.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosome 10 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of these duplicated genes (Os10g0355100, Os10g0527100) has not been demonstrated.
Key component of the F(0) channel; it plays a direct role in translocation across the membrane. A homomeric c-ring of between 10-14 subunits forms the central stalk rotor element with the F(1) delta and epsilon subunits.
Releases the supercoiling and torsional tension of DNA introduced during the DNA replication and transcription by transiently cleaving and rejoining one strand of the DNA duplex. Introduces a single-strand break via transesterification at a target site in duplex DNA. The scissile phosphodiester is attacked by the catalytic tyrosine of the enzyme, resulting in the formation of a DNA-(5'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate and the expulsion of a 3'-OH DNA strand. The free DNA strand than undergoes passage around the unbroken strand thus removing DNA supercoils. Finally, in the religation step, the DNA 3'-OH attacks the covalent intermediate to expel the active-site tyrosine and restore the DNA phosphodiester backbone (By similarity).
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. Plant cellulose synthase-like H subfamily.
Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family.
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity (By similarity).
Expressed in sheaths and meristems and at lower levels in roots and leaves.
Circadian-regulation under long day (LD) conditions. Expression increases after the beginning of the dark period, peaks at dawn, stays high four hours and gradually decreases until sunset.
Plants over-expressing CO3 display late flowering under short day (SD) conditions.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of flowering time under short day (SD) conditions. Functions as repressor of flowering under SD conditions, independently of HD1, EHD1, MADS50 and MADS51. Controls flowering time under SD conditions by negatively regulating the expression of HD3A and FTL.
Down-regulated by osmotic stress, chilling, drought and treatment with gibberellin and abscisic acid (ABA). Increased expression in the recovery (post-stress) phase of gibberellin and abscisic acid treatment or drought.
May function as water channel to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane.
Recovery of PIP1.1 expression after chilling is increased by pretreatment with mannitol.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, low tillering, lesion mimic, late heading and low fertility phenotypes.
By dithiothreitol- and tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (PubMed:24153418). Induced by heat shock (PubMed:23160806).
S-nitrosylated upon accumulation of NO in plants.
Arginine methyltransferase involved in the assembly or stability of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to putrescine, to produce coumaroyl putrescine.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (338-368) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Interacts with CDKB2-1, MRS2-F and MRS2-G.
Involved in the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition. May associate to CDKB2-1 and activate CDKB2-1 kinase activity to promote cell division.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Seems to contact the mother actin filament.
Dehydrogenase that can use N-acetyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde (NAGABald), gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde (GGBald), betaine aldehyde (Bet-ald), gamma-aminobutyraldehyde (GAB-ald), acetaldehyde, 4-aminobutylaldehyde (AB-ald), 3-aminopropionaldehyde (AP-ald), 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde (TMAB-ald) and 3-N-trimethylaminopropionaldehyde (TMAP-ald) as substrates. Catalyzes the oxidation of GAB-ald more efficiently than Bet-ald. May convert acetaldehyde into acetate, thus facilitating the production of acetyl-CoA in peroxisomes under anaerobic conditions.
Abnormal and almost sterile florets. Mosaic organs and disturbed identities of palea and lodicule. Extra carpels or spikelets.
Expressed during ovule development in the inner and outer integuments. Not detected in young panicles.
Expressed in the floral meristem. Highly expressed in lodicules. Expressed in palea and pistil. Weakly expressed in carpels, empty glumes and stamens. Not detected in lemmas.
May interact with the K-box of MADS1, MADS5, MADS7, MADS8, MADS14, MADS15, MADS16, MADS17 and MADS18. May interact with MADS13. The dimer composed of MADS6 and MADS18 forms a ternary complex with histone fold protein NF-YB1.
Probable transcription factor. Regulates floral organ identity and floral meristem determinacy. May be involved in the control of flowering time.
PsaD can form complexes with ferredoxin and ferredoxin-oxidoreductase in photosystem I (PS I) reaction center. PSAD may encode the ferredoxin-docking protein.
Expressed in developing seeds at low levels from 5 to 20 days after flowering (DAF).
Plants over-expressing RISBZ5/BZIP52 showed significantly increased sensitivity to cold and drought stresses.
Probable transcription factor that binds to the DNA specific sequence 5'-TGAGTCA-3' found in seed storage protein gene promoters (PubMed:11133985). May function as a negative regulator in cold and drought stress responses (PubMed:22189955).
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 41 family. O-GlcNAc transferase subfamily.
Probable O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) involved in various processes such as gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. OGTs catalyze the addition of nucleotide-activated sugars directly onto the polypeptide through O-glycosidic linkage with the hydroxyl of serine or threonine. Probably acts by adding O-linked sugars to yet unknown proteins (By similarity).
ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of misfolded, unassembled or oxidatively damaged polypeptides as well as certain short-lived regulatory proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. May also have a chaperone function in the assembly of inner membrane protein complexes. Participates in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and in the maintenance of the integrity of the mitochondrial genome. Binds to mitochondrial DNA in a site-specific manner.
Homohexamer or homoheptamer. Organized in a ring with a central cavity.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show a loss of susceptibility to rice dwarf virus (RDV) (PubMed:18980655). Plants carrying rim1 mutations show a phenotype of root growth inhibition, semi-dwarf phenotype with short roots, and sometimes twisted leaf tips (PubMed:20015061). Mutant plants maintain green leaves at the age of senescence (PubMed:31911455).
Transcription factor that functions as a regulator of the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway (PubMed:20015061). May regulate the expression of genes encoding JA biosynthetic enzymes, such as lipoxygenase 7 (CM-LOX1), allene oxide synthase 2 (AOS2) and OPDA reductase 7 (OPR7) (PubMed:20015061). Involved in abscisic acid-induced leaf senescence (PubMed:31911455). Activates the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling-associated gene ABI5 and the senescence-associated gene NYC1 by directly binding to the mitochondrial dysfunction motif (MDM) present in their promoters (PubMed:31911455). Possesses transcriptional activator activity in yeast (PubMed:18980655). Required for the multiplication of the rice dwarf virus (RDV) (PubMed:18980655).
Under exposure to jasmonate (JA), NAC54 is degraded via the 26S proteasome-dependent pathway (PubMed:20015061). Plants overexpressing NAC54 show early leaf yellowing under dark- and abscisic acid-induced senescence conditions (PubMed:31911455).
Down-regulated by treatment with atrazine.
Expressed in root tips, leaves, inflorescences and panicles.
Probable xyloglucan xylosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan in roots.
Root hair phenotype, characterized by short root hairs with bubble-like extrusions at the tip.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS6 subunit family.
By salt and drougt stresses, H(2)O(2), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed in the roots, stems, leaves and spikelets.
Involved in the synthesis of both tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), which presumably protect photosynthetic complexes from oxidative stress. Catalyzes the conversion of 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMPQ) to delta- and gamma-tocopherol respectively. Converts also 2,3-dimethyl-5-geranylgeranyl-1,4-hydroquinone (DMGQ) to gamma-tocotrienol (By similarity).
Plants overexpressing VTE1 show increased tolerance to salt stress with reduced H(2)O(2) levels. Plants silencing VTE1 show enhanced sensitivity to salt stress with increased H(2)O(2) levels.
Catalyzes the 2-beta-hydroxylation of several biologically active gibberellins, leading to the homeostatic regulation of their endogenous level. Catabolism of gibberellins (GAs) plays a central role in plant development (PubMed:18952778, PubMed:20171575). In vitro, converts GA12 and GA53 to the corresponding 2-beta-hydroxylated products GA110 and GA97, respectively.
Expressed in panicles. Expressed at low levels in young shoots, leaf blades and elongating internodes.
Plants overexpressing GA2OX6 exhibit extremely dwarf phenotype and are unable to achieve phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. This phenotype can be rescued by application of exogenous gibberellin (GA3).
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo5/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL21 family.
Belongs to the WD repeat NOL10/ENP2 family.
Belongs to the aromatic acid exporter (TC 2.A.85) family.
Component of the ESCRT-II complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport II), which is required for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs.
Involved in the synthesis of tocopherol (vitamin E). Catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate and phytyl diphosphate to form dimethylphytylhydroquinone (By similarity).
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase family.
Catalyzes the hydroxylation of the N(6)-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine intermediate to form hypusine, an essential post-translational modification only found in mature eIF-5A factor.
Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA) required for DNA recombination, repair and replication. The activity of RPA is mediated by single-stranded DNA binding and protein interactions. Probably involved in repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by genotoxic stresses (By similarity).
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA2C.
Induced by heat stress (PubMed:23994682). Induced by wounding (PubMed:23246835). Down-regulated by UV irradiation (PubMed:23246835).
Involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism by mediating the activation of a number of hydroxycinnamates for the biosynthesis of monolignols and other phenolic secondary metabolites (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Catalyzes the formation of CoA esters of cinnamate, 4-coumarate, caffeate and ferulate (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Is also able to convert sinapate to its corresponding CoA ester, a reaction that is rarely observed in 4CL catalysis (PubMed:21807887). Is more efficient with substrates in the following order: ferulate > 4-coumarate > sinapate > caffeate > cinnamate (PubMed:21807887). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioesters (By similarity).
Belongs to the four-carbon acid sugar kinase family.
As part of the NSL complex it is involved in acetylation of nucleosomal histone H4 on several lysine residues and therefore may be involved in the regulation of transcription.
Component of the NSL complex at least composed of MOF/KAT8, KANSL1, KANSL2, KANSL3, MCRS1, PHF20, OGT1/OGT, WDR5 and HCFC1.
Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the photoreactivation of pyrimidine [6-4] pyrimidone photoproduct (6-4 products) (By similarity).
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein (By similarity).
Highly expressed in flowers and at lower levels in roots and leaves.
Reversibly transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to 4'-phosphopantetheine, yielding dephospho-CoA (dPCoA) and pyrophosphate. Does not accept 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine as a substrate (By similarity).
Bifunctional DNA N-glycosylase with associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase function that catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER), the primary repair pathway for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. The DNA N-glycosylase activity releases the damaged DNA base from DNA by cleaving the N-glycosidic bond, leaving an AP site. The AP lyase activity cleaves the phosphodiester bond 3' to the AP site by a beta-elimination. Primarily recognizes and repairs oxidative base damage of pyrimidines.
Binds 1 [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cluster does not appear to play a role in catalysis, but is probably involved in the proper positioning of the enzyme along the DNA strand.
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaves, ears and roots (including root tips).
Intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease (I-CLiP) that cleaves type II membrane signal peptides in the hydrophobic plane of the membrane. Catalyzes intramembrane proteolysis of some signal peptides after they have been cleaved from a preprotein, resulting in the release of the fragment from the ER membrane into the cytoplasm.
Strongly expressed in vegetative shoot apex, young panicle, developing panicle, and the early developing florets.
Probable cloning artifact leading to an internal deletion.
Acetyltransferase enzyme. Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-2 is the initiator.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may be involved in the redox regulation of chloroplastic enzymes.
Plants overexpressing IRO3 are hypersensitive to iron deficiency.
Strongly induced by iron deficiency, both in roots and shoots.
Transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of the iron deficiency response (PubMed:20699001). Suppresses the induction of iron deficiency responsive genes, such as NAS1, NAS2, IRO2, IRT1, YSL15, and NRAMP1 (PubMed:20699001).
Expressed in leaf vascular tissues (PubMed:18223202). Specifically expressed in the phloem including companion cells (PubMed:28254780).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a peak at dawn and then decreasing to reach the lowest levels early in the night in SD conditions.
Probable mobile flower-promoting signal (florigen) that moves from the leaf to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and induces flowering. Promotes the transition from vegetative growth to flowering under long day (LD) conditions. Acts upstream of MADS14 and MADS15. May also participate in the promotion of flowering under short day (SD) conditions.
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed at low levels in roots and shoots.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites (By similarity).
Putative zinc finger that may be involved in programmed cell death and defense response.
May be due to a competing donor splice site.
Down-regulated by 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin efflux inhibitor.
Plants develop short elongated root hair with kinks and swellings along their length.
Specifically expressed in root hair cells.
Thought to be a Golgi-localized beta-glycan synthase that polymerize the backbones of noncellulosic polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) of plant cell wall. Required for synthesis of a cell wall polysaccharide essential for root hair elongation, but not initiation. May be the functional ortholog of Arabidopsis CSLD3/KOJAK.
Expressed in developing caryopses from 1 to 5 days after flowering (DAF) and then declines to nearly undetectable levels by 15 DAF.
Responsible for the transport of sucrose into the cell, with the concomitant uptake of protons (symport system). Can also transport other glucosides such as maltose, arbutin, salicin, helicin, alpha-phenylglucoside and beta-phenylglucoside.
Activated by hyperosmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
May play a role in signal transduction of hyperosmotic response (Probable). Together with PYL10, PP2C53 and SAPK10, may form an abscisic acid (ABA) signaling module involved in stress response (PubMed:26491145).
Neither induced by hyperosmotic stress nor by ABA.
The C-terminal region is necessary for the kinase activation in response to ABA treatment.
Non-functional allele of the RF2 fertility restorer of rice varieties with LD-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) (PubMed:21265890). Non-functional RF2 alleles are found in japonica cultivars Taichung 65 and Nipponbare (AC F1SZ44), and is due to the presence of Thr-78 which replaces Ile-78 in the functional allele (PubMed:21265890). Functional allele is found in the japonica cultivars Fukuyama and Owarihatamochi (AC F1SZ42), and indica cultivar Kasalath (AC F1SZ41) (PubMed:21265890).
Specifically expressed during anther development, from the uninucleate pollen stage to the tricellular pollen stage, with the highest expression at the tricellular pollen stage.
Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family.
Belongs to the DNA mismatch repair MutS family.
Involved in meiotic recombination. Required for reciprocal recombination and proper segregation of homologous chromosomes at meiosis. Promotes homologous recombination through facilitating chiasma formation during prophase I. Involved in the control of class I crossover (interference-sensitive crossover) formation.
Normal vegetative growth but severe reduction in fertility due to a decrease in chiasma frequency at metaphase I of meiosis.
Catalyzes a two-step oxygenase reaction involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll b. Acts specifically on the non-esterified chlorophyllide a and not on chlorophyll a.
Consists of three domains A, B and C. The C-terminal C domain possesses catalytic function while the N-terminal A domain confers protein instability in response to chlorophyll b accumulation.
Down-regulated by treatment with H(2)O(2).
Expressed in leaves and germinating seedlings, but not in sheaths and roots.
Catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate, providing phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 29 family.
Phosphorylated to form H2AXS139ph (gamma-H2AX) in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by exogenous genotoxic agents and by stalled replication forks, and may also occur during meiotic recombination events. Phosphorylation can extend up to several thousand nucleosomes from the actual site of the DSB and may mark the surrounding chromatin for recruitment of proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair. Widespread phosphorylation may also serve to amplify the damage signal or aid repair of persistent lesions. H2AXS139ph in response to ionizing radiation is mediated by ATM while defects in DNA replication induce H2AXS139ph subsequent to activation of ATR. Dephosphorylation of H2AXS139ph by PP2A is required for DNA DSB repair (By similarity).
The [ST]-Q motif constitutes a recognition sequence for kinases from the PI3/PI4-kinase family.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with numerous proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair when phosphorylated on Ser-135 (By similarity).
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2AXS139ph = phosphorylated Ser-135.
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the DNA2/NAM7 helicase family. SDE3 subfamily.
A partial loss-of-function allele of NAL1 is associated with high photosynthesis rate, high number of spikelets and high grain yield.
Expressed in leaf sheaths, leaf blades, culms and panicles (PubMed:18562767). Preferentially expressed in vascular tissues in leaves and culms (PubMed:18562767).
Involved in the regulation of lateral leaf growth (PubMed:18562767, PubMed:22179305, PubMed:23985993). May be involved in the regulation of basipetal polar auxin transport (PAT) and vascular patterning in leaves (PubMed:18562767). Controls photosynthesis rate by regulating carboxylation efficiency and consequently photosynthesis rate (PubMed:23985993). Controls panicle and spikelet numbers, and grain yield (PubMed:23985993, PubMed:24297875, PubMed:24795339).
Narrow leaf phenotype (PubMed:18562767). Reduced leaf blade width and plant height (PubMed:18562767). Altered internode elongation pattern (PubMed:18562767). Altered vascular patterns in leaves and culms (PubMed:18562767).
Utilization of photosynthesis-related QTLs can enhance high-yield breeding and provide a new strategy for achieving increased rice productivity.
Expressed at low levels in roots and leaves (Ref.5). Expressed in roots, stem bases, stems, leaves and young panicles (PubMed:19825657).
Induced by drought stress, salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA).
Plants overexpressing NAC022 exhibit enhanced tolerance to drought stress and salt stress.
Transcription activator that binds sequence-specific DNA motifs. Involved in stress response. Plays a positive role in drought and salt stress tolerance through the modulation of abscisic acid-mediated signaling.
By salt, mannitol, cold, methyl viologen and abscisic acid (ABA).
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Involved in abiotic stress response. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRB family specifically reduces the MetSO R-enantiomer.
Lacks the conserved cysteine (here Thr-148) required for the reduction by thioredoxins (TRX) through a dithiol-disulfide exchange involving both redox-active Cys of TRX and MSRB. The reduction mechanism may occur through sulfenic acid formation on the catalytic cysteine (Cys-202).
Expressed in roots (PubMed:19798512). Expressed at low levels in panicles (PubMed:19798512). Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, stems, anthers of young flowers, shells, and developing grains (PubMed:25995326).
Induced by wounding and metyhl jasmonate.
Plants silencing EIL2 exhibit insensitivity in ethylene-promoted coleoptile elongation.
Transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway (PubMed:19798512, PubMed:25995326). Involved in wound signaling by binding specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-ATGTACCT-3' found in the promoter of some wound-inducible genes (PubMed:19798512). Required for ethylene-promoted coleoptile elongation (PubMed:25995326). Acts as negative regulator of salt tolerance (PubMed:25995326). During salt stress, activates the cation transporter HKT1, which mediates increased sodium uptake in roots, and contributes to sodium accumulation and salt toxicity (PubMed:25995326). Possesses transactivation activity in protoplasts (PubMed:25995326).
Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function (By similarity).
Belongs to the transaldolase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Transaldolase is important for the balance of metabolites in the pentose-phosphate pathway.
Belongs to the DODA-type extradiol aromatic ring-opening dioxygenase family.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-34; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-146.
Probable UDP-L-arabinose mutase involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
Reversibly glycosylated in vitro at Arg-158 by UDP-glucose. Reversibly glycosylated by UDP-xylose and UDP-galactose.
Expressed in developing seeds from 1 to 15 days after flowering (DAF).
Involved in synthesis of starch. Catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose, a molecule that serves as an activated glycosyl donor for alpha-1,4-glucan synthesis. The chloroplastic isoform 1 is essential for starch synthesis in leaf chloroplasts and the cytosolic isoform 2 for synthesis in seed endosperm.
This protein plays a role in synthesis of starch. It catalyzes the synthesis of the activated glycosyl donor, ADP-glucose from Glc-1-P and ATP.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, anthers, ovaries and embryos.
Induced by glucose, sucrose and salt stress.
Mediates active uptake of hexoses by sugar:proton symport (Probable). Can transport glucose, fructose, mannose and galactose (PubMed:17874189, PubMed:18506478). Can transport xylose and ribose (PubMed:18506478).
Catalyzes the synthesis of the hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) moiety of thiamine from aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) in a radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent reaction.
A two nucleotide mutation at the miRNA396c target site results in elevated transcript levels of GRF4, and the accumulation of GRF4 leads to enlarged cell size and increased cell number, which in turn results in enhanced grain weight and yield.
Expressed in stems (PubMed:27107174). Expressed in panicles (PubMed:26187814, PubMed:27250747, PubMed:27250749, PubMed:27107174).
Interacts with GIF1 (PubMed:27250747, PubMed:27250749, PubMed:27107174). Interacts with GSK2 (PubMed:27250747).
Plants over-expressing GRF4 exhibit increased grain length, width and weight (PubMed:27107174). Plants silencing GRF4 exhibit dwarfism, delayed growth and inflorescence formation (PubMed:24532604).
The QLQ domain and WRC domain may be involved in protein-protein interaction and DNA-binding, respectively (Probable). The C-terminal region downstream of the QLQ and WRC domains is necessary for transactivation activity (PubMed:26187814, PubMed:27250747, PubMed:27107174).
The microRNA396c negatively regulates GRF4 at the transcriptional level.
Transactivation activity is repressed by GSK2.
Transcription activator that plays a role in the regulation of meristematic function in leaves, stems and inflorescences (PubMed:24532604). Transcription activator that plays a regulatory role in grain development (PubMed:26187814, PubMed:27250747, PubMed:27250749, PubMed:26936408, PubMed:27107174). Positively regulates grain size by promoting cell division and expansion, leading to increased grain length and width (PubMed:26187814, PubMed:27250747, PubMed:27250749, PubMed:26936408, PubMed:27107174). Positively regulates the expression of genes promoting cell proliferation (PubMed:26187814, PubMed:26936408). Activates the expression of expansin genes to promote cell expansion and grain size (PubMed:27250747). May promote grain size by activating brassinosteroid responses (PubMed:27250747). Component of a network formed by the microRNA396 (miRNA396), the GRFs and their interacting factors (GIFs) acting in the regulation of meristem function, at least partially through the control of cell proliferation (Probable). Component of the miRNA396c-GRF4-GIF1 regulatory module that plays an important role in grain size determination (Probable) (PubMed:27250747, PubMed:27250749, PubMed:27107174).
Expressed in roots, leaf blades and leaf sheaths. Expressed at low levels in stems and spikelets.
Functions in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling downstream of BZIP23. Acts as antagonistic and negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Binds to BAK1 and inhibits its interaction with the BR receptor BRI1. Inhibits the formation and subsequent activation of the BRI1-BAK1 receptor complex.
Phosphorylated by BRI1. Phosphorylation reduces the binding affinity to BAK1.
Plants over-expressing REM4.1 are dwarf, with dark-green, short and wide flat leaf blades, short panicles, spikelets and grains, narrow bending angle of the lamina joint, and short leaf epidermis cells.
Induced by benzothiadiazole (BTH) (PubMed:17601827). Induced by sphingolipid elicitor and chitin elicitor, and a compatible race of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:22437844).
Expressed in the whole embryo from 2 to 4 days after pollination (DAP). At 6 DAP, expressed in the regions where the shoot and radicle are developing, and in the aleurone layers and the outermost cell layers of the endosperm. Later, in the embryo development, expressed in vascular tissue, coleoptile, leaf, shoot meristem, radicle, scutellum and epiblast. In mature embryo (20 DAP), expression levels decrease.
Interacts with RAD23 (PubMed:9225866). Interacts (via N-terminus) with TRAB1 (PubMed:10611387). Interacts with ABI5 (PubMed:17604002).
Probable transcription factor that may participate in abscisic acid-regulated gene expression during seed development. May be required for seed maturation and dormancy induction.
Heterodimer with MAGO1 (PubMed:24416299, PubMed:25230811, PubMed:24820023). Heterodimer with MAGO2 (PubMed:24416299, PubMed:24820023). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC); the core complex contains MLN51/CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGO and Y14 (Probable).
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 2 family.
Highly expressed in young panicles and immature seeds. Weakly expressed in roots and leaves. Expressed in stem and sheath (at protein level).
Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpsb subfamily.
Binds 3 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
Involved in monoterpene (C10) biosynthesis. The major product is S-(+)-linalool. Linalool production is induced by jasmonate in response to pathogen attack, it possesses antibacterial activity and is important for resistance to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Plants over-expressing linalool synthase display enhanced resistance to Xoo.
Associates with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. It remains bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex up to the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome.
Belongs to the TFIIF alpha subunit family.
TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UEV subfamily.
Belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 4 family.
Activated by autophosphorylation in response to salt stress.
Autophosphorylated at Thr-511, Thr-515 or Thr-516, and Thr-521 in response to salt stress (PubMed:31221736). Dephosphorylated by phosphatase 2A in response to salt stress (PubMed:31221736).
Lectin-domain containing receptor kinase involved in salt stress response (PubMed:24907341). Acts as negative regulator of salt tolerance (PubMed:24907341). Mediates salt sensitivity by phosphorylating and activating MPK3 and MPK6 (PubMed:24907341). Promotes ethylene production and mediates salt-induced ethylene signaling (PubMed:24907341). Promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salt stress conditions (PubMed:24907341). Its kinase activity is triggered by salt stress and is required for its function in salt stress response (PubMed:24907341). Phosphorylates B'KAPPA, a B regulatory subunit of phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (PubMed:31221736).
Plants silencing SIT1 exhibit increased tolerance to salt stress.
May be involved in a rapid plant ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate)-mediated response to pathogens and other stresses.
Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family.
Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA methyltransferase RlmE family. TRM7 subfamily.
Methylates the 2'-O-ribose of nucleotides at positions 32 and 34 of the tRNA anticodon loop of substrate tRNAs.
Belongs to the MurCDEF family. MurE subfamily.
Required for the activity of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and full expression of genes transcribed by PEP.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) from chorismate and glutamine. In the first step, a glutamine amidotransferase generates ammonia that is channelled between the binding sites of glutamine and chorismate and used along with chorismate in the second step, catalyzed by aminodeoxychorismate synthase, to produce ADC. Required for the synthesis of 4-aminobenzoate (PABA), an important component in tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. Does not possess ADC lyase activity (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the anthranilate synthase component I family.
The PABA component provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity.
The PABB component catalyzes the formation of ADC by binding chorismate and ammonia.
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes two different reactions involved in the biotin biosynthesis.
Catalyzes a mechanistically unusual reaction, the ATP-dependent insertion of CO2 between the N7 and N8 nitrogen atoms of 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA) to form an ureido ring.
Catalyzes the transfer of the alpha-amino group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA) to form 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA). It is the only aminotransferase known to utilize SAM as an amino donor (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. BioA subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the dethiobiotin synthetase family.
Catalyzes the formation of the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch by scission of a 1,4-alpha-linked oligosaccharide from growing alpha-1,4-glucan chains and the subsequent attachment of the oligosaccharide to the alpha-1,6 position.
Isoform 2 lacks the putative transit peptide and may be a cytosolic isoform.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, lesion mimic, low tillering, late heading and low fertility phenotypes.
Transcriptional activator that binds specific DNA sequence. Functions as a response regulator involved in His-to-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system. Phosphorylation of the Asp residue in the receiver domain activates the ability of the protein to promote the transcription of target genes. May directly activate some type-A response regulators in response to cytokinins (By similarity). Functions as a response regulator in response to cytokinins (PubMed:22383541).
May be involved in the early secretory pathway.
Probably involved in the RNA silencing pathway. May cleave double-stranded RNA to produce short 21-24 nucleotides (nt) RNAs which target the selective destruction of complementary RNAs (By similarity).
Aminopeptidase that preferentially cleaves di- and tripeptides. Also has low epoxide hydrolase activity (in vitro). Can hydrolyze the epoxide leukotriene LTA(4) but it forms preferentially 5,6-dihydroxy-7,9,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid rather than the cytokine leukotriene B(4) as the product compared to the homologous mammalian enzyme (in vitro).
Expressed with a circadian rhythm showing a broad peak in the middle day under long day (LD) conditiions.
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-114), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of flowering time under long day (LD) conditions. Functions as repressor of flowering. Controls flowering time by negatively regulating the expression of HD3A (PubMed:23713079, PubMed:25378698). Acts downstream of the phytochrome B to repress the expression of EHD1, an activator of the flowering promoter genes HD3A and RFT1 (PubMed:25378698). Controls photoperiodic flowering response. Seems to be one of the component of the circadian clock. Expression of several members of the ARR-like family is controlled by circadian rhythm. The particular coordinated sequential expression of PRR73, PRR37, PRR95, PRR59 and PPR1 result to circadian waves that may be at the basis of the endogenous circadian clock (By similarity).
The cultivar Kitaake contains a non-synonymous substitution of the conserved residue Leu-710 to Pro-710, which confers a reduced photoperiod sensitivity (PS) response, early flowering, and allows the cultivar Kitaake to grow in high latitudes with long photoperiod conditions.
Expressed ubiquitously (PubMed:21984902). Accumulates particularly in reproductive tissues, especially in maturing seeds (PubMed:15653800, PubMed:20423940).
Possesses beta-amylase activity in vitro (PubMed:21512221). May be involved in cold resistance by mediating the accumulation of maltose upon freezing stress, thus contributing to the protection of membranes (Probable).
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis. Transfers the first alpha-1,4-mannose to GlcN-acyl-PI during GPI precursor assembly.
Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH).
Belongs to the actin family. ARP2 subfamily.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3'. Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity- and dehydration-inducible transcription. Confers resistance to high salt, cold and drought stress.
Expressed in the root cap and in the exodermis of the root, in the root tip of lateral roots, in the mesophyll cells of the leaf, in pollen, vascular cylinder of the anther and the veins of the lemma, palea and pistils, and in the xylem and phloem regions of large vascular bundles, small vascular bundles and diffuse vascular bundles in node I (PubMed:26082401).
Expressed throughout all stages of plant growth. Increased expression in leaves before the booting stage.
Transcription factor involved in phosphate starvation signaling (PubMed:26082401). Binds to P1BS, an imperfect palindromic sequence 5'-GNATATNC-3', to promote the expression of inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation-responsive genes (PubMed:26082401). Functionally redundant with PHR1 and PHR2 in regulating Pi starvation response and Pi homeostasis (PubMed:26082401).
Up-regulated under Pi starvation conditions.
By gibberellin. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and seeds.
Highly expressed in roots, at intermediate levels in stems and at lower levels in leaves.
Involved in the biosynthesis of ent-kaurene diterpenoids natural products (PubMed:16861806, PubMed:17456599). Catalyzes the conversion of ent-copalyl diphosphate to ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene (PubMed:16861806, PubMed:17456599).
Abundance in leaves follows a light-dependent rhythm with an oscillating expression pattern peaking early in the light period (PubMed:21398647, PubMed:23331502). Inhibited by water stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in a concentration-dependent manner (PubMed:21398647, PubMed:23331502). Enhanced by ABA biosynthesis inhibitors nordihydroguaiaretic acid and tungstate under water stress (PubMed:21398647). Slightly affected by high salinity and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) treatments (PubMed:23331502). Accumulates upon infection by the bacterial blight agent X.oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) strain PXO99 (PubMed:27185545). Repressed by cadmium (Cd) (PubMed:28969789).
Activated by STRK1-mediated phosphorylation at Tyr-210 upon salt and oxidative stress.
Highly expressed in mature leaves (PubMed:21979082, PubMed:21398647, PubMed:22106097, PubMed:23331502, PubMed:26900141, PubMed:28969789, PubMed:29464319). Mainly expressed in leaf blades, stems, panicles, leaf sheaths, and culms, but barely in roots (PubMed:22106097, PubMed:23331502, PubMed:29464319).
Impaired catalase activity in leaves. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in leaves, which consequently promotes nitric oxide (NO) production via the activation of nitrate reductase, thus leading to subsequent NO-mediated leaf cell death, as well as increased S-nitrosylation of specific proteins including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and thioredoxin (PubMed:22106097, PubMed:23331502). Leaf bleaching and cell death; these phenotypes are reversed by melatonin treatment (PubMed:25912474). Increased tolerance to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) (PubMed:25958266).
Occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Responsible for the redox homeostasis in leaves. Prevents nitric oxide (NO) accumulation and subsequent NO-mediated leaf cell death as well as the S-nitrosylation of specific proteins (e.g. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and thioredoxin) by degrading H(2)O(2) (PubMed:22106097, PubMed:23331502). Involved in photorespiration. Promotes drought stress tolerance and recovery (Ref.13). Involved in NO-mediated enhanced tolerance to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)-induced phytotoxicity (PubMed:25958266). Participates in melatonin-mediated detoxification (PubMed:25912474).
Expressed in the parenchyma cells of the root stele and lateral roots, vascular tissues of vein and leaf sheath, ligule base, auricle base and stem base.
Increased number of tillers, reduced plant height, and elevated levels of strigolactones.
Interacts with D53 (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24336215, PubMed:25713176). The interaction between D53 and D14 is enhanced in the presence of strigolactones (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24336215). The interaction with D53 occurs in the presence of (2'R) stereoisomers of strigolactones, but not (2'S) stereoisomers (PubMed:25713176). Interacts with SLR1 in a strigolactone-dependent manner (PubMed:24131983). Interacts with D3 in a strigolactone-dependent manner (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24336215, PubMed:24616269).
Involved in strigolactone (SL) signaling pathway. May function downstream of SL synthesis, as a component of hormone signaling or as an enzyme that participates in the conversion of SL to the bioactive form. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds (PubMed:19579033, PubMed:19542179, PubMed:23301669). Strigolactone-dependent association of D14 with D3 and D53 (a repressor of SL signaling) triggers D53 ubiquitination and degradation (PubMed:24336200, PubMed:24616269). Hydrolyzes the butenolide ring of SLs (PubMed:23381136, PubMed:24131983). A reaction product D-OH is trapped in the cavity of D14, inducing the interaction with SLR1, and probably with other proteins such as D3 and D53 (PubMed:24131983). Contributes to the negative regulation of gibberellin signaling (PubMed:24131983).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, spikelets and embryos.
Isoform 1 is expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and flowers. Isoform 2 is expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and flowers.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 77 family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase F subunit family.
Belongs to the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase family.
Plant MTHFRs strongly prefer NADH over NADPH. Not inhibited by methionine or S-adenosylmethionine (By similarity).
The probable reversibility of the MTHFR reaction in plants suggests that they can metabolize the methyl group of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to serine, sugars and starch.
Interacts with PYL3, PYL5, PYL9 and PYL10. Binding to PYL3, PYL5, PYL9 and PYL10 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA). Interacts with SAPK10.
Protein phosphatase involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Together with PYL3 and SAPK10, may form an ABA signaling module involved in stress response.
Catalyzes the 2-beta-hydroxylation of several biologically active gibberellins (GAs), leading to the homeostatic regulation of their endogenous level (PubMed:18952778, PubMed:24475234). Catabolism of GAs plays a central role in plant development (PubMed:18952778, PubMed:24475234). In vitro, converts GA12 and GA53 to the corresponding 2-beta-hydroxylated products GA110 and GA97, respectively (PubMed:18952778).
Expressed in roots, leaves, culms, leaf sheaths and young panicles.
Plant overexpressing GA2OX5 exhibit an extremely dwarf phenotype.
Calli overexpressing YUCCA1 exhibit high levels of auxin, low regeneration frequency, overgrowing roots, and abnormal root morphology (PubMed:17220367, PubMed:29740464). Plants silencing YUCCA1 exhibit severe dwarfism, inhibition of shoot elongation and root formation and elongation (PubMed:17220367).
Expressed in coleoptile tips, root tips, leaf blade tips, shoot apical meristem, vasculature of stems and flowers.
Involved in auxin biosynthesis (PubMed:17220367, PubMed:29740464). Converts the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) produced by the TAA family to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (Probable). Functions downstream of TAR2 in auxin biosynthesis (PubMed:29740464). Functions upstream of WOX11, a transcription factor that promotes the development of crown roots (PubMed:29740464).
Expressed at low levels in spikelets (rice flower).
Glutamine synthetase involved in ammonium assimilation.
Cysteine protease that may play a role in pollen development (PubMed:15356393). May be regulated by the transcription factor UDT1 in developing anthers and play a role in tapetum development (PubMed:16141453). Positively regulated by the transcription factor TDR in developing anthers and may play a role in tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) (PubMed:17138695).
Highly expressed in the tapetum and developing pollen of the anther locules. Weakly expressed in root and germinating seed, hardly in the anther-less-flower and not detected in leaf.
Plants show overall delay of growth and development, and mature plants are dwarf. Panicle of CP1 mutant contains several flowers which remain unfertilized due to the abnormal development of the pollen.
Appears to function as a stable post-translational protein modifier.
Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, and DNA-damage responses. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity).
Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there is one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either L40 or S27A) or to an ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
The primary product of this enzyme is 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed naringenin-chalcone or chalcone) which can under specific conditions spontaneously isomerize into naringenin.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt (PubMed:18326788). Induced by D-allose (PubMed:23397192). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:25418692, PubMed:25735958).
By methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:21332845). Induced by drought and salt stresses (PubMed:19618278).
Interacts with COI1A (PubMed:21332845). Interacts with COI1A and COI1B in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) (PubMed:23320078).
The jas domain (335-359) is required for interaction with COI1.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.
Component of an intracellular receptor complex involved in the detection of the smoke compound karrikin.
Expressed constitutively in all organs (e.g. roots, stems, leaves, panicles and embryos).
Loss of responsiveness to and symbiosis with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis and Gigaspora rosea characterized by the absence of physical contact and of characteristic transcriptional responses to fungal signals.
May be involved in strigolactone signaling pathway (By similarity). Essential for plant responses to karrikins, a class of butenolide compounds, structurally similar to strigolactones, released from burning vegetation that stimulate seed germination and enhance seedling photomorphogenesis. Mediates a specific perception of karrikin. Required for the establishment of symbiosis with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis and Gigaspora rosea (PubMed:26680197). Karrikin binding induces a conformational change (By similarity).
Core component of the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the building blocks of the spliceosome.
Involved in providing solanesyl diphosphate for plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) formation.
Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) family.
Contains three disulfide bonds; one catalytic disulfide (Cys-119 to Cys-122), one structural disulfide (Cys-148 to Cys-165), and one shuttle disulfide (Cys-177 to Cys-182).
FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that catalyzes disulfide bond formation (By similarity). Required for the import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Forms a redox cycle with MIA40 that involves a disulfide relay system. Important for maintaining the cysteine residues in MIA40 in an oxidized state (By similarity).
Glycosyltransferase involved in the xylosylation of xylan, the major hemicellulose (non-cellulosic component) of primary and secondary walls of angiosperms (PubMed:29325159). Possesses beta-1,2-xylosyltransferase activity, transferring xylose from UDP-xylose to the xylan backbone (PubMed:29325159). Catalyzes the addition of 2-O-xylosyl side chains to the xylan backbone (PubMed:29325159).
Belongs to the peroxisomal targeting signal receptor family.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 23 family.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I6 (cereal trypsin/alpha-amylase inhibitor) family.
Expressed in roots, root tips, shoot apical meristem (SAM), young leaves, flag leaves and ears.
Interacts (via CS domain) with RAR1 (via CHORD 2 domain). Interacts with RAD6.
Involved in basal disease resistance to bacterial blight (X.oryzae). May act as positive regulator of basal defense. Probably required for SCF-mediated ubiquitination, by coupling HSP90 to SCF complex for ubiquitination of HSP90 client proteins.
Expressed in leaf sheaths and suspension cultured cells.
Component of the cytoplasmic LSM1-LSM7 complex which is involved in mRNA degradation.
Component of the heptameric LSM1-LSM7 complex that forms a seven-membered ring structure with a donut shape.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Can also form homotetramers.
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase that catalyzes a cation-dependent cleavage of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, a key step in ketogenesis. Terminal step in leucine catabolism. Ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are essential as an alternative source of energy to glucose, as lipid precursors and as regulators of metabolism.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA13 subunit family.
Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis.
By infection with an avirulent race of rice blast fungus (M.grisea) and sphingolipid elicitors (PubMed:12237405). Down-regulated by a virulent race of rice blast fungus (M.grisea) (PubMed:12237405). Down-regulated by 24-epi-brassinolide (PubMed:17117160).
Dwarf plants and small seeds (PubMed:10377457, PubMed:10468600). Short internodes, leaves and panicles (PubMed:10377457).
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site (PubMed:15078334). Interacts with COLD1 (PubMed:25728666). Interacts with TUD1 (PubMed:23526892).
G proteins are composed of 3 units; alpha, beta and gamma. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems (Probable). May function in a signal transduction pathway required for normal growth and development of internodes, leaves, panicles and seeds (PubMed:10377457). Involved in gibberellin signal transduction (PubMed:10468600, PubMed:11027362). Involved in R gene-mediated disease resistance. Functions upstream of the small GTPase RAC1 in the early steps of signaling (PubMed:12237405). Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) response. May not be a signaling molecule in BRI1-mediated perception or transduction (PubMed:17117160, PubMed:19036785). Acts together with the E3 ubiquitin ligase TUD1 to mediate a BR signaling pathway that affects plant growth and development (PubMed:23526892).
Highly expressed in young internodes. Expressed in the base of the stamen, pistil, lemma, and palea before flowering and in the pericarp of the ovary after fertilization.
The helical domain (69-189) is required for self-activation.
The helical domain is required for self-activation.
Belongs to the complex I 51 kDa subunit family.
Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, stems, internodes, anthers of young flowers, and developing grains.
Induced by infection with the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
Insensitive to ethylene-induced root growth inhibition.
Plants overexpressing EIL1 exhibit short root, coiled primary root, short shoot phenotype, and elevated response to exogenous ethylene (PubMed:16786297, PubMed:25995326). Plants overexpressing EIL1 exhibit resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:27701783). 'Mao huzi' means cat whiskers in Chinese (Probable).
Transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway (PubMed:16786297, PubMed:28829777, PubMed:27701783, PubMed:25995326). Required for the inhibition of root growth by ethylene in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:25995326, PubMed:28829777). Functions upstream of the auxin biosynthetic gene YUCCA8 and directly activates its expression (PubMed:28829777). Functions downstream of the ethylene signaling factor EIN2 in disease resistance against the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) (PubMed:27701783). Binds directly to the promoters of the NADPH oxidases RBOHA and RBOHB, and the jasmonate biosynthetic gene OPR4 to activate their expression during fungal infection (PubMed:27701783). May enhance disease resistance by facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and jasmonate biosynthesis with subsequent phytoalexin accumulation during Magnaporthe oryzae infection (PubMed:27701783). Acts as negative regulator of salt tolerance (PubMed:25995326). During salt stress, activates the cation transporter HKT1, which mediates increased sodium uptake in roots, and contributes to sodium accumulation and salt toxicity (PubMed:25995326). Binds directly to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTTACAAATACC-3' in the promoter of the GA20OX2 gene to activate its expression at the transcriptional level during ethylene signaling (PubMed:30002253). Possesses transactivation activity in protoplasts (PubMed:25995326).
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex.
In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape.
Expressed in endosperm 14 and 21 days after pollination.
In roots, expressed in cells next to the protoxylem and the metaxylem I (PubMed:28488420). In basal nodes, expressed in the phloem of some diffuse vascular bundles (PubMed:28488420).
Sodium transporter that under salt stress mediates sodium exclusion in the phloem to prevent sodium transfer to young leaf blades and reproductive tissues.
Substitution of Pro-140, Arg-184, His-332 and Leu-395 in salt-tolerant cultivars indica Nona Bokra and Pokkali confers enhanced sodium transport activity.
Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family. RpoC1 subfamily.
Belongs to the ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase beta subunit family.
Catalytic subunit of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyzes the two-electron reduction of thioredoxins by the electrons provided by reduced ferredoxin.
Heterodimer of subunit A (variable subunit) and subunit B (catalytic subunit). Heterodimeric FTR forms a complex with ferredoxin and thioredoxin (By similarity).
Expressed in parenchyma cells of the root stele, shoot apex, leaf buds, xylem parenchyma cells of the stem, inflorescences and panicles.
Involved in strigolactones biosynthesis by cleaving the C(27) 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal produced by CCD7. Produces the C(19) carlactone and a C(8) hydroxyaldehyde. Also shows lower activity with all-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal producing a C(9) dialdehyde and the C(18) 13-apo-beta-carotenone. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway, contribute to the regulation of shoot architectural response to phosphate-limiting conditions and function as rhizosphere signal that stimulates hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and trigger seed germination of root parasitic weeds.
Induced by UV and hydrogen peroxide. Down-regulated during sucrose starvation. Transiently down-regulated by heat shock.
Plants silencing DJA7 exhibit albino lethal phenotypes, display abnormal cellular structures, organelles and chloroplasts, and strong reduction of the expression of CAB1R, CAB2R, PsaA and PsbA genes, tightly associated with chloroplast development.
Plays pivotal roles in chloroplast development. Is essential for the regulation of chloroplast development and differentiation.
Belongs to the MINDY deubiquitinase family. FAM188 subfamily.
Hydrolase that can remove 'Lys-48'-linked conjugated ubiquitin from proteins.
Component of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complex consisting of 17 subunits.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA). Down-regulated by salt treatment.
Expressed in roots, mesocotyls and devoloping leaves.
Required for vacuolar assembly and vacuolar traffic.
Highly expressed in stems. Expressed in leaves and rachis.
Circadian-regulated, with the highest expression 1 hour before the beginning of light period (in 14 hours light/10 hours dark cycle).
Highly expressed in source leaves and at low levels in sink leaves.
Probable disease resistance protein. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth. At the opposite of cultivars Aichi asahi and Sasanishiki, the cultivars Nipponbare, Mokoto and Hitomebore don't recognize the effector avirulence protein AVR-Pia from M.oryzae.
Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide.
Monomer and homodimer, stabilized by swapping the EF-hand motifs. Interacts with GTP-bound RAC1.
Catalyzes the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide.
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, no C(R) is present and C(P) instead forms a disulfide with a cysteine from another protein or with a small thiol molecule. C(P) can be reactivated by glutathione or the mitochondrial glutaredoxin (Grx) or thioredoxin (Trx) systems.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides. Reduces preferentially hydrogen peroxide rather than alkyl peroxides. May be involved in mitochondrial redox homeostasis.
Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate. The enzyme from chilling-resistant plants discriminates against non-fluid palmitic acid and selects oleic acid whereas the enzyme from sensitive plants accepts both fatty acids.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP8 subfamily.
Highly expressed in leaf blades and leaf sheaths (PubMed:31505875, PubMed:34718775). Expressed in roots, culms and panicles (PubMed:31505875).
Induced in leaves during natural senescence and dark-induced senescence (PubMed:31505875). Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:31505875). Down-regulated by salt, mannitol-induced osmotic stress and drought stress (PubMed:34718775).
The gain-of-function mutant plants oswrky5-D (T-DNA activation tagging) promote leaf senescence under natural and dark-induced senescence conditions (PubMed:31505875). Overexpression of WRKY5 reduces grain yield under normal and drought stress conditions (PubMed:31505875).
The leaves of the oswrky5 mutant plants retain leaf greenness during dark-induced senescence (PubMed:31505875). The mutant plants exhibit tolerance to mannitol-induced osmotic stress (PubMed:31505875). Enhanced tolerance to drought stress (PubMed:34718775).
Transcription factor that acts as positive regulator of leaf senescence (PubMed:31505875). Is involved in both the onset and progression of leaf senescence (PubMed:31505875). Upregulates the expression of genes controlling chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence (PubMed:31505875). Acts as positive regulator of the senescence-associated NAC genes NAC4 and NAC58 (PubMed:31505875). Acts as positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis during leaf senescence (PubMed:31505875). Acts as negative regulator of drought tolerance by inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closure during drought stress (PubMed:34718775). Functions as a direct negative regulator of MYB2 transcription through binding to the repeated W-boxes of the MYB2 promoter region (PubMed:34718775).
Oligomer of 24 subunits. There are two types of subunits: L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain. The major chain can be light or heavy, depending on the species and tissue type. The functional molecule forms a roughly spherical shell with a diameter of 12 nm and contains a central cavity into which the insoluble mineral iron core is deposited.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.
Belongs to the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase family.
Belongs to the MICOS complex subunit Mic10 family.
Component of the MICOS complex, a large protein complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays crucial roles in the maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane.
Belongs to the RNA cytidine acetyltransferase family. NAT10 subfamily.
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase with specificity toward both 18S rRNA and tRNAs. Catalyzes the formation of N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac4C) in 18S rRNA. Required for early nucleolar cleavages of precursor rRNA at sites A0, A1 and A2 during 18S rRNA synthesis. Catalyzes the formation of ac4C in serine and leucine tRNAs. Requires a tRNA-binding adapter protein for full tRNA acetyltransferase activity but not for 18S rRNA acetylation.
Probable transcription factor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[AT]ATTG-3'.
Belongs to the arsenite-antimonite (ArsB) efflux (TC 2.A.45) family.
Silicon efflux transporter involved in silicon transport in shoots. In the nodes, involved with LSI2 and NIP2-2/LSI6 in silicon intervascular transfer, which is required for the preferential distribution of silicon, such as hyperaccumulation of silicon in the husk. Silicon is beneficial to plant growth and helps plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stresses by preventing lodging (falling over) and increasing resistance to pests and diseases, as well as other stresses.
Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Interacts with LYP6 (PubMed:23299421). Interacts with CEBIP (PubMed:23299421, PubMed:24964058). Interacts with CERK1 (PubMed:24964058, PubMed:25335639).
Plants silencing LYP4 exhibit significant compromised defense responses and enhanced susceptibility toward the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae and the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
2 molecules of FMN bind covalently to cysteines after exposure to blue light and are reversed in the dark.
Autophosphorylated in response to blue light irradiation.
Expressed at low levels in leaves of dark-grown seedlings.
Protein kinase that acts as a blue light photoreceptor in a signal-transduction pathway for phototropic responses. Regulates a wide range of physiological activities in plants that maximize the efficiency of photosynthesis, such as chloroplast relocations, stomata opening, and leaf expansion (By similarity).
The PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) domains are required for the binding of FMN chromophores.
Undergoes a photocycle characterized by fluorescence and absorption changes induced by blue light.
May be required for integral membrane and secreted preprotein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Interacts with GCN5 and WOX11 (via N-terminus).
Required for the function of some acidic activation domains, which activate transcription from a distant site (By similarity). The exact mechanism of action is not yet known (By similarity). ADA2 and GCN5 function to acetylate nucleosomes, opening up the promoter region (PubMed:28487409). The ADA2-GCN5 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module is recruited by WOX11 to regulate crown root cell proliferation and stem cell maintenance of root meristem (PubMed:28487409). The ADA2-GCN5 HAT module together with WOX11 targets and regulates a set of root-specific genes involved in carbon metabolism, cell wall biosynthesis, and auxin transport and response (PubMed:28487409).
Belongs to the TPT transporter family. PPT (TC 2.A.7.9) subfamily.
Phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator that transports phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Has 3 domains, the N-terminal alpha-helical domain, an extended flexible linker and the C-terminal beta-sheet domain. The N-terminal alpha-helical domain stabilizes RbcL dimers and RbcL dimer-dimer interactions, facilitating RbcL(8) formation. The C-terminal beta-sheet domain probably dimerizes Raf1 (By similarity). The 2 C-terminal beta-sheet domains are swapped and pack against each other to form the dimer interface (By similarity).
Required for assembly or stability of RuBisCO. Acts at a postchaperonin step to fold and/or assemble the large subunit (LS) into RuBisCO (By similarity).
Belongs to the selenium-binding protein family.
Embryonic lethality when homozygous due to defects in endosperm and embryo.
Expressed at low levels in coleoptiles, leaf tongues, mature leaves and nodes during the vegetative phase (PubMed:32808364). Highly expressed in reproductive tissues such as young panicles, early developing seeds, embryos and endosperms (PubMed:32808364).
Plays critical roles in both embryo and endosperm development (PubMed:32808364). Required for free nuclei division and cellularization in early endosperm development, by preventing premature cell death in the endosperm (PubMed:32808364). Involved in the regulation of pattern formation and organ differentiation during embryogenesis, by regulating genes involved in the early stages of seed development (PubMed:32808364).
Expressed in the shoot apical meristem at the boundary of the new forming meristems. Expressed in the regions where panicle branches are produced, in developing flower and vascular bundles.
Plants overexpressing PID show variety of development abnormalities, such as delay of adventitious root development, curled growth of shoots and agravitropism.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the regulation of auxin signaling. May control polar auxin transport and probably plays a role in the pattern formation and organogenesis in the rice shoot.
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily. OTCase family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL36 family.
The active site contains a CRVC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Could be the product of a pseudogene. Corresponds to the C-terminal part of other plant accD proteins.
This enzyme activity is not detectable in leaves.
Acts as positive regulator of drought and salt tolerance. Acts as positive regulator of cell viability.
Induced by drought, cold and salt stresses. Induced by wounding and treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonate (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene.
Interacts with FLO6/SIP4 (PubMed:19339499). Interacts with DIS1 (PubMed:22067990).
Plants silencing SKIPA exhibit growth arrest and reduced cell viability. Plants overexpressing SKIPA exhibit drought resistance and significantly improved growth performance in medium containing stress agents (abscisic acid, salt, or mannitol).
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in roots and seedlings.
Required for proper homologous chromosome pairing and efficient cross-over and intragenic recombination during meiosis.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-4 subfamily.
Composed of an N-terminal domain which is responsible for the motor activity of kinesin (it hydrolyzes ATP and binds microtubule) and a central to C-terminal alpha-helical coiled coil domain that mediates the heavy chain dimerization.
Dwarf plants due to significant reduction in cell number (PubMed:20444225). Dwarf plants due to significant reduction in cell elongation (PubMed:21325138). This phenotype can be rescued by exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment (PubMed:21325138). Reduced mechanical strength (brittleness) due to an alteration in cellulose microfibril orientation and wall composition (PubMed:20444225).
Expressed in young tissues with cell divisions, including initiating adventitious roots, primary root tips, flower primordia, intercalary meristems, sub-epidermal regions of young culms and panicles.
May be regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase A.
Microtubule-dependent motor protein involved in the control of the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils (PubMed:20444225, PubMed:21325138). Involved in wall biogenesis and modification, and contributes to cell-cycle progression and cell division (PubMed:20444225). Acts as a transcriptional activator in gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis pathway. Binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-ACCAACTTGAA-3' of the ent-kaurene oxidase 2 (CYP701A6 or OsKO2) promoter. May regulate CYP701A6 gene expression and mediates cell elongation by regulating the GA biosynthesis pathway (PubMed:21325138).
Heterotrimeric complex composed of SEC61-alpha, SEC61-beta and SEC61-gamma.
Kinase that can phosphorylate various inositol polyphosphate such as Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 or Ins(1,3,4)P3 and participates in phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphorus in cereal grains and other plant seeds (By similarity). May be involved in the negative regulation of osmotic stress signaling (PubMed:18421420, PubMed:22038091).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants show increased sensitivity to salt and drought stresses.
Together with EX1, enables higher plants to perceive singlet oxygen as a stress signal in plastid that activates a genetically determined nuclear stress response program which triggers a programmed cell death (PCD). This transfer of singlet oxygen-induced stress-related signals from the plastid to the nucleus that triggers genetically controlled PCD pathway is unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes and operates under mild stress conditions, impeding photosystem II (PSII) without causing photooxidative damage of the plant.
Component of TORC1 complex, which is an essential cell growth regulator that controls plant development. Acts by recruiting substrates for TOR. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy.
Belongs to the phosphoglycerate mutase family. BPG-dependent PGAM subfamily.
Contains one SPKK motif which may interact with the minor groove of A/T-rich DNA sites. Phosphorylation of this motif may regulate DNA binding. This motif is reiterated in both termini of histone H1 and in the N-terminus of sea urchin histones H2B, but its presence in the C-terminus seems to be unique to plant H2A.
Essential protein (By similarity). Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent, however specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified so far. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication (By similarity).
Mostly expressed in roots, seedling and inflorescence meristem, and, to a lower extent, in mature leaves and shoot. Higher levels in inflorescence meristem than in shoot apical meristem (SAM).
A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase GyrB family.
Binds two Mg(2+) per subunit. The magnesium ions form salt bridges with both the protein and the DNA. Can also accept other divalent metal cations, such as Mn(2+) or Ca(2+).
Made up of two chains. The A chain is responsible for DNA breakage and rejoining; the B chain catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.
Expressed mainly in roots, leaves, and senescent leaves at similar levels.
Induced by sucrose. Slightly repressed by gibberellic acid (GA).
Transcription activator that binds to 5'-TATCCA-3' elements in gene promoters. Derepresses weakly the sugar-repressed transcription of promoters containing SRS. Contributes to the sugar-repressed transcription of promoters containing 5'-TATCCA-3' elements.
Catalyzes the C6-oxidation step in brassinosteroids biosynthesis (PubMed:12427982, PubMed:12445121). May convert 6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxoTE) to teasterone (TE), 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone (6-deoxo3DT, 6-deoxo3DHT) to 3-dehydroteasterone (3DT, 3-DHT), and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY) to typhasterol (TY) (PubMed:12427982, PubMed:12445121). Involved in the organization and elongation of the leaf and stem cells (PubMed:12427982, PubMed:12445121). Not able to convert 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) and castasterone (CS) to brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:18656444).
Down-regulated by brassinolide (BL) in the brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf1 (brd1) mutant.
Expressed at low levels in all the tissues, but preferentially in the leaf sheath.
Plants show a range of abnormalities in organ development and growth, with deficiency in the elongation of the stem and leaves, skotomorphogenesis, root differentiation and reproductive growth. Treatment with exogenous brassinolide (BL) rescues the abnormal phenotype.
Activated by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation (By similarity). Activated in response to low temperature (12 degrees Celsius) treatment (PubMed:12177502, PubMed:12615946). Activated by phosphorylation at Thr-14 and Thr-32 by CPK18 (PubMed:25035404).
By benzothiadiazole (BTH), dichloroisonicotinic acid, probenazole, jasmonic acid, wounding and infection with P.syringae and M.grisea, by stresses, hormones, heavy metals, high/low temperature, UV-C and phosphatase inhibitors.
Dually phosphorylated at Thr-194 and Tyr-196, which activates the enzyme (By similarity). Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylated by CPK18 at Thr-14 and Thr-32, which activates the enzyme (PubMed:25035404).
Expressed in roots, stems and panicles, and at lower levels in leaves.
Interacts with MKK1 (PubMed:12177502). Interacts with CPK18 (PubMed:25035404).
Involved in disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance signaling pathways. Acts as a positive regulator of drought, salt and cold tolerance. Negatively modulates pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression and broad-spectrum disease resistance (PubMed:12615946). Functions downstream of CPK18 in a signaling pathway that represses defense gene expression and negatively regulates resistance to rice blast fungus. Phosphorylated by CPK18 at Thr-14 and Thr-32 and activated independently of MAP kinase kinase (MKK) phosphorylation (PubMed:25035404).
Belongs to the LanC-like protein family.
Belongs to the RecA family. DMC1 subfamily.
Plant silencing DMC1A are sterile due to defects in homologous pairing and subsequent chromosome segregation during male meiosis.
Recombinase that may participate in meiotic recombination, specifically in homologous strand assimilation, which is required for the resolution of meiotic double-strand breaks (Probable). Exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity when bound to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Mediates renaturation of homologous complementary strands as well as assimilation of single strands into homologous supercoiled duplexes leading to D-loop formation (PubMed:15821864). Binds circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in vitro (PubMed:15821864, PubMed:26118128). Catalyzes DNA homologous renaturation and DNA strand exchange. The rates of these activities are dependent on the state of ATP hydrolysis (PubMed:16689935, PubMed:26118128). Forms helical filaments along ssDNA and dsDNA, and promotes strand exchange between ssDNA and dsDNA with long DNA substrates of several thousand base pairs. The presence of the replication protein A is not required for this activity (PubMed:18583359). Seems to be required for homologous pairing and subsequent chromosome segregation during male meiosis (PubMed:17562186). May be not directly required for homologous pairing during male meiosis. Required for synaptonemal complex assembly and crossover formation. Functions redundantly with DMC1B (PubMed:26960731).
Expressed in roots, stems, lemma, palea, pistils and ovules (PubMed:29915329). Expressed at low levels in leaves (PubMed:29915329).
Highly expressed in developing anthers before pollen mitotic divisions from stage 8 to stage 12, with a peak of expression at stage 9 (at protein level) (PubMed:29915329). Expressed in developing seeds from 3 to 10 days after flowering (at protein level) (PubMed:29915329).
Male sterility due to defect in anther dehiscence and mature pollen grain release at anthesis.
Promotes nuclear translocation of the transcription factor OSH1, which directly suppresses the auxin biosynthetic gene YUCCA4 during the late development of anthers (PubMed:29915329). Reduction of auxin levels at late stage of anther development, after meiosis of microspore mother cells, is necessary for normal anther dehiscence and seed setting (PubMed:29915329). Required for jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic genes expression and JA production in anthers (PubMed:29915329).
Involved in the post-translational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein. This arginylation is required for degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Belongs to the ETF alpha-subunit/FixB family.
Belongs to the polypeptide deformylase family.
Mainly expressed in mature leaves and sheaths.
Removes the formyl group from the N-terminal Met of newly synthesized proteins.
Expressed in root tips, and in the vascular bundles of leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and roots, especially in their sclerenchymatous cells.
Functions in regulating leaf rolling through abaxial side leaf cell differentiation (PubMed:26873975). May be involved in the transdifferentiation process from mesophyll cells to sclerenchymatous cells (PubMed:26873975).
Inward rolled leaves due to the presence of defective sclerenchymatous cells on the abaxial side of the leaf (PubMed:26873975). Narrow leaves and reduced plant height (PubMed:26873975).
Catalyzes the N-acetylation of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the penultimate step in the synthesis of melatonin (PubMed:27121038). Catalyzes in vitro the N-acetylation of tryptamine to produce N-acetyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine to produce melatonin and tyramine to produce N-acetyltyramine (PubMed:27121038).
Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MYB4 show dwarf phenotype and increased tolerance to cold and freezing (PubMed:14675437). Barley plants overexpressing MYB4 show a slight retarded growth and increased tolerance to cold and freezing (PubMed:22246661).
Transcriptional activator involved in cold stress response (PubMed:14675437, PubMed:20807373, PubMed:22246661). Regulates positively the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging such as peroxidase and superoxide dismutase during cold stress. Transactivates a complex gene network that have major effects on stress tolerance and panicle development (PubMed:20807373).
Dwarf phenotype, decreased levels of xylose, ferulic acid and coumaric acid in leaves, and increased saccharification efficiency.
Glycosyltransferase involved in the xylosylation of xylan, the major hemicellulose (non-cellulosic component) of primary and secondary walls of angiosperms (PubMed:23027943). Possesses beta-1,2-xylosyltransferase activity, transferring xylose from UDP-xylose to the xylan backbone (PubMed:23027943).
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. ClpC subfamily.
Component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR).
Component of the ER membrane protein complex (EMC).
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) that enables the energy-independent insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membranes of newly synthesized membrane proteins.
Expressed in shoots (PubMed:9421493). Expressed in the tips of fully elongated leaves (PubMed:15118338). Expressed in leaf blades (PubMed:17651366).
Pale-green leaf phenotype due to reduced chlorophyll content.
Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released (Probable). Controls the transcription of the psaA and psaB genes in chloroplast, and thus maintains the abundance of the core protein complex PsaA-PsaB of photosystem I (PSI) in the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:17651366). Maintains PSI activity, sufficient rate of electron transfer from PSII to PSI, and photochemical efficiency (PubMed:17651366).
Component of a signal recognition particle complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). Binds directly to 7SL RNA (By similarity). Mediates binding of SRP54 to the SRP complex (By similarity).
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that integrates multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell elongation and plant development.
Belongs to the complex I LYR family. LYRM9 subfamily.
Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.
Binds to single and double-stranded DNA and exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Unwinds duplex DNA. Component of the meiotic recombination pathway. Seems to play a role in mediating chromosome homology search, chromosome pairing and synapsis at early stages and probably chromosome crossing-over at later stages in meiosis. Probably is involved in the repair of meiotic double strand breaks (DBSs) and in homologous recombination.
By abscisic acid (ABA) and oxidative stress.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively (By similarity). Seems to contribute to the inhibition of germination during stress (PubMed:11113447).
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively.
Involved in resistance against the herbivorous insect brown planthopper (N.lugens, BPH). Member of the BPH3 (BPH resistance locus 3) cluster which contains LECRK1, LECRK2 and LECRK3.
Common component of the spliceosome and rRNA processing machinery.
Belongs to the truncated hemoglobin family. Group II subfamily.
Involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A, a phosphorylated glycolipid that in bacteria anchors the lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane of the cell. Lipid A-like molecules in plants may serve as structural components of the outer membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, or may be involved in signal transduction or plant defense responses.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.
Responsible for synthesis of pseudouridine from uracil.
Most abundant in embryo-derived callus tissue.
May help in the organization of the PsaL subunit.
Interacts with BZR1 (PubMed:17699623). Interacts with ABI5 (PubMed:21055780).
Weakly induced by hyperosmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in leaf blades (PubMed:15084714). Induced during incompatible interaction with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Ref.2).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-8 subfamily.
Belongs to the NAGSA dehydrogenase family. Type 1 subfamily.
Expressed in stems, leaf blades and callus. Weakly expressed in developing flowers.
Induced by salt stress (PubMed:18813954, PubMed:20632034). Induced by dehydration, cold stress and methyl jasmonate (PubMed:20632034).
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
There are at least eight actin genes in rice.
Involved in salt stress tolerance. CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA3 subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the dimeric E1 enzyme, which activates NEDD8.
Highest expression in stamens. Expressed in leaves.
Transcription factor of the NAC family associated with male fertility. Involved in anther development, but not in senescence. Reduced expression of NAC5 via RNAi leads to male-sterility.
Up-regulated by drought, salt and cold treatments.
Up-regulated during anther and flower development and leaf senescence.
Belongs to the TFIIF beta subunit family.
Belongs to the cytochrome b5 family. MAPR subfamily.
Binds multiple steroid compounds (By similarity). May act as a coreceptor with SERL2 and enhance its endocytosis (Probable).
Expressed in leaf sheaths, leaf blades and panicles.
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at positions 108 and 132.
Belongs to the BIG GRAIN 1 (BG1) plant protein family.
Involved in auxin transport. Regulator of the auxin signaling pathway.
Involved in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid.
Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. ATM subfamily.
Probable serine/threonine kinase. Seems to play a central role in cell-cycle regulation by transmitting DNA damage signals to downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression. May recognize the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q and phosphorylate histone variant H2AX to form H2AXS139ph at sites of DNA damage, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism (By similarity).
Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylated by MPK5.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Functions upstream of MPK5 in a signaling pathway that represses defense gene expression and negatively regulates resistance to rice blast fungus. Phosphorylates MPK5 at Thr-14 and Thr-32 and activates MPK5 independently of MAP kinase kinase (MKK) phosphorylation (PubMed:25035404). May be involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal presymbiotic phase signaling (PubMed:21595879). Phosphorylates the elicitor-responsive protein ERG1 in vitro. Phosphorylation is calcium-dependent (PubMed:23456295).
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (318-348) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 25 family.
Alpha-dioxygenase that catalyzes the primary oxygenation step of a variety of 14-20 carbon fatty acids, containing up to three unsaturated bonds, into their corresponding 2R-hydroperoxides (PubMed:11909851, PubMed:18596034). Involved in the production of oxylipins that function in cell signaling, wound healing, and protection from infection (PubMed:11909851, PubMed:18596034).
Expressed in roots, seedlings and flowers.
Contains an active site 4-methylidene-imidazol-5-one (MIO), which is formed autocatalytically by cyclization and dehydration of residues Ala-Ser-Gly.
This is a key enzyme of plant metabolism catalyzing the first reaction in the biosynthesis from L-phenylalanine of a wide variety of natural products based on the phenylpropane skeleton.
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex. The NF-Y complex stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters. May act through association with MADS-box proteins. May regulate the expression of genes involved in flowering.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity). Interacts with MADS18. Forms a ternary complex with the MADS6-MADS18 heterodimer.
Probably not a component of a NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex. Shows impaired association with NF-YA/HAP2 and CAAT motif binding.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB3 subunit family.
May be involved in maintaining Golgi structure and in intra-Golgi transport.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC9 RNA polymerase subunit family.
The nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assembled in one H3-H4 heterotetramer and two H2A-H2B heterodimers. The octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of DNA. Interacts with numerous proteins required for DNA damage signaling and repair when phosphorylated on Ser-134 (By similarity).
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2AXS139ph = phosphorylated Ser-134.
Belongs to the elongation factor P family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, shoot apex and panicles.
Highly expressed in roots and basal stems. Expressed in leaf sheaths.
Induced by phosphate or potassium deficiency.
Seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.
Interacts with TIFY10C/JAZ8 in a coronatine-dependent manner (PubMed:23104764, PubMed:23320078). Interacts with TIFY3/JAZ1, TIFY6A/JAZ3, TIFY6B/JAZ4, TIFY10A/JAZ6, TIFY10B/JAZ7, TIFY11A/JAZ9, TIFY11B/JAZ10, TIFY11C/JAZ11 and TIFY11D/JAZ12 in a coronatine-dependent manner (PubMed:23320078).
Involved in jasmonate (JA) signaling. Required for jasmonate signaling in plant defense responses (PubMed:22529386). Can complement Arabidopsis coi1-1 mutant and restore jasmonate signaling (PubMed:23320078). Component of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including TIFY/JAZ family (By similarity).
Plants silencing COI1A and COI1B show increased plant height and seed length, are hypersensitive to gibberellin, and display reduced sensitivity to inhibition of seedling growth by jasmonate.
Interacts with ABI5 and PYL5. Binding to PYL5 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA).
Predominantly expressed in the embryo of mature seed.
Protein phosphatase that acts as positive regulator of seed germination. Involved in the positive regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression. Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid-mediated responses. May function directly by dephosphorylating ABI5 and suppressing its activity.
Part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex.
Belongs to the actin family. ARP4 subfamily.
Involved in several developmental processes including organization of plant organs, flowering time, anther development, flower senescence and fertility, probably by regulating the chromatin structure.
Belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. AhpC/Prx1 subfamily.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked, upon oxidation (By similarity). Interacts with the plastidial NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase NTRC (PubMed:19345687).
The active site is a conserved redox-active cysteine residue, the peroxidatic cysteine (C(P)), which makes the nucleophilic attack on the peroxide substrate. The peroxide oxidizes the C(P)-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (C(P)-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, the resolving cysteine (C(R)), to form a disulfide bridge. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete the catalytic cycle. In this typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, C(R) is provided by the other dimeric subunit to form an intersubunit disulfide. The disulfide is subsequently reduced by thioredoxin.
Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides (PubMed:16891402, PubMed:19345687). May be an antioxidant enzyme particularly in the developing shoot and photosynthesizing leaf (By similarity).
Interacts with GF14C (PubMed:17699623). Interacts with PUB24 (PubMed:30920691). Interacts with SMOS1 (PubMed:28100707).
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by GSK2 (PubMed:22685166). Dephosphorylated during response to brassinosteroid (PubMed:17699623, PubMed:22685166).
Plants silencing BZR1 are dwarf with erect leaves, and have reduced brassinosteroid sensitivity and altered expression of brassinosteroid-responsive genes.
Positive brassinosteroid-signaling protein. Mediates downstream brassinosteroid-regulated growth response and feedback inhibition of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthetic genes (PubMed:17699623, PubMed:19220793). May act as transcriptional repressor by binding the brassinosteroid-response element (BREE) (5'-CGTG(T/C)G-3') in the promoter of DLT (AC Q9LWU9), another positive regulator of BR signaling (PubMed:19220793). Acts as transcriptional repressor of LIC, a negative regulator of BR signaling, by binding to the BRRE element of its promoter. BZR1 and LIC play opposite roles in BR signaling and regulation of leaf bending (PubMed:22570626).
Ubiquitinated by PUB24 (PubMed:30920691). Ubiquitination leads to its subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome, thus reducing sensitivity to brassinosteroid signaling (PubMed:30920691).
Belongs to the eIF-2B alpha/beta/delta subunits family. MtnA subfamily.
Catalyzes the interconversion of methylthioribose-1-phosphate (MTR-1-P) into methylthioribulose-1-phosphate (MTRu-1-P).
Expressed in shoot and root of cold stressed seedlings.
Catalyzes the 2-beta-hydroxylation of several biologically active gibberellins, leading to the homeostatic regulation of their endogenous level. Catabolism of gibberellins (GAs) plays a central role in plant development (PubMed:12736788, PubMed:18952778). In vitro, converts GA1, GA20, and GA29 to the corresponding 2-beta-hydroxylated products GA8, GA29-catabolite, respectively (PubMed:12736788).
Expressed in roots, shoot apex, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, stems and flowers.
Plants overexpressing GA2OX3 exhibit extremely dwarf phenotype and are unable to achieve phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth.
Belongs to the MPDU1 (TC 2.A.43.3) family.
Belongs to the nitrate reductase family.
Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme involved in the first step of nitrate assimilation in plants, fungi and bacteria.
Involved in anthocyanin and protoanthocyanidin biosynthesis by catalyzing the oxidation of leucoanthocyanidins into anthocyanidins.
Expressed in germinating seeds, embryos, radicals and leaves.
Induced by drought, cold and salt stress.
Essential component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Essential for the SPC catalytic activity, possibly by stabilizing and positioning the active center of the complex close to the lumenal surface.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (328-358) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
By isopentenyladenine (iP), cis-zeatin (cZ) and dihydrozeatin (DHZ) (PubMed:22642989). Induced by cytokinin in roots (PubMed:17408920).
Highly expressed in young leaves and spikelets, and at lower levels in roots, mature leaves and stems.
Semi-dwarf, chlorina, late heading and low fertility phenotypes.
Expressed at low levels in roots and shoots.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. MenG/UbiE family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-phytyl-1,4-beta-naphthoquinol to phylloquinol.
By salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), the ethylene precursor ACC and infection by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Expressed in leaves and flag leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, stems and panicles.
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-27' (H3K27me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K27me3 and H3K27me2. No activity on H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K27me1 and H3K36me3. Involved in biotic stress response. May demethylate H3K27me3-marked defense-related genes and increase their basal and induced expression levels during pathogen infection.
Plants over-expressing JMJ705 display a leaf lesion-mimic phenotype in mature leaves, have high levels of biotic stress-responsive and defense-related genes leading to enhanced plant resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Reduced plant height, panicle length, spikelets per panicle and spikelet fertility. Increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Expressed during flower development until 15 days after flowering (PubMed:16552590). In pollen development, expression increases gradually from meiosis/tetrad stage to mature pollen stage, with the highest expression in the latter (PubMed:31671177).
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (PubMed:16552590). Functions as glucose sensor for plant growth and photosynthesis (PubMed:19010999). Is essential for pollen development, germination, and tube growth (PubMed:31671177). Its activity is necessary for the starch utilization pathway during pollen germination and tube growth, as well as for starch biosynthesis during pollen maturation (PubMed:31671177).
Male sterility of pollen grains due to impaired synthesis and utilization of starch in pollen grains.
Plants over-expressing HXK5 exhibit hypersensitive plant growth retardation and enhanced repression of the photosynthetic gene RbcS in response to glucose treatment.
Possesses thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. Trimethylguanosine synthase family.
Essential protein. Glycosyltransferase that mediates the glycosylation of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs), the major sphingolipids in the plasma membrane; acts as a HexN(Ac)-specific GIPC sugar transferase. Responsible for the glycosylation of a subgroup of GIPCs found in seeds and pollen that contain GlcNAc and GlcN (GlcN(Ac)). Maybe involved in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion.
Loss of the GlcN(Ac) glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) is seedling lethal. Stunted plants when regenerated from callus.
Expressed in developing caryopsis from 5 to 15 days after flowering.
Involved in starch synthesis in endosperm amyloplasts (PubMed:17297616, PubMed:17586688, PubMed:21417378, PubMed:21595523, PubMed:21730357). Plays an important role in the elongation of amylopectin B chains (PubMed:17297616, PubMed:17586688, PubMed:21417378, PubMed:21595523, PubMed:21730357).
Selection of varieties with reduced SSIIIA activity may be a tool to increase resistant starch (RS) content of rice grain.
White-core floury endosperm (PubMed:17297616, PubMed:27791174). Increased content of resistant starch (RS) (PubMed:27791174). Endosperm containing increased levels of amylose (PubMed:17297616, PubMed:21417378). Reduced content of long amylopectin chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 30 or greater (PubMed:17297616, PubMed:17586688). Reduced content of amylopectin chains with a DP of 6 to 8 and a DP of 16 to 20, but increased content of chains with a DP of 9 to 15 and a DP of 22 to 29 (PubMed:17297616, PubMed:17586688). Decrease in average length of amylopectin chains (PubMed:21417378).
Belongs to the thiamine-phosphate synthase family.
Essential for thiamine biosynthesis. Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) to HMP-PP and condenses 4-methyl-5-(beta-hydroxyethyl)thiazole monophosphate (THZ-P) and 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl pyrimidine pyrophosphate (HMP-PP) to form thiamine monophosphate (TMP).
Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
During seeds germination, detected in embryos. In vegetative tissues under iron-sufficient, restricted almost exclusively to vascular bundles of roots and leaves, and to the root exodermis. In response to iron deficiency, accumulates in all tissues of roots and leaves.
Expressed constitutively at low levels in the roots (PubMed:16887895, PubMed:21331630). Also observed in flowers, developing seeds, embryos and vascular bundles (PubMed:21331630).
Forms homodimers (PubMed:31574173). Interacts with BHLH156 in the nucleus (PubMed:31574173).
Reduced growth compared after germination (PubMed:21331630). Lower mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) secretion and hypersensitivity to iron (Fe) deficiency (PubMed:17559517). Reduced induction of genes involved in iron homeostasis upon iron deficiency and ethylene treatment (PubMed:21112958).
Strongly induced in both roots and shoots during iron (Fe) deficiency stress (PubMed:16887895, PubMed:18025467, PubMed:19737364, PubMed:21112958, PubMed:21331630, PubMed:24280375). Ethylene enhances the iron deficiency-mediated induction (PubMed:21112958). Induced by arsenate (AsV25 and AsV50); this induction is repressed by nitric oxide (NO) (PubMed:26793232). Accumulates under cadmium (Cd) stress; this induction is inhibited by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (Aza) (PubMed:27412910).
Transcription activator that binds to the DNA motif 5'-CACGTGG-3' in the promoter of iron (Fe) deficiency-inducible genes as well as of genes involved in iron homeostasis, thus contributing to basal tolerance to iron deficiency, iron uptake from soil and iron transport, particularly during seed maturation and germination (PubMed:16887895, PubMed:17559517, PubMed:21331630, PubMed:26224556). Promotes the accumulation of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) (PubMed:17559517). Required for ethylene-mediated signaling during iron deficiency responses (PubMed:21112958). Improves growth and yield, especially in calcareous soil with low iron availability. Promotes iron concentration in shoots and grain (PubMed:21331630).
Belongs to the DNA glycosylase family. DEMETER subfamily.
Bifunctional DNA glycosylase/lyase, which excises 5-methylcytosine (5-meC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmeC), leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site that is subsequently incised by the lyase activity (PubMed:21896764). Is responsible for the demethylation of methylated cytosine residues of Tos17 retrotransposon DNA (PubMed:21896764). Demethylation of Tos17 cytosine residues promotes its transposition (PubMed:21896764). May be involved in seed development (PubMed:21896764).
Expressed in pistils and immature seeds (PubMed:22448681). Expressed a low levels in roots, leaves and anthers (PubMed:22448681).
Increased number of wrinkled seeds (PubMed:21896764). Hypermethylation of cytosine residues in the DNA sequence of Tos17 retrotransposons (PubMed:21896764).
Involved in riboflavin biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-phosphate (DARP), formate and pyrophosphate (By similarity).
The substrate-binding sites for the inactive DHBP synthase activity are conserved while several cofactor-binding sites are lost.
Stabilizes the interaction between PsaC and the PSI core, assists the docking of the ferredoxin to PSI and interacts with ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase.
Belongs to the V-ATPase D subunit family.
Circadian-regulation. Expression is higher during the light phase than during the dark phase.
Essential for fertility (male and female gametophyte functions and development) (PubMed:28585692, PubMed:29424430). Required for the integrity of female gametic mitochondria (By similarity). Involved in embryo apical-basal patterning, and particularly dorsal-ventral patterning, during early embryogenesis, and endosperm free nucleus positioning and development as well as early endosperm development, probably by modulating the expression pattern of related genes (e.g. AL1, MYB3/AL2, CYP78A13/GE, PNH1, HAZ1, MPK6 and OSH1) (PubMed:28585692). Has function in triggering of endosperm programmed cell death (PCD) leading to syncytial endosperm cellularization and starchy endosperm cell maturation (PubMed:28585692). Implicated in central vacuole dynamics necessary for microspore development leading to pollen production, and for pollen development and germination (PubMed:28585692, PubMed:29424430).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and florets.
In florets, detected in glumes, lemmas, paleas and anthers (PubMed:28585692). Also present in ovaries at various developmental stages (PubMed:28585692). Expressed in the mature embryo sac, which comprises four cell types: egg cell, central cell, synergids, and antipodal cells (PubMed:28585692). Observed throughout early embryogenesis and in the endosperm at both the free-nuclear and cellular endosperm stages (PubMed:28585692). In endosperm, confined progressively to aleurone layer (PubMed:28585692). Expressed in anther tapetum and microspores, as well as in the stigma of mature pistils (PubMed:28585692). In 12 days old seedling roots, detected mainly in the cortex and epidermis of the maturation zone, as well as in root hairs (PubMed:28585692). In stems, concentrated in the pith tissue in the middle of the stem (PubMed:28585692). In leaves, confined to mesophyll tissue (PubMed:28585692).
Normal vegetative and floral organ development, but several defects in reproductive organs such as reduced pollen production due to abnormal microspore development, aborted seeds, reduced endosperm nuclei divisions, abnormal distribution of free nuclei missing an oriented positioning at the micropylar end of embryo sacs, and interrupted aleurone differentiation associated with unusual positional endosperm cell differentiation (PubMed:28585692). Disturbed embryos develop slowly, and they exhibit altered pattern formation, particularly the dorsal-ventral pattern and symmetry establishment, thus showing various morphological and structural dysplasias; these phenotypes are associated with missexpression pattern of related genes including derepression of CYP78A13/GE in the scutellar epithelium in an irregular and diffuse pattern, enhanced accumulation of MYB3/AL2, abnormal distribution of AL1 in both endosperm dorsal and ventral sites in the aleurone layer, but reduced levels of OSH1 in embryo indeterminate cells around the presumptive shoot apical meristem (SAM), decreased HAZ1 expression in the outermost cells during early embryogenesis, less MPK6 accumulation and lower levels of PNH1 in the L3 protoderm layer (PubMed:28585692). Impaired triggering of endosperm programmed cell death (PCD) (PubMed:28585692). Altered the central vacuole dynamics leading to disturbed pollen maturation and germination, thus ending in male sterility (PubMed:28585692, PubMed:29424430).
eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G (By similarity). Interacts with DRM2 (via UBA domains) (PubMed:23732981).
Expressed in the root stele and leaf phloem and xylem.
Low-affinity transporter for inorganic phosphate (Pi) (PubMed:18980647). Involved in internal Pi transport from root to shoot (PubMed:18980647, PubMed:20149131). Responsible for most of the PHR2-mediated accumulation of excess shoot Pi under abundant Pi conditions, but not for PHO2-mediated accumulation of excess shoot Pi (PubMed:20149131). Acts as a H(+):phosphate symporter (PubMed:18980647).
Regulated by the transcription factor PHR2 (PubMed:20149131). Up-regulated in roots by phosphate starvation (PubMed:18563580). Down-regulated in roots by high phosphate or colonization by the mycorrhizal fungus G.intraradices (PubMed:12271140).
Expressed at low levels in roots and shoot apex.
Highly expressed in leaves and at low levels in roots and spikelets (rice flower).
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to tryptamine, to produce coumaroyl tryptamine. Serotonin and tyramine serve as acyl acceptors in vitro. Can use caffeoyl-CoA, and to a lesser extent feruloyl-CoA, as acyl donors.
Expressed in primary leaf, primary root, developing flower and coleoptile.
Forms oligomers in vitro. Interacts with actin microfilaments (PubMed:19561334, PubMed:27250543). Binds to actin in vitro through its calponin-homology (CH) domain (PubMed:21047815).
Minus end-directed motor protein that transports actin filaments along microtubules. Plays a central role in the polar orientation of actin filaments along microtubules, and thus a contribution to the organization of the cytoskeletal architecture (PubMed:27250543). Links the actin microfilaments with the cortical microtubules in both cycling and non-cycling cells (PubMed:19561334). Required for efficient cell elongation by its participation in the premitotic nuclear positioning (PubMed:20566563).
Shorter coleoptiles due to impaired cell expansion and increased division.
The microtubule-dependent ATPase activity is regulated by actin binding.
Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions.
Involved in the synthesis of tocotrienol (vitamin E) (PubMed:21175184). Catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate to form 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol. Possesses low activity with phytyl diphosphate as substrate (By similarity). Tocotrienols functions to limit lipid peroxidation during seed germination (PubMed:21175184).
Seeds of most monocots are enriched in tocotrienols and contain only small amounts of tocopherols.
Expressed in roots and panicles. Expressed at low levels in vegetative shoot apices, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and stems.
Involved in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. Catalyzes three successive oxidations of ent-kaurenoic acid giving gibberellin 12 (GA12), a key step in GAs biosynthesis. GAs, which are involved many processes, including stem elongation, play a central role in plant development (Probable). Required for pollen germination and elongation (PubMed:18083909).
Severe dwarf phenotype without flower or seed development.
Autophosphorylated; induced by chitin and derivatives.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, shoots and stems, and, to a lower extent, in flowers.
Homooligomer. Interacts with CEBIP (PubMed:21070404). Interacts with LYP4 and LYP6 (PubMed:24964058, PubMed:25335639). Interacts with RLCK176 (PubMed:25335639).
Lysin motif (LysM) receptor kinase required as a cell surface receptor for chitin elicitor (chitooligosaccharides) signaling leading to innate immunity in response to biotic stresses. Involved in the resistance to pathogenic fungi, probably by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) (PubMed:21070404, PubMed:22891159, PubMed:24964058). Involved in the detection of microbial peptidoglycans (PGNs) and mediates PGN response (PubMed:24964058). Plays dual roles in PGN and chitin signaling during innate immunity. Acts as an adapter for LYP4 and LYP6 and mediates signal transduction from the extracellular to intracellular spaces. Participates in the activation of defense genes during response to PGN and chitin (PubMed:25335639). Phosphorylates the downstream partner RLCK185 in response to chitin elicitation (PubMed:23498959).
Suppression of the defense responses induced by chitin oligosaccharides.
Belongs to the tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase family.
Ubiquitin-like modifier protein which binds to a number of as yet unidentified target proteins.
Belongs to the WD repeat WDR12/YTM1 family.
Required for maturation of ribosomal RNAs and formation of the large ribosomal subunit.
Interacts with NPR1/NH1 (PubMed:15986920, PubMed:24919709). Interacts with NPR3/NH3 (PubMed:24919709).
Belongs to the WD repeat DDB2/WDR76 family.
Component of the UV-DDB complex, which is composed of DDB1 and DDB2.
Expressed in proliferating tissues such as shoot apical meristem (SAM), root tips and young leaves. Not detected in mature leaves.
Required for DNA repair. Binds to DDB1 to form the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (the UV-DDB complex). The UV-DDB complex may recognize UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair (Probable). May function as the substrate recognition module for a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity).
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Multidrug resistance exporter (TC 3.A.1.201) subfamily.
Does not seem to be involved in defense response against the bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Over-expression of NPR2/NH2 does not confer disease resistance to Xoo.
Interacts with NRR (PubMed:15986920). Interacts with TGAL1 and TGAL11 (PubMed:24919709).
Expressed at low level in germinating seeds 3 to 5 days after imbibition.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with high affinity. Can interact in vitro with palmitoyl-CoA and linolenoyl-CoA (PubMed:21128943). Binds phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in vitro. May play a role in the biosynthesis of phospholipids (PubMed:24738983).
Highly expressed in seeds and leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Induced by salt stress and infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Down-regulated by cold stress and wounding.
Induced by biotic elicitors (e.g. fungal chitin oligosaccharide) (PubMed:23462973). Induced by pathogen infection (e.g. M.grisea and X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)) (PubMed:16528562). Accumulates after treatment with benzothiadiazole (BTH) and salicylic acid (SA) (PubMed:17601827).
Transcription repressor. Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element. Regulates, probably indirectly, the activation of defense-related genes during defense response (By similarity). Modulates plant innate immunity against X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (PubMed:21961049).
Belongs to the steroid 5-alpha reductase family. Polyprenol reductase subfamily.
Plays a key role in early steps of protein N-linked glycosylation by being required for the conversion of polyprenol into dolichol. Dolichols are required for the synthesis of dolichol-linked monosaccharides and the oligosaccharide precursor used for N-glycosylation. Acts as a polyprenol reductase that promotes the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit of polyprenols into dolichols in a NADP-dependent mechanism (By similarity).
Component of the cytochrome b6-f complex, which mediates electron transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), cyclic electron flow around PSI, and state transitions. PetL is important for photoautotrophic growth as well as for electron transfer efficiency and stability of the cytochrome b6-f complex.
Involved in the transport of copper, in cooperation with SWEET11 and COPT1. Contributes to the removal of copper (Cu) from xylem, and thus to the sensitivity toward bacterial pathogens such as X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).
Reduced copper transport ability, increase in copper content of the xylem, and enhanced resistance against X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) PXO99.
Self-interacts. Interacts with SWEET11 and COPT1.
Component of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) processome.
Required for 40S ribosome biogenesis. Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA and ribosome assembly.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 16 (GT16) protein family.
Homodimer (PubMed:23519457). Interacts with EAT1/DTD (PubMed:23519457, PubMed:23385589). Interacts with TIP2 (PubMed:24894043).
Male sterility due to failure of tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) and degeneration, and collapse of microspores in developing anthers (PubMed:17138695). Altered pollen wall formation (PubMed:19825565).
Transcription factor involved in the regulation of tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) and degradation during male reproductive development. Promotes tapetal PCD. Positively regulates the expression of two tapetum-specific genes, the cysteine protease CP1 and the lipid-transfer protein C6 (PubMed:17138695). Acts upstream from and interacts with EAT1/DTD in the regulation of tapetal PCD (PubMed:23385589). Regulates the expression of genes related to aliphatic metabolism during pollen development. May play regulatory role in the lipidic metabolism involved in the formation of pollen wall (PubMed:19825565).
By salt, cold, calcium, sucrose and cytokinins in young seedlings, and by light in the shoot of etiolated seedlings. Induction by cold inhibited by the calcium ionophore A23187. Induction by calcium inhibited by the Ca(2+)-channel blocker La(3+), and by A23187.
Highly expressed in leaf blade and leaf sheath, but not in other tissues.
Involved in cold stress tolerance. CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
The activation loop within the kinase domain is the target of phosphorylation/activation by upstream protein kinases (By similarity). The N-terminal region containing the kinase domain is responsible for the autophosphorylation.
Induced by salt stress, cold stress and drought stress.
Major CG methylase that methylates chromatin CpG residues and maintains DNA methylation (PubMed:24535433, PubMed:25002488). Plays a major role in genomic imprinting, regulation of embryogenesis and seed viability (PubMed:24535433, PubMed:25002488). Maintains DNA methylation at the FIE1 gene locus in the embryo (PubMed:24535433).
Non-viable and shrunk seeds, and embryonic lethality when homozygous.
Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins.
Involved in high light-mediated energy-dependent nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ, qE) and thermal dissipation (TD) thus regulating energy conversion in photosystem II and protecting from photoinhibition (PubMed:21873330, PubMed:24850835). Seems also to regulate quantum yield of electron transport in fluctuating light conditions (PubMed:24850835).
No visible non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) phenotype (PubMed:25342550). Plants missing both PSBS1 and PSBS2 exhibit a decreased light-inducible portion of thermal dissipation (TD), including energy quenching (qE)-associated TD (qE-TD) (PubMed:21873330, PubMed:24850835). Plants missing both PSBS1 and PSBS2 have a higher quantum yield of electron transport upon the transition from high light to low light, but a lower quantum yield of electron transport II upon the transition from low light to high light (PubMed:24850835).
Strongly induced by blue light (PubMed:9055819). Triggered by red light in etiolated seedlings; this induction is reversed by far-red light (PubMed:9055819).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress in roots.
Lectin which binds carbohydrates in vitro. Interacts through its lectin domain with glycan structures containing specific motifs.
The ricin B-type lectin domain binds glycan structures.
Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) to specific initiation sites and are then released.
Required for the synthesis of amylose in endosperm.
Severe developmental defects in both vegetative and reproductive organs resulting in sterile flowers. Hypersensitivity to methylmethane sulfonate (MMS). Longer telomeres.
Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair. When associated with KU70, binds to double-stranded telomeric and non-telomeric DNA sequences, but not to single-stranded DNA (By similarity). Required for the maintenance of chromosome stability and normal developmental growth. Plays a role in maintaining telomere length. Acts as a negative regulator in telomere homeostasis.
The N-terminal domain (1-265) is necessary for binding to KU80.
Belongs to the eukaryotic NMN adenylyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the formation of NAD(+) from nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and ATP. Can also use the deamidated form; nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) as substrate.
Belongs to the ALG10 glucosyltransferase family.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26 proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively.
The mutants hei10-1 and hei10-2 have normal vegetative growth but exhibited complete sterility, due to shrunken and inviable pollen as well as sterile female gametes. Reduced chiasma frequency, with a random distribution among cells of remaining chiasmata, but normal early recombination events and synaptonemal complex (SC) formation.
Ubiquitin E3 ligase required for class I crossover (CO) formation during meiosis.
By submergence in the meristematic zone of internodes.
Expressed in roots, nodes and internodes, and at lower levels in shoots and leaves. Expressed in the intercalary meristem of internodes and at lower levels in the elongation zone and differentiation zone.
Interacts specifically with CDKD-1/CAK-R2.
Involved in cell cycle regulation. May be a regulatory subunit of CDKD-1/CAK-R2.
Belongs to the 7S seed storage protein family.
Seed storage protein (Probable). Globulin-like protein that acts as zinc metalloprotease. Cleaves specifically between Leu-15 and Tyr-16 of insulin B chain, and Gln-1 and Leu-2 of neurotensin (NT) peptide in vitro. May play a role as an initiating endopeptidase in germinating seeds (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, flag leaves, stems, flowers and panicles (PubMed:20576316). Widely expressed (PubMed:21546455).
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:20576316, PubMed:18315698, PubMed:21546455, PubMed:22301130). Induced by auxin (PubMed:21546455, PubMed:22301130). Induced by gibberellin (PubMed:21546455). Induced by salt and drought stresses (PubMed:20576316, PubMed:21546455, PubMed:22301130). Induced by cold stress (PubMed:20576316). Induced by oxidative stress (PubMed:20576316, PubMed:22301130).
Interacts with MODD (PubMed:27468891). Interacts with SAPK2, SAPK6 and SAPK9 (PubMed:22301130).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased sensitivity to salt and drought stresses (PubMed:20576316). Decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:20576316, PubMed:21546455).
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by SAPK2, SAPK6 and SAPK9. Phosphorylation is required for full transactivation activity.
Plants over-expressing BZIP46 display increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA).
Transcription factor involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PubMed:20576316, PubMed:19947981, PubMed:21546455, PubMed:22301130, PubMed:26300907, PubMed:27468891). Transcription factor activity is fully activated by ABA (PubMed:19947981, PubMed:26300907, PubMed:27468891). Acts as positive regulator of the expression of abiotic stress-responsive genes through an ABA-dependent signaling pathway (PubMed:20576316). Acts as positive regulator of ABA signaling and drought stress tolerance (PubMed:22301130). Plays an important role in ABA and auxin responses. Involved in ABA signaling and stress responses by directly binding to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE)-containing genes, especially WRKY family genes. Modulates response to auxin. Suppresses auxin signaling by targeting ABRE-containing genes related to auxin metabolism or signaling (PubMed:21546455).
Belongs to the thiamine pyrophosphokinase family.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of thiamine to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an active cofactor for enzymes involved in glycolysis and energy production. Plant leaves require high levels of TPP for photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism (By similarity).
Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing and RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs). The CBC complex is involved in miRNA-mediated RNA interference and is required for primary miRNA processing. In the CBC complex, CBP20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ABH1/CBP80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. CBP20 also plays a role in stabilization of ABH1/CBP80 and ABH1/CBP80 localization to the nucleus (By similarity).
Component of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer composed of ABH1/CBP80 and CBP20 that interacts with m7GpppG-capped RNA.
Detected throughout panicle development with the strongest expression in immature panicles, and weakest in mature panicles. Abundantly found in the stamen and carpel primordia of young spikelets.
May play a role in floral meristem development and maintenance of stamens, rather than in determining polarity in floral organs.
Preferentially expressed in flowers. Expressed in leaf blades and leaf sheaths. Does not show polar expression pattern.
YAB1, from cultivar indica Minghui 63, was shown by Dai et al (PubMed:17369428) to be involved in regulation of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis, to bind to the 5'-TCTGTTA-3' GA-responsive element of gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase 2 (GA3ox2) promoter and be transiently induced by GA in seedlings. It has to be pointed out that this YAB1 sequence differs from cultivar japonica nipponbare sequence by seven amino acids, of which four are located in the zinc finger domain.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, lesion mimic, low tillering, altered kernel color, viviparous and low fertility phenotypes.
Belongs to the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase family.
Catalyzes the decarboxylation of four acetate groups of uroporphyrinogen-III to yield coproporphyrinogen-III.
Belongs to the UTP23/FCF1 family. FCF1 subfamily.
Strongly expressed in the stems of the young seedlings, etiolated seedlings and embryogenic calli, but only minimally expressed in the leaves and the roots.
Expressed in proliferating tissues. Highly expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM). Expressed in roots, young leaves, flag leaves, and panicles. Not detected in mature leaves.
Required for DNA repair. Binds to DDB2 to form the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (the UV-DDB complex). The UV-DDB complex may recognize UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair (Probable). May function as the substrate recognition module for a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (By similarity).
Catalyzes the formation of the isocyclic ring in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Mediates the cyclase reaction, which results in the formation of divinylprotochlorophyllide (Pchlide) characteristic of all chlorophylls from magnesium-protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester (MgPMME).
During flowering and seed development, expressed very weakly at 3 days after flowering (DAF) (at protein level) (PubMed:24682961). Expression increases until 9 DAF and remains relatively steady until a sharp decline 23 DAF (at protein level) (PubMed:24682961).
Forms homodimers (PubMed:30190374). Interacts with RBP-L and RBP-208 (PubMed:30190374). Interacts with NSF (PubMed:32471860).
RNA-binding protein that binds to a cis-localization element or zipcode, within the 5'-CDS of prolamine RNA (PubMed:20217123, PubMed:24682961). Binds strongly to glutelin mRNA, particularly to 3'-UTR and zipcode RNA (PubMed:24682961). Recognizes and binds to glutelin zipcode RNA, which is required for proper mRNA localization to cisternal endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:24682961). Exhibits strong binding activity to a glutelin intron sequence and may participate in mRNA splicing (PubMed:24682961). Required for the correct localization of glutelin and prolamine mRNA in endosperm cells during grain development (PubMed:30190374). RBP-P and RBP-L form a quaternary complex with the membrane trafficking factors NSF and RAB5A (PubMed:32471860). This quaternay complex carries glutelin mRNAs for active transport on endosomes to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and enables endosome-mediated glutelin mRNA transport in endosperm cells (PubMed:32471860).
Together with EX2, enables higher plants to perceive singlet oxygen as a stress signal in plastid that activates a genetically determined nuclear stress response program which triggers a programmed cell death (PCD). This transfer of singlet oxygen-induced stress-related signals from the plastid to the nucleus that triggers genetically controlled PCD pathway is unique to photosynthetic eukaryotes and operates under mild stress conditions, impeding photosystem II (PSII) without causing photooxidative damage of the plant.
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of grain size. Binds the transcription repressor APG and forms a heterodimer of antagonistic bHLH transcription factors that regulates grain length and weight by controlling cell elongation in lemma and palea. May be involved in the control of lamina inclination through brassinosteroid signaling pathway.
Plants over-expressing ILI6 show enhanced bending of the lamina joints and produce grains increased in size, caused by elongated cells in lemma.
Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase activity is inhibited by quercetin and caffeate.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Cation-independent O-methyltransferase family. COMT subfamily.
By probenazole (at protein level) (PubMed:17950386). Induced by UV-C (PubMed:24035516).
Expressed in roots and stems, and at lower levels in leaves.
Methylates OH residues of flavonoid compounds. Can methylate eriodictyol, luteolin, quercetin and taxifolin (PubMed:16412485). Methylates caffeate to produce ferrulate (PubMed:21210840, Ref.16). Catalyzes the methylation of monolignols, the lignin precursors. Functions cooperatively with CAD2 in the culm internodes for the biosynthesis of monolignols. May be involved in lignin biosynthesis in leaves and roots (PubMed:21912859). Involved in syringyl lignin biosynthesis. Can function as 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferase in the biosynthetic pathway to syringyl lignin (Ref.16). Involved in melatonin biosynthesis. Can function as acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group onto N-acetylserotonin, producing melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (PubMed:26276868).
Was initially thought to constitute the naringenin 7-O-methyltransferase (NOMT), a methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of the sakuranetin, an inducible defense mechanism of O.sativa against pathogen attack (PubMed:10814825). However, it was later shown that it is not the case (PubMed:22493492).
With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits (By similarity).
With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA49/POLR1E RNA polymerase subunit family.
Mediates the incorporation of phosphate into starch-like phospho-alpha-glucan, mostly at the C-3 position of glucose units. May be required for starch degradation, suggesting that the phosphate content of starch regulates its degradability (By similarity).
The N-terminal domain contains the alpha-glucan binding site, the central domain the pyrophosphate/phosphate carrier histidine, and the C-terminal domain the ATP binding site.
The reaction takes place in three steps, mediated by a phosphocarrier histidine residue located on the surface of the central domain. The two first partial reactions are catalyzed at an active site located on the C-terminal domain, and the third partial reaction is catalyzed at an active site located on the N-terminal domain. For catalytic turnover, the central domain swivels from the concave surface of the C-terminal domain to that of the N-terminal domain (By similarity).
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins.
By hyperosmotic stress in leaf blades and leaf sheaths, but not in roots (PubMed:15084714). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22071266).
Interacts with BZIP46 (PubMed:22301130). Interacts with ABI5 and PP2C30 (PubMed:22071266). Interacts with PP2C51 (PubMed:28000033).
May play a role in signal transduction of hyperosmotic response (Probable). Can phosphorylate BZIP46 in vitro (PubMed:22301130). Together with ABI5, PP2C30 and PYL5, is part of an abscisic acid (ABA) signaling unit that modulates seed germination and early seedling growth (PubMed:22071266).
Down-regulated by salt and dehydration stresses.
Involved in CpXpG DNA methylation. Plays a critical role in the maintenance of CpXpG DNA methylation and suppression of a wide spectrum of transposable element (TE) activities. Required for proper plant development in reproductive stage.
Reduced overall plant height, early flowering and reduced fertility.
Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family.
Involved in protein precursor import into chloroplasts. Part of the redox regulon consisting of TIC32, TIC 55 and TIC62. Acts as a membrane anchor of LFNR1 and LFNR2. Has a NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase activity, but only after preincubation with lipids.
Part of the Tic complex. Interacts with TIC110 and TIC55 (By similarity). Interacts with LFNR1 and LFNR2. Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins (PubMed:26941088).
Decreased pollen fertility due to abnormal synaptic behaviors and increased crossover formation during prophase I.
Required for chromosome synapsis and regulates crossover frequency during meiosis. Acts as transverse filament protein and constitutes the central element of the synaptonemal complex.
Belongs to the Mg-chelatase subunit H family.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, low tillering and altered kernal color phenotypes.
Weakly expressed in flowers and panicles.
Acts as a calcium sensor. May promote vacuolation of aleurone cells in response to signal induced by gibberellin. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, shoots, culms, young spikelets and scutellum.
Down-regulated by submergence (PubMed:17205969). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:25735958). Down-regulated by glucose (PubMed:22859682).
Circadian-regulation under long day (LD) conditions. Expression increases during daytime, peaks at the end of the light period and gradually decreases during the dark period.
Early flowering phenotype under long day (LD) and natural day (ND) conditions. Decreased plant size, number of grains per panicle, yield and dry weight per plant.
Expressed in the apical meristem, developing leaves, leaf sheaths of young seedling, root meristem, epidermal layer of developing stems and branch-primordia of developing panicles.
Phosphorylated at Ser-68 by HD16/EL1, a casein kinase 1.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of flowering time under long day (LD) conditions. Plays a major role as repressor of flowering. Controls flowering time by negatively regulating the expression of EHD1 and HD3A.
Mannosyltransferase involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis.
Belongs to the phosphosulfolactate synthase family.
Expressed in lodicules and stamens from early to late stage of flower development.
Highly expressed in anthers and carpels. Expressed in pollen, tapetum and stigma.
Probable transcription factor involved in the development of floral organs. B-class protein required for normal development of lodicules (whorl 2).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX56/DBP9 subfamily.
Interacts with PP2C53 (PubMed:26491145). Interacts with PP2C50 (PubMed:28827170).
May play a role in signal transduction of hyperosmotic response. Together with PYL10, PP2C53 and SAPK8, may form an abscisic acid (ABA) signaling module involved in stress response (PubMed:26491145). Together with PYL3 and PP2C50, may form an ABA signaling module involved in stress response (PubMed:28827170).
Belongs to the PIGG/PIGN/PIGO family. PIGO subfamily.
Belongs to the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family.
Mainly expressed in roots. Lower expression in shoots, mature panicles at flowering stages and mature leaves.
Catalyzes the conversion of Delta(8)-sterols to their corresponding Delta(7)-isomers.
Binds microtubules via its N-terminus containing the MyTH4 domain and binds F-actin via its FERM domain. Binding to calmodulin inhibits microtubule binding activity.
Minus-end microtubule-dependent motor protein involved in the regulation of cell division.
By the leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis infestation and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment.
Interacts with TIFY6A/JAZ3, TIFY6B/JAZ4 and TIFY11D/JAZ12 in a coronatine-dependent manner (PubMed:21332845, PubMed:23320078). Interacts with TIFY9/JAZ5, TIFY10A/JAZ6, TIFY10B/JAZ7 and TIFY11C/JAZ11 in a coronatine-dependent manner (PubMed:23320078). Interacts with TIFY11A/JAZ9 in a coronatine-dependent manner (PubMed:23320078, PubMed:25617318).
Involved in jasmonate (JA) signaling. Required for jasmonate signaling in plant defense responses (PubMed:22529386). Can complement Arabidopsis coi1-1 mutant and restore jasmonate signaling (PubMed:23320078). Required for JA-regulated defense responses to infestation by the leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (PubMed:22558386, PubMed:24003150). May act on an initial response of jasmonate-regulated gene expression toward drought tolerance as part of a BHLH148-TIFY11D/JAZ12-COI1A complex (PubMed:21332845). Component of SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which may mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including TIFY/JAZ family (By similarity).
Plants silencing COI1A and COI1B show increased plant height and seed length, are hypersensitive to gibberellin, and display reduced sensitivity to inhibition of seedling growth by jasmonate (PubMed:22529386). Plants silencing COI1A show early and reduced tillering with few grain filling, and display increased sensitivity to the chewing insect Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (PubMed:22558386).
Belongs to the mitochondrial Rho GTPase family.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and fruits (PubMed:18263782). Expressed in the root cap and in the exodermis, sclerenchyma and vascular tissues of the root, in the cortex cells and the stele of lateral roots, in the mesophyll cells of the leaf, in pollen, vascular cylinder of the anther and the veins of the lemma, palea and pistils, and in all node I tissues (PubMed:26082401).
Interacts (via C-terminus) with SPX4 (via N-terminus) in the presence of inositol polyphosphate (PubMed:24692424, PubMed:27080106). Interacts (via C-terminus) with SPX1 and SPX2 (via SPX domain) (PubMed:25271318, PubMed:35640569). Interacts with RLI1 isoform RLI1b in the nucleus (PubMed:35640569).
Repressed nitrate induction of phosphate (Pi) uptake activity (PubMed:33316467). Reduced biomass under Pi starvation; this phenotype is aggravated by the loss of both RLI1 and PHR2 and is associated with leaf senescence symptoms and lower Pi concentration (PubMed:35640569).
Transcription factor involved in phosphate starvation signaling (PubMed:18263782, PubMed:26082401). Binds to P1BS, an imperfect palindromic sequence 5'-GNATATNC-3', to promote the expression of inorganic phosphate (Pi) starvation-responsive genes (PubMed:25657119, PubMed:26082401). Functionally redundant with PHR1 and PHR3 in regulating Pi starvation response and Pi homeostasis (PubMed:26082401). Involved in both systematic and local Pi-signaling pathways (PubMed:19704822). Regulates several Pi transporters (PubMed:18263782). Regulates the expression of PT2 (PubMed:20149131). Directly up-regulates SPX1 and SPX2 expression, but PHR2 binding to DNA is repressed redundantly by SPX1 and SPX2 in a PI-dependent manner (PubMed:25271318). The DNA-binding activity is also repressed by SPX4 (PubMed:24692424). Involved in root growth under Pi deprivation (PubMed:18263782). Involved in the modulation of Pi response and homeostasis together with RLI1; promotes RLI1 expression in response to nitrate availability, thus triggering the nitrate-induced phosphate response (NIPR) (PubMed:33316467, PubMed:35640569).
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. FabH family.
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family.
In plants, there are two types of TPIS, cytosolic and plastid.
Probable metal transporter that may participate in the control of iron homeostasis.
Acts as a regulatory subunit of the 26S proteasome which is involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ARD1 subfamily.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. UbiG/COQ3 family.
O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the 2 O-methylation steps in the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway.
Belongs to the myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase family.
Highly expressed in anthers, but transcripts are undetectable in roots, leaves, flowers and embryos.
Key enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-myo-inositol 1-phosphate in a NAD-dependent manner (By similarity). Is a key enzyme in the phytic acid biosynthesis pathway in seeds (By similarity).
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in seedlings.
Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.
By Fe, Zn and auxin in roots, and Cu and Mn in shoots. Down-regulated by cytokinin and cold stress in roots and shoots. Down-regulated by Cu and salt stress in roots (PubMed:18258694). Sinergically down-regulated by RAC1 and sphingolipid elicitor (PubMed:15220467).
Down-regulation by RAC1 during pathogen infection may potentiate ROS which function as signals in resistance response (PubMed:15220467). Plants silencing MT2C show abnormal plant growth and root formation (PubMed:18258694).
During embryo development, expressed in the top of the scutellum at 7 days after pollination (DAP). In the germinating embryos, expressed in the scutellum and the cap of the radicle at 2 days after germination (DAG). At 4 DAG, still expressed in scutellum, and appears in the vascular bundle of shoot. In florets of young panicle, expressed in the pedicel and the basement of glumes. In florets of older panicle, expressed in the pedicel, basement of glumes, anthers and pistils. Expressed in the basal parts of ovaries before pollination and in the basal parts of stigmas and ovaries after pollination.
Highly expressed in inflorescences. Expressed in roots and leaves (PubMed:15220467, PubMed:17002881). Expressed in root primordium, pericycle, phloem and in the basal parts of lateral roots (PubMed:18258694).
Metallothioneins have a high content of cysteine residues that bind various heavy metals (Probable). Acts as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in the cytosol. Possesses superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities in vitro (PubMed:15220467). Plays a role during root development, lateral root initiation and seed embryo germination, possibly by regulating levels of cytokinin (PubMed:18258694).
Expressed in root vascular cylinder, vascular bundles and mesophyll cells of leaf blades, and anther walls and microspores of stamens.
Induced by high concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium.
Metal efflux transporter that may play a role in detoxification of heavy metals, such as zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, especially in the shoots.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased sensitivity to elevated levels of zinc, copper, lead, and to a lesser extent cadmium.
Belongs to the NUP186/NUP192/NUP205 family.
Binds at least 14 chlorophylls (8 Chl-a and 6 Chl-b) and carotenoids such as lutein and neoxanthin.
Photoregulated by reversible phosphorylation of its threonine residues.
The N-terminus of the protein extends into the stroma where it is involved with adhesion of granal membranes and post-translational modifications; both are believed to mediate the distribution of excitation energy between photosystems I and II.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl protein methyltransferase family.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to spermidine, to produce coumaroyl spermidine. Can use feruloyl-CoA as acyl donor. Contributes to the natural variation of spermidine-based phenolamides in rice cultivars.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX24/MAK5 subfamily.
Probable maltose transporter. Essential for the conversion of starch to sucrose in leaves at night, probably via the export of maltose from the chloroplast (By similarity).
Expressed in roots behind the root tips in the pericycle region and layer of cortical cells adjacent to the exodermis. Expressed in vascular bundles and lateral veins of leaf sheaths and blades. Expressed in the vicinity of vascular bundles in the first internode below the inflorescence (PubMed:15452707, PubMed:16443696). Highly expressed in the culm (PubMed:21912859).
Involved in lignin biosynthesis (PubMed:16443696, PubMed:21912859). Catalyzes the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers. Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde to their respective alcohols (PubMed:16443696). Plays the major role in monolignol biosynthesis. Functions cooperatively with COMT in the culm internodes for the biosynthesis of monolignols, the lignin precursors. May be involved in lignin biosynthesis in leaves and roots (PubMed:21912859).
Reduced lignin content, reddish-brown coloration of panicles and internodes, and golden yellow seeds.
Possesses glucomannan synthase and mannan synthase activities in vitro. Mannan synthase consists of a 4-beta-mannosyltransferase activity on mannan using GDP-mannose. The beta-1,4-mannan product is the backbone for galactomannan synthesis by galactomannan galactosyltransferase. Galactomannan is a noncellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell wall.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. TRM61 family.
May have a structural role to stabilize the lipid body during desiccation of the seed by preventing coalescence of the oil. Probably interacts with both lipid and phospholipid moieties of lipid bodies. May also provide recognition signals for specific lipase anchorage in lipolysis during seedling growth.
Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The alpha chain is a regulatory subunit.
Over-expression of TPP1 increases trehalose levels and enhances tolerance to salt and cold stresses.
Removes the phosphate from trehalose 6-phosphate to produce free trehalose. Trehalose accumulation in plant improves abiotic stress tolerance.
Participates in efficiency of electron transfer from plastocyanin to P700 (or cytochrome c553 in algae and cyanobacteria). This plastocyanin-docking protein contributes to the specific association of plastocyanin to PSI.
Required for meiotic recombination. Mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination (By similarity).
During seedling RGP1 expression was first observed 14 days after germination, reaching a maximum level between 28 and 42 days, and gradually decreased thereafter until 63 days when it attained the same level of expression as in 14-day old seedlings.
May play an important role in plant growth and development.
A Mutator-like-element (MULE) is present in the promoter of japonica type cultivars but not in indica type cultivars; this leads to an accumulation in response to high light.
Impaired energy-dependent nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ, qE) in high light conditions leading to an increased susceptibility to photoinhibition (PubMed:17459330, PubMed:21804028, PubMed:22413771, PubMed:25342550). Reduced seeds production (PubMed:21804028). Reduced photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation in high light intensity (PubMed:22413771). Accumulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in chloroplasts (PubMed:25342550). Accelerated cyclic electron flow (CEF) due to an alternate PGR5-dependent CEF pathway confering a photoprotection of photosystems in the absence of energy-dependent quenching (qE) (PubMed:25306526). Plants missing both PSBS1 and PSBS2 exhibit a decreased light-inducible portion of thermal dissipation (TD), including energy quenching (qE)-associated TD (qE-TD) (PubMed:21873330, PubMed:24850835). Plants missing both PSBS1 and PSBS2 have a higher quantum yield of electron transport upon the transition from high light to low light, but a lower quantum yield of electron transport II upon the transition from low light to high light (PubMed:24850835).
Involved in high light-mediated energy-dependent nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ, qE) and thermal dissipation (TD) thus regulating energy conversion in photosystem II and protecting from photoinhibition (PubMed:17459330, PubMed:21804028, PubMed:21873330, PubMed:22413771, PubMed:25342550, PubMed:24850835, PubMed:25306526). Seems also to regulate quantum yield of electron transport in fluctuating light conditions (PubMed:24850835).
Belongs to the Cold-regulated 413 protein family.
Component of the chloroplast signal recognition particle pathway. Targets proteins into the thylakoid membrane (By similarity).
Belongs to the C/M/P thioester hydrolase family.
May act as a substrate-specific adapter of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (CUL3-RBX1-BTB) which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins (By similarity). Plays a role as signal transduction component in coleoptile phototropism and lateral translocation of auxin.
The BTB/POZ domain mediates the interaction with some component of ubiquitin ligase complexes.
Transcriptional activator expressed upon environmental stress that specifically binds DNA of heat shock promoter elements (HSE). Involved in heat stress response.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family.
Interconverts GlcNAc-6-P and GlcNAc-1-P.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the DHPS family.
Expressed in roots, stems, stem nodes, young leaves, leaf sheaths, lamina joints, young spikelets, inflorescences, stamens and ovaries, embryos and seeds.
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by GSK2. Dephosphorylated during response to brassinosteroid.
Probable transcriptional repressor that regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development, partly through brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Acts downstream of the kinase GSK2, a negative regulator of BR signaling.
The gain-of-function mutant ofp8 (T-DNA tagging) shows an enhanced lamina joint inclination at the maturation stage. Plants silencing OFP8 have a marked upright leaf phenotype and are insensitive to brassinolide.
Predominantly expressed in roots, flowers and immature seeds.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (aDMA).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT6 subfamily.
Magnesium transporter that may mediate the influx of magnesium in chloroplast.
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of grain size (PubMed:23136524). Involved in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway (PubMed:27879391). Binds the transcription repressor APG and forms a heterodimer of antagonistic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulates grain length and weight by controlling cell elongation in lemma and palea (PubMed:23136524). Contributes, together with LO9-177 and BC1, to the promotion of leaf inclination and grain size by modulating cell elongation (PubMed:27879391).
By brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:27879391). Accumulates in the dark (PubMed:27879391).
Erected leaves with reduced lamina angles associated with lower cells length, reduced internode length and small spikelets and grains (PubMed:27879391). Impaired response to brassinolide (BL) (PubMed:27879391).
Expressed in seedlings, lamina joints, nodes, roots, and floral organs including anthers, young panicles, pistil, lemma and palea (PubMed:23136524, PubMed:27879391). Expressed at low levels in leaves (PubMed:23136524). Preferentially present in leaves lamina joints (PubMed:27879391).
Homodimer (PubMed:27879391). Interacts with APG (PubMed:23136524). Component of a nuclear cell elongation controlling complex made of ILI5/BUL1, LO9-177 and BC1 (PubMed:27879391, PubMed:28029278). Binds directly to LO9-177, and interacts with BC1 only in the presence of LO9-177 (PubMed:27879391).
Plants over-expressing ILI5 produce increased grain size, caused by elongated cells in lemma.
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes.
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Argininosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Dwarf, chlorina and half sterility phenotypes.
Highly expressed in anthers and at lower levels in roots, leaves and hulls.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA8 subunit family.
Expressed at low levels in leaf blades, leaf sheaths, rachis and flowers (PubMed:16262715). Expressed in the embryo of immature seeds (PubMed:17521606).
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway (PubMed:17521606). Its repressive activity is weaker than that of SLR1 (PubMed:17521606). Its overexpression prevents the GA signaling pathway and induces a dwarf phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana plants (PubMed:17521606).
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione.
Does not seem to be involved in resistance against the herbivorous insect brown planthopper (N.lugens, BPH).
Belongs to the purine-cytosine permease (2.A.39) family.
Expressed in anthers at the uninucleate microspore stage and the bicellular pollen stage.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths and leaf blades.
Induced by cold (PubMed:12012245, PubMed:12036102, PubMed:22994594). Induced by drought and salt stresses, heat shock, hydrogen peroxide and methyl viologen (PubMed:22994594). Down-regulated under oxygen deprivation (PubMed:10767423).
Interacts with PIL13 (PubMed:17485859, PubMed:21549224). Interacts with PIL15 (PubMed:21549224).
Lacks the phospho-accepting Asp (here Glu-80), present in the receiver domain, which is one of the conserved features of the two-component response regulators (ARRs) family.
Binds to the DNA in the promoter region of WAXY containing the sequence 5'-ACGCACGCTAACGTGA-3'.
Expressed in developing panicle, and in developing seed up to 15 days after flowering. Expression is reduced in the late stages of seed development.
Expressed in tissues with high cell division activities: in root tips, stem node, panicle, flower and immature seed. Weakly expressed in root and leaf.
May regulate cell proliferation and plant growth.
Expressed in leaves and at low levels in root cortex.
Belongs to the reverse transcriptase family. Telomerase subfamily.
Component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex.
Expressed in shoot apices and immature embryos.
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. It elongates telomeres. It is a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme (By similarity).
May play a role in abiotic stress response.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class OBG-HflX-like GTPase superfamily. OBG GTPase family. YchF/OLA1 subfamily.
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP.
Catalyzes the N-acetylation of serotonin into N-acetylserotonin, the penultimate step in the synthesis of melatonin (PubMed:22998587, PubMed:24134674, PubMed:27121038, PubMed:28118490). Catalyzes in vitro the N-acetylation of tryptamine to produce N-acetyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine to produce melatonin and tyramine to produce N-acetyltyramine (PubMed:27121038).
Plants overexpressing SNAT1 exhibit tolerance to cadmium, delayed leaf senescence, and increased grain yield due to increased panicle number.
Belongs to the myo-inositol oxygenase family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), providing nucleotide sugars for cell-wall polymers. May be also involved in plant ascorbate biosynthesis (By similarity).
Belongs to the SLC29A/ENT transporter (TC 2.A.57) family.
Belongs to the disproportionating enzyme family.
Chloroplastic alpha-glucanotransferase involved in maltotriose metabolism.
Belongs to the IPP isomerase type 1 family.
Forms a hetero-hexamer composed of five ISA1 and one ISA2.
Highly expressed in developing endosperm and leaves.
Starch-debranching enzyme involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in endosperm. Functions by removing excess branches or improper branches that interfere with the formation of double helices of the cluster chains of amylopectin and crystallization of starch (PubMed:16953433, PubMed:21436381). Works together with ISA1 as heterooligomer. The heterooligomer ISA1 and ISA2 possesses higher affinity than the ISA1 homooligomer for various branched polyglucans in vitro, but no marked differences exist in chain preferences for debranching of amylopectin and phytoglycogen between these forms (PubMed:16953433, PubMed:21436381).
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bS6 family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL37 family.
By the herbicide safener fenclorim. By drought stress.
Constitutively expressed in roots. Expressed in anthers, callus, panicles, sheaths and stems (at protein level).
Belongs to the class VI-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. PEMT/PEM2 methyltransferase family.
Catalyzes the second two steps of the methylation pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, the SAM-dependent methylation of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PMME) to phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME) and of PDME to phosphatidylcholine (PC).
Probable GTP-binding protein that plays a crucial role in chloroplast development and is required for leaf greening during plant growth.
Severe chlorotic phenotype during early leaf development.
Delayed transition from spikelet meristems to floral meristems and altered floral architecture. The snb osids1 double mutant, lacking both SNB and IDS1, exhibits a decreased number of branches and spikelets within a panicle, as well as a strongly delayed transition to a floral meristem, associated with abnormal spatio-temporal expression of B- and E-function floral organ identity genes in the lodicules and of spikelet meristem genes.
Detected in developing branch and spikelet meristems at very early stages of inflorescence formation, and is maintained uniformly in the spikelet meristems until floral organs initiation. Present in some floral organ primordia.
Highly expressed in developing panicles and in young seedlings (PubMed:20017947, PubMed:22003982). Present at low levels at all developmental stages (PubMed:22003982).
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in spikelet transition (Probable). Together with SNB, controls synergistically inflorescence architecture and floral meristem establishment via the regulation of spatio-temporal expression of B- and E-function floral organ identity genes in the lodicules and of spikelet meristem genes (PubMed:22003982). Prevents lemma and palea elongation as well as grain growth (PubMed:28066457).
Belongs to the polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein family.
Expression increases in the maturing panicle, but is low in developing seed.
Highly expressed in calli, immature and mature panicles, and in three inner floral organs: lodicules, stamens and carpels. Expressed at low level in seedling roots and mature stems.
Increased numbers of floral organs, including the stamen, carpel, palea/lemma, stigma and lodicule.
Inhibitor of fungal polygalacturonase. Regulates floral organ number.
Belongs to the acetolactate synthase small subunit family.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo12/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Highly expressed in stems, inflorescences and immature seeds (at protein level) (PubMed:25848690). Expressed in leaves and mature seeds (at protein level) (PubMed:25848690).
P0 forms a pentameric complex by interaction with dimers of P1 and P2 (PubMed:25848690). Interacts with NSF (PubMed:25848690).
Induced by anoxia, drought, salt stress, oxidative stress, cold and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:20039193). Induced by D-allose (PubMed:23397192).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased sensitivity to salt and drought stresses.
Plants overexpressing BZIP12 exhibit increased sensitivity to D-allose-induced growth inhibition.
Transcription activator that binds to the ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in vitro. Involved in abiotic stress responses and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (PubMed:20039193). Involved in the signaling pathway that induces growth inhibition in response to D-allose (PubMed:23397192).
Expressed in roots, shoot apex, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, internodes and panicles.
Plants overexpressing CYP734A4 show a dwarf phenotype, characterized by abnormal leaves with stiff, tortuous blades, undeveloped leaf sheaths, no flowering and bear seeds. Over-expression of CYP734A4 causes an important reduction of the levels of the BRs castasterone (CS), 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY).
Long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase involved in the omega-oxidation pathway of lipid degradation.
Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family.
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks.
Belongs to the isopentenyl phosphate kinase family.
Enzyme of the diterpenoid metabolism involved in the biosynthesis of the oryzalexin class of phytoalexins. Can use ent-sandaracopimaradien and syn-stemodene as substrates, but no activity with syn-stemoden-19-oic acid. Hydroxylates 3-alpha-hydroxy-ent-sandaracopimaradiene at C-9-beta, resulting in a 3-alpha,9-beta-diol corresponding to oryzalexins E.
Aldehyde decarbonylase involved in the conversion of aldehydes to alkanes. Core component of a very-long-chain alkane synthesis complex (By similarity). Required for the formation of wax layers conferring cuticular permeability and drought tolerance (PubMed:19322663).
Early leaf-rolling at the reproductive stage. Reduced wax accumulation (lower total proportions of aldehydes, fatty acids, alkanes and alcohol) in leaf cuticle leading to an increased cuticular permeability (e.g. chlorophyll leaching) and a subsequent altered drought resistance due to rapid water loss.
Expressed in germinating seeds, radicals and leaves.
Induced by drought and abscisic acid (ABA).
Interacts with FY (PubMed:16820865, PubMed:18854333, PubMed:19561057). Binds to SF1, FIK, RPRD1B, Os09g0509000/LOC_Os09g33480 and MADS8 (PubMed:19561057).
Mainly observed at earlier stages of panicle development (PubMed:16240176). Up-regulated in young spikelet of primary branch-differentiating stage and down-regulated in young spikelet of pistil and stamen-differentiating stage (PubMed:16753815). Accumulates in differentiating calli (PubMed:16753815).
Mostly expressed in young flowers (panicles) and stems, and also present in young seedlings leaves and roots.
Plays a major role in the promotion of the transition of the vegetative meristem to reproductive development (PubMed:16240176). Required for RNA-mediated chromatin silencing of a range of loci in the genome. Cotranscriptionally recognizes aberrant RNA and marks it for silencing. Controls alternative cleavage and polyadenylation on pre-mRNAs and antisense RNAs (By similarity). Regulates flowering time, seed size and cell volume, probably via the modulation of cell size (PubMed:17597396).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. RsmH family.
Binds 1 dipyrromethane group covalently.
Tetrapolymerization of the monopyrrole PBG into the hydroxymethylbilane pre-uroporphyrinogen in several discrete steps.
The porphobilinogen subunits are added to the dipyrromethane group.
Acts as negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and drought tolerance. Mediates deactivation and degradation of BZIP46, a positive regulator of ABA signaling and drought stress tolerance. Represses BZIP46 activity via interaction with the TPR3-HDAC1 corepressor complex and down-regulation of the histone acetylation level at BZIP46 target genes. Promotes BZIP46 degradation via interaction with the U-box type ubiquitin E3 ligase PUB70.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity and drought resistance.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (By similarity). SRP9 together with SRP14 and the Alu portion of the SRP RNA, constitutes the elongation arrest domain of SRP (By similarity). The complex of SRP9 and SRP14 is required for SRP RNA binding (By similarity).
Heterodimer with SRP9; binds RNA as heterodimer (By similarity). Component of a signal recognition particle (SRP) complex that consists of a 7SL RNA molecule of 300 nucleotides and six protein subunits: SRP72, SRP68, SRP54, SRP19, SRP14 and SRP9 (By similarity).
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC3/POLR3C RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
Involved in nucleolar processing of pre-18S ribosomal RNA.
Belongs to the squalene monooxygenase family.
Catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of squalene to (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, and is considered to be a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid biosynthesis.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL12 family.
Involved in the trafficking of vacuolar proteins. Functions probably as a sorting receptor for protein trafficking to the protein storage vacuole (PSV) by binding the C-terminal vacuolar sorting determinant (VSD) of vacuolar-sorted proteins.
Can restore nodulation but not rhizobial infection to a Medicago truncatula dmi1 mutant, but cannot restore mycorrhizal or rhizobial symbiosis in a Ljpollux mutant of Lotus japonicus.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and panicles.
Not induced by mycorrhizal colonization.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. BUD23/WBSCR22 family.
Forms homodimer (PubMed:21337010). Interacts with NAC071 (PubMed:20632034).
Induced by drought stress, salt stress and cold stress (PubMed:16924117, PubMed:20632034). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:16924117). Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:20632034).
Plants overexpressing NAC002 exhibit improved tolerance to drought and salt stresses.
Transcription factor that possesses transactivation activity (PubMed:16924117, PubMed:20632034). Transcription activator involved in response to abiotic stresses. Plays a positive role during dehydration and salt stress. Binds specifically to the 5'-CATGTG-3' motif found in promoters of stress-responsive genes (PubMed:16924117).
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of cell elongation and plant development. Binds the transcription repressor IBH1 and forms a heterodimer of antagonistic bHLH transcription factors that function downstream of BZR1 to mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and lamina inclination.
Expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths, lamina joint, stems and panicles. Expressed at low levels in roots.
Gain-of-function mutants ili1-D (T-DNA tagging) show increased lamina joint inclination and hypersensitivity to brassinosteroid.
Enzyme of the diterpenoid metabolism involved in the biosynthesis of antibacterial oryzalides such as phytocassane. Can use ent-cassadiene as substrate, but not C11-alpha-hydroxy-ent-cassadiene, ent-pimaradiene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaurene, ent-isokaurene, syn-pimaradiene, syn-stemarene, syn-stemodene.
May be involved in calcium-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Probably serves as a molecular bridge in ubiquitin E3 complexes. Participates in the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1).
Highly expressed in the early globular stage embryo before 2 days after pollination (DAP), as well as in the endosperm. At 3 DAP, expression is down-regulated in the central region and in the center of the ventral region of the embryo, where the shoot subsequently forms, but weakly expressed in other regions until 4 DAP, and then disappears after 4 DAP. During transition between the inflorescence and floral phases, expressed in the inflorescence meristems but not in the floral meristem.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, immature seeds and endosperm.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (PubMed:16552590). Functions as glucose sensor for plant growth and photosynthesis (PubMed:19010999).
Plants over-expressing HXK6 exhibit hypersensitive plant growth retardation and enhanced repression of the photosynthetic gene RbcS in response to glucose treatment.
By infection with the rice blast fungus (M.oryzae) (PubMed:15695435). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), salt stress and osmotic shock (PubMed:24884869).
Expressed in leaf blades and stems (PubMed:15695435, PubMed:24884869). Expressed at low levels in anthers and spikelets (PubMed:24884869).
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Functions in signal transduction pathways that positively regulate responses to drought, osmotic, and dehydration stress. Regulates expression of stress-associated genes in response to drought. Involved in tolerance to drought stress by increasing proline and soluble sugars, and improving stomatal closure. Required for pollen maturation and spikelet fertility (PubMed:24884869).
Plants over-expressing CPK9 show increased tolerance to drought, osmotic, and dehydration stresses, and improved pollen maturation and spikelet fertility under normal growth conditions. Plants silencing CPK9 show decreased tolerance to drought, osmotic, and dehydration stresses, and diminished pollen maturation and spikelet fertility under normal growth conditions.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (365-395) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Component of TORC1 complex, which is an essential cell growth regulator that controls plant development. Acts by activating transcription, protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, and inhibiting mRNA degradation and autophagy.
Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. HemL subfamily.
Binds to PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid intracellular receptors in an ABA-independent manner, both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus (By similarity). Interacts with YchF1 (PubMed:19086295, PubMed:23550829, PubMed:20876569).
Mediates the transient calcium-dependent interaction of PYR/PYL/RCAR abscisic acid (ABA) receptors with the plasma membrane and thus regulates ABA sensitivity (By similarity). Stimulates the GTPase/ATPase activities of YCHF1, and regulates its subcellular localization (PubMed:19086295, PubMed:20876569, PubMed:23550829). Binds phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-independent manner (PubMed:20876569). Promotes tolerance towards salinity stress by limiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:19086295, PubMed:23550829). Promotes resistance to bacterial pathogens, such as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PubMed:19086295). Binding to YCHF1 is required for its role in stimulating defense responses and the ability to alleviate salt stress (PubMed:26286751).
Functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Is recruited by MODD to promote ubiquitination of BZIP46, a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and drought stress tolerance.
Expressed in root tips. Expressed at high levels in the meristematic zone and at low levels in the elongation zone of the root tip.
Interacts with BHLH094, BHLH089, TIFY11A/JAZ9 and TIFY11C/JAZ11. Forms a ternary complex with TIFY11A/JAZ9 and BHLH094 in the nucleus.
Involved in the repression of jasmonate (JA)-induced genes. Forms a ternary complex with TIFY11A/JAZ9 and BHLH094 to negatively regulate JA-responsive genes. Involved in transcriptional regulation in the root tip. Plays a regulatory role in root cell elongation. Regulates root cell elongation during salt stress.
Down-regulated by glucose or fructose treatment in leaves and immature seeds.
Expressed in roots, leaves, flowers, immature seeds and seed coat.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (PubMed:16552590). Functions in sugar signaling via a glycolysis-dependent manner under aerobic conditions, but its signaling role is suppressed when oxygen is deficient (PubMed:25951042).
Belongs to the lyase 1 family. Adenylosuccinate lyase subfamily.
Transcriptional repressor that may play a role in response to nitrogen. May be involved in a time-dependent signaling for transcriptional regulation of nitrate-responsive genes. Binds specifically to the DNA sequence motif 5'-GAATC-3' or 5'-GAATATTC-3'. Represses the activity of its own promoter trough binding to these motifs.
Carboxylate--CoA ligase that may use 4-coumarate as substrate. Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein alpha subunit family.
F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments.
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ran family.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA (By similarity).
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle (By similarity).
Catalyzes the 3'-hydroxylation of the flavonoid B-ring to the 3',4'-hydroxylated state. Catalyzes in vitro 3'-hydroxylation of different flavonoids. Catalyzes the conversion of apigenin to luteolin, naringenin to eriodictyol, and kaempferol to quercetin. Possesses specific 5'-hydroxylase activity toward chrysoeriol (a 3'-methoxylated flavone) and is indispensable for tricin formation. Converts chrysoeriol to selgin, a precursor of tricin, suggesting that chrysoeriol, instead of tricetin, is an intermediate in tricin biosynthesis.
The jas domain (123-148) is required for interaction with COI1.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX54/DBP10 subfamily.
Plays role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex that is involved in spliceosome assembly, and as component of the precatalytic spliceosome (spliceosome B complex). The heptameric LSM2-8 complex binds specifically to the 3'-terminal U-tract of U6 snRNA.
Interacts with CRS2 and RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns, CRS2 and CAF2 (By similarity).
According to the redox status, the Cys-125-Cys-163 disulfide bridge may have a role in regulating protein function by affecting its ability to bind capped mRNA.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome (PubMed:17898986). Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures (PubMed:17898986).
EIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions (PubMed:17898986). It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners (PubMed:17898986). In higher plants two isoforms of EIF4F have been identified, named isoform EIF4F and isoform EIF(iso)4F (PubMed:17898986). Isoform EIF4F has subunits p220 and p26, whereas isoform EIF(iso)4F has subunits p82 and p28 (PubMed:17898986).
May function as the terminal enzyme of the myo-inositol oxidation (MIO) pathway. May also play a role in the salvage pathway for synthesis of nucleotide sugars (By similarity).
Cleaves the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of glutathione and glutathione conjugates.
Catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytoene. Mediates the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis. May play a role in regulating carotenoid flux in response to abiotic stress in roots. May control flux to carotenoid precursors that are required for abiotic stress-induced abscisic acid (ABA) formation in roots.
Induced by drought stress, salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots.
Belongs to the glutamyl-tRNA reductase family.
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA).
During catalysis, the active site Cys acts as a nucleophile attacking the alpha-carbonyl group of tRNA-bound glutamate with the formation of a thioester intermediate between enzyme and glutamate, and the concomitant release of tRNA(Glu). The thioester intermediate is finally reduced by direct hydride transfer from NADPH, to form the product GSA (By similarity).
Highly expressed in young panicles (PubMed:30796160). Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and stems (PubMed:30796160). Expressed at low levels in brown grains (PubMed:30796160).
Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precursors as well as that of ubiquitinated proteins (Probable). Involved in the regulation of grain size (PubMed:30796160). Acts as positive regulator of grain width and size by influencing cell proliferation (PubMed:30796160). Functions partially antagonistically with GW2 in the regulation of grain width (PubMed:30796160). Possesses deubiquitinating enzyme activity in vitro (PubMed:30796160).
The dominant gain-of-function large grain1-D (lg1-D) develops significantly enlarged grains.
Component of the signal peptidase complex (SPC) which catalyzes the cleavage of N-terminal signal sequences from nascent proteins as they are translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Enhances the enzymatic activity of SPC and facilitates the interactions between different components of the translocation site.
Required for proper 27S pre-rRNA processing and 60S ribosome subunit assembly.
Functional repressor of PHR2 (PubMed:24368504). Involved in maintaining cellular Pi homeostasis when plants are exposed to an external change in Pi (PubMed:24368504). Negatively regulates root-to-shoot Pi translocation redundantly with SPX3 (PubMed:24368504). Down-regulates the non-coding RNA IPS1 (At3g09922) and suppresses the responses of miR399 and PHO2 to Pi-starvation (PubMed:19566645).
No visible phenotype, due to the redundancy with SPX5.
Predominantly expressed in roots, leaves and seeds (PubMed:19566645). Expressed in root epidermis, exodermis, sclerenchymal layer, cortex and endosperm (PubMed:24368504). Under Pi starvation, also detected in mesophyll and phloem in the vascular bundles (PubMed:24368504).
Up-regulated under phosphate starvation (PubMed:19566645, PubMed:24368504). Up-regulated during cold stress (PubMed:19508276).
Probable transcriptional activator that promotes chloroplast development. Acts as an activator of nuclear photosynthetic genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport (By similarity).
Involved in calcium binding and microtubule stabilization.
Strongly expressed in proliferating tissues: root and shoot apical meristem, tiller bud, leaf, ligule primordia, marginal meristem of young leaves and panicles. Not expressed in mature leaves when exposed to UV.
By iron deficiency in roots. Down-regulated in chlorotic leaves by iron deficiency.
Belongs to the RNA 3'-terminal cyclase family. Type 2 subfamily.
Converts fumarylacetoacetate to acetoacetate and fumarate. Involved in tyrosine catabolic pathway. Catalyzes the final step in the tyrosine degradation pathway.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.
Belongs to the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase family. Long subfamily.
Catalyzes the condensation of ATP and 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate to form N'-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP (PR-ATP).
Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. TRX/MLL subfamily.
Late-flowering phenotype under long day (LD) conditions.
Possesses histone H3 methyltransferase activity in vitro (PubMed:24420930). Methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3. H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Functions as a receptor for the lipid messenger phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P), which regulates negatively its transcriptional activation activity (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of flowering time and floral induction under long day (LD) conditions. Acts as an activator of flowering under LD conditions. May function through binding to EHD3, a repressor of GHD7 (PubMed:24420930).
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII), required for its stability and/or assembly. PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation.
Extreme dwarf, low tillering and no heading phenotypes.
Acts as an adapter for the XPO1/CRM1-mediated export of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Belongs to the CcmH/CycL/Ccl2/NrfF family.
Plays a role in mitochondrial cytochrome c maturation. Probable component of a heme lyase complex involved in the reduction of apocytochrome c.
Activation of RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39) involves the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine leading to a carbamate structure.
Specifically methylates the cytosine at position 967 (m5C967) of 16S rRNA.
Acetyltransferase involved in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) biosynthesis. UDP-GlcNAc is an essential metabolite that serves as an initial sugar donor of N-glycan synthesis and thus plays an important role in protein and lipid glycosylation (By similarity).
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. GNA1 subfamily.
During grain filling, expression increases from 4 to 20 days after pollination and then decreases to basal levels.
Highly expressed in anthers. Expressed at low levels in ovaries.
Probable tryptophan aminotransferase that may be involved in the regulation of auxin production in developing rice grains.
Probable component of the HRD1 ubiquitin ligase complex that mediates the rapid degradation of misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins, a process called ER-associated degradation (ERAD).
Participates in sensing carbon and organic nitrogen status and regulates some steps of primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
Calli overexpressing YUCCA8 exhibit high levels of auxin, low regeneration frequency, overgrowing roots and abnormal root morphology.
Expressed in leaves, young panicles and young kernels (PubMed:17619151). Highly expressed in embryos. Expressed in roots, shoots and panicles (PubMed:18293011). Expressed in root tips, leaves, stems, young stem nodes and developing grains (PubMed:28829777).
Involved in auxin biosynthesis (PubMed:18293011, PubMed:28829777, PubMed:29740464). Converts the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) produced by the TAA family to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (PubMed:28829777). Seems not able to use tryptamine (TAM) as substrate (PubMed:28829777). Probably responsible for auxin biosynthesis in leaves and involved in the regulation of lateral leaf growth (PubMed:18293011). Required for maintaining water homeostasis and an appropriate root to shoot ratio (PubMed:17619151). Required for the inhibition of root growth by ethylene in etiolated seedlings (PubMed:28829777). Functions downstream of the ethylene-response transcription factor EIL1 (PubMed:28829777).
Narrow and rolled leaf phenotype (PubMed:17619151, PubMed:28829777). Reduced root growth (PubMed:17619151). Tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:28829777). Reduced response to inhibition of root elongation by ethylene (PubMed:28829777).
Expressed in cortical and endodermal cells in roots and in vascular bundle regions in leaves (PubMed:17541409). In roots, expressed in epidermis, exodermis, cortex, and sieve elements and companion cells of phloem (PubMed:19482918). In mature leaves, expressed in large highly vacuolated cells of the adaxial epidermis, phloem and xylem (PubMed:19482918).
Induced by potassium starvation in roots (PubMed:11489190, PubMed:12795699, PubMed:17541409). Down-regulated by sodium, potassium, rubidium, lithium and cesium (PubMed:11489190, PubMed:12795699).
Reduced accumulation of sodium in roots and shoots (PubMed:17541409). Reduced growth under low sodium and potassium starvation conditions (PubMed:17541409).
Seems to be involved in regulation of potassium-sodium homeostasis (PubMed:11489190, PubMed:12795699, PubMed:11959905). Functions as a high-affinity sodium transporter, which mediates increased sodium uptake in roots under potassium deficiency and contributes to sodium accumulation and salt toxicity (PubMed:11489190, PubMed:12795699, PubMed:11959905). Involved in nutritional sodium uptake and distribution in potassium-starved roots to allow plant growth (PubMed:17541409, PubMed:30854552). Functions as sodium-potassium cotransporter (PubMed:19482918).
Mediates resistance to sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (SAMs) by restoring the sphingolipid biosynthesis. Could salvage the transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in ceramides-depleted cells after SAM exposure (By similarity).
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. The D1/D2 (PsbA/PsbD) reaction center heterodimer binds P680, the primary electron donor of PSII as well as several subsequent electron acceptors. D2 is needed for assembly of a stable PSII complex.
The D1/D2 heterodimer binds P680, chlorophylls that are the primary electron donor of PSII, and subsequent electron acceptors. It shares a non-heme iron and each subunit binds pheophytin, quinone, additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids. There is also a Cl(-1) ion associated with D1 and D2, which is required for oxygen evolution. The PSII complex binds additional chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific lipids.
Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. CSN5 subfamily.
Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8 (By similarity). Interacts with MCM2 (PubMed:18755073).
Probable protease subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes such as photomorphogenesis and response to hormones (By similarity). The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF (By similarity). Involved in early response to iron deficiency (Probable).
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family.
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and nucleotide specificity is provided by the beta subunit.
Involved in light regulation of the circadian clock and photomorphogenesis.
Homodimer (Probable). May form a heterodimer with HOX1, HOX3 or HOX7.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell.
Belongs to the autoinducer-2 exporter (AI-2E) (TC 2.A.86) family.
Mainly expressed in the roots (PubMed:16033806, PubMed:16572174, PubMed:17905867). In roots, it localizes in the main and lateral roots, but not in root hairs (PubMed:16572174). Within a root, it localizes on the plasma membrane of the distal side of both exodermis and endodermis, where casparian strips exist (at protein level) (PubMed:16572174, PubMed:17905867). Expressed low levels in leaves and anthers (PubMed:16033806).
Regulated by silicon level; the expression being decreased 4-fold by continuous silicon supply for 3 days.
Silicon influx transporter responsible for silicon transport from the external solution to the root cells (PubMed:16572174). Is coupled with the silicon efflux transporter LSI2 in both exodermal and endodermal root cells for an efficient silicon transport across the cells into the stele (PubMed:17625566). Silicon is beneficial to plant growth and helps plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stresses by preventing lodging (falling over) and increasing resistance to pests and diseases, as well as other stresses (PubMed:16572174). Is coupled with LSI2 transporter in roots for efficient uptake of arsenite, which is further dispatched in shoots and grains (PubMed:18626020). Mediates uptake of methylated arsenic species in roots (PubMed:19542298).
Methyltransferase required for the conversion of 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DDMQH2) to 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQH2).
Mediates the insertion of proteins targeted to the outer membrane of chloroplasts. Required for the import of protein precursors into chloroplasts. Forms the voltage-dependent preprotein translocation channels (hydrophilic beta barrel) of the TOC complex in the chloroplastic outer membrane (By similarity).
Part of the TOC core complex that includes a protein for the specific recognition of transit peptides surrounded by a ring composed of four proteins forming translocation channels, and four to five GTP-binding proteins providing energy. This core complex can interact with components of the TIC complex to form a larger import complex. Chloroplastic protein precursors also interact with these complexes (By similarity).
Transmembrane regions consist mainly of membrane-spanning sided beta-sheets, which are not predicted by sequence analysis tools.
Probable transcription factor involved in plant development (By similarity). Involved in environmental abiotic stress resistance. May increase the expression of stress-responsive genes (By similarity). Binds DNA in vitro (PubMed:27081181).
The GRAS domain is involved in DNA-binding.
Expressed in the shoot apex and leaves (PubMed:18315698). Expressed in dry seeds (PubMed:20490919). Expressed in roots and leaves (PubMed:24062085).
Induced by chilling and mannitol (PubMed:7948880, PubMed:9517002). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:9517002, PubMed:20490919, PubMed:24062085). Induced by salt stress (PubMed:9517002, PubMed:20490919, PubMed:24062085). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:20490919, PubMed:24062085). Induced by D-allose and D-glucose (PubMed:23397192).
Expressed in shoots (PubMed:12795699). In roots, expressed in epidermis, exodermis, cortex, and sieve elements and companion cells of phloem (PubMed:19482918). In mature leaves, expressed in large highly vacuolated cells of the adaxial epidermis, phloem and xylem (PubMed:19482918).
Functions as a low-affinity sodium transporter.
By wounding, drought and salt stresses, benzothiadiazole (BTH), ethephon, methyl jasmonate (MeJa), hydrogen peroxide, abscisic acid (ABA) and incompatible and compatible races of rice blast fungus (M.grisea).
Expressed in seedlings, roots and panicles and at lower levels in flag leaves and internodes.
Belongs to the biotin--protein ligase family.
Does not possess sialyltransferase-like activity in vitro.
Dwarf, narrow leaf, low tillering, abnormal hull, viviparous and low fertility phenotype.
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins transfer phospholipids as well as galactolipids across membranes. May play a role in wax or cutin deposition in the cell walls of expanding epidermal cells and certain secretory tissues. May possess an antifungal activity and protect the plant against pathogens.
Catalytic subunit of pyrophosphate--fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate, the first committing step of glycolysis. Uses inorganic phosphate (PPi) as phosphoryl donor instead of ATP like common ATP-dependent phosphofructokinases (ATP-PFKs), which renders the reaction reversible, and can thus function both in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Belongs to the UPL family. TOM1/PTR1 subfamily.
Preferentially expressed in immature organs containing meristems and organ primordia. Expressed in phloem of developing vascular tissues of young seedling shoots. Expressed in the phloem of midvein vasculature of young leaves. Does not show polar expression pattern in leaf primordia.
Seems to be associated with phloem cell differentiation.
Constitutively expressed in roots. Localizes on the plasma membrane of the proximal side of both root exodermis and endodermis, where casparian strips exist (at protein level).
Silicon efflux transporter involved in silicon transport from the root cells to the apoplast. Is coupled with the silicon influx transporter NIP2-1/LSI1 in both exodermal and endodermal root cells for an efficient silicon transport across the cells into the stele. Silicon is beneficial to plant growth and helps plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stresses by preventing lodging (falling over) and increasing resistance to pests and diseases, as well as other stresses (PubMed:17625566). In the nodes, involved with LSI3 and NIP2-2/LSI6 in silicon intervascular transfer, which is required for the preferential distribution of silicon, such as hyperaccumulation of silicon in the husk (PubMed:26283388). Is coupled with NIP2-1/LSI1 transporter in roots for efficient uptake of arsenite, which is further dispatched in shoots and grains (PubMed:18626020).
Expressed in developing grain from 1 to 21 days after pollination.
Probable tryptophan aminotransferase involved in auxin (IAA) biosynthesis (PubMed:24654985, PubMed:29740464). Required for auxin production to initiate multiple change in growth in response to environmental and developmental cues (PubMed:24654985, PubMed:29740464). Functions upstream of YUCCA1 in auxin biosynthesis (PubMed:29740464). Required for polar auxin transport (PubMed:24654985).
Strong dwarf phenotype and pleiotropic developmental defects affecting all organs (PubMed:29740464). Reduced endogenous levels of auxin (PubMed:29740464).
ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in mRNA splicing. May destabilize the U1/5'-splice site duplex to permit an effective competition for the 5'-splice site by the U6 snRNA, resulting in the switch between U1 and U6 at the 5'-splice site. May also act to unwind the U4/U6 base-pairing interaction in the U4/U6/U5 snRNP, facilitating the first covalent step of splicing (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX23/PRP28 subfamily.
Nuclear genome-encoded factor required for the accumulation of photosystem I (PSI) during plant development.
May play a role in plant defense signaling (Probable). Does not bind to phospholipids in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner in vitro (PubMed:21756975).
Phosphorylated at Ser-40 by CPK18 in a calcium-dependent manner.
Belongs to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. Amino acid/choline transporter (ACT) (TC 2.A.3.4) family.
May be involved in the transport of amino acids.
Belongs to the gluconokinase GntK/GntV family.
Expressed in seedlings, roots, stems and panicles.
Participates in the second catalytic step of pre-mRNA splicing, when the free hydroxyl group of exon I attacks the 3'-splice site to generate spliced mRNA and the excised lariat intron.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. DRM-methyltransferase family.
Involved in de novo DNA methylation. Involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM).
Lacks the conserved tripeptide Ser-Pro-Cys in position 625 necessary for the methyltransferase activity in DRM protein (AC Q9M548).
Accumulation of proglutelins in seed endosperm (PubMed:24488962). Mistargeting of dense vesicles (DVs) to the type II protein bodies (PBII) protein storage vacuoles and reduction of PBII size in endosperm. Formation of paramural bodies (PMBs) secretory vesicle-like structures charged with DVs in endosperm (PubMed:24488962).
Acts synergistically with RAB5A and VPS9A to regulate dense vesicle-mediated post-Golgi trafficking of major storage proteins in the seed endosperm during grain filling and maturation.
During endosperm development, the expression of GPA3 is low at an early stage, peaks at 18 days after flowering (DAF), and slowly decreases after 21 DAF.
Functions as actin-binding component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an activating nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) mediates the formation of branched actin networks.
Component of the large ribosomal subunit.
Ent-cassa-12,15-diene is a precursor of the phytoalexins phytocassanes A-E. Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation).
Expressed from 2 to 6 days after imbibition.
Involved in phytocassane phytoalexins biosynthesis. Catalyzes the conversion of ent-copalyl diphosphate to the phytoalexin precursor ent-cassa-12,15-diene.
Belongs to the TDD superfamily. DTWD2 family.
Highly expressed in the pulvinus and stem nodes (PubMed:28708834). Expressed in the plumule of germinating seeds, coleoptile, leaves, internodes, leave sheaths, spikes and roots (PubMed:28708834).
Increased sensitivity to cadmium stress and increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in leaves upon cadmium treatment.
Plants overexpressing MPH1 exhibit increased plant height due to increased length of internodes (PubMed:28708834). Plants overexpressing MPH1 exhibit increased grain yield (PubMed:28708834). Plant silencing MPH1 exhibit decreased plant height due to decreased length of internodes (PubMed:28708834). Plants silencing MPH1 exhibit decreased grain yield (PubMed:28708834).
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of plant height by elongating internode cell length (PubMed:28708834). Involved in the positive regulation of grain yield (PubMed:28708834). May be involved in the regulation of genes related to cell elongation and cell wall synthesis, which are associated with plant height and yield phenotypes (PubMed:28708834). Plays a role in tolerance to cadmium stress (PubMed:28969789).
Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the regulation of auxin signaling.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 63 family.
Cleaves the distal alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue from the Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor.
Before anthesis, expressed in the vascular bundles of spikelets, stamens, pistils, and husk. After fertilization, expressed in the husk, spikelets, and pistil. From 3 to 10 days after anthesis, expressed in the dorsal vascular bundles of developing ovaries. At 15 days after anthesis, expressed in the embryo and dorsal vascular bundles. At 30 days after anthesis, expressed in the scutellum and endosperm.
Expressed in root phloem and at low levels in the shoot companion cells.
Involved in Fe(3+) uptake from the rhizosphere and phloem transport of iron. Plays an important role in iron homeostasis during the early stages of growth. Transports Fe(3+)-phytosiderophore, but not Fe(3+)- or Fe(2+)-nicotianamine. May not transport other chelated metals.
Involved in the synthesis of the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes.
Circadian-regulated, with the highest expression 3 hours after the beginning of light period (in 14 hours light/10 hours dark cycle).
Esoxpressed in source leaves and sink leaves.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL34 family.
Heterodimer of a catalytic alpha subunit and a beta subunit.
Regulatory subunit of glucosidase II. May be required for defense response elicited by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (By similarity).
By N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor.
Expressed in roots, shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaves, panicles and seeds.
Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a central role in blue light-dependent circadian cycles. Acts as a blue light photoreceptor, due to the presence of FMN, that mediates light-regulated protein degradation of critical clock components by targeting them to the proteasome complex. The SCF(ADO3) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is involved in the regulation of circadian clock-dependent processes including transition to flowering time, hypocotyl elongation, cotyledons and leaf movement rhythms (By similarity).
FMN binds covalently to cysteine after exposure to blue light and is reversed in the dark.
Autophosphorylated on serine and threonine residues; these phosphorylation prevents proteolytic degradation.
Enzymatic activity is fifteen time stronger with Mn(2+) than with Mg(2+).
Interacts with WRKY62/XB10 in the nucleus (PubMed:22735448). Interacts with SERK2 (PubMed:24482436).
Receptor kinase that detects X.oryzae pv. oryzae protein Ax21 to promote innate immunity. Following X.oryzae pv. oryzae protein Ax21 detection, undergoes cleavage, releasing the processed protein kinase Xa21 chain.
The processed protein kinase Xa21 chain released by protein cleavage after X.oryzae pv. oryzae protein Ax21 detection translocates into the nucleus where it can bind and regulate WRKY62, a transcription factor. Confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).
Undergoes protein cleavage upon X.oryzae pv. oryzae protein Ax21 detection, thus releasing the processed protein kinase Xa21 chain.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (PubMed:33448635). Catalyzes the oxidation of various types of cytokinins in vitro with high efficiency toward trans-zeatin (tZ) and cis-zeatin (cZ), and lower efficiency toward isopentenyladenine (iP), cis-zeatin riboside (cZR), dihydrozeatin (DHZ), and isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR) (PubMed:33448635). Involved in the degradation of cytosolic cytokinins (PubMed:33448635). Involved in the regulation of photosynthesis and grain number, thereby coordinating the source-sink relationship simultaneously (PubMed:33448635).
Expressed in inflorescence meristems (PubMed:15976269). Predominantly expressed in roots, leaves and panicles (PubMed:33448635). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and leaf senescence (PubMed:33448635).
Increased cytokinin levels in flag leaves, reduced abscisic acid (ABA) levels, increased branch, tiller, and grain number, and delayed leaf senescence.
Strongly induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and leaf senescence.
By senescence, abscisic acid (ABA), acifluorfen, salt and cadmium (PubMed:21210840). Induced by copper (PubMed:18676621, PubMed:21210840). Induced by butafenacil (PubMed:22998587). Induced in dark-grown etiolated shoot (PubMed:22747959). Induced by UV-C (PubMed:24035516).
Hardly expressed in young leaves at 14 days after sowing (DAS). Expression detected in adult leaves at 28 DAS and increases with growing stage.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.
In eukaryotes there are five DNA polymerases: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon which are responsible for different reactions of DNA synthesis.
Polymerase alpha in a complex with DNA primase is a replicative polymerase.
Transcription termination factor required for processing and steady-state levels of plastid transcripts. Required for splicing of the chloroplastic group II intron. Required for the accumulation of 16S and 23S ribosomes.
Converts oxidosqualene ((3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene) to cycloartenol.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL19 family.
Accumulates in seeds (PubMed:19825577). Mainly expressed in young roots, and, to a lower extent, in leaf veins, seedlings, stems, leaf sheath and young spikelet (PubMed:29581216).
Acts probably as a dual specificity protein kinase (Probable). Regulates hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) homeostasis and improves salt tolerance by phosphorylating tyrosine residues of CATC thus activating its catalase activity. Promotes growth at the seedling stage and prevents grain yield loss under salt stress conditions (PubMed:29581216).
By cold and dehydration (PubMed:19825577). Induced by salt (NaCl) and oxidative (H(2)O(2)) stresses (PubMed:29581216, PubMed:19825577).
Increased sensitivity to salt (NaCl) stress with increased oxidative attack on membrane lipids and higher intracellular Na(+)/K(+) ratio associated with reduced phosphorylation of CATC.
Self-interacts. Interacts with CATA, CATB and CATC at the plasma membrane.
Constitutively interacts with CASP4; required for the localization of procaspase 4 to the ER.
Critical mediator, in cooperation with CASP4, of endoplasmic reticulum-stress induced apoptosis. Required or the activation of CASP4 following endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Highly expressed in spikelets and floral organs.
Transcriptional activator involved in jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway during spikelet development. Binds to the G2 region G-box (5'-CACGTG-3') of the MADS1 promoter and thus directly regulates the expression of MADS1. Its function in MADS1 activation is abolished by TIFY3/JAZ1 which directly target MYC2 during spikelet development.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaf blades and leaf sheaths.
Plants overexpressing SYP121 exhibit enhanced resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:30617050). Plants silencing SYP121 exhibit increased susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:30617050).
Vesicle trafficking protein that functions in the secretory pathway (PubMed:30617050). Involved in plant defense by mediating host resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:30617050). The interaction with SNAP32 may contribute to host resistance to the rice blast fungus (PubMed:30617050).
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of ATP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit.
Cleaves sequentially the 2 innermost alpha-1,3-linked glucose residues from the Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharide precursor of immature glycoproteins. May be required for defense response elicited by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS29 family.
Component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), composed of the core PRC2 components FIE2, EZ1 and CLF. PRC2 methylates 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3 (H3K27me3), leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene.
Dwarf phenotype with early flowering under long day (LD) conditions. Defect in floret development.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development. They act via the methylation of histones, rendering chromatin heritably changed in its expressibility (Probable). Polycomb group (PcG) protein involved in the repression of flowering under long day (LD) conditions. Regulates floret development (PubMed:19825651).
Expressed in the apical region of globular-stage embryos 2 days after anthesis (DAA). Expressed in the scutellum and aleurone layer 4 DAA. Expression in these cells increases until 7 DAA, and then gradually decreases.
Highly expressed in embryos, but transcripts are undetectable in roots, leaves, flowers and anthers.
Induced by sucrose and glucose (PubMed:11975732). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:11975732, PubMed:24467907).
Key enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to 1-myo-inositol 1-phosphate in a NAD-dependent manner (By similarity). Is a key enzyme in the phytic acid biosynthesis pathway in seeds (PubMed:19021878).
Plants silencing RINO1 show a low phytic acid phenotype in seeds, and high accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in seeds.
Fructose and glucose phosphorylating enzyme (PubMed:16552590). Acts as positive regulator of leaf senescence by mediating glucose accumulation and inducing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:34879830).
Plants over-expressing HXK1 exhibit early leaf senescence phenotype.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit p55 family.
Bifunctional DNA glycosylase/lyase, which excises 5-methylcytosine (5-meC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmeC), leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site that is subsequently incised by the lyase activity (Probable). DNA demethylase that is indispensable in both male and female gametophyte development (PubMed:22448681). Involved in the regulation of DNA methylation in the promoters of RISBZ1/BZIP58 and DOF3/RPBF, two transcription factors that functions synergistically to positively regulate genes that are key players in the development of aleurone layers (PubMed:30275307). Active DNA demethylation carried out by ROS1A in rice endosperms may restrict the number of aleurone cell layers (PubMed:30275307).
Expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, apical and lateral shoot meristems, inflorescence meristems, lodicules, pollen grains, ovules and seeds (PubMed:22448681). Expressed in vascular tissues of roots and leaves, pollen grains, pericarp, aleurone, and starchy endosperm (PubMed:30275307).
Reducing ROS1A activity may be a potential tool to increase aleurone content, and improve the nutritional value of rice grains (PubMed:30275307). Aleurone cells are rich in an array of proteins, vitamins and minerals (PubMed:30275307).
Sterility and inability to set normal seeds due to severe defects in both male and female gametogenesis.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (Probable). Cytokinins are plant hormones essential for plant growth, development, and stress responses (Probable). Exhibits specific activities toward trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) (PubMed:36031806). Plays a role in lamina joint inclination (PubMed:36031806). Regulates cell proliferation and vascular bundle number on the abaxial side of lamina joint (PubMed:36031806).
Expressed in inflorescence meristems (PubMed:15976269). Highly expressed in lamina joints, and mainly in the parenchyma cells and vascular bundles on the abaxial side of the lamina joint (PubMed:36031806). Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and young panicles (PubMed:36031806).
Increased leaf erectness, asymmetric growth and development of lamina joint.
Induced by isopentenyladenine, trans-zeatin and 24-epibrassinolide.
Plants over-expressing CKX3 exhibit decreased leaf erectness.
Belongs to the DNA photolyase class-2 family.
Expressed in proliferating tissues. Highly expressed in roots and shoot apical meristem (SAM). Expressed in leaves, flag leaves, and panicle.
Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which are formed between adjacent bases on the same DNA strand upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Required for plant survival in the presence of UV-B light. Not involved in the repair of (6-4) photoproducts.
Over-expression of PHR decreases growth inhibition, leaf necrosis and CPDs accumulation under UV-B treatment.
Belongs to the ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 family.
Belongs to the selenoprotein M/F family.
Expressed at early stage of flower development in floral meristem, and at later stage in lemma, palea and carpel primordia.
Expressed in lemmas, paleas and pistils. Weakly expressed in carpels.
Homeotic transformation of lodicules, stamens and carpels into lemma- and palea-like structures.
May interact with the K-box of MADS6, MADS14 and MADS15.
Probable transcription factor involved in the development of floral organs. Required for the formation of inner floral organs (lodicules, stamens and carpels, or whorls 2, 3 and 4) and the lemma and palea (whorl 1), which are grass floral organs analogous to sepals. May be involved in the control of flowering time. Seems to act as transcriptional activator. May act upstream of the auxin-responsive protein GH3.8.
Absence of axillary meristem (AM) in most of the lateral branching of the panicle, and reduced number of AMs at the vegetative stage.
Involved in the regulation of shoot branching by controlling axillary meristem (AM) formation. Functions in association with LAX1 to regulate the process of AM formation. Possesses transactivation activity in yeast.
Probable transcription factor that may be necessary for the proper patterning of vascular bundles.
By abscisic acid (ABA), wounding, and drought and salt stresses (PubMed:19618278). Induced by jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:23104764). Negatively regulated by the SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin ligase-proteasome pathway during JA signaling (PubMed:24647160).
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, spikelets and seeds.
Interacts with COI1B in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) (PubMed:23320078, PubMed:24647160). Interacts with MYC2 (PubMed:24647160).
Repressor of jasmonate responses negatively regulated by the proteasome in an SCF(COI1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex-dependent manner. Involved in jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway during spikelet development. Targets directly the transcription activator MYC2 and suppresses the activity of MYC2 in triggering the transcription of MADS1 (PubMed:24647160).
The jas domain (170-194) is required for interaction with COI1.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Increase in jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) levels mediates its degradation via COI1B-mediated proteasome pathway (PubMed:24647160).
Component of LSM protein complexes, which are involved in RNA processing.
According to PubMed:15599508, it may be peroxisomal. There is however no experimental evidence to prove this.
Belongs to the ribosome-inactivating protein family. Type 1 RIP subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX27/DRS1 subfamily.
Expressed in developing caryopsis at 1 to 5 days after flowering. Expressed exclusively in the pericarp at 5 days after flowering.
Expressed in leaves and weakly in endosperm and roots.
May contribute to the deposition of transient starch in chloroplasts of leaves.
Belongs to the ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase alpha subunit family.
Heterodimer of subunit A (variable subunit) and subunit B (catalytic subunit). Heterodimeric FTR forms a complex with ferredoxin and thioredoxin.
Variable subunit of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR), which catalyzes the two-electron reduction of thioredoxins by the electrons provided by reduced ferredoxin.
Belongs to the pyruvate, phosphate/water dikinase regulatory protein family. PDRP subfamily.
Bifunctional serine/threonine kinase and phosphorylase involved in the dark/light-mediated regulation of PPDK by catalyzing its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Dark/light-induced changes in stromal concentrations of the competing ADP and Pi substrates govern the direction of the reaction. In the dark, phosphorylates the catalytic intermediate of PPDK (PPDK-HisP), inactivating it. Light exposure induces the phosphorolysis reaction that reactivates PPDK (By similarity).
Expressed at low levels in roots, leaves, sheaths and meristems.
Hydrolyzes chitin and plays a role in defense against fungal pathogens containing chitin. Inhibits the growth of T.reesei fungus on plate assay.
Expressed in leaves and anthers, and at lower levels in roots.
Specifically expressed in starchy endosperm of developing seeds from 5 to 30 days after flowering (DAF).
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. WEE1 subfamily.
Belongs to the DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B family.
Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication.
Interacts with PYL5 and SAPK2. Binding to PYL5 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22071266). Interacts with PYL3, PYL5 and PYL9. Binding to PYL5 and PYL9 is dependent on the presence of ABA (PubMed:26362328).
Together with ABI5, PYL5 and SAPK2, is part of an abscisic acid (ABA) signaling unit that modulates seed germination and early seedling growth.
Belongs to the TtcA family. CTU1/NCS6/ATPBD3 subfamily.
Plays a central role in 2-thiolation of mcm(5)S(2)U at tRNA wobble positions of tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Directly binds tRNAs and probably acts by catalyzing adenylation of tRNAs, an intermediate required for 2-thiolation. It is unclear whether it acts as a sulfurtransferase that transfers sulfur from thiocarboxylated URM1 onto the uridine of tRNAs at wobble position.
Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions downstream of HAL3 and is required for HAL3-regulated plant growth. Activation of HIP1 by HAL3 may lead to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth.
Belongs to the archaeal Rpo3/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.
Expressed in shoots and roots. Also expressed in callus, leaves, panicles, sheaths and stems.
Highly expressed during the first days following germination and then decreases in the later growth stages.
The coatomer is a cytosolic protein complex that binds to dilysine motifs and reversibly associates with Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles, which further mediate biosynthetic protein transport from the ER, via the Golgi up to the trans Golgi network. Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins (By similarity). The zeta subunit may be involved in regulating the coat assembly and, hence, the rate of biosynthetic protein transport due to its association-dissociation properties with the coatomer complex.
Belongs to the bacterial ribosomal protein bL9 family.
Expressed in aleurone cells (PubMed:15618416). Mostly expressed in aleurone layers and leaves, and, to a lower extent, in roots, panicles and embryos (PubMed:26025535).
In dry seeds, expressed in aleurone cells and embryos. Levels drop rapidly but transiently in the embryos of imbibed seeds.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) in aleurone cells, embryos, roots and leaves (PubMed:15618416, PubMed:19199048). Slightly down-regulated by gibberellic acid (GA) (PubMed:15618416). Accumulates in response to jasmonic acid (MeJA) (By similarity).
Transcription activator (PubMed:26025535). Interacts specifically with the W box (5'-(T)TGAC[CT]-3'), a frequently occurring elicitor-responsive cis-acting element (PubMed:19199048, PubMed:26025535). Negative regulator of both gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in aleurone cells, probably by interfering with GAM1, via the specific repression of GA- and ABA-induced promoters (PubMed:15618416, PubMed:19199048, PubMed:26025535).
Belongs to the fructosamine kinase family.
Initiates a process leading to the deglycation of proteins. Phosphorylates low-molecular-mass and protein-bound erythrulosamines and ribulosamines, but not fructosamines or psicosamines, on the third carbon of the sugar moiety. Protein-bound erythrulosamine 3-phosphates and ribulosamine 3-phosphates are unstable and decompose under physiological conditions.
Belongs to the ATPase epsilon chain family.
Transcription factor required for normal cell differentiation. May interact with other proteins to repress the knox homeobox genes (By similarity).
Catalyzes the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates, providing a mechanism for the plant to cope with the presence of excessive free auxin (PubMed:18192436). Produces more IAA-Asp levels than IAA-Ala levels in vitro (PubMed:18192436). May participate in the activation of disease resistance by preventing the accumulation of free IAA, which reduces the expression of a group of auxin-responsive genes encoding expansins that control cell wall loosening and expansion (PubMed:18192436). Contributes to late events in stamen and carpel differentiation, and influences floret fertility (PubMed:22016342).
Expressed at early stage of flower development in floral meristem and at later stage in lemma, palea and carpel primordia.
Expressed in the inner floral organs (lodicules, stamens and carpels) and at lower levels in lemmas and paleas.
Plants overexpressing GH3-8 exhibit enhanced disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (PubMed:18192436). Plants overexpressing GH3-8 exhibit abnormal morphology and dwarf phenotype (PubMed:18192436, PubMed:22016342). Plants silencing GH3-8 produce mostly non-viable pollen grains (PubMed:22016342).
Slight increase in disease susceptibility to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA1A and RPA3.
Belongs to the PTEN phosphatase protein family.
Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex. The NF-Y complex stimulates the transcription of various genes by recognizing and binding to a CCAAT motif in promoters. May regulate the expression of photosynthetic genes, and may be involved in chloroplast and amyloplast development.
Heterotrimeric transcription factor composed of three components, NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. NF-YB and NF-YC must interact and dimerize for NF-YA association and DNA binding (By similarity).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 20 family.
Belongs to the FKBP-type PPIase family. Tig subfamily.
Belongs to the complex I 24 kDa subunit family.
Core histone-binding subunit that may target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA. Component of several complexes which regulate chromatin metabolism such as the chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) complex, which is required for chromatin assembly following DNA replication and DNA repair (By similarity).
Belongs to the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family.
Binds one cation per subunit; probably K(+), but might also be Ca(2+) (By similarity). Plants over-expressing APX2 have increased ascorbate peroxidase activity and exhibit enhanced tolerance to salt, drought and cold stresses (PubMed:23468992).
By stress and hormones. By infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea). Circadian-regulation. Expression is higher during the light phase than during the dark phase. Induced by salt stress (PubMed:16397796, PubMed:23468992). Induced by heat shock (PubMed:22196946). Induced by hydrogen peroxide in leaves (PubMed:25546583). Induced by drought and cold stresses (PubMed:23468992).
Expressed in aerial vegetative parts and reproductive organs (PubMed:14644501). Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:16397796). Expressed in young leaves, internodes, blade ears, stems and anthers (PubMed:23468992).
Plays a key role in hydrogen peroxide removal (PubMed:15685422). Plays an important role in plant growth and development by protecting the seedlings from abiotic stresses through scavenging reactive oxygen species. Required for pollen viability (PubMed:23468992).
Semi-dwarf plants, yellow-green leaves, leaf lesion mimic phenotype, abnormal anther morphology, defects in pollen viability and seed sterility.
Transcription activator that mediates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Binds specifically to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the EMP1 and RAB16A gene promoters.
Functions as a highly-selective sodium transporter (PubMed:19482918, PubMed:25750424). Does not seem to function as sodium-potassium cotransporter (PubMed:19482918, PubMed:25750424). May be involved in turgor changes for rolling and unrolling of leaves in response to environmental variations (PubMed:19482918).
Weakly expressed (PubMed:12795699). In roots, expressed in epidermis, exodermis, cortex, and sieve elements and companion cells of phloem (PubMed:19482918). In mature leaves, expressed in large highly vacuolated cells of the adaxial epidermis, phloem and xylem (PubMed:19482918).
Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases family.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ATPase epsilon family.
Interacts with HSP90 in an ATP-dependent manner.
Expressed in etiolated shoots and roots.
Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family.
Induced by drought stress, acifluorfen and cadmium (PubMed:23053415). Induced by jasmonate (JA) (PubMed:11332734).
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes (By similarity) (PubMed:23053415). It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5 (By similarity). Can reduce cytochrome c in vitro (PubMed:23053415).
Plays an essential role in early steps of chloroplast development. May be involved in the redox control of plastid gene expression by maintening the redox state around chloroplast nucleoids. May positively regulate plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) activity.
Multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, forming malonyl-CoA, which is used in the plastid for fatty acid synthesis and in the cytosol in various biosynthetic pathways including fatty acid elongation.
Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth.
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a non-competitive inhibitor that prevents formation of the closed enzyme conformation by binding to the same site as the amobile flap. In contrast, mizoribine monophosphate (MZP) is a competitive inhibitor that induces the closed conformation. MPA is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of the bacterial enzymes. MZP is a more potent inhibitor of bacterial IMPDH.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. The latter can be utilized in the urea cycle or as a precursor for the synthesis of both polyamines and proline (By similarity).
Catalyzes the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphyrin macrocycle cleavage of pheophorbide a (pheide a) to a primary fluorescent catabolite (pFCC). Works in a two-step reaction with pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) by reducing the C20/C1 double bond of the intermediate, RCC. Belongs to the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs) (By similarity). May play a role in senescence and response to wounding (PubMed:21807436).
Plants silencing RCCR1 exhibit lesion-mimic spots on leaves.
Expressed in leaf sheaths and leaf blades. Expressed at low levels in roots, flowers and seeds.
Intracellular abscisic acid (ABA) receptor that functions as a positive regulator of ABA signaling pathway (PubMed:22071266, PubMed:24474809). Together with ABI5, PP2C30 and SAPK2, is part of an ABA signaling unit that modulates seed germination and early seedling growth (PubMed:22071266). Acts as positive regulator of abiotic stress-responsive gene expression (PubMed:24474809). Inhibits the protein phosphatases PP2C06 and PP2C09 when activated by ABA (PubMed:24743650).
Monomer (PubMed:24743650). Interacts with PP2C30. Binding to PP2C30 is dependent on the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:22071266, PubMed:26362328). Interacts with PP2C51. Binding to PP2C51 is dependent on the presence of ABA (PubMed:28000033). Interacts with PP2C50. Binding to PP2C50 is dependent on the presence of ABA (PubMed:28827170). Interacts with PP2C53 (PubMed:26362328).
Plants overexpressing PYL5 exhibit abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitive phenotypes (PubMed:22071266). Plants overexpressing PYL5 exhibit tolerance to salt and drought stresses, but are hypersensitive to osmotic stress and ABA during vegetative growth (PubMed:24474809).
Repressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress.
By jasmonate, and cold, drought and salt stresses. Down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:19618278). Induced by wounding (PubMed:21332845, PubMed:24033451). Induced by blue light (PubMed:24033451).
Interacts with BHLH148 (PubMed:21332845). Interacts with COI1B in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) (PubMed:23320078, PubMed:23104764). Interacts with TIFY5/JAZ2, TIFY6B/JAZ4, TIFY9/JAZ5, TIFY11A, TIFY11D/JAZ12, TIFY11G/JAZ15 and NINJA1 (PubMed:23104764).
Plants over-expressing a truncated form of TIFY10C/JAZ8 display a jasmonate-insensitive phenotype and have altered expression of jasmonate-responsive genes.
Repressor of jasmonate (JA) responses. Acts as a repressor of JA-induced resistance to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (PubMed:23104764). Regulates JA-induced accumulation of linalool at the transcriptional level of linalool synthase gene LIS. Linalool is important for resistance to bacterial blight pathogen Xoo (PubMed:23889289).
The jas domain (177-202) is required for interaction with COI1.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Increase in jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) levels mediates its degradation via COI1B-mediated proteasome pathway (PubMed:23104764).
Belongs to the aspartate/ornithine carbamoyltransferase superfamily. ATCase family.
Probable iron-sulfur flavoprotein that converts 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a to chlorophyll a using ferredoxin as a reducing equivalent. Catalyzes the reduction of a hydroxymethyl group to a methyl group.
Component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, a heterotetramer composed of MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6 and MCM7 (By similarity). Interacts with CSN5 (PubMed:18755073).
Probable component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) that may function as a DNA helicase and which is essential to undergo a single round of replication initiation and elongation per cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. Can complement the fission yeast mcm2 mutant.
Widely expressed, with higher expression in developing tissues.
Active in presence of diverse metals including Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+) (By similarity). Binds two metal cations in two adjacent alpha and beta metal-binding pockets (By similarity).
Belongs to the lariat debranching enzyme family.
Binds 2 divalent metal cations per subunit.
Cleaves the 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage at the branch point of lariat intron pre-mRNAs after splicing and converts them into linear molecules that are subsequently degraded. It thereby facilitates ribonucleotide turnover. It may also participate in retrovirus replication via an RNA lariat intermediate in cDNA synthesis.
By auxin, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA).
Component of the RACK1 regulatory proteins that functions in innate immunity by interacting with multiple proteins in the RAC1 immune complex. Acts as positive regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and is required for resistance against rice blast (M.grisea) infection.
Interacts with RAC1, RAC3, RAC6, RAR1, SGT1 and RBOHB. Homodimer and heterodimer with RACK1B (Probable).
The cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain lacks the conserved iron-binding His residues at positions 155 and 179.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 14 family.
Expressed in roots, culms, leaves and panicles (PubMed:18939965). Expressed in vascular bundles of leaf sheaths and stems where sclerenchyma cells are developing (PubMed:18939965). Expressed in mechanical tissues of young organs, such as young leaf sheaths, stems and tiller buds (PubMed:18939965).
Glycosyltransferase required for the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in the cell wall (PubMed:18939965, PubMed:27708650). Required for the biosynthesis of hexoses (glucose, mannose and galactose) in both cellulosic and non-cellulosic (pectins and hemicelluloses) components of cell walls (PubMed:27708650). Required for the formation of arabinogalactan proteins which contribute to the strengthening of cell walls (PubMed:18939965). Possesses low glycosyltransferase activity (PubMed:18939965).
Retarded growth and reduced mechanical strength (brittleness) due to reduced cell wall thickness in sclerenchyma and bundle sheath fiber cells.
Involved in the vesicle trafficking. Binds syntaxins (By similarity).
Expressed in roots, sheaths and meristems.
Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family.
Belongs to the polyadenylate-binding RBP45 family.
Interacts with RBP-P (PubMed:30190374). Interacts with RAB5A (PubMed:32471860).
RNA-binding protein that binds to a cis-localization element or zipcode, within the 5'-CDS of prolamine RNA (PubMed:20217123). Binds strongly to glutelin and prolamin mRNAs, particularly to 3'-UTR and zipcode RNA (PubMed:30659066). Recognizes and binds to glutelin zipcode RNA, which is required for proper mRNA localization to cisternal endoplasmic reticulum (PubMed:30659066). Recognizes and binds to prolamin zipcode RNA, which is required for proper mRNA localization to the protein body endoplasmic reticulum that delimits the prolamine intracisternal inclusion granules (PubMed:30659066). Required for the correct localization of glutelin and prolamine mRNA in endosperm cells during grain development (PubMed:30659066). RBP-L and RBP-P form a quaternary complex with the membrane trafficking factors NSF and RAB5A (PubMed:32471860). This quaternay complex carries glutelin mRNAs for active transport on endosomes to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and enables endosome-mediated glutelin mRNA transport in endosperm cells (PubMed:32471860).
Binds one cation per subunit; probably K(+), but might also be Ca(2+) (By similarity). Plants over-expressing APX8 exhibit increased tolerance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Plants silencing APX8 show increased sensitivity to Xoo (PubMed:27185545).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers (PubMed:16397796). Expressed in leaves, shoots and panicles. Expressed at low levels in roots (PubMed:27185545).
Induced by salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA), sodium nitrate and hydrogen peroxide in roots (PubMed:17916638). Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (PubMed:27185545). Down-regulated by salt stress in leaves (PubMed:16397796). Down-regulated by hydrogen peroxide in leaves (PubMed:25546583).
Involved in defense response and tolerance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Plays an important role in hydrogen peroxide removal during infection by Xoo. Involved in response to abiotic stress. Plays a role in hydrogen peroxide removal durings salt stress.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit; can use either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+).
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes non-canonical purine nucleotides such as inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) or xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Plays a role in the recruitment of the exosome to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA.
Belongs to the eukaryotic RPC34/RPC39 RNA polymerase subunit family.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs.
To ensure consistency between histone entries, we follow the 'Brno' nomenclature for histone modifications, with positions referring to those used in the literature for the 'closest' model organism. Due to slight variations in histone sequences between organisms and to the presence of initiator methionine in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot sequences, the actual positions of modified amino acids in the sequence generally differ. In this entry the following conventions are used: H2BK6ac = acetylated Lys-7; H2BK33ac = acetylated Lys-37; H2BK143ub1 = monoubiquitinated Lys-151.
Belongs to the C-terminally encoded plant signaling peptide (CEP) family.
By salt, mannitol, cold, high temperatures and methyl viologen.
Catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) to methionine in proteins. Involved in abiotic and salt stress responses. Plays a protective role against oxidative stress by restoring activity to proteins that have been inactivated by methionine oxidation. MSRA family specifically reduces the MetSO S-enantiomer.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. Homoserine kinase subfamily.
Expressed in developing seeds from 5 to 20 days after flowering (DAF).
Homodimer. Forms heterodimers with RISBZ2/BZP33 and RISBZ3/BZP20 (PubMed:11133985). Interacts with DOF3/RPBF (PubMed:19473328).
Specifically expressed in seeds. Expressed in aleurone and subaleurone layers of maturing seeds, but not in the embryo tissues.
Transcriptional activator that binds to the DNA specific sequence 5'-TGAGTCA-3' found in seed storage protein gene promoters. Involved in the endosperm-specific regulation of storage protein genes (PubMed:15685292). Can activate the expression of genes encoding for the seed storage proteins glutelin, prolamin, globulin and the allergen RAG1. Functions synergistically with DOF3/RPBF to positively regulate quantitatively many seed storage protein genes (PubMed:16798940, PubMed:19473328). Functions synergistically with DOF3/RPBF to positively regulate some metabolic enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase, that are expressed in developing seeds (PubMed:16798940). Functions synergistically with DOF3/RPBF to positively regulate genes that are key players in the development of aleurone layers (PubMed:19473328). Functions synergistically with DOF3/RPBF to positively regulate the glutelin GLUD-1 gene in endosperm of developing seeds (PubMed:18980953). Can activate the expression of the bifunctional lysine-degrading enzyme, lysine ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH), one of the key regulators determining free lysine content in plants (PubMed:21037241). Functions as a key regulator of starch synthesis in seeds, by direct binding to the promoters of starch-synthesizing genes, such as AGPL3, WAXXY and SBE1 (PubMed:23846875).
The C-terminal Gly is amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine by an activating system similar to that for ubiquitin.
Required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
Expressed in roots, nodes, internodes, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, young ears and mature ears.
Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Dimer formation is driven by hydrophobic interactions within the N-terminal luminal domains and stabilized by disulfide bridges (By similarity).
Involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Senses unfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER via its N-terminal domain which leads to enzyme auto-activation. The active endoribonuclease domain splices bZIP50 mRNA to generate a new C-terminus, converting it into a potent unfolded-protein response (UPR) transcriptional activator, which then induces transcription of UPR target genes, such as luminal-binding protein (BiP) chaperones.
HAP2/GCS1 family members mediate membrane fusion between gametes in a broad range of eukaryotes, ranging from algae and higher plants to protozoans and cnidaria, suggesting they are derived from an ancestral gamete fusogen. They function similar to viral fusogens, by inserting part of their extracellular domain into the lipid bilayer of an adjoining cell.
Required for male fertility. Plays a role in pollen tube guidance and successful gamete attachment. Essential for the fusion of gametes during double fertilization, where one male gamete fuses with the egg to produce a zygote, and another male gamete fuses with the central cell to produce the endosperm (PubMed:20333238). Mediates the fusion of cell membranes. Not required for pollen tube outgrowth (By similarity).
The C-terminal domain (583-705) can replace the homologous domain in the Arabidopsis protein, while the N-terminal domain cannot.
Iron transporter that may play a role in the uptake of iron from the rhizosphere across the plasma membrane in the root epidermal layer.
More abundant in germinating seeds, than in callus, young roots and leaves.
Only cereal amylase known to be glycosylated.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 2 family.
May interact with the K-box of MADS6 and MADS16. May interact with MADS13 and MADS18. Binds to FCA (PubMed:19561057).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that monoubiquitinates H2B to form H2BK143ub1. H2BK143ub1 gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation and is a prerequisite for H3 Lys-4 methylation (H3K4me). It thereby plays a central role in histone code and gene regulation. H2B monoubiquitination (H2BK143ub1), mediated by HUB1, modulates transcriptional regulation of anther development, likely by promoting histone H3K4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) in the chromatin of the key tapetum degradation-related genes C4, CP1 and UDT1.
Interacts with SKIPA (PubMed:19339499). Interacts with HUB2 (PubMed:26143250).
Hydrolyzes glycosides, oligosaccharides and hydrophobic glycosides (PubMed:19587102). Possesses gibberellin ester beta-D-glucosidase activity. Can hydrolyze gibberellin A4 beta-D-glucosyl ester in vitro (PubMed:23811195).
Component of the spliceosome where it is associated with snRNP U2.
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S9 family.
Induced by NaCl in roots and shoots (PubMed:10395929, PubMed:14988485). Induced by KCl in roots and shoots (PubMed:14988485).
Plants overexpressing NHX1 exhibit improved tolerance to salt stress.
Vacuolar antiporter that acts in low affinity electroneutral exchange of protons H(+) for cations such as Na(+) or K(+) across membranes (PubMed:14988485). Plays important roles in the transport of Na(+) and K(+) accumulated in the cytoplasm into vacuoles, and is involved in salt stress tolerance (PubMed:14988485).
Contains 2 SPKK motifs which may interact with the minor groove of A/T-rich DNA sites. Phosphorylation of this motif may regulate DNA binding. This motif is reiterated in both termini of histone H1 and in the N-terminus of sea urchin histones H2B, but its presence in the C-terminus seems to be unique to plant H2A.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 3 family.
Involved in the regulatory pathway for the control of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis and salt tolerance. Operates in synergy with CBL4 to activate the plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1. CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases interact with CBL proteins. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner.
Follows a diurnal expression pattern; levels increase after dusk, reach a peak before dawn, and damp rapidly thereafter.
Mostly expressed in leaves, seedlings and floral organs, and, to a lower extent, in panicle, roots, nodes, internodes, leaf joint and sheath.
Regulates flowering time via a photoperiod-dependent pathway. Suppressor of flowering that upregulates HD1 and down-regulates EHD1 in long days (LD), thus leading to the down-regulation of HD3A and RFT1. Triggers OSK4-mediated HD1 phosphorylation.
Slightly shorter plant. Early flowering phenotype in long days (LD) but not in short days (SD).
Belongs to the protein prenyltransferase subunit beta family.
Catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl moiety from farnesyl diphosphate to a cysteine at the fourth position from the C-terminus of several proteins. The beta subunit is responsible for peptide-binding.
Required for N-linked oligosaccharide assembly.
Highly expressed in leaf sheaths. Expressed in roots, shoot apex, leaf blades, internodes and panicles.
Plants overexpressing CYP734A6 show a dwarf phenotype, characterized by abnormal leaves with stiff, tortuous blades, undeveloped leaf sheaths, no flowering and bear seeds. Over-expression of CYP734A6 causes an important reduction of the levels of the BRs castasterone (CS), 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) and 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY).
Component of the MRN complex composed of two heterodimers RAD50/MRE11 associated with a single NBN (By similarity). Interacts with NBS1.
Involved in DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Also involved in meiotic DSB processing.
Collapsed pollen with low viability. Almost no seed production.
Required for pollen development. Probably synthesized in the tapetum, packaged in Ubisch bodies and transported at appropriate stages to the micropsores.
Specifically expressed in anthers, in the tapetum and microspores (at protein level).
Expressed in anthers of developing flowers during meiosis, tapetal cell death stage and microspore stage.
Involved in pollen exine and anther epicuticular layer development. Catalyzes the in-chain hydroxylation of lauric acid (C12:0) preferentially on position 7, generating 7-hydroxylated lauric acid. Does not possess activity with other fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, and C18:0). Participates in a conserved pathway of in-chain hydroxylation of lauric acid required for anther cuticle and pollen exine formation. Directly regulated by TDR, a known regulator of tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) and pollen exine formation.
Male sterile. Defective in pollen exine and anther epicuticular layer development.
Ca(2+)-regulated actin-binding protein (By similarity). Binds actin microfilaments (MFs). Involved in actin filament bundling, severing and capping. Caps the barbed end of actin filaments and is able to sever them in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
Expressed in lateral root primordia, adventitious root primordia, coleoptiles, shoot apex, leaf primordia, panicles and flowers.
Expressed in the apical region (growing zone) of the root hair. Expressed in the growing region of leaves. Expressed in developing seeds.
Highly expressed in etiolated seedlings and flowers. Expressed in roots and green seedlings.
May be part of a complex that binds ubiquitinated proteins and that is necessary for the export of misfolded proteins from the ER to the cytoplasm, where they are degraded by the proteasome.
Catalyzes the 3-beta-hydroxylation of the inactive gibberellin precursors, leading to the formation of bioactive gibberellins. In vitro, converts the precursors GA20, GA5, GA44 and GA9 to the corresponding 3-beta-hydroxylated active products GA1, GA3, GA38 and GA4, respectively. Involved in the production of bioactive GA for vegetative growth and development (PubMed:11438692). Controls the elongation of the vegetative shoot and plant height by the regulation of active gibberellin levels (Ref.7).
During anther development, expressed in the tapetum at the early-stage and middle-stage of pollen differentiation.
Highly expressed in elongating leaves. Expressed in unopened flowers. Expressed at low levels in leaf blades, shoots, rachis, stems and young panicles.
Induced by uniconazole. Down-regulated by gibberellin (GA3).
Plants silencing G3OX2 exhibit reduced plant height.
The H protein shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein to the T protein.
According to PubMed:18060440, it is predicted to be a non-inhibitory serpin due to Gln-387 and Ile-390 which differ from the conserved residues in the reactive center loop (RCL) that is involved after cleavage in covalent linking and inhibition of the target proteinase.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-46 is the initiator.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase essential for auxin catabolism and maintenance of auxin homeostasis in reproductive organs. Catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to the biologically inactive 2-oxoindole-3-acetic acid (OxIAA).
Male sterility and production of parthenocarpic seeds. Increased levels of free IAA in anthers and ovaries.
Acts as a calcium sensor. May function as positive regulator of salt stress responses. CBL proteins interact with CIPK serine-threonine protein kinases. Binding of a CBL protein to the regulatory NAF domain of a CIPK protein lead to the activation of the kinase in a calcium-dependent manner (By similarity).
By drought and cold stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, culms, leaves and young spikelets.
Expressed in root tips, roots, shoot apical meristem (SAM) and young leaves, and at lower levels in mature leaves, flag leaves and ears.
Heterotrimer of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (canonical replication protein A complex) (By similarity). Interacts with RPA2A.
Possible role could be the docking of the LHC I antenna complex to the core complex.
Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with high affinity. Can interact in vitro with linoleoyl-CoA and linolenoyl-CoA (PubMed:21128943). Binds phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in vitro. May play a role in the biosynthesis of phospholipids. May be involved in lipid degradation via peroxisomal beta-oxydation (PubMed:24738983).
Highly expressed in leaves. Expressed in roots and seeds.
Binds microtubules (PubMed:16672264). Homodimer (PubMed:16751590).
Probable minus end-directed motor protein with a microtubule-enhanced ATPase activity. Binds ATP/ADP in vitro. Retains total enzymatic activity even after the removal of the ADP bound in the active site.
Catalyzes the 2-thiolation of uridine at the wobble position (U34) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln). Required for the formation of 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (tm5s2U) of mitochondrial tRNA(Lys), tRNA(Glu), and tRNA(Gln) at the wobble position. ATP is required to activate the C2 atom of the wobble base.
Expressed in leaf primordia, inflorescence meristem, rachis branch meristems, floral meristem and floral organ primordia.
Male sterility. Increased number of inflorescence branches, modified floral organ identities, flowers with varied numbers of inner floral organs and amorphous tissues without floral organ identity in whorls 3 and 4. Malformation of leaf blades until the fourth-leaf stage.
Regulates floral organ identity and cell proliferation in the inner floral whorls. Probably specifies the identities of lodicule and stamen through positive regulation of MADS16 expression. May contribute to morphogenesis by suppressing OSH1 expression in the lateral organs.
Component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a central role in blue light-dependent circadian cycles. Acts as a blue light photoreceptor, due to the presence of FMN, that mediates light-regulated protein degradation of critical clock components by targeting them to the proteasome complex (By similarity).
Expressed in companion and pericycle cells adjacent to the protoxylem of roots (PubMed:18034312). Expressed in companion cells of shoots (PubMed:18034312).
Expressed in the scutellum and leaf primordium of fully mature seeds (PubMed:17333504). In germinating seeds, expressed in the vascular bundle of the scutellum, the coleoptile, the bud scale, the coleorhiza, and the base of the seminal root (PubMed:17333504).
Induced by iron deficiency in roots and leaves.
Involved in biosynthesis of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores, which are ferric iron chelators produced in graminaceous plants in response to iron deficiency.
Interacts (via SPX domain) with PHR2 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:25271318, PubMed:35640569). Interacts with RLI1 in the nucleus to prevents its positive regulation of leaf inclination during phosphate (Pi) starvation (PubMed:29610209, PubMed:35640569).
Involved in plant adaptation to phosphate (Pi) starvation (PubMed:19000161). Inhibits PHR2 DNA-binding activity via a Pi-dependent protein interaction (PubMed:25271318). Suppresses the regulation on expression of PT2 by PHR2 and accumulation of shoot Pi (PubMed:20149131). Optimizes growth under phosphate-limited conditions through a negative feedback loop of the PSI (phosphate starvation-induced) signaling pathway (PubMed:19000161, PubMed:20149131). Regulates the expression of SPX2, SPX3 and SPX5 (PubMed:19566645). May be an important link between signal transduction pathways related to phosphate starvation and cold stress (PubMed:19000161). Together with SPX2, plays a negative role in the regulation of leaf inclination by preventing RLI1 transcription factor activity in Pi depleted conditions (PubMed:29610209).
Predominantly expressed in roots and leaves (PubMed:19566645). Localized in leaves lamina joints (PubMed:29610209).
Up-regulated under phosphate (Pi) starvation in lamina joint cells (PubMed:19566645, PubMed:19000161, PubMed:29610209). Up-regulated during cold stress (PubMed:19508276). Under negative feedback regulation by PHO2 (PubMed:20149131). Up-regulated by the transcription factor PHR2 (PubMed:25271318).
Belongs to the PUR DNA-binding protein family.
Expressed in developing caryopses from 1 to 7 days after flowering (DAF) and then declines to nearly undetectable levels by 15 DAF.
Expressed in roots, leaves, nodes and panicles.
Induced by cold, dehydration, salt, hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid (ABA).
Plants silencing SRFP1 exhibit increased tolerance to salt, cold and oxidative stresses. Plants over-expressing SRFP1 show decreased tolerance to salt, cold and oxidative stresses.
Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro. Possesses transactivation activity in yeast cells. May modulate abiotic stress responses by negatively regulating antioxidant enzymes-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that inhibits PME in vitro.
PSII is composed of 1 copy each of membrane proteins PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, numerous small proteins, at least 3 peripheral proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex and a large number of cofactors. It forms dimeric complexes.
Phosphorylation is a light-dependent reaction catalyzed by a membrane-bound kinase; phosphorylation occurs on Thr residue(s) in the N-terminus of the protein.
Accumulates transiently in the early stages of seed maturation (PubMed:9870704). Observed in maturating caryopsis 1 week after flowering (DAF). Expressed in tissues where and when starch granules appear. Detected in the pericarp at the early stage with a shift to the endosperm as the endosperm cells are formed. Confined to both aleurone layer and endosperm cells around 15 days after flowering. Also present in the basal part of leaf sheath (PubMed:16087344).
Normal expression of MYBS1 and AAMY3 in response to glucose levels. Normal seed germination and seedling growth.
Strongly expressed in immature seeds (PubMed:9870704). Mostly expressed in panicles, leaf sheaths and roots, and to a lower extent, in germinating seeds and leaf blades (PubMed:16087344).
Suppressor of flowering in long days (LD) via the that up-regulation of HD1 and the down-regulation of EHD1. Can phosphorylate HD1 in the presence of HDR1.
By potassium starvation in roots of young seedlings.
High-affinity potassium transporter. Also transports rubidium, with the same affinity and cesium, with a lower affinity.
Expressed preferentially in root exodermis and xylem parenchyma cells in vasculature of root and flag leaf sheath.
Induced by cadmium in roots (PubMed:29440679). Down-regulated by cold stress (PubMed:19279197).
Plant defensin-like protein involved in accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice leaves. Mediates Cd efflux from cytosol into extracellular spaces via chelation. This drives Cd secretion from xylem parenchyma cells into the xylem vessels, hence lowering Cd levels in cytosol meanwhile promoting Cd translocation from roots to shoots.
Rice varieties with high CAL1 activity over-accumulate cadmium (Cd) in rice straws, but are not affected by Cd accumulation, or the accumulation of other essential metals in rice grains. These functional characteristics could be used to breed dual-function rice varieties that produce safe grains while remediating paddy soils.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed at low levels in shoots and flowers.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to putrescine, to produce coumaroyl putrescine. Can use feruloyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA as acyl donors.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-28 is the initiator.
Component of the peroxisomal and mitochondrial division machineries. Plays a role in promoting the fission of mitochondria and peroxisomes.
The C-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal targeting, while the N-terminus is necessary for mitochondrial or peroxisomal fission.
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily.
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of queuosine 5'-phosphate, releasing the nucleobase queuine (q). Is required for salvage of queuine from exogenous queuosine (Q) that is imported and then converted to queuosine 5'-phosphate intracellularly.
Belongs to the nitrite and sulfite reductase 4Fe-4S domain family.
9-beta-pimara-7,15-diene is a precursor of the phytoalexins momilactones A and B. Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation). Momilactone B can also act as an allochemical (an antimicrobial and allelopathic agent), being constitutively produced in the root of the plant and secreted to the rhizosphere where it suppresses the growth of neighboring plants and soil microorganisms.
Expressed from 2 to 6 days after seed imbibition.
Involved in the biosynthesis of momilactone A and B phytoalexins. Catalyzes the conversion of syn-copalyl diphosphate to the phytoalexin precursor syn-pimara-7,15-diene.
Highly expressed in etiolated seedlings. Expressed in roots and flowers.
Is not reversibly glycosylated in vitro by UDP-glucose, UDP-xylose and UDP-galactose.
Probable inactive UDP-L-arabinose mutase. Inactive in vitro, but associates with UAM1 and UAM3.
'Mao huzi' means cat whiskers in Chinese.
In etiolated seedlings, expressed in roots, coleoptiles and vascular tissues of roots. In root apexes, expressed in quiescent center (QC) and root caps. In field-grown plants, expressed in leaf blades, young stem nodes and the base of axillary buds and adventitious roots derived from the nodes. In reproductive organs, expressed in anthers and pistil of young flowers, lemma of mature flowers and parts of developing grains.
Mutant etiolated seedlings display reduced ethylene-response in roots and enhanced ethylene-response in coleoptiles. Mature mutant plants have increased shoot length, branches and adventitious roots at high node position on the shoot and impaired grain filling.
Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis, an intermediary step in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Involved in an ABA pathway that acts at or downstream of ethylene receptors and positively regulates root ethylene response. In coleoptiles the MHZ4-dependent ABA pathway acts at or upstream of EIN2 to negatively regulate coleoptile ethylene response.
Complete loss of fertility due to defect in meiosis.
Required for crossover formation, complete synapsis of homologous chromosomes and bivalent formation during meiosis. Is specific to recombination events resulting in interference-sensitive crossovers (class I meiotic crossover) and works cooperatively with MER3 to promote crossovers.
Plants silencing TPO6A1 have no apparent growth defects during vegetative development, but most of the plant are completely sterile due to empty and shrunken mature pollen grains, and defect in the macrospores.
Required for meiotic recombination. Mediates DNA cleavage that forms the double-strand breaks (DSB) that initiate meiotic recombination. Is essential for both homologous chromosomes pairing and crossover formation during meiosis.
Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family.
Expressed in roots, shoots, and panicle at flowering stage.
Cytosolic invertase that cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose and is involved in the regulation of primary root elongation, lateral root formation, floral transition and pollen development.
Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase subfamily.
Cleaves phosphorylated sphingoid bases (PSBs), such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, into fatty aldehydes and phosphoethanolamine. Elevates stress-induced ceramide production and apoptosis (By similarity).
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of dephosphocoenzyme A to form coenzyme A.
Mediates the side-chain deamidation of N-terminal glutamine residues to glutamate, an important step in N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. Conversion of the resulting N-terminal glutamine to glutamate renders the protein susceptible to arginylation, polyubiquitination and degradation as specified by the N-end rule. Does not act on substrates with internal or C-terminal glutamine and does not act on non-glutamine residues in any position.
Involved in the incorporation of ferulate into the cell wall.
Plants over-expressing AT15 have significant reduction of ferulate in leaf cell wall.
Expressed in panicles, leaves, leaves sheaths, lamina joints, stems and roots.
Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with IBH1 (PubMed:34360554).
In inflorescences, observed at the coleoptiles, paleas, lemmas, lodicules, anthers and stigmas.
Plants expressing BCL2 in the lamina joint and the spikelet under the control of BUL1 promoter exhibit increased leaf angle and grain length.
Together with BCL1, positive regulator of cell elongation at least partially through increased gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis.
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) of histone H3. Involved in the control of flowering time. Has a suppressive effect on floral transition under long day conditions through the demethylation of H3K4me3 in the promoter region of the flower-promoting signal HD3B/RFT1.
Probable disease resistance protein. Resistance proteins guard the plant against pathogens that contain an appropriate avirulence protein via an indirect interaction with this avirulence protein. That triggers a defense system including the hypersensitive response, which restricts the pathogen growth. At the opposite of cultivar Kusabue, the cultivar Nipponbare doesn't recognize the effector avirulence protein AVR-Pik from M.oryzae.
Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Regulatory subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; essential for the ER localization.
Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Can phosphorylate casein in vitro. Required for normal root development through modulation of cell elongation. Plants silencing CKI1 show abnormal root development, with reduced number of lateral and adventitious roots, and shortened primary roots as a result of reduced cell elongation. May be involved in abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways (PubMed:14535884). Plays an important role in the adaptive growth and fitness under low temperature (LT) conditions. May confer tolerance to LT through an auxin-dependent process (PubMed:24635058).
Expressed in leaves, stems, panicles and seeds (PubMed:14535884). Expressed in root tissues and lamina joints (PubMed:16827922).
Induced by 24-epi-brassinolide (24-eBL) and down-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA).
Inhibited by N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-chloroisoquinoline-8-sulfonamide (CKI-7).
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in xylem and sclerenchyma cells of roots. Expressed at low levels in leaves.
Mediates active uptake of hexoses by sugar:proton symport. Can transport glucose, xylose and 3-O-methylglucose. May be involved in the accumulation of monosaccharides required for cell wall synthesis during root development.
Supercomplex made of cofactors A to E. Cofactors A and D function by capturing and stabilizing tubulin in a quasi-native conformation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor D-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes the release of tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state.
Catalyzes the final step of sucrose synthesis. Inactive with fructose 6-phosphate as substrate.
By submergence. Down-regulated by cytokinin.
Expressed in the dividing region of the root apex and in differentiated cells such as those in the sclerenchyma, pericycle and parenchyma of the central cylinder.
Expressed in the root endodermis, in the cortex/endodermal initial and in the quiescent center. Not expressed in the shoot apical meristem itself, but strongly in the L1 layer.
In the basal portion of the P3 leaf primordium, expressed continuously within the stomatal row. At later stages, expressed in guard mother cell (GMC)-forming cells and in subsidiary mother cell (SMC) just before asymmetric division.
Probable transcription factor involved in asmmetric cell division in the cortex/endodermis progenitor cell and in the process of stomata and ligule formation in leaves.
Expressed in developing caryopsis at 1 to 20 days after flowering. Expressed in the pericarp and endosperm at 5 and 5 to 10 days after flowering respectively.
Expressed in endosperm, leaves, and weakly in roots.
May be involved in starch synthesis in endosperm amyloplasts and contribute to the deposition of transient starch in chloroplasts of leaves.
Highly expressed in third leaf and developing seeds (PubMed:24335509). Expressed in anthers, pistils, flag leaves and young panicles (PubMed:24335509).
Part of the TIC complex, which can interact with components of the TOC complex to form a larger import complex.
Part of the inner chloroplast membrane translocon complex (TIC) which associates with the outer chloroplast membrane translocon complex (TOC) and forms a supercomplex involved in protein precursor import into the chloroplast stroma (By similarity). Required for the regulation of starch granule size in amyloplasts (PubMed:24335509).
Belongs to the leguminous lectin family.
Belongs to the phospholipid scramblase family.
Expressed in roots, culms, nodes, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and young panicles.
Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of flowering time under long day (LD) conditions. Functions as repressor of flowering, independently of HD1 and GHD7. Controls flowering time by negatively regulating the expression of EHD1 and HD3A (PubMed:20566706, PubMed:21148627). Regulates plant height by promoting cell elongation in the internodes (PubMed:20566706). Component of the NF-Y/HAP transcription factor complex (By similarity).
Expressed in shoot apex, immature inflorescences and flowers.
Acts as negative regulator of cold tolerance. Negatively regulates beta-amylase genes at the transcriptional level in response to cold stress. Suppresses beta-amylase gene expression by interacting with TIFY11A/JAZ9. Maltose produced by beta-amylases has a role in protecting cell membranes under cold stress conditions in rice and may contribute to the cold tolerance as a compatible solute.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants exhibit increased tolerance to cold stress.
Belongs to the PTH family. CRS2 subfamily.
Part of large ribonucleo-protein complexes that include group IIB introns and either CAF1 or CAF2.
Required for the splicing of group IIB introns in chloroplasts.
Key enzyme involved in purine catabolism. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and the oxidation of xanthine to urate.
Was isolated and reported to have peptide:N-glycanase activity (PubMed:10617595). However, its strong sequence similarity with alpha-glucosidase proteins suggest that it is not its function in vivo.
Down-regulated by white light in dark-grown seedlings.
Highly expressed in coleoptiles of dark-grown seedlings.
Belongs to the deoxyhypusine synthase family.
Expressed in the apical region (growing zone) of the root hair.
Expressed in the epidermis and vascular cylinder of the root tip, lateral root primordia, adventitious root primordia, shoot apex and leaf primordia.
Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.
Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain (By similarity).
Dwarf, narrow leaves, low tillering and low fertility phenotypes.
Induced by sucrose, glucose and abscisic acid (ABA).
Atypical bHLH transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of grain size. Binds the transcription factor ILI6 and forms a heterodimer of antagonistic bHLH transcription factors that regulates grain length and weight by controlling cell elongation in lemma and palea. May be involved in the control of lamina inclination through brassinosteroid signaling pathway.
Homodimer and heterodimer with ILI5 or ILI6.
Plants silencing APG show enhanced bending of the lamina joints and produce grains increased in size, caused by elongated cells in lemma.
Expressed in roots, leaves and shoot apex (Ref.6). Expressed in roots, stem bases, stems, leaves and young panicles (PubMed:19825657).
Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Era GTPase family.
Methylates (mono- and asymmetric dimethylation) the guanidino nitrogens of arginyl residues in several proteins involved in DNA packaging, transcription regulation, and mRNA stability. Recruited to promoters upon gene activation, methylates histone H3 and activates transcription via chromatin remodeling.
Highly expressed in anthers at stage 9 of development, before pollen mitotic divisions.
Involved in auxin biosynthesis in anthers.
Plants overexpressing YUCCA4 are male sterile due to defect in anther dehiscence and mature pollen grain release at anthesis (PubMed:29915329). Plants silencing YUCCA4 do not exhibit any visible phenotype (PubMed:29915329).
Repressed by the transcription factor OSH1 during anther development (PubMed:29915329). Reduction of auxin levels at late stage of anther development, after meiosis of microspore mother cells, is necessary for normal anther dehiscence and seed setting (PubMed:29915329).
Expressed in developing embryos and dry seeds, and decreases rapidly during seed germination.
Expressed within five minutes of heat shock at 42 and 45 degrees Celsius in one week-old seedlings. Maximal level of expression after 30 minutes and decrease of expression after four hours at 45 degrees Celsius. No induction detected after salt stress, low temperature, desiccation, or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Protein expressed up to 72 hours in Indica rice and up to 96 hours in Japonica rice after a 2 hours heat shock at 42 degrees Celsius.
Molecular chaperone involved in heat stress response. May play a role in resolubilization of protein aggregates after heat shock.
Serine-type protease active in vitro against the LHCII N-terminal. Cleaves its substrate on the carboxy-side of Glu residues (By similarity).
Induced by salt stress in roots (PubMed:27118216). Induced by heat shock, drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:27118216).
Plants over-expressing SIRP1 exhibit enhanced sensitivity to seed germination and root growth inhibition by salt stress.
Possesses E3 ubiqutin-protein ligase activity in vitro. Acts as negative regulator of salinity stress tolerance mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway.
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F(1). Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha(3)beta(3) subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (332-362) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. NAA40 subfamily.
Expressed in leaf primordia, young leaves, floret meristems, floral organ primordia, stamens and carpels. Does not show polar expression pattern.
May be involved in leaf cell growth and differentiation, rather than abaxial cell fate determination.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosome 2 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene has not been demonstrated.
Belongs to the complex I subunit 6 family.
Induced by fungal elicitor and UV irradiation. Down-regulated by wounding and UV irradiation (PubMed:23246835).
Involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism by mediating the activation of a number of hydroxycinnamates for the biosynthesis of monolignols and other phenolic secondary metabolites (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Catalyzes the formation of CoA esters of cinnamate, 4-coumarate, caffeate and ferulate (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Is more efficient with substrates in the following order: ferulate > 4-coumarate > cinnamate > caffeate (PubMed:21807887). Cannot convert sinapate to its corresponding CoA ester (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioester (By similarity).
Expressed in stems, leaves, shoot, panicles and stamen.
Induced by sphingolipid elicitor and chitin elicitor, and a compatible race of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
Transcription factor involved in defense responses that functions downstream of RAC1 and upstream of PAL1 and WRKY19 genes.
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths, flag leaves and panicles.
Involved in melatonin biosynthesis (PubMed:29901843). Can function as acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (PubMed:29901843). Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group onto N-acetylserotonin, producing melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (PubMed:29901843). Involved in the regulation of jasmonate- and brassinosteroid-mediated plant growth and defense responses (PubMed:26864209).
Overexpression of MTS1 in transgenic lines enhances grain yield.
Reduced plant growth and grain yield (PubMed:26864209, PubMed:29901843). Reduced content of chlorophyll in leaves (PubMed:26864209, PubMed:29901843). Reduced number and size of chloroplasts (PubMed:29901843). Altered structure of chloroplasts (PubMed:29901843). Reduced root length and lateral root number (PubMed:29901843). Formation of hypersensitive response (HR)-like lesions (PubMed:26864209). Early heading and premature leaf senescence (PubMed:29901843). Accumulation of the antimicrobial compounds momilactones and phytocassanes, and constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PubMed:26864209). Over-accumulation of jasmonates and elevated levels of brassinosteroid (PubMed:26864209). Increased leaf lamina bending (PubMed:26864209).
Cytochrome P450 probably involved in brassinosteroids (BRs) inactivation and regulation of BRs homeostasis.
Component of the 30S ribosomal translation pre-initiation complex which assembles on the 30S ribosome in the order IF-2 and IF-3, IF-1 and N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet); mRNA recruitment can occur at any time during PIC assembly.
One of the essential components for the initiation of protein synthesis. Stabilizes the binding of IF-2 and IF-3 on the 30S subunit to which N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) subsequently binds. Helps modulate mRNA selection, yielding the 30S pre-initiation complex (PIC). Upon addition of the 50S ribosomal subunit IF-1, IF-2 and IF-3 are released leaving the mature 70S translation initiation complex.
By water deficit in upland rice. Expression decreased by water deficit in lowland rice. Circadian-regulation. Expression is higher during the light phase than during the dark phase.
Water channel required to facilitate the transport of water across cell membrane. Increases the capacity for root water uptake under water deficit. May play a role in drought avoidance in upland rice.
Interacts with the 40S ribosomal subunit.
The SUI1 domain may be involved in RNA binding.
Belongs to the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Quinone oxidoreductase subfamily.
One of the components of the core complex of photosystem II (PSII). PSII is a light-driven water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase that uses light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating O(2) and a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation. It consists of a core antenna complex that captures photons, and an electron transfer chain that converts photonic excitation into a charge separation. This subunit is found at the monomer-monomer interface.
Belongs to the UbiA prenyltransferase family. Chlorophyll synthase subfamily.
Involved in one of the last steps of the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a.
Probable N6-methyltransferase that methylates adenosine residues of some mRNAs. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which is present at internal sites of some mRNAs, may play a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing, transport or translation (By similarity).
Calcium-binding protein that binds and activates CAMK1, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase.
Expressed in developing seeds from 4 to 12 days after flowering (DAF).
Expressed in the inner region of the SAM, stem and leaf blade vascular tissues (at protein level).
Probable mobile flower-promoting signal (florigen) that moves from the leaf to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and induces flowering. Promotes the transition from vegetative growth to flowering downstream of HD1 and EHD1 under short day (SD) conditions. Acts upstream of MADS14 and MADS15.
Expressed in leaves, stems and endosperm.
Hydrolyzes glycosides and monolignol glucosides (PubMed:25219312). Can hydrolyze para-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc) in vitro (PubMed:25219312). Hydrolyzes para-nitrophenyl beta-D-fucopyranoside, para-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside and para-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside in vitro (PubMed:25219312). Hydrolyzes the monolignol glucosides coniferin and syringin with high catalytic efficiencies (PubMed:25219312).
Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation.
Belongs to the SSU72 phosphatase family.
Protein phosphatase that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Plays a role in RNA processing and termination.
Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. GEN subfamily.
By the DNA-damaging agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), H(2)O(2) and UV. Down-regulated by sucrose starvation and the cell cycle inhibitors aphidicolin, hydroxyurea and colchicine.
Highly expressed in shoot apical meristem (SAM) and young leaves. Expressed in roots, flag leaf and panicles.
Single-stranded DNA endonuclease activity in vitro (PubMed:12602891). May not be active as double-stranded DNA endonuclease (PubMed:12602891). Endonuclease which cleaves flap structures at the junction between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA with a specific cleavage site in the 5' overhang strand exactly one nucleotide 3' of the branch point (By similarity). Structure- and sequence-specific nuclease that resolves holliday junctions (HJs) by symmetrically oriented incisions in two opposing strands near the junction point, thus leading to ligatable products; HJs are physical links between homologous DNA molecules that arise as central intermediary structures during homologous recombination and repair in meiotic and somatic cells (By similarity). Probably involved in the resolution of toxic replication structures to ensure genome stability, and to maintain telomere integrity and replication (By similarity).
Heterooligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in diameter.
Molecular chaperone; assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Known to play a role, in vitro, in the folding of actin and tubulin.
Belongs to the cytochrome c family. PetJ subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX51/DBP6 subfamily.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. MnmM family.
Involved in the biosynthesis of 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm(5)s(2)U) at the wobble position (U34) in tRNA (PubMed:36762482). Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to nm(5)s(2)U34 to form mnm(5)s(2)U34 (PubMed:36762482).
The L3 protein is a component of the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.
Probably not involved in gibberellin metabolism since over-expression of CYP714C2 in a heterologous system does not induce semi-dwarfism.
Catalyzes a reaction of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the major route to ascorbate biosynthesis in plants.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal PrmC-related family.
Belongs to the alkaline ceramidase family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, culms and flag leaves.
Induced by cold stress. Down-regulated by drought stress.
Pectin methylesterase (PME) inhibitor that inhibits PME in vitro. Functions as a critical structural modulator by regulating the degree of pectin methylesterification and the physiochemical properties of the cell wall components.
Plants over-expressing PMEI28 are dwarf and have shortened culm length, due to increased level of pectin methylesterification.
Belongs to the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family.
Allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism, the phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen to produce glucose-1-phosphate, and plays a central role in maintaining cellular and organismal glucose homeostasis.
Belongs to the glycogen phosphorylase family.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UFC1 subfamily.
E2-like enzyme which forms an intermediate with UFM1 via a thioester linkage.
Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family.
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma. Interacts with the gamma subunits RGG1 and RGG2.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.
Belongs to the ALG6/ALG8 glucosyltransferase family.
Although related to the peptidase M24 family, this protein lacks conserved active site residues suggesting that it may lack peptidase activity.
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. SSRP1 binds specifically to double-stranded DNA (By similarity).
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of SPT16 and SSRP.
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine) (By similarity). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs (By similarity).
Catalytic tRNA acetyltransferase subunit of the elongator complex, which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). In the elongator complex, acts as a tRNA uridine(34) acetyltransferase by mediating formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
The elongator complex was originally thought to play a role in transcription elongation. However, it is no longer thought to play a direct role in this process and its primary function is thought to be in tRNA modification.
By salt and cold stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA).
Expressed in roots, shoots, culms and young spikelets.
Homodimer (By similarity). May interact with CIPK31.
By methyl viologen and chilling in roots and shoots.
Expressed in the phloem companion cells of leaf sheaths and stems.
Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in the redox regulation of MAP kinases. Under reducing conditions, inhibits MPK1 and MPK5 kinase activities. Mediates its own transport from cell-to-cell through plasmodesmata. Possesses insulin disulfide bonds reducing activity.
Acts as a component of the essential kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex, which is required for chromosome segregation and spindle checkpoint activity.
Required for photosystem I (PSI) biosynthesis and assembly. May serve as a chloroplast scaffold protein that specifically assembles iron-sulfur (4Fe-4S) clusters and transfers them to the chloroplast PSI and ferredoxin-thioredoxin (FTR) complexes. Probably not required for assembly or stability of plastidic 2Fe-2S clusters (By similarity).
ADP:ATP antiporter that mediates import of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP synthesis, and export of ATP out to fuel the cell (By similarity). Cycles between the cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) and the matrix-open state (m-state): operates by the alternating access mechanism with a single substrate-binding site intermittently exposed to either the cytosolic (c-state) or matrix (m-state) side of the inner mitochondrial membrane (By similarity).
The matrix-open state (m-state) is inhibited by the membrane-permeable bongkrekic acid (BKA). The cytoplasmic-open state (c-state) is inhibited by the membrane-impermeable toxic inhibitor carboxyatractyloside (CATR).
The transmembrane helices are not perpendicular to the plane of the membrane, but cross the membrane at an angle. At least 2 of the odd-numbered transmembrane helices exhibit a sharp kink, due to the presence of a conserved proline residue.
Circadian-regulation under short day (SD) conditions. Expression increases after midnight, peaks just at dawn and gradually decreases during the daytime.
Expressed in mesophyll cells of young leaves, anthers, stigmas and the top of lemmas.
Involved in the regulation of flowering time under short day (SD) and long day (LD) conditions. Functions as floral promoter by negatively regulating GHD7, a repressor of the photoperiodic control of flowering (PubMed:22399582, PubMed:22422935, PubMed:22912900). Acts as floral activator in the LD photoperiodic pathway (PubMed:22888152). Involved in blue light-induced activation of EHD1 expression to promote flowering under SD conditions (PubMed:22912900).
Late flowering phenotype under short day (SD) and long day (LD) conditions.
By hyperosmotic stress in roots. Weakly induced by hyperosmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) in leaf blades (PubMed:15084714). Accumulates upon incompatible interaction with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Ref.2).
Weakly expressed in roots. Expressed in roots of young seedlings.
Found at the monomer-monomer interface of the photosystem II (PS II) dimer, plays a role in assembly and dimerization of PSII. PSII is a light-driven water plastoquinone oxidoreductase, using light energy to abstract electrons from H(2)O, generating a proton gradient subsequently used for ATP formation.
Seems to play a role in the dimerization of PSII.
Oxidizes specifically succinate semialdehyde. Involved in plant response to environmental stress by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (By similarity).
Redox-regulated. Inhibited under oxydizing conditions (By similarity).
By gravity stress (PubMed:1363521). Induced by gibberellin (PubMed:15821984).
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase that plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (By similarity). Involved in gibberellin-mediated root growth. May be regulated by CDPK13. Associates with vacuolar proton ATPase (V-ATPase) and may regulate the V-ATPase-mediated control of root cell elongation (PubMed:15821984).
Plants silencing FBA1 display reduced root length.
Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS6 family.
Expressed in roots, coleoptiles and internodes.
Involved in disease resistance. Required for NPR1/NH1-mediated immunity to the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomomas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Required for the benzothiadiazole (BTH)-induced immune response. Probably regulated by the transcription factor TGA2.1.
May be essential to promote the progression of cytokinesis during node-internode differentiation.
Ubiquitous with a preferential expression in the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
Expressed in the center of the leaf primordia at plastochron 1 (P1) stage. In the P2 leaf primordia, expressed in the mid-vein and the future large veins. In P3 and P4, expressed in the vascular regions and the future bundle sheath extension cells. Expression in leaf primordia quickly disappears after P4 stage. In the inflorescence meristem, expressed at the predicted site of the next bract, and then in the vascular tissue of the developing rachis-branch. In developing floral organs, expressed in the adaxial side of the palea, lemma and stamen.
Malformed leaves with an altered vascular arrangement and abnormal internal structure. Aberrant SAM with reduced OSH1 gene expression.
Probably involved in the RNA silencing pathway. May bind to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them (By similarity). Plays a role in the maintenance of the indeterminate state of the stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Regulates leaf formation through vascular development and may be involved in determining the central domain of the leaf founder region.
Molecular chaperone that may play a role in chloroplast development.
Expressed in the G2/M phases and disappears at the metaphase of mitosis.
Expressed in the dividing region of the root cap and root apex. Expressed in the intercalary meristem of internodes and in adventitious roots under submergence conditions.
Involved in the control of the cell cycle at the G2/M (mitosis) transition.
Expressed in heading panicles, spikelets and mature pollen grains.
By cold, drought, propionic acid, chitin oligosaccharide elicitor and flagellin of P.avenae.
Probable cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) inhibitor that functions as a repressor of mitosis in the endoreduplication cell cycle. May coordinate biotic and abiotic stress perception and cell cycle progression. Inhibits CDKs activity in vitro.
Belongs to the chloroplast-specific ribosomal protein cS23 family.
Transcription factor that may regulate jasmonate-regulated genes.
Catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl moiety from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to both cysteines of proteins with the C-terminal sequence -XXCC, -XCXC and -CCXX.
Induced by cold stress (PubMed:16263700). Induced during senescence (PubMed:25546583).
Expressed in etiolated shoots and flowers.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA1 subunit family.
Induced by salt, drought and cold stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA).
ATP-binding RNA helicase involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Required for the export of mRNA out of the nucleus (By similarity). Required for tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and degeneration during anther development. Forms dimer with AIP2 and binds the promoter region of the cysteine protease CP1. Can complement the yeast RNA helicase SUB2. Plants silencing AIP1 and AIP2 are male sterile (PubMed:21467577).
Homodimer and heterodimer with AIP2 (PubMed:21467577). Interacts with API5 (PubMed:21467577).
Expressed in roots, first internodes and panicles. Expressed in the vascular bundles and sclerenchyma cells below the epidermis in leaves and stems.
Involved in lignin biosynthesis. May catalyze the final step specific for the production of lignin monomers, like coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and 4-coumaryl alcohol.
Reduced lignin content, late heading time, semi-dwarf and flexible culm.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS5 subunit family.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class YlqF/YawG GTPase family. RsgA subfamily.
Expressed in roots, shoot apical meristem, leaves, leaf sheaths and flowers.
GTPase involved in pre-60S ribosomal subunit maturation.
Interacts (via N-terminus) with the 60S ribosomal proteins RPL10A. This interaction is enhanced by the addition of GTP.
The GTPase activity is stimulated in the presence of ribosomes, particularly of the 60S subunit.
Forms homodimers (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30914468). Interacts with SPL14/IPA1 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:30914468).
Predominantly expressed in axillary buds and young panicles.
Regulates tillering and panicle branching by modulating SPL14/IPA1 transcriptional activity on the downstream TB1 and DEP1 target genes (PubMed:30914468). Binds directly to the 5'-T/GCTCTAC-3' DNA motif found in the promoter regions of both TB1 and DEP1 (PubMed:30914468). Represses the DNA binding activity of SPL14/IPA1 toward the promoters of both TB1 and DEP1 (PubMed:30914468). Exhibits weak transcriptional activation activity in yeast cells (PubMed:30914468).
Significant reduced tiller number, enhanced culm strength, increased panicle branch numbers and reduced grain size.
Expressed in roots, shoots and developing panicles (PubMed:14701936, PubMed:15682279). Expressed in shoots (PubMed:18182025).
Plants silencing MADS55 exhibit a reduction in the number of elongated internodes and an increase in lamina joint inclination (PubMed:18182025). Plants over-expressing MADS55 exhibit low fertility, abnormal florets, shortened panicles and elongated stems (PubMed:18182025).
Transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling.
Atypical and probable non DNA-binding bHLH transcription factor that acts as negative regulator of cell elongation and plant development. Binds the transcription factor ILI1 and forms a heterodimer of antagonistic bHLH transcription factors that function downstream of BZR1 to mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and lamina inclination.
Highly expressed in roots and at lower levels in leaf blades, leaf sheaths, lamina joint, stems and panicles.
Interacts with ILI1 (PubMed:20009022). Binds to ILI5/BUL1 and BC1 (PubMed:27879391). Interacts with BCL1 and BCL2 (PubMed:34360554).
Plants over-expressing IBH1 show erect leaves with reduced angles of inclination.
Belongs to the band 7/mec-2 family. Flotillin subfamily.
May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes, functionally participating in formation of caveolae or caveolae-like vesicles.
The Rieske iron-sulfur protein is a high potential 2Fe-2S protein.
This protein is 1 of 2 subunits of the cytochrome b6-f complex that are encoded in the nucleus.
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants are insensitive to feedback inhibition by tryptophan.
Accumulates progressively in panicles before and after heading with highest levels at maturity (pollination stage).
Belongs to the allene oxide cyclase family.
By wounding and jasmonic acid (JA) (PubMed:25239066, PubMed:14559225, Ref.1, PubMed:18786507). Up-regulated transiently by salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2). Also triggered by chitosan (CT, a fungal elicitor), heavy metals (e.g. copper Cu, cadmium Cd and mercury Hg) and protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitors (e.g. cantharidin CN, endothall EN and okadaic acid OA). Accumulates at lower levels in darkness than in light conditions. Follows a circadian rhythm (Ref.1). Induced by brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) (PubMed:25239066).
Confers resistance to incompatible strains of the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea, jasmonic acid (JA) thus playing a significant role in the resistance to fungal infection (PubMed:23347338). Implicated in riboflavin-induced resistance to the sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani (PubMed:19729221). Required for Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r-mediated JA-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) against M.oryzae (PubMed:18945932). Confers some resistance, independently of the JA pathway but probably via OPDA accumulation, to brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), a destructive, monophagous, piercing-sucking insect, mainly by reducing its feeding activity and survival rate (PubMed:25239066, PubMed:25627217). Triggers resistance to the chewing insect striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis, to the root hemiparasite witchweed Striga hermonthica, and to the root feeder insect rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, in a JA-dependent manner, by attenuating both the growth mass and growth rate of caterpillars (PubMed:25239066, PubMed:25627217, PubMed:26025049).
Expressed in leaf sheath, flag leaf, first leaf and, at high levels, in panicles.
In cpm2 and hebiba mutants, impaired jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Flower morphological abnormalities and early flowering. Slight increased susceptibility to incompatible strains of the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea with higher hyphal growth and impaired phytoalexins (e.g. sakuranetin) production (PubMed:23347338). However, normal sensitivity to compatible strains of M.grisea (PubMed:23347338, PubMed:18786507). Impaired jasmonic acid accumulation in response to wounding (PubMed:18786507, PubMed:23347338, PubMed:14605232). In cpm2 and hebiba mutants, inversed response to light characterized by long-coleoptile phenotype under continuous white (WL), red (RL), far-red (FR) and blue (BL) lights due to impaired photoinhibition of coleoptile elongation, and short-coleoptile in darkness (PubMed:14605232, PubMed:23347338, PubMed:19184094). In the dark, long mesocotyl and short coleoptile associated with protochlorophyllides accumulation (PubMed:14605232, PubMed:15570396). In continuous far red (FRc) light: short mesocotyl and long coleoptile associated with a less pronounced reduction of phyA levels and no shift of the ratio between phyA' and phyA'' and abnormal induction of Pchlide(655) accumulation (PubMed:15570396). Delayed photodestruction of phyA upon activation by RL and FR lights (PubMed:19184094). In etiolated seedlings, higher levels of abscisic acid (ABA) but reduced levels of auxin indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) compensed by a strongly enhanced sensitivity to auxin on growth stimulation. Adult mutant plants exhibit excessive light green leaf growth, not erected but hanging downwards and even creeping along the soil. Impaired accumulation of basal O-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and apical JA in response to red light and wounding. Altered induction of OPR by red light (PubMed:14605232). Reduced male fertility leading to almost sterility with only a few fertile seeds in each panicle (PubMed:14605232, PubMed:23347338). Abnormal flower development characterized by sterile long lemmas, and sometimes elongated palea with additional bract-like organs between the lemma and palea as well as additional anthers and pistils (PubMed:23347338). Early flowering time (heading) (PubMed:14605232, PubMed:23347338). All these symptoms are rescued by exogenous methyl jasmonate (PubMed:14605232, PubMed:19184094). Impaired in Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) against M.oryzae (PubMed:18945932). Reduced levels of PAL and lignin. Altered riboflavin-induced resistance to Rhizoctonia solani (PubMed:19729221). Reduced sensitivity to salt (NaCl) stress due to a better scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus enhancing antioxidative power; lower accumulate of Na(+) ions in shoots but not in roots (PubMed:25873666). Increased sensitivity to the root feeder insect rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (PubMed:25627217). Severe susceptibility to the root hemiparasite witchweed Striga hermonthica (PubMed:26025049).
Involved in the production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a precursor of jasmonic acid (JA) (PubMed:23347338, PubMed:14605232). Required for the production of JA in response to wounding (PubMed:14605232, PubMed:18786507). Necessary for flower and coleoptile development regulation by light, including blue (BL), red (RL) and far red (FR) lights (PubMed:23347338, PubMed:14605232, PubMed:15570396). Involved in the auxin-mediated signaling pathway leading to growth stimulation (PubMed:14605232, PubMed:19184094). Essential for photodestruction of phyA upon activation by RL and FR (PubMed:19184094). Implicated in responses to salt stress (NaCl) (PubMed:25873666).
Heterodimers with Y14A and Y14B (PubMed:24416299, PubMed:25230811, PubMed:24820023). Interacts with EIF4A3/RH2 and RH34 (PubMed:27071313). Part of the mRNA splicing-dependent exon junction complex (EJC); the core complex contains MLN51/CASC3, EIF4A3, MAGO and Y14 (Probable).
Induced by gibberellin, abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, brassinosteroid, heat shock, salt stress and osmotic stress.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide.
Plants over-expressing ZFP36 display enhanced tolerance to drought and oxidative stresses (PubMed:25071223). A natural allele in the promoter of ZFP36 in the durably resistant rice variety Digu confers broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) (PubMed:28666113).
Probable transcription factor involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Required for the regulation of the cross-talk between NADPH oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and MAP kinase in ABA signaling. Regulates the expression of the NADPH oxidase genes RBOHB and RBOHE, and the MAPK genes MPK1, MPK4, MPK5, MPK7 and MPK14. Regulates ABA-induced hydrogen peroxide production and antioxidant defense. Required for tolerance to water stress and oxidative stress.
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.
Expressed in the growing regions of coleoptiles, internodes, and leaves.
By ethylene, gibberellin and submergence.
Expressed in developing lateral roots, shoot apex, leaf blades, lamina joints and flowers. Expressed at low levels in leaf sheaths and panicles.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:25266270). Interacts with BRI1 (PubMed:19754838, PubMed:25266270, PubMed:27424498). Interacts with REM4.1 (PubMed:27424498).
Induced by benzothiadiazole (BTH) and infection with an incompatible strain of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
LRR receptor kinase involved in defense response (PubMed:22058019). Does not seem to be required specifically for XA21-mediated immunity or basal resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), or immunity to Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:25266270). Involved in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Acts as coreceptor of BRI1. Forms at the plasma membrane a receptor complex with BRI1 which is activated in response to brassinolide. Phosphorylates BRI1 (PubMed:27424498). Required for normal plant growth and leaf development (PubMed:22058019, PubMed:25266270). Possesses kinase activity in vitro (PubMed:25266270).
Over-expression of a truncated intracellular domain of BAK1 induces partial suppression of endogenous BAK1 expression, leading to an erect leaf phenotype. This could be a potential tool to improve rice grain yield at high density planting.
Plants over-expressing BAK1 have brassinosteroid gain-of-function phenotypes, including enlarged lamina joint angle, stunted stature and hypersensitivity to 24-epibrassinolide (BL) (PubMed:19754838). Plants silencing BAK1 show decreased sensitivity to BL, are semi-dwarf, have abnormal growth patterns in leaf development, increased expression level of pathogenesis-related genes and enhanced susceptibility to the rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:22058019).
Transcription elongation factor that enhances transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII).
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F(1) is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation.
DNA-binding protein that binds to both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA without significant sequence specificity to reversibly repress the transcriptional activity of chloroplast nucleoids by promoting DNA compaction and possibly regulate DNA replication.
Essential protein with sulfite reductase activity required in assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway during both primary and secondary metabolism and thus involved in development and growth.
Homohexamer (By similarity). Binds to SNARE-SNAP complexes to form 20S particles (Probable). Interacts with the 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 (60SP0) (PubMed:25848690). Forms a complex with the heterologous pentameric complex formed by P0 and dimers of P1 and P2 (PubMed:25848690). Interacts with RBP-P and RAB5A (PubMed:32471860).
Overexpression of NSF decreases plant height and grain weight, and alters the morphology of protein bodies.
Required for vesicle-mediated transport. Catalyzes the fusion of transport vesicles within the Golgi cisternae. Is also required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi stack. Seems to function as a fusion protein required for the delivery of cargo proteins to all compartments of the Golgi stack independent of vesicle origin (By similarity). Involved in spikelet development (PubMed:25848690). Regulates protein storage vacuole (PSV) morphology in endosperm cells (PubMed:25848690). Forms a quaternary complex with the two glutelin zipcode RNA-binding proteins RBP-L and RBP-P, and the membrane trafficking factor RAB5A (PubMed:32471860). This quaternay complex carries glutelin mRNAs for active transport on endosomes to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and enables endosome-mediated glutelin mRNA transport in endosperm cells (PubMed:32471860).
Enzyme of the diterpenoid metabolism involved in the biosynthesis of antibacterial oryzalides such as phytocassane.
Widely expressed but at a lower level in seedlings and stems.
Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCI family.
Belongs to the CND1 (condensin subunit 1) family.
Regulatory subunit of the condensin complex, a complex required for conversion of interphase chromatin into mitotic-like condense chromosomes. The condensin complex probably introduces positive supercoils into relaxed DNA in the presence of type I topoisomerases and converts nicked DNA into positive knotted forms in the presence of type II topoisomerases.
By jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, copper and by the protein phosphatases cantharidin, endothall and okadaic acid in light-grown seedling leaves. By incompatible rice blast fungus M.grisea. Not induced by red (R) light or abrasion in dark-grown seedlings.
Involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, a growth regulator that is implicated also as a signaling molecule in plant defense. Converts 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid to 12,13-epoxylinolenic acid.
Weakly expressed in roots, shoots, leaves and flowers.
Acts as a sulfur carrier required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Component of the molybdopterin synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group. In the complex, serves as sulfur donor by being thiocarboxylated (-COSH) at its C-terminus by MOCS3. After interaction with MOCS2B, the sulfur is then transferred to precursor Z to form molybdopterin.
Belongs to the MoaD family. MOCS2A subfamily.
C-terminal thiocarboxylation occurs in 2 steps, it is first acyl-adenylated (-COAMP) via the hesA/moeB/thiF part of MOCS3, then thiocarboxylated (-COSH) via the rhodanese domain of MOCS3.
Heterotetramer; composed of 2 small (MOCS2A) and 2 large (MOCS2B) subunits.
Expressed at early stage of flower development in the spikelet (rice flower) apical meristem and later in developing stamens, pistil primordia and differentiated anthers.
Highly expressed in sterile lemmas, at intermediate levels in stamens, and weakly in lemmas, paleas and carpels.
Catalyzes the C23-alpha-hydroxylation step in brassinosteroid biosynthesis (Probable). Converts 6-deoxocathasterone to 6-deoxoteasterone in the late C6-oxidation pathway and cathasterone to teasterone (TE) in the early C6-oxidation pathway of brassinolide (BL) biosynthesis (Probable).
Involved in the biosynthesis of oryzalexin A-F phytoalexins. Catalyzes the conversion of ent-copalyl diphosphate to the phytoalexin precursor ent-sandaracopimaradiene.
ent-sandaracopimaradiene is a precursor of the phytoalexins oryzalexins A-F. Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites involved in the defense mechanism of the plant and produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation).
Belongs to the CSN7/EIF3M family. CSN7 subfamily.
Expressed at high levels in roots, sheaths and meristems.
May play a role in defense against fungal pathogens containing chitin.
May play a role in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Belongs to the plastid outer envelope porin OEP24 (TC 1.B.28.1) family.
High-conductance voltage-dependent solute channel with a slight selectivity for cations transporting triosephosphates, dicarboxylic acids, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), sugars, and positively or negatively charged amino acids.
Homooligomers form large rather nonselective pores in plastidial outer membranes.
By rice blast fungus (M.grisea) 12 hours after infection.
Expressed from 1 to 10 days after flowering.
Expressed in leaves. Expressed at moderate levels in roots and flowers, and weakly in seeds.
Belongs to the RuBisCO large chain family. Type I subfamily.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large chains and 8 small chains (PubMed:22609438); disulfide-linked. The disulfide link is formed within the large subunit homodimers.
Heterohexadecamer of 8 large chains and 8 small chains; disulfide-linked. The disulfide link is formed within the large subunit homodimers.
NADPH and 6-phosphogluconate function as positive effectors to promote enzyme activation.
RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate in the photorespiration process. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site.
The disulfide bond which can form between Cys-247 in the large chain dimeric partners within the hexadecamer appears to be associated with oxidative stress and protein turnover (By similarity). The disulfide bond reported in 1WDD may be the result of oxidation during crystallization.
The disulfide bond which can form in the large chain dimeric partners within the hexadecamer appears to be associated with oxidative stress and protein turnover.
Expressed in the reproductive shoot apex.
Involved in the RNA silencing pathway. May bind to short RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and represses the translation of mRNAs which are complementary to them (By similarity). Regulates shoot apical meristem (SAM) initiation and maintenance and leaf polarization through the trans-acting siRNAS (ta-siRNAs) pathway which probably modulates the expression of the ARF2, ARF3, ARF4, ARF14 and ARF15 genes.
Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Phe-tRNA synthetase alpha subunit type 2 subfamily.
Expressed in pollen mother cells and the ovule tissues during meiosis.
Plays a crucial role in homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis in meiosis. Does not seem required for cytokinesis (PubMed:19392701). Is essential for meiotic bouquet formation, homologous chromosome pairing and normal recombination, and synaptonemal complex (SC) assembly. Required for the proper association of PAIR2 with chromosomes (PubMed:21119003).
Sterility in both male and female gametes.
Involved in the transport of copper, in cooperation with SWEET11 and COPT2. Contributes to the removal of copper (Cu) from xylem, and thus to the sensitivity toward bacterial pathogens such as X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).
Self-interacts. Interacts with SWEET11 and COPT2.
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pantothenate the first step in CoA biosynthesis. May play a role in the physiological regulation of the intracellular CoA concentration. Functionally redudant with PANK1 (By similarity). The phosphatase activity shows preference for normal or oxidatively damaged intermediates of 4'-phosphopantetheine, which provides strong indirect evidence that the phosphatase activity pre-empts damage in the CoA pathway (By similarity). Hydrolyzing excess 4'-phosphopantetheine could constitute a directed overflow mechanism to prevent its oxidation to the S-sulfonate, sulfonate, or other forms (By similarity). Hydrolyzing 4'-phosphopantetheine sulfonate or S-sulfonate would forestall their conversion to inactive forms of CoA and acyl carrier protein (By similarity).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the damage-control phosphatase family. Phosphopantetheine phosphatase II subfamily.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the type II pantothenate kinase family.
Subfamily II proteins have an EGMGR motif about 50 residues from the C-terminus (By similarity). This motif lies near the metal-binding residues in the putative substrate-binding cleft 2 (By similarity). Subfamily II proteins occur only in eukaryotes, in two forms: as a stand-alone unit in plants, and as a C-terminal domain of pantothenate kinases in plants, animals, and chytrid fungi (By similarity).
Fungal xylanase inhibitor (PubMed:17379695, PubMed:18511458). Possesses competitive inhibiting activity against several fungal endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10) and family 11 (GH11) (PubMed:17379695, PubMed:18511458). May function in plant defense against secreted fungal pathogen xylanases (PubMed:17379695, PubMed:18511458). Is similar to class III chitinases, but does not exhibit chitinase activity (PubMed:17379695, PubMed:18511458).
Induced by exogenous treatment with ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, citrate, sodium chloride and methyl jasmonate in roots (PubMed:17379695). Induced by wounding in roots (PubMed:17379695).
Plants silencing XIP do not exhibit visible phenotype under normal growth conditions.
Component of the elongator complex which is required for multiple tRNA modifications, including mcm5U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl uridine), mcm5s2U (5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine), and ncm5U (5-carbamoylmethyl uridine). The elongator complex catalyzes formation of carboxymethyluridine in the wobble base at position 34 in tRNAs.
Negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling.
Belongs to the cytochrome b family. PetB subfamily.
Binds 2 heme b groups non-covalently with two histidine residues as axial ligands.
Binds one heme group covalently by a single cysteine link with no axial amino acid ligand. This heme was named heme ci.
Heme 1 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm, and heme 2 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm.
Acetyltransferase involved in de novo biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) in roots and is required for maintaining normal root cell shape. UDP-GlcNAc is an essential metabolite that serves as an initial sugar donor for N-glycan synthesis and thus plays an important role in protein and lipid glycosylation.
Highly expressed in the root elongation zone and at lower levels in leaves and grains.
Short roots, disruption of microtubules and shrinkage of cells in the root elongation zone.
Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet.
Expressed at low levels in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaves, ears and roots (including root tips).
May help in the organization of the PsaE and PsaF subunits.
Specifically mediates the conversion of oxidosqualene ((3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene) to parkeol.
Binds specific group II introns in chloroplasts and facilitates their splicing. Acts on both subgroup IIA and subgroup IIB introns. The substrates of the subgroup II also require the CRM domain proteins CAF1 or CAF2. Binds both single-stranded and double-stranded RNA non-specifically, but lacks endonuclease activity. Required for plastid ribosome biogenesis.
Interacts with RNA. Part of large ribonucleo-protein particles that contain CAF1 and/or CAF2.
Expressed in stems, rachis and inflorescence.
Expressed in the embryo at 4 days after pollination (DAP) in the ventral and basal part of the embryo, including the initial of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). At 5 DAP, expressed at the ventral side of the embryo, but the expression within SAM is down-regulated. At 7 DAP, expression is restricted to the boundaries between the embryonic organs, between the scutellum and the coleoptile, the coleoptile and the second leaf primordium, the shoot apical meristem and the first leaf primordium, the first leaf primordium and the coleoptile, the coleoptile and the epiblast and at the tip of the epiblast, but not in the leaf primordia.
By wounding, jasmonate, salicylate, salt, drought and cold stresses, sucrose, copper, cadmium, mercury, UV-C, fungal elicitor and ozone.
Probably involved in the biosynthesis or metabolism of oxylipin signaling molecules. In vitro, reduces cis(-)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (cis(-)-OPDA) and to cis(-)-OPC-8:0.
Probable transcription factor that functions as regulator of metal transporter genes responsible for essential metals delivery to shoots and normal plant growth (PubMed:30194869). Required for the maintenance of metal transporter gene expression, such as IRT1, IRT2, ZIP1, ZIP9, NRAMP1 and NRAMP5 (PubMed:30194869).
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the NAD synthetase family.
Isoform 2 is expressed in roots, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and flowers. Isoform 4 is expressed in leaf blades and at lower levels in flowers.
Involved in the tethering of the SIN3 complex to core histone proteins.
Adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs.
Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIN-1 subfamily.
Expressed during plant development. During young panicle development, highest expression is observed at P4-P5 stages followed by a gradual decline until becomes nearly undetectable at 8 days after heading. Expression is significantly up-regulated during anther development and peaks during male meiosis. Expression disappears in postmeiosis anther.
Kinesin-like motor protein that exhibits microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity. Plays an essential role in male meiotic chromosomal dynamics, male gametogenesis and anther dehiscence. May play a minor and nonessential role in regulating meiotic spindle formation.
Widely expressed. Expressed in young roots and leaves, in mature roots, culm, sheath and leaves, and in panicles at various developmental stages. Strongest expression is detected in panicles. In the panicle, expression is detected in anthers, glumme, lemma and palea. In the spikelet, expression is detected in both microsporocyte and the anther walls.
Fungal xylanase inhibitor. Possesses competitive inhibiting activity against several fungal endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10) and family 11 (GH11). May function in plant defense against secreted fungal pathogen xylanases. Is similar to class III chitinases, but does not exhibit chitinase activity.
Induced by wounding and methyl jasmonate in roots.
Catalyzes the oxidation of cytokinins, a family of N(6)-substituted adenine derivatives that are plant hormones, where the substituent is an isopentenyl group (Probable). Possesses cytokinin oxidase activity toward trans-zeatin (tZ) and N6-(2-isopentenyl)adenine (2iP) in vitro (PubMed:31235564). Functions as a primary strigolactone-responsive gene to regulate rice tillering, plant height, and panicle size, likely via a secondary response gene, RR5, which encodes a cytokinin-inducible rice type-A response regulator that seems to act as negative regulator of the cytokinin signaling (PubMed:31235564).
Induced by the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24.
Plants over-expressing CKX9 form short culms, increased number of tillers, decreased number of primary and secondary branches per panicle and have a very low seed setting rate.
Small GTPase required for proper localization of RNA polymerase II and III (RNAPII and RNAPIII). May act at an RNAP assembly step prior to nuclear import.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFB7 subunit family.
By auxin and sucrose in primary root apical region. By wounding in leaves.
Expressed in root provascular and vascular cylinder, provascular and vascular strands of leaves, provascular and vascular strands of the whole panicle, in mature embryo provascular bundles of scutellum and embryonic axis and provascular and vascular strands of young immature spikelet organs. Expressed in differentiating and differentiated xylem and phloem elements, and in outer and inner bundle sheath cells of all vascular bundles. Expressed in auricles, ligules, culm, guard cells brac hairs and pollen.
Homodimer (Probable). May form a heterodimer with HOX2, HOX3 or HOX7.
Probable transcription repressor involved leaf development. Binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[GC]ATTG-3'. May act as a regulatory switch to specify provascular cell fate.
Expressed in roots, leaf sheaths, veins of leaf blade, mature leaves, endodermis of culm, panicles and anthers.
Leaf albino phenotype, reduced root length, and partial seedling lethality.
Probable RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in chloroplast development. Regulates the ribosomal proteins homeostasis and ribosomal RNA development in chloroplasts. Involved the regulation of 16S rRNA and required for the expression of chloroplast-associated photosynthetic genes.
Belongs to the histone deacetylase family.
Down-regulated by treatment with cadmium.
Expressed in leaves (PubMed:17399684). Expressed in coleoptiles, leaves, flag leaves and flowers (PubMed:19505461). Expressed at low levels in roots (PubMed:19505461).
Involved in the regulation of melatonin biosynthesis by catalyzing the deacetylation of N-acetylserotonin to produce serotonin (PubMed:29247559, Ref.10). N-acetylserotonin is methylated by acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) to produce melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (Probable). Deacetylates melatonin to produce 5-methoxytryptamine (PubMed:29247559, Ref.10). In vitro, deacetylates N-acetyltyramine and N-acetyltryptamine to produce tyramine and tryptamine, respectively (PubMed:29247559).
The activity of this enzyme is not inhibited by butyrate, a well-known histone deacetylase inhibitor.
Expressed in germinating seeds and shoots.
Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 85 family.
Involved in the incorporation of ferulate into the cell wall. May act as arabinoxylan feruloyl transferase (PubMed:20012086). May function as p-coumaroyl-CoA transferase involved in glucuronoarabinoxylan modification (PubMed:23391577).
The gain-of-function mutant OsAT10-D (T-DNA tagging) shows significant reduction of ferulate in leaf cell wall and strong increase p-coumarate in young leaf tissue but no discernible phenotypic alterations in vegetative development, lignin content, or lignin composition.
Interacts with the rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) capsid protein.
Plants develop a brittle culm (bc) phenotype with a reduction of up to 80 percent of cellulose content in culm.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that converts 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (ME-2,4cPP) into 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate. Is essential for chloroplast development (By similarity).
Ubiquitinated by the E3 ligase DIS1. Ubiquitination of NEK6 leads to its degradation via the 26S proteasome-dependent pathway.
Functions in the early steps of protein synthesis of a small number of specific mRNAs. Acts by directing the binding of methionyl-tRNAi to 40S ribosomal subunits. In contrast to the eIF-2 complex, it binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a codon-dependent manner, whereas the eIF-2 complex binds methionyl-tRNAi to 40S subunits in a GTP-dependent manner.
Expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and embryos.
Probable tRNA nucleus export receptor which regulates tRNA processing and facilitates tRNA translocation across the nuclear pore complex. Is required for correct leaf initiation at different developmental stages and may play a role in floral patterning.
Reduced size in non-mature plants, delayed panicle heading, reduced seed number and low seed fertility.
Expressed in leaves and endosperm (PubMed:15247400). Expressed in developing leaves (PubMed:18326788).
Catalyzes the adenylation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme.
Homodimer; in free form. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex which is a heteropentamer containing 2 copies of SUPV3L1 and 3 copies of PNPT1.
Major helicase player in mitochondrial RNA metabolism. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner. ATPase and ATP-dependent multisubstrate helicase, able to unwind double-stranded (ds) DNA and RNA, and RNA/DNA heteroduplexes in the 5'-to-3' direction. Plays a role in the RNA surveillance system in mitochondria; regulates the stability of mature mRNAs, the removal of aberrantly formed mRNAs and the rapid degradation of non coding processing intermediates (By similarity). Confers salinity and drought stress tolerances by maintaining both photosynthesis and antioxidant machinery, probably via an increase in plant hormones levels such as gibberellic acid (GA(3)), the cytokinin zeatin (Z) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (By similarity).
A single amino acid substitution of Val-914 to Ala increases HMA4 copper transport activity. This allele is found in a number of rice cultivars, such as cv. Lemont, and is associated with low accumulation of copper in rice grains. Identification of natural allelic variation in HMA4 may facilitate the development of rice varieties with grain copper concentrations adapted to dietary needs in function of the copper concentration in soil.
Copper (Cu) transporter that mediates Cu transport in root vacuoles. Involved in Cu detoxification by sequestrating Cu into root vacuoles and limiting translocation of Cu from the roots to the shoots, and accumulation in grains.
Highly expressed in roots. Expressed in vascular tissues of the stele, mainly in pericycle cells.
Induced by copper in roots, but not in shoots.
Reduced plant height and biomass. Reduced fertility. Increased levels of copper in grain, leaf sheath and internodes.
Homodimer (Probable). May form a heterodimer with HOX1, HOX2 or HOX7.
Probable transcription repressor that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[GC]ATTG-3'.
Belongs to the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase family. PSD-B subfamily. Eukaryotic type I sub-subfamily.
Catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) from phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Plays a central role in phospholipid metabolism and in the interorganelle trafficking of phosphatidylserine.
Heterodimer of a large membrane-associated beta subunit and a small pyruvoyl-containing alpha subunit.
Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The autoendoproteolytic cleavage occurs by a canonical serine protease mechanism, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl prosthetic group on the alpha chain. During this reaction, the Ser that is part of the protease active site of the proenzyme becomes the pyruvoyl prosthetic group, which constitutes an essential element of the active site of the mature decarboxylase.
Expressed in the initial daughter cell before its asymmetric division and remains expressed in the endodermal cell layer after the division.
Transcription factor required for quiescent center cells specification and maintenance of surrounding stem cells, and for the asymmetric cell division involved in radial pattern formation in roots. Essential for cell division but not differentiation of the ground tissue. Regulates the radial organization of the shoot axial organs. Restricts SHR movment and sequesters it into the nucleus of the endodermis (By similarity).
Zinc transporter that may mediate zinc uptake from the rhizosphere. Seems specific to zinc ions and may not transport other divalent cations.
Due to an amino acid substitution at the processing site, the putative signal sequence is probably not cleaved and the protein is inactive.
Expressed in all aerial apical meristems, including the floral and inflorescence meristems in the reproductive phase and the shoot apical meristem in the vegetative phase. Also detected in the primordia of lateral organs such as the leaf and the floral organs.
Non functional suppressor of the fon2 mutation. In Oryza sativa subsp. japonica, the protein has a single amino acid substitution at the putative processing site of the signal peptide while in all the other varieties/species of domesticated and wild rice tested the protein is functional.
Induced in seedlings in response to high levels of salt.
Major helicase player in mitochondrial RNA metabolism. Component of the mitochondrial degradosome (mtEXO) complex, that degrades 3' overhang double-stranded RNA with a 3'-to-5' directionality in an ATP-dependent manner (By similarity). ATPase and ATP-dependent multisubstrate helicase, able to unwind double-stranded (ds) DNA and RNA, and RNA/DNA heteroduplexes in the 5'-to-3' direction (PubMed:23808500). Plays a role in the RNA surveillance system in mitochondria; regulates the stability of mature mRNAs, the removal of aberrantly formed mRNAs and the rapid degradation of non coding processing intermediates (By similarity). Confers salinity and drought stress tolerances by maintaining both photosynthesis and antioxidant machinery, probably via an increase in plant hormones levels such as gibberellic acid (GA(3)), the cytokinin zeatin (Z) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (PubMed:23808500, PubMed:25184028).
By heat shock, high-salt and drought stresses.
Transcriptional activator that binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CCGAC-3' of the cis-acting dehydration-responsive element (DRE). Binding to the C-repeat/DRE element mediates high salinity- and dehydration-inducible transcription. Involved in drought and heat-shock stress tolerance.
During anther development, expressed in tapetal cells of immature anthers, but not in mature pollen (PubMed:1463854, PubMed:20610705). Weakly expressed in microspores from stage 9 to stage 11 of anther development (PubMed:20610705).
Lipid-transfer proteins that possesses lipid-binding activity in vitro. Involved in the development of lipidic orbicules/Ubisch bodies and pollen exine during anther development (PubMed:20610705). May be regulated by the transcription factor UDT1 in developing anthers and play a role in tapetum development (PubMed:16141453). Positively regulated by the transcription factor TDR in developing anthers and may play a role in tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) (PubMed:17138695).
Highly expressed during early anther development.
Part of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex (PubMed:28494021). Interacts directly with MOF (via F-box domain) (PubMed:27436711). Interacts with rice black streaked dwarf virus RBSDV protein P7-2 (PubMed:24176102, PubMed:28494021). Is able to form the SCF complex together with CUL1 and the viral P7-2 protein (PubMed:28494021). Interacts with D3 (PubMed:24616269).
Expressed in leaves and at lower levels in roots, sheaths and meristems.
Part of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Contacts protein S5. The interaction surface between S4 and S5 is involved in control of translational fidelity (By similarity).
Catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate, which is further processed to form (S)-allantoin.
Stabilizer subunit of the dolichol-phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase complex; tethers catalytic subunit to the ER.
E3 UFM1-protein ligase that mediates ufmylation of target proteins.
Expressed in roots, shoots and developing panicles (PubMed:15682279, PubMed:16827922). Expressed in mature stems and leaves, flowering panicles, developing seeds, and mature seeds (PubMed:16827922).
Induced by dark (PubMed:16827922). Down-regulated by treatments with auxin and brassinosteroid (PubMed:16827922).
Plants silencing MADS47 exhibit shortened primary roots, elongated coleoptiles and enhanced lamina joint inclinations (PubMed:16827922). Plants silencing MADS47 display hypersensitivity to exogenous brassinolide in terms of lamina joint inclination and coleoptile elongation (PubMed:16827922).
Transcription factor that modulates expressions of multiple genes involved in cell signaling and gene transcription (PubMed:16827922). Plays a negative regulatory role in brassinosteroid signaling (PubMed:16827922).
The plasma membrane ATPase of plants and fungi is a hydrogen ion pump. The proton gradient it generates drives the active transport of nutrients by H(+)-symport. The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses (By similarity).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S10 family.
Thiol protease which recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C-terminal Gly of ufm-1, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein bound to a number of target proteins.
Belongs to the inositol phosphokinase (IPK) family.
Highly expressed in anthers and at lower levels in roots, leaves, flowers and embryos.
Inositol phosphate kinase with a broad substrate specificity. Phosphorylates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3), inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5,6)P4), inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4), inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,6)P4) and inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5) but not inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (Ins(1,4)P2), inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4)P3), inositol 1,2,6-trisphosphate (Ins(1,2,6)P3), inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(3,4,5,6)P4), inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5), inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5) or inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). Regulates pollen and root development probably through the regulation of InsP3-mediated calcium accumulation.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class I subfamily.
Belongs to the NAD(P)-dependent epimerase/dehydratase family. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase subfamily.
Interacts with RAC1 in a GTP-dependent manner.
Involved in the latter stages of lignin biosynthesis. Catalyzes one of the last steps of monolignol biosynthesis, the conversion of cinnamoyl-CoAs into their corresponding cinnamaldehydes. Probably involved in the formation of lignin in defense responses.
Expressed in roots and coleoptile of young seedlings.
Highly selective inward-rectifying potassium channel that mediates potassium uptake by plant roots. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the channel is activated by hyperpolarization. May be a major salt-sensitive potassium channel in roots.
By cold and salt stresses (PubMed:10929125). Induced by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor (PubMed:12956525). Induced by UV-C (PubMed:24035516).
Expressed in vascular tissues of crowns and roots, vascular bundles and central cylinder (PubMed:11726707). Expressed in roots, leaf blades, spikelets and developing seeds (PubMed:21136139).
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). May function in signal transduction pathways that positively regulate responses to cold, salt and drought stresses (PubMed:10929125).
Plants over-expressing CPK13 display enhanced tolerance to cold, drought and salt stresses.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (352-382) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Cytosolic alpha-glucanotransferase essential for the cytosolic metabolism of maltose, an intermediate on the pathway by which starch is converted to sucrose in leaves at night.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5C family.
This protein is one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport.
Expressed in plastochron 0 (P0) leaf founder cells, and leaf plastochrons P1, P2 and P3 primordia, but not beyond. Expressed in developing bract leaves and their incipient primordia of young inflorescence apices. Down-regulated in developing spikelets.
Expressed in seedlings, shoot apices and young panicles, but not in mature leaves, calli and roots.
Involved in the regular timing (plastochron) of lateral organs formation. May regulate the rate of leaf initiation and the duration of vegetative phase. Seems to be redundant to the function of PLASTOCHRON2, but to act in an independent pathway.
Plants double the number of leaves, and leaf size and plant height are reduced to about the half that of the wild-type. Some inflorescence branches are converted into vegetative shoots (PubMed:14711998, PubMed:9724697). Late flowering and excessive vegetative growth (PubMed:19337211).
Ammonium transporter probably involved in ammonium uptake from the soil and ammonium uptake and retrieval in the vascular system.
Expressed in exodermis, sclerenchyma, endodermis and pericycle cells of primary root tips.
Probable cloning artifact leading to an alternatively spliced sequence.
The C-terminal 3 residues are removed by ATG4 to expose Gly-117 at the C-terminus. The C-terminal Gly is then amidated with phosphatidylethanolamine by an activating system similar to that for ubiquitin.
Small polypeptide acting as a regulatory molecule which coordinates cellular responses required for differentiation, growth and development, probably by restricting polar cell proliferation in lateral organs (e.g. leaves and petioles).
Probable ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate) synthetase that may be involved in a rapid plant ppGpp-mediated response to pathogens and other stresses.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:21796433). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine (PubMed:21796433). Substrate preference is spermine > thermospermine > norspermine (PubMed:21796433). No activity detected when putrescine, spermidine or N(1)-acetylspermidine are used as substrates (PubMed:21796433). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable).
Can restore mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis in a Ljcastor mutant of Lotus japonicus.
Required for neoxanthin biosynthesis. Probably not involved directly in the enzymatic conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin. Is necessary but not sufficient for neoxanthin synthesis.
Essential for the assembly of the photosystem I (PSI) complex. May act as a chaperone-like factor to guide the assembly of the PSI subunits.
Belongs to the protease inhibitor I3 (leguminous Kunitz-type inhibitor) family.
This protein inhibits independently subtilisin and T.castaneum alpha-amylase but not barley alpha-amylase.
Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.
Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome.
Highly expressed in etiolated shoots. Expressed in roots.
Expressed in roots, and anthers and ovules during meiosis.
Involved in cell specification during anther development. Required for the differentiation of primary parietal cells into secondary parietal cells in anthers (PubMed:22913653). May serve as an extracellular ligand for the MSP1 receptor kinase to limit sporocyte number in ovules (PubMed:18248596).
Male-sterile phenotype due to the absence of tapetal cells in the developing anthers.
Arginine methyltransferase that can both catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA).
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase family. PRMT7 subfamily.
Lacks the GMN motif, which is a conserved feature of the family.
Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. MAK3 subfamily.
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX46/PRP5 subfamily.
Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. EYA family.
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
Mannosylates Man(2)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate and Man(1)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate to form Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-dolichol diphosphate.
Amidase involved in auxin biosynthesis (Probable). Converts indole-3-acetamide (IAM) to indole-3-acetate, and phenyl-2-acetamide (PAM) to phenyl-2-acetate. Substrate preference is PAM > IAM (PubMed:27135507).
No visible phenotype under normal growth conditions, but mutant plants cannot survive when grown under heat conditions (42 degres Celsius during the day and 35 degres Celsius during the night) (PubMed:26280413). Reduced plant height and reduced panicle length (PubMed:29692796).
Receptor kinase involved in the regulation of thermotolerance (PubMed:26280413). Functions as positive regulator of heat tolerance (PubMed:26280413). May be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell growth (PubMed:29692796).
Interacts with TGAL5, TGAL7, TGAL8 and TGAL11.
Belongs to the Orn/Lys/Arg decarboxylase class-II family. LysA subfamily.
Specifically catalyzes the decarboxylation of meso-diaminopimelate (meso-DAP) to L-lysine.
Endonuclease which cleaves flap structures at the junction between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA. Possesses both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA-binding activities. Involved in early microspore development, but does not alter meiosis or tapetal cells development (PubMed:15792960, PubMed:22247560). Possesses Holliday junction (HJ) resolvase activity in vitro. Cleaves HJ at symmetrically related sites of the branch point (PubMed:22247560).
Highly expressed in anthers. Expressed in roots and leaves.
Monomer. Interacts with PCNA. PCNA stimulates the nuclease activity without altering cleavage specificity.
Plants develop abnormal anthers with degraded microspores, causing male sterility.
Transcribed and spliced in green leaves.
Contains a C-terminal (448-529) carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM).
Expressed in leaves, stems and panicles. Expressed at lower levels in roots and developing seeds.
Interacts with SKIPA (PubMed:19339499). Interacts with ISA1 (PubMed:24456533).
Involved in compound starch granule formation and starch synthesis in endosperm. May act as a regulatory scaffolding protein and affect starch synthesis and compound starch granule formation through direct interaction with isoamylase 1 (ISA1). Binds starch, amylopectin and amylose through its C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM) in vitro.
Slight reduction in plant height. Reduced size of the endosperm, reduced starch content of the endosperm and floury (opaque) endosperm.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the regulation of grain size. May limit grain width and weight by restricting cell proliferation of the spikelet hull. Possesses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity in vitro.
Expressed in roots, shoots, leaves, inflorescence meristems, stamens, pistils, spikelet hulls and endosperms 4 days after fertilization.
Plants silencing GW2 produce grains with increased width, resulting in enhanced grain weight, whereas overexpression of GW2 decreases grain size and weight. The naturally occurring WY3 allele of GW2, which encodes a truncated version of the protein with a 310-amino acid deletion, increases the number of cells of the spikelet hull, resulting in a wider spikelet hull, and subsequently accelerates the grain milk filling rate, resulting in increased grain width, weight and yield.
Belongs to the activator 1 large subunit family.
Expressed in developing seeds from 5 to 30 days after flowering (DAF).
Transcriptional activator that binds to the DNA specific sequence 5'-GCCACGT[AC]AG-3' found in the alpha-globulin gene promoter (PubMed:9049271, PubMed:11572990). Does not bind to promoters of other major storage genes such as glutelin, prolamin and albumin (PubMed:9049271). Binds to the DNA specific sequence 5'-TGAGTCA-3' found in seed storage protein gene promoters (PubMed:11133985).
Interacts with BHLH148 and COI1A (PubMed:21332845). Interacts with COI1A, COI1B and COI2 in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) (PubMed:23320078).
Repressor of jasmonate (JA) responses (By similarity). May act on an initial response of JA-regulated gene expression toward drought tolerance as part of a BHLH148-TIFY11D/JAZ12-COI1A complex (PubMed:21332845).
The jas domain (117-142) is required for interaction with COI1.
Ubiquitinated (Probable). Increase in jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) levels mediates its degradation via COI1A-mediated proteasome pathway (PubMed:21332845).
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 7 family.
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.
Expressed in vascular bundles of roots and leaves, vascular parenchyma cells of leaves, anther filaments, xylem tissue of anthers, embryos, radicles and coleoptiles.
Induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt (PubMed:18326788, PubMed:25283804). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:20838584, PubMed:25418692, PubMed:25283804, PubMed:25735958). Induced by D-allose (PubMed:23397192). Induced by infection with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) (PubMed:23826294, PubMed:26718470). Down-regulated by submergence (PubMed:17205969).
Belongs to the imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase family.
Involved in transport of proteins into the mitochondrion.
Confined to root caps, several cell layers at the periphery of the coleorhiza and radicle, and in all cell layers of the coleoptile.
Component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex that mediates the cotranslational targeting of secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Essential factor for the assembly of mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (complex I).
Microtubule-associated protein that is essential for cortical microtubules organization and function.
During embryogenesis and crown root formation, it is expressed prior to the morphological differentiation of the root.
Specifically expressed in the central cells of the quiescent center (QC) of the root.
Transcription factor which may be involved in the specification and maintenance of the stem cells (QC cells) in the root apical meristem (RAM).
Induced by methyl viologen, acifluorfen and cadmium.
UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase catalyzing the c-glucosylation of 2-hydroxyflavanones.
Induced by low temperature (PubMed:20141629). Induced by drought stress, salt stress and abscisic acid (PubMed:16924117).
Molecular chaperone that may function in heat stress response. May interact with a ClpP-like protease involved in degradation of denatured proteins in the chloroplast (PubMed:20141629). Chaperone involved in response to abiotic stresses. Plays a positive role during dehydration and salt stress (PubMed:27457985).
Plants overexpressing CLPD1 exhibit improved tolerance to drought and salt stresses.
Interacts with the phosphorylated form of BSK3.
Homodimer or monomer when reduced or oxidized, respectively. Component of the exosome core complex (Probable).
Probable component of the exosome 3'->5' exoribonuclease complex, a complex that degrades inherently unstable mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) within their 3'-untranslated regions. May form a homodimer separately from exosome complexes and function in DNA cleavage process. Binds double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and possesses hydrolytic DNase and phosphorolytic RNase activities in vitro.
Histone chaperone involved in maintining knox genes silencing throughout leaf development.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:24105034). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine and its acetyl derivatives (PubMed:24105034). Substrate preference is thermospermine > spermine > norspermine > N(1)-acetylspermine (PubMed:24105034). No activity detected when putrescine or spermidine are used as substrates (PubMed:24105034). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable).
Induced in roots by exogenous treatment with spermine and thermospermine.
Expressed in spikelets and developing seeds.
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). Functions in signal transduction pathways that positively regulate responses to abscisic acid (ABA) and salt stress (PubMed:21136139).
Plants over-expressing CPK21 display enhanced tolerance to salt stress.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (364-394) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. EFM5 family.
Probable transcription factor that may play a role in regulatory networks controlling development and metabolism.
Expressed in seedling roots and shoots (PubMed:14701936). Highly expressed in young leaves (PubMed:23463009).
Transcriptional factor that targets the CArG motif 5'-C(A/T)TTAAAAAG-3' in the promoter of D14. Directly suppresses D14 expression to control the outgrowth of axillary buds.
Decrease in average length of amylopectin chains (PubMed:21417378). Reduced content of amylopectin chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 8 to 12, but increased content of chains with a DP of 6 to 7 and a DP of 16 to 19 (PubMed:16443699).
Involved in starch synthesis in endosperm amyloplasts (PubMed:16443699, PubMed:21417378, PubMed:21730357). Plays a role in the elongation of amylopectin chains (PubMed:16443699, PubMed:21417378, PubMed:21730357). Synthesizes preferentially amylopectin chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 7 to 11 by elongating chains with a DP of 4 to 7 (PubMed:16443699). Generates distincly chains with a DP of 8 to 12 chains from short chains with a DP of 6 to 7 (PubMed:16443699).
Three forms of soluble starch synthase were purified: RSS1, RSS2 and RSS3.
Plays a role in photosynthetic sucrose synthesis by catalyzing the rate-limiting step of sucrose biosynthesis from UDP-glucose and fructose- 6-phosphate. Involved in the regulation of carbon partitioning in the leaves of plants. May regulate the synthesis of sucrose and therefore play a major role as a limiting factor in the export of photoassimilates out of the leaf. Plays a role for sucrose availability that is essential for plant growth and fiber elongation.
Ca(2+)-regulated actin-binding protein (By similarity). Binds actin microfilaments (MFs). Involved in actin filament bundling, severing and capping. Caps the barbed end of actin filaments and is able to sever them in a calcium-dependent manner. May regulate cell expansion in developing organs. Required for the regulation of plant architecture via the modulation of polar auxin transport and root gravitropism (PubMed:26486445).
Malformed organs, including twisted roots and shoots at the seedling stage, mainly caused by asymmetrical expansion of cells on the opposite sides of an organ. Increased dynamic actin cytoskeleton network. Hypersensitive gravitropic response, faster recycling of PIN2, and altered auxin distribution.
Binds DNA as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with RF2b. The heterodimer binds stronger to DNA than the homodimer. Interacts with TBP2.
Expressed at high levels in levels in leaf sheath, moderate levels in leaf blade, but not in roots. Predominantly expressed in vascular tissues.
Belongs to the eukaryotic/archaeal RNase P protein component 1 family.
Functional repressor of PHR2 (PubMed:24368504). Involved in maintaining cellular Pi homeostasis when plants are exposed to an external change in Pi (PubMed:24368504). Negatively regulates root-to-shoot Pi translocation redundantly with SPX3 (PubMed:24368504).
Predominantly expressed in roots (PubMed:19566645). Expressed in root epidermis, exodermis and the sclerenchymal layer (PubMed:24368504). Under Pi starvation, also detected in mesophyll and phloem in the vascular bundles (PubMed:24368504).
Up-regulated under phosphate starvation (PubMed:19566645, PubMed:24368504). Down-regulated by SPX1 and SPX3 (PubMed:19566645). Up-regulated during cold stress (PubMed:19508276).
At the vegetative stage, it is expressed in rapidly elongating and dividing organs and tissues. At the influorescence or floral stage, it is expressed in the shoot meristems and stamen primordia.
Belongs to the GRAS family. DELLA subfamily.
Expressed in nodes, internodes, leaf sheats of young seedlings and ears of adult plants. Weakly expressed in leaf blade and root.
May be a homodimer. Interacts directly with the GID2 component of the SCF(GID2) complex. Interacts with GID1 in a GA-dependent manner, probably leading to its interaction with GID2 and its subsequent degradation (PubMed:12649483, PubMed:14756772, PubMed:16193045). Interacts with D14 and GID1 in an strigolactone-dependent manner (PubMed:24131983). Interacts with HD16/EL1 (PubMed:20400938, PubMed:23789941).
Phosphorylated on Ser/Thr residues in the N-terminal part. Both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms are degraded upon GA treatment, suggesting that phosphorylation does not trigger ubiquitination (PubMed:12649483, PubMed:14756772, PubMed:15979983). Phosphorylated by HD16/EL1. Phosphorylation enhances its stability (PubMed:20400938, PubMed:23789941).
Probable transcriptional regulator that acts as a repressor of the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. Probably acts by participating in large multiprotein complexes that repress transcription of GA-inducible genes. Upon GA application, it is degraded by the proteasome, allowing the GA signaling pathway. In contrast, its overexpression prevents the GA signaling pathway and induces a dwarf phenotype.
The DELLA motif is required for its GA-induced degradation.
Ubiquitinated. Upon GA application it is ubiquitinated by the SCF(GID2) complex, leading to its subsequent degradation.
Up-regulated following GA3 but not ABA application.
Decreased sensitivity to auxin and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, an auxin transport inhibitor. Reduced plant height and decreased panicle length, and grain size and weight. Altered auxin transport.
Good candidate to improve plant biomass and grain productivity in various species.
Involved in auxin transport. Positive regulator of the auxin signaling pathway involved in gravitropism, plant growth and grain development.
Mostly expressed in the vascular tissues of leaves, culms and young panicles, especially in hulls.
Rapidly induced by auxin (IAA) and analogs, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthylacetic acid (NAA). Expression level is gradually decreased as the panicle matures.
The over-expressing mutants Bg1-D and BG1-OE exhibit increased grain size with both bigger length and width, and associated with longer epidermis cells of both palea and lemma in spikelet hull as well as increases of both number and area of the parenchyma cells in the hull. Some genes associated with cell cycle and cell expansion are up-regulated in the panicles. Enhanced growth of other tissues at both the vegetative and reproductive stages are also observed. Increased sensitivity to auxin (IAA) in terms of root elongation/inhibition, as well as altered IAA distribution and transport.
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. SABATH family.
Catalyzes the methylation of the free carboxyl end of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Converts IAA to IAA methyl ester (MeIAA). Regulates IAA activities by IAA methylation. Methylation of IAA plays an important role in regulating plant development and auxin homeostasis. MeIAA seems to be an inactive form of IAA.
Belongs to the Integrator subunit 3 family.
Catalyzes the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine by condensation of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. This is the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin.
Membrane bound hemoprotein which function as an electron carrier for several membrane bound oxygenases.
Functions in brassinosteroid signaling. May function as transcriptional repressor.
Belongs to the F-actin-capping protein beta subunit family.
Expressed mainly in developing sclerenchyma cells and in vascular bundles.
Involved in determining the orientation of cell expansion, probably by playing an important role in cellulose deposition. May act by recruiting cellulose synthesizing complexes to discrete positions on the cell surface.
Catalytic subunit of a heterodimeric structure-specific endonuclease that resolves DNA secondary structures generated during DNA repair and recombination. Has endonuclease activity towards branched DNA substrates, introducing single-strand cuts in duplex DNA close to junctions with ss-DNA.
Forms a heterodimer with a member of the SLX4 family.
Interacts with MUS81 to form a DNA structure-specific endonuclease with substrate preference for branched DNA structures with a 5'-end at the branch nick. Typical substrates include 3'-flap structures, D-loops, replication forks, nicked Holliday junctions and also intact Holliday junctions with a reduced efficiency. May be required in mitosis for the processing of stalled or collapsed replication fork intermediates. Plays a role in DNA repair and in genotoxic stress-induced homologous recombination (HR) in somatic cells. Mediates a subset of meiotic recombination events that are insensitive to crossover interference (By similarity).
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosomes 1 and 6, resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of these duplicated genes (Os01g0790900 and Os06g0120500 respectively) has not been demonstrated.
Binds 1 divalent metal cation per subunit. Fully active with Mg(2+) and active at 70% with Mn(2+). Active at 40% with Co(2+) ion and less than 10% with Ca(2+) or Zn(2+) ions.
Catalyzes the stepwise methylation of tricetin to its 3'-mono- and 3',5'-dimethyl ethers. No 3',4',5'-trimethylated ester derivatives are produced. Can use caffeoyl CoA, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, luteolin, tricetin, quercetin, myrcetin and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone as substrates, but not naringenin, apigenin or kaempferol. The 2,3-double bond and the O-dihydroxyl group of the substrate are both required for catalytic activity of the enzyme.
Plants overexpressing BHLH133 are hypersensitive to iron deficiency.
Slight reduction of shoot length and 2-fold reduction of seed set.
Strongly induced by iron deficiency in roots (PubMed:22755510). Slightly induced in shoots (PubMed:22755510).
Transcription factor that acts as regulator of iron homeostasis (PubMed:22755510). May act as negative regulator of iron transportation from root to shoot (PubMed:22755510). Does not seem to be involved in the suppression of the induction of iron deficiency responsive genes (PubMed:22755510).
Belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL16/RlmF family.
Belongs to the V-ATPase e1/e2 subunit family.
Highly expressed in roots (PubMed:19798512). Expressed at low levels in leaves and panicles (PubMed:19798512).
Transcription factor acting as a positive regulator in the ethylene response pathway (PubMed:19798512). Involved in wound signaling by binding specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-ATGTACCT-3' found in the promoter of some wound-inducible genes (PubMed:19798512). Binds directly to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTTACAAATACC-3' in the promoter of the GA20OX2 gene to activate its expression at the transcriptional level during ethylene signaling (PubMed:30002253).
Expressed in the inflorescence meristem and intercalary meristem (PubMed:19305410). Expressed in the bract primordia of primary and secondary rachis branches (PubMed:19305410).
G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems (Probable). The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction (Probable). Involved in the regulation of plant architecture, panicle erectness, panicle and grain length, grain weight, and grain yield (PubMed:19305410, PubMed:19407986, PubMed:19546322). Involved in the regulation of grain size (PubMed:29487318, PubMed:32111163).
Involved in tolerance to cadmium and copper ions (PubMed:24163402). Seedlings overexpressing DEP1 exhibit enhanced tolerance to cadmium (PubMed:24163402).
Semi-dwarf phenotype (PubMed:19305410, Ref.2). Dense and erect panicles, and high grain number per panicle (PubMed:19305410, PubMed:32111163). Increased number of spikelets (Ref.2). Increased tolerance to drought, salt and cold stresses (PubMed:32111163).
Belongs to the proteasome subunit S5A family.
Component of the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700) base subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. The 26S proteasome is composed of a core protease (CP), known as the 20S proteasome, capped at one or both ends by the 19S regulatory particle (RP/PA700). The RP/PA700 complex is composed of at least 17 different subunits in two subcomplexes, the base and the lid, which form the portions proximal and distal to the 20S proteolytic core, respectively (PubMed:11874462). Interacts with PI4KG4 (PubMed:28254780).
Plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the 19S regulatory particle (RP), subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. Plays a major role in both the direct and indirect recognition of ubiquitinated substrates of ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated proteolysis (UPP). Binds and presumably selects ubiquitin-conjugates for destruction.
During seed germination, expression increases in the embryo from 3 to 48 hours after seed imbibition, with a peak at 48 hours.
Flavoenzyme involved in polyamine back-conversion (PubMed:21796433). Catalyzes the oxidation of the secondary amino group of polyamines, such as spermine (PubMed:21796433). Substrate preference is spermine > thermospermine > norspermine (PubMed:21796433). No activity detected when putrescine, spermidine or N(1)-acetylspermidine are used as substrates (PubMed:21796433). Plays an important role in the regulation of polyamine intracellular concentration (Probable). May play a role in producing hydrogen peroxide during seed germination (Probable).
Highly expressed in flowers. Expressed in seedlings.
By methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (PubMed:21332845). Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), and drought and salt stresses (PubMed:19618278).
The jas domain (343-367) is required for interaction with COI1.
Catalyzes the opening of the heme ring to form the open-chain tetrapyrrole biliverdin IX with the release of iron and carbon monoxide (CO). Is a key enzyme in the synthesis of the chromophore of the phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors. Essential for photoperiod response and repression of flowering through cytochromes that inhibit flowering by affecting both HD1 and EHD1 flowering pathways.
Pale green and very early flowering phenotype and complete deficiency in photoperiodic response. Lack of photoreversible phytochromes and responses of coleoptile elongation by light pulses.
By dark in green leaf. Down-regulated by light.
Expressed in root, callus, and etiolated leaf. Low expression in green leaf.
Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1. The whole complex, most stable and composed of importin alpha, importin beta and NLS substrate, is referred to as PTAC or pore targeting complex.
Core component of at least two putative endosomal tethering complexes, the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex and the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex.
Involved in regulating membrane fusion at the tonoplast and the prevacuolar compartment.
Functions as flavanone 2-hydroxylase that catalyzes the direct conversion of flavanones to 2-hydroxyflavanones (PubMed:20647377). In vitro, can convert naringenin and eriodictyol to the corresponding 2-hydroxyflavanones (PubMed:20647377). Generates 2-hydroxyflavanone substrates for C-glycosylflavone biosynthesis by the glycosyltransferase CGT (PubMed:20647377).
Catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization of bicyclic chalcones into tricyclic (S)-flavanones. Responsible for the isomerization of 4,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (also termed chalcone) into naringenin (By similarity).
Part of the biosynthetic pathway for all classes of flavonoids, a large class of secondary plant metabolites, many of which are brightly colored.
Putative transcription factor involved in asymmetric cell division.
Enzyme of the plastid non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis that converts 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and CMP (Probable). Is essential for chloroplast development (PubMed:29143298).
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, leaf sheaths and young panicles.
By osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA). Down-regulated by chilling.
Meiosis-specific cyclin. Required for normal homolog synapsis and recombination in early to mid-prophase 1.
May interact with MPK1/MAPK6 (PubMed:15951489). Binds to RBOHB, preferentially in the GTP-bound form (PubMed:19864426). Interacts with CCR1 in a GTP-dependent manner (PubMed:16380417).
Small GTPase playing a general role in disease resistance signaling pathway. Acts downstream of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit. Regulates cell death and reactive oxygen species production, probably through NADPH oxidase. Also involved in sphingolipid elicitor (SE)-dependent defense signaling. Activates phytoalexin production and alters defense-related genes. Down-regulates metallothionein 2b, a reactive oxygen scavenger (PubMed:10485927, PubMed:11149940, PubMed:12237405, PubMed:15220467). May control lignin synthesis through regulation of both NADPH oxidase and CCR1 activities during defense responses. Stimulates lignin synthesis in suspension cell culture (PubMed:15951489).
Down-regulation of EZ1 delays flowering in short day (SD), but has no effect in long day (LD).
Highly expressed in seed endosperm 7 days after pollination.
Interacts with FIE1 (PubMed:23150632). Interacts with FIE2 (Ref.9, PubMed:23150632, PubMed:23505380). Component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), composed of the core PRC2 components FIE2, EMF2B and CLF. PRC2 methylates 'Lys-27' residues of histone H3 (H3K27me3), leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target gene.
Polycomb group (PcG) protein. Catalytic subunit of some PcG multiprotein complex, which methylates 'Lys-27' of histone H3, leading to transcriptional repression of the affected target genes. PcG proteins act by forming multiprotein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins are not required to initiate repression, but to maintain it during later stages of development (Probable). Involved in the regulation of flowering. Promotes flowering under short day (SD) conditions. Regulates the trimethylation on histone H3 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) of the flowering regulator LF (PubMed:25400654).
Widely expressed (PubMed:19825651). Expressed in leaves and stems. Expressed a low levels in roots, anthers, ovaries and ovules (Ref.9).
Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'TTTAGGG-3' repeat and regulates telomere length and structure.
Severe developmental abnormalities of vegetative organs and impaired reproductive organ formation. Chromosomal fusion in mother pollen cells. Increased telomere length and frequency of anaphase bridges containing telomeric repeat DNA.
Belongs to the small hydrophilic plant seed protein family.
Em protein may act as a cytoplasm protectant during desiccation.
Expressed in dry seeds and immature embryos.
The induction of Em proteins by abscisic acid may be mediated by the cis-element, termed the ABA-responsive element (ABRE), which binds a Leucine-zipper protein, Em bp1.
By gibberellin (Ref.2, PubMed:15604699). Induced by cold stress (Ref.2, PubMed:15604699, PubMed:26681628). Down-regulated by brassinosteroid, abscisic acid (ABA), and drought or cold stresses (PubMed:15604699).
Expressed in roots (Ref.2). Expressed in leaf sheaths (Ref.2, PubMed:15604699).
May play a role in signal transduction pathways that involve calcium as a second messenger (By similarity). May be a signaling component in the response to gibberellin and cold stress (PubMed:15604699).
Plants over-expressing CPK7 show increased recovery rates after cold stress.
There are 3 contiguous domains conserved in the CDPK subfamily: a kinase domain, an autoinhibitory (junction) domain and a calmodulin-like domain. The autoinhibitory domain (343-373) inactivates kinase activity under calcium-free conditions.
For the sake of clarity sequence features are annotated only for the first chain, and are not repeated for each of the following chains.
Ubiquitin is generally synthesized as a polyubiquitin precursor with tandem head to tail repeats. Often, there is one to three additional amino acids after the last repeat, removed in the mature protein. Alternatively, ubiquitin extension protein is synthesized as a single copy of ubiquitin fused to a ribosomal protein (either eL40 or eS31) or to an ubiquitin-related protein (either RUB1 or RUB2). Following translation, extension protein is cleaved from ubiquitin.
Belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBA5 subfamily.
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl from p-coumaryol-CoA to agmatine, to produce coumaroyl agmatine. Can use feruloyl-CoA, caffeoyl-CoA and sinapoyl-CoA as acyl donors (PubMed:24908251, PubMed:27015846, PubMed:27354554). Seems to be able to transfer the acyl group from p-coumaroyl-CoA and feruloyl-CoA to the acyl acceptors putrescine and spermidine (PubMed:24908251).
Can be divided into a N-terminal globular domain, a proline-rich P-domain forming an elongated arm-like structure and a C-terminal acidic domain. The P-domain binds one molecule of calcium with high affinity, whereas the acidic C-domain binds multiple calcium ions with low affinity (By similarity).
Molecular calcium-binding chaperone promoting folding, oligomeric assembly and quality control in the ER via the calreticulin/calnexin cycle. This lectin may interact transiently with almost all of the monoglucosylated glycoproteins that are synthesized in the ER (By similarity).
The interaction with glycans occurs through a binding site in the globular lectin domain.
The zinc binding sites are localized to the N-domain.
By gibberellin (GA3) and brassinosteroid.
Involved in cell wall assembly during cell elongation.
Plants are dwarf with reduction in cell elongation and decrease in cellulose content.
Negative regulator of cell proliferation in the adaxial side of leaves. Regulates the formation of a symmetric lamina and the establishment of venation (By similarity).
Expressed in aboveground tissues, with the highest level in leaves.
Homodimer (PubMed:12172034). Interacts with GAMYB (PubMed:22773748).
Repressed by sucrose and gibberellic acid (GA).
Transcription activator that binds to 5'-TATCCA-3' elements in gene promoters. Derepresses strongly the sugar-repressed transcription of promoters containing SRS or 5'-TATCCA-3' elements. Functions with GAMYB to integrate diverse nutrient starvation and gibberellin (GA) signaling pathways during germination of grains. Sugar, nitrogen and phosphate starvation signals converge and interconnect with GA to promote the co-nuclear import of MYBS1 and GAMYB, resulting in the expression of a large set of GA-inducible hydrolases, transporters, and regulators that are essential for mobilization of nutrient reserves in the endosperm to support seedling growth (PubMed:22773748).
Highly expressed in etiolated seedlings. Expressed in roots.
Induced by jasmonate (JA), wounding and infection by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
Probable transcription factor that may be involved in the jasmonate-dependent defense responses to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Does not seem to function in the salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway.
Induced by heat stress (PubMed:23994682). Induced by wounding (PubMed:23246835). Down-regulated by UV irradiation (PubMed:23246835, PubMed:23994682). Down-regulated by aluminum stress (PubMed:32989851).
Involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism by mediating the activation of a number of hydroxycinnamates for the biosynthesis of monolignols and other phenolic secondary metabolites (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Catalyzes the formation of CoA esters of cinnamate, 4-coumarate, caffeate and ferulate (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Is more efficient with substrates in the following order: 4-coumarate > ferulate > caffeate > cinnamate (PubMed:21807887). Cannot convert sinapate to its corresponding CoA ester (PubMed:21807887, PubMed:23246835). Required for the biosynthesis of lignin in roots and shoots (PubMed:32989851). Follows a two-step reaction mechanism, wherein the carboxylate substrate first undergoes adenylation by ATP, followed by a thioesterification in the presence of CoA to yield the final CoA thioesters (By similarity).
Belongs to the FAD-binding oxidoreductase/transferase type 4 family.
Catalyzes the oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate.
Expressed in a small number of epidermal or subepidermal cells at the leaf axils, in axillary meristems and the entire tiller buds. Undetected in the shoot apical meristem.
Putative transcription regulator that controls rice tillering by initiating axillary buds and promoting their outgrowth. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots.
The C-terminal part of the protein is important for tillering. Mutant moc1, in which the last 124 amino acids are missing, is mono culm.
Seems to be required for the assembly of the photosystem I complex.
A stretch of the chloroplast genome is duplicated within chromosome 9 resulting in the duplication of the gene. The expression of this duplicated gene has not been demonstrated.
Interacts (via CHORD2 domain) with SGT1 (via CS domain). Interacts with RAC1 and RACK1A.
Involved in basal disease resistance to virulent strain of bacterial blight (X.oryzae) and compatible race of rice blast fungus (M.grisea). May act as positive regulator of basal defense. Associates with HSP90 and is essential for the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immune responses specifically enhanced by RAC1.
The 2 cysteine and histidine-rich (CHORD) domains bind each 2 zinc ions, and the plant-specific 20 amino acid cysteine and histidine-containing motif (CCCH motif), located between the two CHORDs, binds 1 zinc ion.
Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS38 family.
Probable thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that may participate in various redox reactions in the chloroplast.
The active site contains a CEVC motif wich differs from the conserved CGPC motif.
Component of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The b-c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for ATP synthesis.
Heme 1 (or BL or b562) is low-potential and absorbs at about 562 nm, and heme 2 (or BH or b566) is high-potential and absorbs at about 566 nm.
The main subunits of complex b-c1 are: cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and the Rieske protein.
The protein contains only eight transmembrane helices, not nine as predicted by bioinformatics tools.
By ethylene and infection with rice blast fungus (M.grisea).
Dually phosphorylated on Thr-267 and Tyr-269, which activates the enzyme.
Involved in chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast protection against oxidative damage.
Belongs to the PHD-associated homeobox family.
Expressed in roots, leaves, stems, panicle and seeds.
Expressed in the outer layers of globular embryos.
Plants over-expressing HAZ1 show increased length of the uppermost internode and panicle, due to enhanced gibberellin signaling.
Transcriptional repressor involved in the regulation of gibberrelin (GA) signaling. Binds to the 5'-GATC-3' motif of HD16/EL1 promoter. Functions as a positive regulator of GA signaling by suppressing the expression of HD16/EL1, a negative regulator of GA signaling.
Required for the import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Conjugated to ATG12; which is essential for autophagy.
Required for autophagy. Conjugation to ATG12 is essential for plant nutrient recycling (By similarity).
Transcriptional regulator involved in defense response (By similarity). Acts as transcriptional activator in vitro (PubMed:22353606).
Expressed in roots (PubMed:18813954, PubMed:19135985). Expressed at low levels in leaves, stems and panicles (PubMed:19135985).
Induced by salt and cold stresses (PubMed:18813954, PubMed:19135985). Induced by drought stress (PubMed:19135985).
Transcription activator involved in responses to drought stress and salt stress. Transactivates the stress response genes LEA19 and PM19L.
D-box [RxxLxx(L/I)xN] is the common motif recognized by the E3 ubiquitin ligase APC specifically acting during transition from metaphase to anaphase.
GTP-binding protein that functions in the development of root systems, which are mediated by auxin. Acts as a cell cycle regulator during root development. Proteasome-mediated degradation of the protein is necessary for the transition of metaphase to anaphase in mitosis.
Overexpression results in reduced growth of the primary root, an increased number of adventitious roots, a helix primary root and a delayed gravitropic response of roots in seedlings.
RNAi mutants display reduced seedling height phenotype, because of abnormal cell division.
Specifically expressed in the apical meristem, the elongation zone of root tip, steles of the branch zone, and the young lateral root. Also expressed in spikes. Expressed in roots and spikes (at protein level).
Ubiquitinated. RPT4 mediates its proteasome-dependent degradation.
Involved in light-induced chloroplast development and growth. Involved in the plant response to abiotic and photooxidative stresses. May be involved in the suppression of photooxidative damage.
TRAP proteins are part of a complex whose function is to bind calcium to the ER membrane and thereby regulate the retention of ER resident proteins.
High-affinity transporter for external inorganic phosphate (By similarity). Required for phosphate acquisition in plant.
Plants overexpressing PHT1-1 accumulates almost twice the amount of phosphate in the shoots compared to the wild-type plants. Although related to the sugar transporter family, it does not transport sugars.
Expressed in roots and leaf blades and sheaths.
Not induced by ammonium supply in roots.
ATP-dependent RNA helicase essential for mRNA export from the nucleus. Plays an important role in the positive regulation of CBF/DREB transcription factors (By similarity).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX19/DBP5 subfamily.
Key source of the cellular reductant NADPH which is an important antioxidant factor.
Non-catalytic component of the proteasome.
This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes (By similarity) (PubMed:23053415). It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5 (By similarity).
By salicylic acid, benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioc acid S-methyl ester, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid.
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. This NDK is microtubule-associated.
Widely expressed and preferentially in leaf sheathes.
Expressed in leaf blades, leaf sheaths, anthers, ovaries and embryos. Expressed at low levels in roots and shoots.
Mediates active uptake of hexoses by sugar:proton symport (Probable). Can transport glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, xylose and ribose (PubMed:18506478).
Catalyzes the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonium.
May be involved in the regulation of leaf senescence.
Up-regulated during leaf senescence (at protein level).
Contains 3 EAR motifs associated with active repression of several target genes.
Repressor of strigolactones (SL) signaling. Subjected to a negative feedback control of SL signaling.
Plants develop a brittle culm (bc) phenotype with a reduction of up to 90% percent of cellulose content in culm.
During anther development, expressed in anther vacuolar tissue from stage 9 to stage 13.
Expressed in root vascular tissue, primordia of lateral roots, leaf collar, and veins of lemma, palea and pistil.
Reduced plant size, and reduced levels of sugars in anthers leading to defective anthers and male sterility when grown under short day (12 hours light) conditions (PubMed:20305120, PubMed:23256151). No male sterility phenotype when grown under long day (14 hours light) conditions (PubMed:23256151).
Transcription factor required for sugar partitioning from leaves to anthers during male reproductive development. Required for the production of functional pollen grains. Binds to the promoter of the anther-specific sugar transporter MST8 and regulates its expression. Regulates the expression of genes involved in sugar partitioning in flower, such as the sugar transporter SUT3, the invertase INV4, the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase UGP2 and the starch synthase WAXY.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily.
Expressed in the adaxial face of the collar, nodes and the basal region of elongating internodes.
Phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by GSK1. Phosphorylation represses nuclear localization.
Plants silencing LIC are short, have increased leaf and tiller angles, and display both reduced number of rachises and seeds (PubMed:18953406). Plants over-expressing LIC show erect leaves (PubMed:22570626).
Transcriptional activator that binds double-stranded DNA and the single-stranded RNA polymers poly(rA), poly(rU) and poly(rG), but not poly(rC). Mediates optimal plant architecture through brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. May act as a negative regulator in sterol homeostasis (PubMed:18953406). Acts as negative regulator of BR signaling. Binds to the specific DNA sequence 5'-CTCGC-3' of BZR1 promoter and negatively regulates BZR1. Acts as an antagonistic transcription factor of BZR1 to attenuate the BR signaling pathway and regulate leaf bending. Represses the expression of ILI1, and activates that of IBH1 to balance the regulation activity of BZR1 (PubMed:22570626).
Circadian-regulation with a peak in the middle of the morning and at the end of the light period. Isoforms 1 and 2 are induced by sucrose in roots. Isoform 1 is induced by nitrate in roots, but not isoform 2. Isoform 1 is down-regulated by ammonium, glutatmate and aspartate in roots, but not isoform 2.
Expressed in the stelar cells of both primary and lateral roots, particularly at the site of lateral root emergence, root-shoot junction zone, vascular tissues of adventitious root primordia, leaves, germ tips and seed scutellum.
Heterotetramer composed of two NRT2.3 and two NAR2.1 (By similarity). Isoform 1 interacts with NAR2.1, but not isoform 2.
Involved in nitrate transport, but does not seem to be able to mediate transport by its own. Acts as a dual component transporter with NAR2.1. Imports nitrate with high affinity when expressed with NAR2.1 in a heterologous system (Xenopus oocytes). Plays a key role in long-distance nitrate transport from root to shoot particularly at low external nitrate supply.
Plants silencing isoform 1 of NTR2.3 have impaired xylem loading of nitrate and decreased plant growth at low nitrate supply (0.5 mM).
Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB, XPD, TFB1/GTF2H1, GTF2H2/P44, TFB4/GTF2H3, TFB2/GTF2H4 and TFB5/GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CYCH1/cyclin H1, CDKD and MAT1/At4g30820 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.
Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.
Displays resistance to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) infection.
Detected in young expanded leaves emerging from the culms (PubMed:18774969). In young panicles, accumulates in spikelets and panicle branches (PubMed:18774969). Under short days (SD), observed in leaves by 1 week after germination and reaches a peak by 2 weeks. Subsequently, the level gradually decreases, but maintains at low levels even after flowering (about 9 weeks) (PubMed:18790997). Under long days (LD), present in leaves at low levels during all developmental stages from at least 1 week after germination (PubMed:18790997).
Induced by FKF1 (PubMed:25850808). Down-regulated by DLF1 (PubMed:25036785). During the basic vegetative growth phase (BVP, photoperiod-insensitive phase), suppressed via phytochrome-mediated light signals involving the phytochromobilin synthase HY2 (PubMed:25573482).
Mostly expressed in developing leaves (more in sheaths than in blades, especially in the outer epidermal cell of immature leaves and in the region immediately beneath the meristem where internodes are visible) and panicles, and, at very low levels, around the shoot apex and in roots.
Never-flowering phenotype in the rid1 mutant (PubMed:18725639). Extremely delayed flowering under both short- (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions, associated with reduced EHD1, HD3A and RFT1 levels, but increased leaves and nodes production (PubMed:18790997, PubMed:18725639, PubMed:18774969). Levels of FTL1 and FTL4 are slightly reduced under both LD and SD, expression of FTL5 is down-regulated under LD, whereas FTL6 is down-regulated only under SD (PubMed:18725639). In contrast, the accumulation of FTL11 is slightly higher under both SD and LD (PubMed:18725639). Reduced levels of MADS1, MADS14 and MADS15, downstream genes of EHD1 (PubMed:18774969).
Transcription activator that acts as a flowering master switch in both long and short days, independently of the circadian clock (PubMed:18790997, PubMed:18725639, PubMed:18774969, PubMed:19304997, PubMed:24280027). Promotes flowering upstream of HD1 by up-regulating FTL1, FTL4, FTL5, FTL6, EHD1, HD3A and RFT1 (PubMed:18790997, PubMed:18725639, PubMed:18774969). Seems to repress FTL11 expression (PubMed:18725639). May recognize the consensus motif 5'-TTTGTCGTAAT-3' in target gene promoters (PubMed:18725639).
In response to salt and related osmotic stresses.
Sheaths and roots from mature plants and seedlings.
It is uncertain whether Met-1 or Met-12 is the initiator.
Belongs to the complex I NDUFS4 subunit family.
Catalyzes the 3'-hydroxylation of the flavonoid B-ring to the 3',4'-hydroxylated state (PubMed:18726614). Catalyzes the 3'-hydroxylation of apigenin to generate luteolin (Probable).
Homodimer (Probable). May form a heterodimer with HOX4.
Probable transcription activator that binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CAAT[AT]ATTG-3'.
Catalyzes a carbon-carbon cleavage reaction; cleaves a 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA into formyl-CoA and a 2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde.
Catalyzes the reduction of a 3''-keto intermediate during the biosynthesis of 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) from L-Met. Involved in the formation of phytosiderophores (MAs) belonging to the mugineic acid family and required to acquire iron.
Confined to cells participating in long distance transport (e.g. in the parts of pericycle cells adjacent to the protoxylem and metaxylem) in roots and to vascular bundles in shoots.
Expressed in germinating seeds prior to protrusion of the radicle, especially in the vascular bundle of the seminal root 3 days after sowing.
Up-regulated under iron-deficient conditions in root and shoot tissues (PubMed:16926158, PubMed:18224446, PubMed:24887487). Slightly induced in shoots by zinc deficiency (PubMed:18224446).
Converts adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'- phosphate (PAP) to AMP.
By chitin oligosaccharide elicitor and jasmonic acid (MeJA).
Involved in momilactone phytoalexins biosynthesis; acts as a multifunctional diterpene oxidase. Participates in the biosynthetic steps between 9-beta-pimara-7,15-diene and 3-beta-hydroxy-9-beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19,6-beta-olide. Catalyzes also consecutive oxidations at C19 of syn-stemod-13(17)-ene.
Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-5 (PP-T) subfamily.
Expressed in endosperm (at protein level).
Belongs to the neutral ceramidase family.
Enhanced activity in the presence of calcium, magnesium, manganese and zinc ions, but inhibited activity in the presence of iron ion.
Expressed in seedlings, with higher levels in roots than in shoots.
Hydrolyzes the sphingolipid ceramide into sphingosine and free fatty acid. Uses ceramide instead of phytoceramide as substrate.
Catalyzes the C22-alpha-hydroxylation step in brassinosteroid biosynthesis, which is the rate-limiting step in this biosynthetic pathway (PubMed:16369540). Catalyzes the conversion of campesterol (CR) to (22S)-22-hydroxycampesterol (22-OHCR, 22-hydroxyCR) and of campestanol (CN) to 6-deoxycathasterone (6-deoxoCT) (PubMed:16369540). Required for auxin responses involved in the regulation of epidermal cells length of the lamina joint (PubMed:19605414).
Highly expressed in roots and leaf blades. Expressed in shoot apex, stems, leaf sheaths, inflorescences and flowers.
Null mutant plants for CYP90B1/DWARF4 produce increased biomass and grain yield at high density planting.
Slight dwarf phenotype and erect leaves (PubMed:16369540). Impaired response to auxin leading to reduced epidermal cells length of the lamina joint (PubMed:19605414).
Belongs to the SEC23/SEC24 family. SEC24 subfamily.
Apoprotein for the two 4Fe-4S centers FA and FB of photosystem I (PSI); essential for photochemical activity. FB is the terminal electron acceptor of PSI, donating electrons to ferredoxin. The C-terminus interacts with PsaA/B/D and helps assemble the protein into the PSI complex. Required for binding of PsaD and PsaE to PSI. PSI is a plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, converting photonic excitation into a charge separation, which transfers an electron from the donor P700 chlorophyll pair to the spectroscopically characterized acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB in turn.
Binds 2 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Cluster 2 is most probably the spectroscopically characterized electron acceptor FA and cluster 1 is most probably FB.
The eukaryotic PSI reaction center is composed of at least 11 subunits.
Early flowering phenotype is observed in overexpressing plants.
Expressed in mature leaves and at low levels in roots and young panicles.
Late-flowering phenotype and elongated internodes.
Low expression in the young panicle continues to decline as the organ mature.
Probable transcription factor active in flowering time control. May control internode elongation and promote floral transition phase. May act upstream of the floral regulators MADS1, MADS14, MADS15 and MADS18 in the floral induction pathway.
Dwarf phenotype with panicle enclosure, reduced seed set and outgrowth of axillary buds from culm nodes.
Expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, phloem companion cells in stems, cortical parenchyma cells in roots, glumes, anthers, stigma and style of young florets, and milky stage seeds.
Key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway that catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, converting ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ATP and pyruvate by essentially irreversible transphosphorylation. Is critical for plant growth and development.
Belongs to the MoaE family. MOCS2B subfamily.
Catalytic subunit of the molybdopterin synthase complex, a complex that catalyzes the conversion of precursor Z into molybdopterin. Acts by mediating the incorporation of 2 sulfur atoms from thiocarboxylated MOCS2A into precursor Z to generate a dithiolene group.
Adaptor protein complexes are heterotetramers composed of two large adaptins (beta-type subunit and alpha-type or delta-type or epsilon-type or gamma-type subunit), a medium adaptin (mu-type subunit) and a small adaptin (sigma-type subunit).
Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules.
Part of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system that transports large folded proteins containing a characteristic twin-arginine motif in their signal peptide across the thylakoid membrane. Involved in delta pH-dependent protein transport required for chloroplast development, especially thylakoid membrane formation. TATC and TATB mediate precursor recognition, whereas TATA facilitates translocation.
Enzyme activity is uncertain. Was shown to have endochitinase activity (in vitro) (PubMed:10890535). Lacks the conserved Glu residue that is essential for catalytic activity, suggesting it lacks enzyme activity.
Expressed in pistils, stamens and lodicules.
Hydrolyzes chitin and may play a role in defense against fungal pathogens containing chitin.
Involved in multiple sites RNA editing events in mitochondria. Essential for C-to-U RNA editing at seven specific sites of nad2, nad4, cox2, cox3 and ccmC transcripts, all coding for proteins involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain coupled to ATP generation. Required for normal growth and development.
Opaque seed endosperm, late germination of seeds and plant retarded growth.
Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 family.
Enlarged sterile lemma in florets of the spikelet, caused by homeotic transformation of the sterile lemma into a lemma. Elongated empty glumes, which mimic the lemmas and have the epidermal morphology of lemmas with four or five vascular bundles.
Expressed at the empty glumes of immature spikelets, which are lemmas of the sterile florets located at the lateral side of the spikelet, throughout their development.
Probable transcription regulator that acts as a developmental regulator by promoting cell growth in response to light (By similarity). Transcription regulator that restrains empty glumes growth, lemmas of the sterile florets located at the lateral side of the rice spikelet, to maintain their small size, probably by repressing lemma identity via transcription regulation.
By gibberellic acid (GA). Inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA).
Belongs to the complex I NDUFA5 subunit family.
Down-regulated by ABA in roots (PubMed:15084714). Induced during incompatible interaction with the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Ref.2).
Expressed in leaf sheaths and roots. Expressed in shoots of young seedlings.
May play a role in signal transduction of hyperosmotic response (Probable). Can phosphorylate BZIP46 in vitro (PubMed:22301130).
Delayed transition from spikelet meristems to floral meristems, resulting in the production of multiple rudimentary glumes in an alternative phyllotaxy. Abnormal development of additional bracts leading to altered floral architecture, inculding lemma/palea-like organs in place of empty glumes and lodicules, altered number of stamens and carpels, and ectopic florets occurring in the axil of the rachilla (PubMed:17144896, PubMed:22003982). The snb osids1 double mutant, lacking both SNB and IDS1, exhibits a decreased number of branches and spikelets within a panicle, as well as a strongly delayed transition to a floral meristem, associated with abnormal spatio-temporal expression of B- and E-function floral organ identity genes in the lodicules and of spikelet meristem genes (PubMed:22003982).
First detected in the boundary region of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the surrounding sheath. Expressed at low levels in vegetative organs, mostly in the sheaths. In inflorescence tissues, observed in the branch meristem and spikelet meristem regions, as well as in their vasculature and surrounding sheath (PubMed:17144896). Accumulates in incipient rudimentary- and empty-glume primordia (PubMed:22003982). Highly abundant in young developing panicles, but becomes later present at low levels in developing panicles and seeds. Found primarily in the boundary region of glume primordia (PubMed:17144896).
Highly expressed in seedlings and developing panicles (PubMed:17144896, PubMed:20017947, PubMed:22003982). Mostly expressed in newly emerging spikelet meristems and, at low levels, in shoots, roots, panicles, mature spikelets and sheaths (PubMed:17144896).
Probable transcription factor (By similarity). Involved in spikelet transition (Probable). Together with IDS1, controls synergistically inflorescence architecture and floral meristem establishment via the regulation of spatio-temporal expression of B- and E-function floral organ identity genes in the lodicules and of spikelet meristem genes (PubMed:22003982). Prevents lemma and palea elongation as well as grain growth (PubMed:28066457). Regulates the transition from spikelet meristem to floral meristem, spikelet meristem determinancy and the floral organ development (PubMed:17144896).
By jasmonic acid (JA) and infection with the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea.
Interacts with COI1A and COI1B in a coronatine-dependent manner. Coronatine is an analog of jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile).
The jas domain (164-189) is required for interaction with COI1.
Chlorophyll deficiency and seedling lethality when grown under normal light or low light.
Promotes the splicing of group II introns in chloroplasts. Required for the splicing of intron 2 of plastid ycf3 transcripts, a factor required for the assembly of photosystem I (PSI). Involved in the splicing of atpF, ndhA, petB and rps16 chloroplastic transcripts. Required for the assembly of PSI.
Dwarf, chlorina and sterility phenotypes.
Involved in intercistronic processing of primary transcripts from chloroplast operons. The endonucleolytic activity of the enzyme depends on the number of phosphates at the 5' end, is inhibited by structured RNA, and preferentially cleaves A/U-rich sequences.
Belongs to the metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily. RNA-metabolizing metallo-beta-lactamase-like family. CPSF2/YSH1 subfamily.
CPSF is a heterotetramer composed of four distinct subunits 160, 100, 70 and 30 kDa.
CPSF plays a key role in pre-mRNA 3'-end formation, recognizing the AAUAAA signal sequence and interacting with poly(A)polymerase and other factors to bring about cleavage and poly(A) addition.
Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. Class II DHOase subfamily.
Involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus trafficking at a very early stage.
Functions as an U snRNP-specific nuclear import adapter. Involved in the trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap-dependent nuclear import of U snRNPs. Binds specifically to the terminal m3G-cap U snRNAs.
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. RNA M5U methyltransferase family.
Found in a nuclear export complex with RanGTP, exportin and pre-miRNA.
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Involved in chromatin condensation and control of cell cycle.
Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.
Flavoprotein (FP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q).
Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX59 subfamily.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. MasA/MtnC family.
In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aldolase class II family. MtnB subfamily.
The gain-of-function mutant A654 (T-DNA tagging) exhibit late flowering phenotype under short day (SD) and long day (LD) conditions.
Transcription factor involved in the negative regulation of flowering. May be involved in the repression of the flowering factor GI and HD1 by interacting with PIL13 and PIL15 and competing with PRR1. Possesses transactivation activity in yeast.
Belongs to the nucleoporin interacting component (NIC) family.
Inhibition of MADS16 expression by RNAi reduces expression of MADS4, and transforms lodicules and stamens into palea/lemma-like and carpel-like organs, respectively.
May interact with the K-box of MADS4, MADS6 and MADS8. May form a heterodimer with MADS4.
Probable transcription factor involved in the development of floral organs. Required for normal development of lodicules and stamens (whorls 2 and 3). May function as a heterodimer with MADS4.
By dithiothreitol-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response (PubMed:21223397, PubMed:24153418). Induced by tunicamycin-induced ER stress response (PubMed:24153418).
During seed development, expressed from 5 to 20 days after flowering (DAF), with a peak at 10 DAF. Not expressed in mature seeds.
Key chaperone involved in folding of secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen (Probable). Involved in ER quality control for seed storage proteins during seed maturation (PubMed:19567376, PubMed:21223397). Functions as a sensor of the ER stress response, and provides suitable conditions for the production of secretory proteins by alleviating ER stress (PubMed:19567376, PubMed:21223397).
The kernels of the over-expressing transformant exhibit floury and shrunken features due to defects in seed storage proteins and starch synthesis.
Increased root length in young seedlings.
Induced by drought stress, salt stress, cold stress and abscisic acid (ABA) (PubMed:20632034, PubMed:27892643). Induced by methyl jasmonate (PubMed:20632034, PubMed:11332734). Induced by infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (PubMed:11332734).
Plants overexpressing NAC048 exhibit growth retardation (PubMed:17587305, PubMed:20632034). Plants overexpressing NAC048 exhibit improved tolerance to drought stress (PubMed:17587305, PubMed:27892643). Plants overexpressing NAC048 show increased tolerance to salt stress (PubMed:17587305, PubMed:18273684). Plants overexpressing NAC048 exhibit increased tolerance to cold stress (PubMed:18273684). Plants overexpressing NAC048 show increased resistance to rice blast fungus (PubMed:17587305).
Transcription activator that binds to the promoter of the stress response gene LEA19. Involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses (PubMed:20632034). Transcription activator involved in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Involved in drought and salt stress responses, and defense response to the rice blast fungus (PubMed:17587305). Transcription activator involved tolerance to cold and salt stresses (PubMed:18273684). Transcription activator involved in tolerance to drought stress. Targets directly and activates genes involved in membrane modification, nicotianamine (NA) biosynthesis, glutathione relocation, accumulation of phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate and glycosylation in roots (PubMed:27892643). Controls root growth at early vegetative stage through chromatin modification and histone lysine deacytaltion by HDAC1 (PubMed:19453457).
Defects in spikelet morphology, including floral organ numbers, depletion of lemma and/or palea (Fig. 4D), increased numbers of stamens and pistils.
Histone demethylase that demethylates 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) of histone H3 with a specific activity for H3K9me3 and H3K9me2. No activity on H3K4me3, H3K9me1, H3K27me2 and H3K36me3/2. Involved in the control of floral organ development by demethylating H3K9me3 and H3K9me2 in the promoter regions of DH1 and MADS47. The 'Lys-9' demethylation of these two genes is required for induction of their expression.
ATP-dependent DNA helicase implicated in DNA replication, DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Acts as an anti-recombinase to counteract toxic recombination and limit crossover during meiosis. Regulates meiotic recombination and crossover homeostasis by physically dissociating strand invasion events and thereby promotes noncrossover repair by meiotic synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) as well as disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates.
IGPS catalyzes the conversion of PRFAR and glutamine to IGP, AICAR and glutamate. The glutaminase domain produces the ammonia necessary for the cyclase domain to produce IGP and AICAR from PRFAR. The ammonia is channeled to the active site of the cyclase domain.
In the C-terminal section; belongs to the HisA/HisF family.
Belongs to the WD repeat BOP1/ERB1 family.
Homozygous KO plants are chlorotic lethal.
Catalyzes the conversion of divinyl chlorophyllide to monovinyl chlorophyllide. Reduces the 8-vinyl group of the tetrapyrrole to an ethyl group using NADPH as the reductant. Can use (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyllide a (DV-Chlidea) > (3,8-divinyl)-chlorophyll a (DV-Chla) > (3,8-divinyl)-protochlorophyllide a (DV-Pchlidea) > (3,8-divinyl)-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (DV-MPE) > (3,8-divinyl)-magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (DV-Mg-Proto) as substrates.
Component of high molecular weight thylakoid LFNRs-containing protein complexes containing LIR1, LFNR1, LFNR2, TIC62 and TROL proteins. Interacts directly with LFNR1 and LFNR2; LIR1 increases the affinity of LFNR1 and LFNR2 for TIC62 and subsequent thylakoid relocalization.
Expression is controlled by light and by a circadian clock (PubMed:8499615, PubMed:26941088). Transcripts accumulate progressively during the day and fade out during the night, however, mRNA stability is enhanced during the night. Low levels during the day, accumulates during the night (at protein level). Rapidly degraded upon illumination (at protein level); this degradation coincides with the release of the LFNR from the thylakoid membrane (PubMed:26941088).
May form interchain disulfide bonds with LFNR1 and LFNR2.
Retarded growth. Reduced photosynthetic electron transfer. Marked decrease in the accumulation of LFNR1 and LFNR2-containing thylakoid protein complexes.
Thylakoid-determinant subunit of high molecular weight LFNRs-containing protein complexes.
Accumulates progressively during senescence with maximum levels at late senescence stages. Induced by abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ACC) and gibberellin (GA(3)).
Cysteine protease that may have a developmental senescence specific cell death function during apoptosis, heavy metal detoxification, and hypersensitive response.
The senescence specific expression can be use to monitor cytokinin synthases (e.g. IPT) in order to promote yield and early maturation of panicles, and to delay senescence.
Belongs to the GST superfamily. DHAR family.
Involved in ascorbate homeostasis. Maintains redox pools of ascorbate by recycling dihydroascorbate (DHA) to ascorbate. Involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) under oxidative stresses.
Belongs to the expansin family. Expansin-like B subfamily.
Belongs to the CpcT/CpeT biliprotein lyase family.
Belongs to the nucleoporin Nup85 family.
Component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
Predominantly expressed in developing vascular tissue of the leaves and roots, and in developing flowers.
Probable transcription factor involved in stress response (By similarity). Binds to DNA-specific sequences of CLPD1 and OAT promoters in vitro (PubMed:18813954).
Hydrolyzes ATP, and can also hydrolyze GTP with lower efficiency. Has lower affinity for GTP (Potential). Exhibits GTPase activity (PubMed:19086295). Exhibits similar binding affinities and hydrolytic activities toward both GTP and ATP (PubMed:20876569, PubMed:26912459). Binds to the 26 S ribosomal RNA in vitro, but not to the 5.8 S or 18 S rRNA (PubMed:20876569). Confers sensitivity to salinity stress by suppressing the anti-oxidation enzymatic activities and increasing lipid peroxidation thus leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (PubMed:23550829).
Monomer (Potential). Interacts with GAP1.
The C-terminal domain is involved in RNA binding.
Detected during flower and leaf development. Expression in the flower meristem in the early stage of flower development. When carpel primordia begin to form, specific and uniform expression in carpel primordia. Expression in the central region of the leaf plastochron 1 (P1) primordia. Detected up to P4 stage, hardly detected in the P5 leaves.
Regulates carpel specification in flower development. Severe or intermediate mutation in DL causes complete or partial homeotic conversion of carpels into stamens without affecting the identities of other floral organs. Interacts antagonistically with class B genes and controls floral meristem determinacy. Regulates midrib formation in leaves probably by inducing cell proliferation in the central region of the leaf.
Isoforms 1 and 2 interact with NPR2/NH2. Isoform 2 interacts with NPR1/NH1 and NPR3/NH3.
Down-regulated by hydrogen peroxide in leaves.
Heterodimer with subunits of 125 kDa and 50 kDa. The 125 kDa subunit contains the polymerase active site and most likely the active site for the 3'-5' exonuclease activity (By similarity).
The CysB motif binds 1 4Fe-4S cluster and is required for the formation of polymerase complexes.
This polymerase possesses two enzymatic activities: DNA synthesis (polymerase) and an exonucleolytic activity that degrades single-stranded DNA in the 3'- to 5'-direction.
Expressed in spikelets, leaf mesophyll cells, root tip and root epidermis cells.
Forms homodimers (PubMed:33128314). Interacts with SPX4 (PubMed:33128314).
Induced by jasmonate (PubMed:15541369, PubMed:15914931, PubMed:22456953). Induced by wounding and drought stress in leaves (PubMed:15914931, PubMed:22456953). Induced by phosphate starvation in shoots (PubMed:33128314).
Overexpression of BHLH6 promotes shoot and root phosphate accumulation, and root hair growth and acid phosphatase activity under phosphate sufficiency.
Transcription factor involved in phosphate starvation response (PubMed:33128314). Acts as positive regulator of phosphate homeostasis and phosphate signaling by antagonizing SPX4 (PubMed:33128314). Transcription factor involved jasmonate signaling (PubMed:15541369, PubMed:22456953). Regulates shoot growth inhibition in response to jasmonate (PubMed:15541369). May play a role as transcriptional activator in the regulation of jasmonate-mediated stress-inducible gene expression (PubMed:22456953). Possesses transactivation activity in vivo (PubMed:22456953, PubMed:33128314).
Structural component of heterochromatin involved in gene repression. Recognizes and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', leading to epigenetic repression (By similarity).
The chromo domain specifically binds to dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' while the chromo shadow domain is required for dimerization.
Catalyzes the irreversible reaction from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate, to regenerate the primary CO(2) acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Involved in the regulation of photosynthetic performance and sucrose synthesis.
Light activation through pH changes, Mg(2+) levels and also by light-modulated reduction of essential disulfide groups via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin f system.
Expressed in anthers. Weakly expressed in carpels.
Highly expressed in leaves. Expressed in roots and shoots. Expressed at low levels in flowers.
Induced by salt, cold and osmotic stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA). Down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA).
Plants over-expressing MYB2 show increased tolerance to salt, cold, and drought stresses, and increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA).
Transcription factor involved in abiotic stress responses. Plays a regulatory role in tolerance to salt, cold, and drought stresses. Regulates positively the expression of genes involved in proline synthesis and transport, and genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase during salt stress. Transactivates stress-related genes, including LEA3, RAB16A and DREB2A during salt stress.
Component of the core Fe-S cluster (ISC) assembly machinery.
Down-regulated in roots when grown under iron deficiency conditions.
Scaffold protein for the de novo synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters within mitochondria, which is required for maturation of both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] proteins (Probable). First, a [2Fe-2S] cluster is transiently assembled on the scaffold protein ISCU (ISU1, ISU2 or ISU3). In a second step, the cluster is released from ISCU, transferred to a glutaredoxin, followed by the formation of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] proteins, the synthesis of [4Fe-4S] clusters and their target-specific insertion into the recipient apoproteins. Cluster assembly on ISCU depends on the function of the cysteine desulfurase complex NFS1-ISD11, which serves as the sulfur donor for cluster synthesis, the iron-binding protein frataxin as the putative iron donor, and the electron transfer chain comprised of ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin, which receive their electrons from NADH (By similarity).
Acts as cargo receptor necessary for the transportation of the cation transporter HKT1;3 and possibly other secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in COPII-coated vesicles targeted to the Golgi apparatus.